Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.
Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)
Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools.
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)
A childhood seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)
The repeated weak excitation of brain structures, that progressively increases sensitivity to the same stimulation. Over time, this can lower the threshold required to trigger seizures.
A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.
A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.
An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by seizures which arise in the FRONTAL LOBE. A variety of clinical syndromes exist depending on the exact location of the seizure focus. Frontal lobe seizures may be idiopathic (cryptogenic) or caused by an identifiable disease process such as traumatic injuries, neoplasms, or other macroscopic or microscopic lesions of the frontal lobes (symptomatic frontal lobe seizures). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp318-9)
A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is predominantly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Defects in the SCN1A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with DRAVET SYNDROME, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 2 (GEFS+2), and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3.
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
An analogue of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is an irreversible inhibitor of 4-AMINOBUTYRATE TRANSAMINASE, the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
A neurosurgical procedure that removes the anterior TEMPORAL LOBE including the medial temporal structures of CEREBRAL CORTEX; AMYGDALA; HIPPOCAMPUS; and the adjacent PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS. This procedure is generally used for the treatment of intractable temporal epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TEMPORAL LOBE).
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels.
A condition marked by recurrent seizures that occur during the first 4-6 weeks of life despite an otherwise benign neonatal course. Autosomal dominant familial and sporadic forms have been identified. Seizures generally consist of brief episodes of tonic posturing and other movements, apnea, eye deviations, and blood pressure fluctuations. These tend to remit after the 6th week of life. The risk of developing epilepsy at an older age is moderately increased in the familial form of this disorder. (Neurologia 1996 Feb;11(2):51-5)
A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323)
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
Treatment of chronic, severe and intractable psychiatric disorders by surgical removal or interruption of certain areas or pathways in the brain, especially in the prefrontal lobes.
An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Abnormalities in the development of the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These include malformations arising from abnormal neuronal and glial CELL PROLIFERATION or APOPTOSIS (Group I); abnormal neuronal migration (Group II); and abnormal establishment of cortical organization (Group III). Many INBORN METABOLIC BRAIN DISORDERS affecting CNS formation are often associated with cortical malformations. They are common causes of EPILEPSY and developmental delay.
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.
A course of food intake that is high in FATS and low in CARBOHYDRATES. This diet provides sufficient PROTEINS for growth but insufficient amount of carbohydrates for the energy needs of the body. A ketogenic diet generates 80-90% of caloric requirements from fats and the remainder from proteins.
Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.
Infection of the brain, spinal cord, or perimeningeal structures with the larval forms of the genus TAENIA (primarily T. solium in humans). Lesions formed by the organism are referred to as cysticerci. The infection may be subacute or chronic, and the severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the host immune response and the location and number of lesions. SEIZURES represent the most common clinical manifestation although focal neurologic deficits may occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp46-50)
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Electrically induced CONVULSIONS primarily used in the treatment of severe AFFECTIVE DISORDERS and SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
Heterocyclic rings containing three nitrogen atoms, commonly in 1,2,4 or 1,3,5 or 2,4,6 formats. Some are used as HERBICIDES.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An adjunctive treatment for PARTIAL EPILEPSY and refractory DEPRESSION that delivers electrical impulses to the brain via the VAGUS NERVE. A battery implanted under the skin supplies the energy.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
A neurosurgical procedure that removes or disconnects the epileptogenic CEREBRAL CORTEX of a hemisphere. Hemispherectomy is usually performed for patients with intractable unilateral EPILEPSY due to malformations of cortical development or brain lesions. Depending on the epileptogenic area in the hemisphere, cortical removal can be total or partial.
Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.
A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include CONFUSION; DELUSIONS; vivid HALLUCINATIONS; TREMOR; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.

Effect of morphine and naloxone on priming-induced audiogenic seizures in BALB/c mice. (1/3721)

1 Morphine (1-200 mg/kg s.c.) reduced the incidence and prolonged the latency of priming-induced audiogenic siezures in a dose-dependent manner. 2 This effect was reversed by naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg) although naloxone was itself inactive. 3 This priming-induces seizure model may be useful in the study of tolerance and physical dependence.  (+info)

Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (2/3721)

Neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. We used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in Shigella-related seizures. Administration of Shigella dysenteriae 60R sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) within 7 h. This was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures in the Shigella-pretreated group. Preinjection of mice with anti-murine TNF-alpha (anti-mTNF-alpha) or anti-murine IL-1beta (anti-mIL-1beta) 30 min prior to administration of Shigella sonicate abolished their enhanced response to PTZ at 7 h. Mean convulsion scores were reduced by anti-mTNF-alpha from 1.2 to 0.8 (P = 0.017) and by anti-mIL-1beta from 1.3 to 0.7 (P = 0.008). Preinjection of anti-mTNF-alpha also reduced the percentage of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures, from 48 to 29% (P = 0.002), and preinjection of anti-mIL-1beta reduced it from 53 to 21% (P = 0. 012). Neutralization of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta did not protect the mice from death due to S. dysenteriae 60R. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta play a role in the very early sensitization of the central nervous system to convulsive activity after S. dysenteriae administration. Similar mechanisms may trigger neurologic disturbances in other infectious diseases.  (+info)

A correlation between changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and seizures induced by antivitamin B6. (3/3721)

The effects of DL-penicillamine (DL-PeA), hydrazine and toxopyrimidine (TXP, 2-methyl-6-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine) on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in mouse brain were studied. All these compounds inhibited the activity of glutamate decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.15] (GAD) and slightly inhibited that of 4-aminobutyrate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.19] (GABA-T). In contrast, very different effects were observed on GABA levels; hydrazine caused a marked increase, DL-PeA had no effect, and TXP caused a slight decrease in the content of the amino acid. These results could be described by an equation which related the excitable state to changes in the flux of the GABA bypass. Since the values obtained from the equation clearly reflect the seizure activity, it is suggested that the decreased GABA flux might be a cause of convulsions induced by these drugs.  (+info)

NMDA-dependent currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus contribute to induction but not permanence of kindling. (4/3721)

Single-electrode voltage-clamp techniques and bath application of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) were used to study the time course of seizure-induced alterations in NMDA-dependent synaptic currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal slices from kindled and normal rats. In agreement with previous studies, granule cells from kindled rats examined within 1 wk after the last of 3 or 30-35 generalized tonic-clonic (class V) seizures demonstrated an increase in the NMDA receptor-dependent component of the perforant path-evoked synaptic current. Within 1 wk of the last kindled seizure, NMDA-dependent charge transfer underlying the perforant path-evoked current was increased by 63-111% at a holding potential of -30 mV. In contrast, the NMDA-dependent component of the perforant-evoked current in granule cells examined at 2.5-3 mo after the last of 3 or 90-120 class V seizures did not differ from age-matched controls. Because the seizure-induced increases in NMDA-dependent synaptic currents declined toward control values during a time course of 2.5-3 mo, increases in NMDA-dependent synaptic transmission cannot account for the permanent susceptibility to evoked and spontaneous seizures induced by kindling. The increase in NMDA receptor-dependent transmission was associated with the induction of kindling but was not responsible for the maintenance of the kindled state. The time course of alterations in NMDA-dependent synaptic current and the dependence of the progression of kindling and kindling-induced mossy fiber sprouting on repeated NMDA receptor activation are consistent with the possibility that the NMDA receptor is part of a transmembrane signaling pathway that induces long-term cellular alterations and circuit remodeling in response to repeated seizures, but is not required for permanent seizure susceptibility in circuitry altered by kindling.  (+info)

A new X linked neurodegenerative syndrome with mental retardation, blindness, convulsions, spasticity, mild hypomyelination, and early death maps to the pericentromeric region. (5/3721)

We report on a family with an X linked neurodegenerative disorder consisting of mental retardation, blindness, convulsions, spasticity, and early death. Neuropathological examination showed mild hypomyelination. By linkage analysis, the underlying genetic defect could be assigned to the pericentromeric region of the X chromosome with a maximum lod score of 3.30 at theta=0.0 for the DXS1204 locus with DXS337 and PGK1P1 as flanking markers.  (+info)

Modulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover on central nicotinic receptors. (6/3721)

AIM: To study the modulatory effects of phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover on nicotinic receptors in CNS, and to study the relationship between brain nicotinic receptors and PI turnover. METHODS: Effects of inositol phosphatase inhibitor lithium chloride (LiCl) and muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine (Oxo) on nicotine-induced convulsions were investigated in mice. RESULTS: The effects of nicotine for producing convulsions were modified by LiCl 2.5-10 mmol.kg-1, revealing the convulsive effects of nicotine > 0.8 mg.kg-1 were increased by acute pretreatment with LiCl rather than oxotremorine. Mice were given LiCl 5.0 mmol.kg-1 once a day for 7 d, the ED50 value of nicotine for producing convulsions was increased from 0.58 to 0.97 mg.kg-1, suggesting that the sensitivity of central nicotinic receptors for mediating convulsions was decreased by chronic treatment with LiCl. CONCLUSION: The functions of central nicotinic receptors were modulated by PI turnover.  (+info)

Determination of the lipophilicity of active anticonvulsant N-substituted amides of alpha-arylalkylamine-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. (7/3721)

The lipophilicities of fourteen anticonvulsant active N-substituted amides of alpha-arylalkylamine-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid [I-XIV] have been determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with a mixture of methanol, TRIS buffer, and acetic acid as the solvent system. The RM value of each compound decreased linearly with increasing concentration of methanol. The partition coefficients (log P) of the amides were calculated by use of the Prolog P module of the Pallas system. Comparison of RM and log P enabled clog P values to be calculated. It was found that the anticonvulsant activity of amides [I-XIV] can be explained on the basis of their lipophilicity.  (+info)

Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 1,2-aminoalkanol derivatives. (8/3721)

A series of 1,2-aminoalkanol derivatives were prepared and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold (scMet) assays and for neurotoxicity (TOX). Most interesting were the anticonvulsant results of S-(+)-2-amino-1-butanol derivative VIII, which displayed anti-MES activity with a protective index (TD50/ED50) of 4.55 corresponding with that for phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate.  (+info)

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

Febrile seizures are a type of seizure that occurs in young children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, and is often associated with fever. A febrile seizure is defined as a convulsion or seizure that is brought on by a high fever, usually greater than 100.4°F (38°C), but can also occur in response to a rapid rise in body temperature. The seizures can vary in length and may involve shaking of the entire body, jerking of the arms and legs, or just twitching of one part of the body. They can be quite alarming to witness, but they are usually harmless and do not cause any long-term neurological problems.

Febrile seizures are most commonly caused by viral infections, such as a cold or flu, but they can also occur with bacterial infections, such as a urinary tract infection or ear infection. In some cases, the fever and seizure may be the first signs that a child is ill.

While febrile seizures are generally harmless, it is important to seek medical attention if your child has a seizure. This is because a small percentage of children who have febrile seizures may go on to develop epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurrent seizures. Additionally, some serious underlying conditions, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can cause fever and seizures, so it is important to rule out these possibilities with a thorough medical evaluation.

If your child has a febrile seizure, the best course of action is to remain calm and make sure they are in a safe place where they cannot injure themselves. Do not try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth. Instead, gently turn them onto their side to prevent choking and call for medical help. Most febrile seizures last only a few minutes and resolve on their own without any treatment. After the seizure, your child may be sleepy or confused, but they should return to their normal state within a short period of time.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can result in a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or behaviors. Epilepsy can have many different causes, including genetic factors, brain injury, infection, or stroke. In some cases, the cause may be unknown.

There are many different types of seizures that can occur in people with epilepsy, and the specific type of seizure will depend on the location and extent of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Some people may experience only one type of seizure, while others may have several different types. Seizures can vary in frequency, from a few per year to dozens or even hundreds per day.

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the patient's history of recurrent seizures and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may also be used to help identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be contributing to the seizures.

While there is no cure for epilepsy, it can often be effectively managed with medication. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain responsible for the seizures. With proper treatment and management, many people with epilepsy are able to lead normal, productive lives.

Anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used primarily to treat seizure disorders, also known as epilepsy. These medications work by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to their use in treating epilepsy, anticonvulsants are sometimes also prescribed for other conditions, such as neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches.

Anticonvulsants can work in different ways to reduce seizure activity. Some medications, such as phenytoin and carbamazepine, work by blocking sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize nerve cell membranes and prevent excessive electrical activity. Other medications, such as valproic acid and gabapentin, increase the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which has a calming effect on nerve cells and helps to reduce seizure activity.

While anticonvulsants are generally effective at reducing seizure frequency and severity, they can also have side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, these side effects may be managed by adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication. It is important for individuals taking anticonvulsants to work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their response to the medication and make any necessary adjustments.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Epilepsy, partial is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in a specific, localized area of the brain. These seizures are also known as focal seizures and can vary in severity and symptoms depending on the location of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

Partial epilepsies can be further classified into two main categories: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures are associated with impaired awareness or responsiveness during the seizure.

The causes of partial epilepsies can include brain injury, infection, stroke, tumors, genetic factors, or an unknown cause. Treatment typically involves anti-seizure medications, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain responsible for the seizures.

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is not primarily considered a medical treatment, but rather a research compound used in neuroscience and neurology to study seizure activity and chemically induce seizures in animals for experimental purposes. It is classified as a proconvulsant agent. Medically, it has been used in the past as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use is now largely historical due to the availability of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.

In a medical or scientific context, Pentylenetetrazole can be defined as:

A chemical compound with the formula C6H5N5O2, which is used in research to investigate seizure activity and induce convulsions in animals. It acts as a non-competitive GABAA receptor antagonist and can lower the seizure threshold. Historically, it has been used as a medication to treat epilepsy, but its use for this purpose is now limited due to the development of safer and more effective anticonvulsant drugs.

Generalized epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by seizures that involve both halves of the brain (generalized onset) from the beginning of the seizure. These types of seizures include tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, absence (petit mal) seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Generalized epilepsy can be caused by genetic factors or brain abnormalities, and it is typically treated with medication. People with generalized epilepsy may experience difficulties with learning, memory, and behavior, and they may have a higher risk of injury during a seizure. It's important for individuals with generalized epilepsy to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition and reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.

Convulsants are substances or agents that can cause seizures or convulsions. These can be medications, toxins, or illnesses that lower the seizure threshold and lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and relaxation. Examples of convulsants include bromides, strychnine, organophosphate pesticides, certain antibiotics (such as penicillin or cephalosporins), and alcohol withdrawal. It is important to note that some medications used to treat seizures can also have convulsant properties at higher doses or in overdose situations.

Complex partial epilepsy, also known as temporal lobe epilepsy or focal impaired awareness epilepsy, is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures that originate in the temporal lobe or other localized areas of the brain. These seizures typically involve alterations in consciousness or awareness, and may include automatisms (involuntary, repetitive movements), such as lip smacking, fidgeting, or picking at clothes. Complex partial seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be followed by a post-ictal period of confusion or fatigue.

Complex partial epilepsy is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain, such as hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, or malformations. It can also be caused by infectious or inflammatory processes, vascular disorders, or genetic factors. The diagnosis of complex partial epilepsy typically involves a thorough neurological evaluation, including a detailed history of seizure symptoms, neuroimaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to record brain activity during and between seizures.

Treatment for complex partial epilepsy usually involves medication therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective in controlling seizures or if there is a structural lesion that can be safely removed. Other treatment options may include dietary modifications, such as the ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation.

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal (localized) epilepsy that originates from the temporal lobes of the brain. The temporal lobes are located on each side of the brain and are involved in processing sensory information, memory, and emotion. TLE is characterized by recurrent seizures that originate from one or both temporal lobes.

The symptoms of TLE can vary depending on the specific area of the temporal lobe that is affected. However, common symptoms include auras (sensory or emotional experiences that occur before a seizure), strange smells or tastes, lip-smacking or chewing movements, and memory problems. Some people with TLE may also experience automatisms (involuntary movements such as picking at clothes or fumbling with objects) during their seizures.

Treatment for TLE typically involves medication to control seizures, although surgery may be recommended in some cases. The goal of treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures and improve quality of life.

Status epilepticus is a serious and life-threatening medical condition characterized by an ongoing seizure activity or a series of seizures without full recovery of consciousness between them, lasting for 30 minutes or more. It is a neurological emergency that requires immediate medical attention to prevent potential complications such as brain damage, respiratory failure, or even death.

The condition can occur in people with a history of epilepsy or seizure disorders, as well as those without any prior history of seizures. The underlying causes of status epilepticus can vary and may include infection, trauma, stroke, metabolic imbalances, toxins, or other medical conditions that affect the brain's normal functioning. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term neurological damage and improve outcomes in patients with this condition.

Reflex epilepsy is a type of epilepsy in which seizures are consistently triggered by specific, recurring sensory stimuli. These triggers can vary widely and may include visual patterns, flashes of light, touch, sound, or even emotional experiences. When the brain receives input from these triggers, it responds with an abnormal electrical discharge that can lead to a seizure.

Reflex epilepsy is relatively rare, accounting for only about 5-10% of all epilepsy cases. It's important to note that not everyone who experiences seizures in response to these triggers has reflex epilepsy; the defining characteristic of this condition is the consistent and reproducible nature of the seizure response to a specific stimulus.

There are several different types of reflex epilepsy, each characterized by its own unique set of triggers. For example, some people with this condition may experience seizures in response to visual patterns or flashes of light (known as photosensitive epilepsy), while others may have seizures triggered by certain sounds or tactile sensations.

Treatment for reflex epilepsy typically involves identifying and avoiding triggers whenever possible, as well as using medication to control seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain that is responsible for the abnormal electrical activity. With proper treatment and management, many people with reflex epilepsy are able to lead full and active lives.

Absence epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent brief episodes of "absences," or staring spells, that can last from a few seconds to several minutes. These episodes are often accompanied by subtle body movements such as lip smacking or eyelid flutters. Absence epilepsy is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, and it is more common in girls than boys.

The seizures in absence epilepsy are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, specifically in a part of the brain called the cortex. These abnormal electrical discharges occur in a pattern that involves both sides of the brain simultaneously. This differs from other types of epilepsy, which may involve only one side of the brain or specific areas within a single hemisphere.

Absence seizures are typically brief and do not cause confusion or disorientation after they end. However, if they occur frequently, they can interfere with learning and social development. In some cases, absence epilepsy may be associated with other types of seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures or myoclonic jerks.

The diagnosis of absence epilepsy is usually made based on the characteristic symptoms and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which can detect the abnormal electrical activity in the brain during a seizure. Treatment typically involves medication to control the seizures, such as ethosuximide or valproic acid. In some cases, a ketogenic diet may also be recommended as an alternative treatment option.

Kindling, in the context of neurology, refers to a process of neural sensitization where repeated exposure to sub-convulsive stimuli below the threshold for triggering a seizure can eventually lower this threshold, leading to an increased susceptibility to develop seizures. This concept is often applied in the study of epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

The term "kindling" was first introduced by Racine in 1972 to describe the progressive increase in the severity and duration of behavioral responses following repeated electrical stimulation of the brain in animal models. The kindling process can occur in response to various types of stimuli, including electrical, chemical, or even environmental stimuli, leading to changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in certain brain regions, particularly the limbic system.

Over time, repeated stimulation results in a permanent increase in neural hypersensitivity, making it easier to induce seizures with weaker stimuli. This phenomenon has been implicated in the development and progression of some forms of epilepsy, as well as in the underlying mechanisms of certain mood disorders and other neurological conditions.

Flurothyl, also known as Nelson's fluid or induction agent, is a chemical compound with the formula C5H4F6O. It is a colorless liquid that is volatile and has a sweetish odor. In medicine, it was historically used as a rapid-acting inhalational general anesthetic, but its use has been largely discontinued due to safety concerns, including the risk of seizures and cardiac arrest. Flurothyl works by sensitizing the brain to carbon dioxide, leading to a loss of consciousness. It is still used in research settings to study seizure disorders and anesthetic mechanisms.

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

Kainic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a compound that has been widely used in scientific research, particularly in neuroscience. It is a type of excitatory amino acid that acts as an agonist at certain types of receptors in the brain, specifically the AMPA and kainate receptors.

Kainic acid is often used in research to study the effects of excitotoxicity, which is a process that occurs when nerve cells are exposed to excessive amounts of glutamate or other excitatory neurotransmitters, leading to cell damage or death. Kainic acid can induce seizures and other neurological symptoms in animals, making it a valuable tool for studying epilepsy and related disorders.

While kainic acid itself is not a medical treatment or diagnosis, understanding its effects on the brain has contributed to our knowledge of neurological diseases and potential targets for therapy.

Piracetam is a nootropic drug, which is primarily used in the treatment of cognitive disorders. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). Piracetam is believed to work by reducing the permeability of cell membranes in the brain, which may enhance communication between neurons and improve memory and learning.

Medically, piracetam is used off-label for a variety of conditions related to cognitive decline or impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline. It has also been studied in the treatment of myoclonus (involuntary muscle jerks), dyslexia, and other neurological disorders.

It is important to note that while piracetam has shown some promise in improving cognitive function in certain populations, its effectiveness is still a subject of ongoing research and debate. Additionally, piracetam is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for any medical use, although it is available as a dietary supplement in the United States.

As with any medication or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking piracetam to ensure that it is safe and appropriate for your individual needs.

Infantile spasms, also known as West syndrome, is a rare but serious type of epilepsy that affects infants typically between 4-8 months of age. The spasms are characterized by sudden, brief, and frequent muscle jerks or contractions, often involving the neck, trunk, and arms. These spasms usually occur in clusters and may cause the infant to bend forward or stretch out. Infantile spasms can be a symptom of various underlying neurological conditions and are often associated with developmental delays and regression. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a type of seizure that can occur as a result of alcohol withdrawal in individuals who have developed physical dependence on alcohol. These seizures typically occur within 48 hours after the last drink, but they can sometimes happen up to five days later. They are often accompanied by other symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, such as tremors, anxiety, nausea, and increased heart rate.

Alcohol withdrawal seizures are caused by changes in the brain's chemistry that occur when a person who is dependent on alcohol suddenly stops or significantly reduces their alcohol intake. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. When a person drinks heavily and frequently, the brain adjusts to the presence of alcohol by reducing the number of GABA receptors and increasing the number of glutamate receptors.

When a person suddenly stops drinking, the brain is thrown out of balance, and the reduced number of GABA receptors and increased number of glutamate receptors can lead to seizures. Alcohol withdrawal seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate treatment to prevent complications such as status epilepticus (prolonged seizures) or brain damage. Treatment typically involves administering benzodiazepines, which help to calm the brain and reduce the risk of seizures.

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant medication that is primarily used to treat seizure disorders (epilepsy) and neuropathic pain. It works by decreasing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. Carbamazepine may also be used off-label for other conditions such as bipolar disorder and trigeminal neuralgia.

The medication is available in various forms, including tablets, extended-release tablets, chewable tablets, and suspension. It is usually taken two to four times a day with food to reduce stomach upset. Common side effects of carbamazepine include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait.

It is important to note that carbamazepine can interact with other medications, including some antidepressants, antipsychotics, and birth control pills, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine levels in the blood may need to be monitored regularly to ensure that the medication is working effectively and not causing toxicity.

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug, primarily used in the treatment of seizures and prevention of seizure recurrence. It works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and stabilizing the electrical activity of neurons. Phenytoin is also known to have anti-arrhythmic properties and is occasionally used in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.

The drug is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and a liquid formulation. Common side effects of phenytoin include dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and unsteady gait. Regular monitoring of blood levels is necessary to ensure that the drug remains within the therapeutic range, as both low and high levels can lead to adverse effects.

It's important to note that phenytoin has several potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with other anticonvulsant medications, certain antibiotics, and oral contraceptives. Therefore, it is crucial to inform healthcare providers about all the medications being taken to minimize the risk of interactions and optimize treatment outcomes.

Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a type of epilepsy that is caused by brain injury or trauma. The head injury can be either traumatic (such as from a car accident, fall, or physical assault) or non-traumatic (such as stroke, infection, or brain tumor).

In PTE, the first seizure occurs within one week to one year after the initial injury. The seizures may be immediate (within the first 24 hours of the injury) or delayed (occurring more than one week after the injury).

PTE is characterized by recurrent seizures that are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, and may cause a range of symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, and altered sensations or emotions.

The diagnosis of PTE is typically made based on the patient's history of head trauma, along with the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment for PTE may include medication to control seizures, as well as surgery or other interventions in some cases.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Electroshock, also known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is a medical procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain to treat certain mental health conditions. It is primarily used to treat severe forms of depression that have not responded to other treatments, and it may also be used to treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

During an ECT procedure, electrodes are placed on the patient's head, and a carefully controlled electric current is passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a seizure. The patient is under general anesthesia and given muscle relaxants to prevent physical injury from the seizure.

ECT is typically administered in a series of treatments, usually two or three times a week for several weeks. While the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, ECT is thought to affect brain chemistry and help regulate mood and other symptoms. It is generally considered a safe and effective treatment option for certain mental health conditions when other treatments have failed. However, it can have side effects, including short-term memory loss and confusion, and it may not be appropriate for everyone.

Frontal lobe epilepsy is a type of focal epilepsy, which means that the seizures originate from a specific area in the brain called the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is located at the front part of the brain and is responsible for various functions such as motor function, problem-solving, decision making, emotional expression, and social behavior.

In frontal lobe epilepsy, seizures can be quite varied in their presentation, but they often occur during sleep or wakefulness and may include symptoms such as:

* Brief staring spells or automatisms (such as lip smacking, chewing, or fumbling movements)
* Sudden and frequent falls or drops
* Vocalizations or sounds
* Complex behaviors, such as agitation, aggression, or sexual arousal
* Auras or warning sensations before the seizure

Frontal lobe epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose due to the varied nature of the seizures and their occurrence during sleep. Diagnostic tests such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and imaging studies like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves medication, but in some cases, surgery may be recommended if medications are not effective or cause significant side effects.

NAV1.1, also known as SCN1A, is a type of voltage-gated sodium channel that is primarily expressed in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells such as neurons.

NAV1.1 voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in the axons of neurons. They are composed of a large alpha subunit, which forms the ion conduction pore, and one or more beta subunits, which modulate the properties of the channel.

Mutations in the SCN1A gene, which encodes the NAV1.1 voltage-gated sodium channel, have been associated with several neurological disorders, including generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), Dravet syndrome, and other forms of epilepsy. These mutations can alter the function of the channel, leading to abnormal neuronal excitability and seizure activity.

I apologize, but "video recording" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to the process of capturing and storing moving visual images on electronic media, which is used in various medical fields for different purposes such as surgical training, telemedicine consultations, or monitoring patient conditions. However, there is no unique medical meaning associated with this term.

Vigabatrin is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat certain types of seizures in adults and children. It works by reducing the abnormal excitement in the brain. The medical definition of Vigabatrin is: a irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, which results in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system. This medication is used as an adjunctive treatment for complex partial seizures and is available in oral form for administration.

It's important to note that Vigabatrin can cause serious side effects, including permanent vision loss, and its use should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional. It is also classified as a pregnancy category C medication, which means it may harm an unborn baby and should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Anterior Temporal Lobectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a portion of the anterior (front) part of the temporal lobe of the brain. This procedure is often performed to treat certain types of epilepsy that are resistant to medication, as well as other conditions such as tumors or degenerative diseases that affect this area of the brain.

The temporal lobe is located on each side of the brain and is involved in several important functions, including hearing, memory, emotion, and language comprehension. The anterior portion of the temporal lobe contains structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus, which are critical for the formation and retrieval of memories.

During an anterior temporal lobectomy, a neurosurgeon will make an incision in the skull and remove a portion of the brain tissue that is causing seizures or other symptoms. The size and location of the resection will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. After the surgery, patients may require rehabilitation to help them recover from any cognitive or physical deficits caused by the procedure.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Diazepam is a medication from the benzodiazepine class, which typically has calming, sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. Its medical uses include the treatment of anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, end-of-life sedation, seizures, muscle spasms, and as a premedication for medical procedures. Diazepam is available in various forms, such as tablets, oral solution, rectal gel, and injectable solutions. It works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in the modulation of nerve impulses in the brain, producing a sedative effect.

It is important to note that diazepam can be habit-forming and has several potential side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, weakness, and impaired coordination. It should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and according to the prescribed dosage to minimize the risk of adverse effects and dependence.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Valproic acid is a medication that is primarily used as an anticonvulsant, which means it is used to treat seizure disorders. It works by increasing the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, a neurotransmitter that helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition to its use as an anticonvulsant, valproic acid may also be used to treat migraines and bipolar disorder. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions, and is usually taken by mouth. As with any medication, valproic acid can have side effects, and it is important for patients to be aware of these and to discuss them with their healthcare provider.

Benign neonatal epilepsy is a rare and specific type of epilepsy that affects newborns within the first few days of life. The term "benign" in this context refers to the relatively favorable prognosis compared to other forms of neonatal epilepsy, rather than the severity of the seizures themselves.

The condition is typically characterized by the presence of brief, recurrent seizures that may appear as repetitive jerking movements, staring spells, or subtle changes in muscle tone or behavior. These seizures are often triggered by routine handling or stimulation and can be difficult to distinguish from normal newborn behaviors, making diagnosis challenging.

Benign neonatal epilepsy is typically associated with specific genetic mutations that affect the electrical activity of brain cells. The most common form of this condition, known as Benign Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (BFNE), is caused by mutations in genes such as KCNQ2 or KCNQ3, which encode potassium channels in neurons.

While the seizures associated with benign neonatal epilepsy can be alarming, they are generally not harmful to the developing brain and tend to resolve on their own within a few months. Treatment is often focused on managing the seizures with antiepileptic medications to reduce their frequency and severity, although some infants may require no treatment at all.

Overall, while benign neonatal epilepsy can be a concerning condition for parents and caregivers, its favorable prognosis and relatively mild impact on long-term neurological development make it one of the more manageable forms of neonatal epilepsy.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a genetic condition that is characterized by the occurrence of myoclonic seizures, which are sudden, brief, shock-like jerks of muscles typically occurring in the arms and legs. These seizures usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood, between 12 to 18 years of age.

JME is a type of generalized epilepsy, meaning that it involves abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain rather than just one area. In addition to myoclonic seizures, individuals with JME may also experience absence seizures (brief periods of staring and unresponsiveness) and/or tonic-clonic seizures (generalized convulsions).

The condition is often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent with JME. However, not all cases are familial, and some may result from new genetic changes (mutations) that occur spontaneously.

JME is typically treated with anticonvulsant medications such as valproate or lamotrigine to control seizures. Lifestyle modifications, including avoiding sleep deprivation, stress, and excessive alcohol consumption, may also help reduce the frequency of seizures. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with JME can lead normal or near-normal lives.

Implanted electrodes are medical devices that are surgically placed inside the body to interface directly with nerves, neurons, or other electrically excitable tissue for various therapeutic purposes. These electrodes can be used to stimulate or record electrical activity from specific areas of the body, depending on their design and application.

There are several types of implanted electrodes, including:

1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes: These are placed deep within the brain to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. DBS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity in targeted brain regions.
2. Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) electrodes: These are implanted along the spinal cord to treat chronic pain syndromes. SCS electrodes emit low-level electrical pulses that interfere with pain signals traveling to the brain, providing relief for patients.
3. Cochlear Implant electrodes: These are surgically inserted into the cochlea of the inner ear to restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve directly, bypassing damaged hair cells within the cochlea.
4. Retinal Implant electrodes: These are implanted in the retina to treat certain forms of blindness caused by degenerative eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa. The electrodes convert visual information from a camera into electrical signals, which stimulate remaining retinal cells and transmit the information to the brain via the optic nerve.
5. Sacral Nerve Stimulation (SNS) electrodes: These are placed near the sacral nerves in the lower back to treat urinary or fecal incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome. SNS electrodes deliver electrical impulses that regulate the function of the affected muscles and nerves.
6. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) electrodes: These are wrapped around the vagus nerve in the neck to treat epilepsy and depression. VNS electrodes provide intermittent electrical stimulation to the vagus nerve, which has connections to various regions of the brain involved in these conditions.

Overall, implanted electrodes serve as a crucial component in many neuromodulation therapies, offering an effective treatment option for numerous neurological and sensory disorders.

Psychosurgery is a surgical intervention aimed at modifying or altering brain functions to treat severe and disabling mental disorders. It involves the deliberate destruction or disconnection of specific areas of the brain, typically through procedures such as lobotomy or stereotactic neurosurgery. These interventions are usually considered a last resort when other treatments have failed, and they are reserved for individuals with extreme cases of mental illness, such as intractable depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or severe anxiety disorders.

It's important to note that psychosurgery is a highly controversial and stigmatized field, and its use has declined significantly since the mid-20th century due to concerns about its effectiveness, ethics, and potential for harm. Today, psychosurgery is tightly regulated and subject to strict ethical guidelines in most countries.

Ethosuximide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called anticonvulsants or anti-seizure medications. It is primarily used to treat absence seizures, also known as petit mal seizures, which are a type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in consciousness.

Ethosuximide works by reducing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. It does this by inhibiting the formation of sodium channels in the brain, which helps to stabilize the electrical impulses and reduce the likelihood of seizure activity.

Like all medications, ethosuximide can have side effects, including stomach upset, dizziness, headache, and sleepiness. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking this medication and to report any bothersome or persistent side effects promptly. Ethosuximide may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ethosuximide therapy.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Malformations of Cortical Development (MCDs) are a group of congenital brain abnormalities that occur during the development and organization of the cerebral cortex, which is the brain region responsible for higher cognitive functions. These malformations result from disruptions in neuronal migration, proliferation, or organization, leading to varying degrees of cortical thickness, folding, and structural integrity.

MCDs can be classified into several subtypes based on their distinct neuroimaging and histopathological features. Some common MCD subtypes include:

1. Lissencephaly (smooth brain): A severe malformation characterized by the absence of normal gyral and sulcal patterns, resulting in a smooth cortical surface. This is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
2. Polymicrogyria (many small folds): A condition where the cortex has an excessive number of small, irregular gyri, leading to thickened and disorganized cortical layers. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by abnormal neuronal migration or organization during mid to late development.
3. Schizencephaly (cleft brain): A malformation characterized by a linear cleft or gap in the cerebral cortex, extending from the pial surface to the ventricular system. This can be unilateral or bilateral and is caused by disruptions in neuronal migration and/or cortical organization during early development.
4. Heterotopias (misplaced cells): A condition where groups of neurons are abnormally located within the white matter or at the gray-white matter junction, instead of their normal position in the cerebral cortex. This can be focal or diffuse and is caused by defects in neuronal migration during early development.
5. Focal cortical dysplasia (abnormal localized tissue): A condition characterized by abnormal cortical architecture, including disorganized lamination, enlarged neurons, and heterotopic neurons. This can be focal or multifocal and is caused by defects in cortical organization during late development.

MCDs are often associated with neurological symptoms such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. The severity of these symptoms depends on the type, location, and extent of the malformation.

Sclerosis is a medical term that refers to the abnormal hardening or scarring of body tissues, particularly in the context of various degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system. The term "sclerosis" comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard. In these conditions, the normally flexible and adaptable nerve cells or their protective coverings (myelin sheath) become rigid and inflexible due to the buildup of scar tissue or abnormal protein deposits.

There are several types of sclerosis, but one of the most well-known is multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, leading to scarring and damage that disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body. This results in a wide range of symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision problems, balance issues, and cognitive impairment.

Other conditions that involve sclerosis include:

1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, stiffness, and atrophy.
2. Systemic sclerosis: A rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the skin and internal organs due to excessive collagen deposition.
3. Plaque psoriasis: A chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by red, scaly patches (plaques) resulting from rapid turnover and accumulation of skin cells.
4. Adhesive capsulitis: Also known as frozen shoulder, this condition involves stiffening and thickening of the shoulder joint's capsule due to scarring or inflammation, leading to limited mobility and pain.

A ketogenic diet is a type of diet that is characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrate intake and an increase in fat intake, with the goal of inducing a metabolic state called ketosis. In ketosis, the body shifts from using glucose (carbohydrates) as its primary source of energy to using ketones, which are produced by the liver from fatty acids.

The typical ketogenic diet consists of a daily intake of less than 50 grams of carbohydrates, with protein intake moderated and fat intake increased to make up the majority of calories. This can result in a rapid decrease in blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have various health benefits for some individuals, such as weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and reduced risk factors for heart disease.

However, it is important to note that a ketogenic diet may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain medications. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new diet plan.

Consciousness disorders, also known as altered consciousness, refer to conditions that affect a person's awareness or perception of their surroundings, themselves, or their current state. These disorders can range from mild to severe and can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, illness, or the use of certain medications.

There are several types of consciousness disorders, including:

1. Coma: A state of deep unconsciousness in which a person is unable to respond to stimuli or communicate.
2. Vegetative State: A condition in which a person may have sleep-wake cycles and some automatic responses, but lacks awareness or the ability to interact with their environment.
3. Minimally Conscious State: A condition in which a person has some degree of awareness and may be able to respond to stimuli, but is unable to communicate or consistently interact with their environment.
4. Delirium: A state of confusion and altered consciousness that can occur suddenly and fluctuate over time. It is often caused by an underlying medical condition or the use of certain medications.
5. Locked-in Syndrome: A rare condition in which a person is fully conscious but unable to move or communicate due to complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for those that control eye movement.

Treatment for consciousness disorders depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, therapy, or surgery. In some cases, recovery may be possible with appropriate treatment and rehabilitation. However, in other cases, the disorder may be permanent or result in long-term disability.

Neurocysticercosis is a neurological disorder caused by the infection of the brain's tissue with larval stages of the parasitic tapeworm, Taenia solium. The larvae, called cysticerci, can invade various parts of the body including the brain and the central nervous system, leading to a range of symptoms such as seizures, headaches, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disorders.

The infection typically occurs when a person ingests tapeworm eggs through contaminated food or water, and the larvae hatch and migrate to various tissues in the body. In neurocysticercosis, the cysticerci can cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to brain tissue, leading to neurological symptoms that can vary depending on the location and number of cysts in the brain.

Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis typically involves a combination of imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans, blood tests, and sometimes lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to examine cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment may involve anti-parasitic medications to eliminate the cysts, anti-inflammatory drugs to manage swelling and inflammation, and symptomatic treatment for seizures or other neurological symptoms.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment most commonly used in cases of severe or treatment-resistant major depression, bipolar disorder, and catatonia. In ECT, a brief electrical current is passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a seizure. The purpose and specific effects of this procedure are not fully understood, but it's believed to cause changes in brain chemistry that can help relieve symptoms of certain mental health conditions.

The treatment is typically administered under general anesthesia and is usually given two to three times a week for a total of six to twelve treatments. While ECT has been associated with certain risks, such as memory loss and confusion, it is generally considered safe when performed by trained medical professionals. It's important to note that ECT should only be used in cases where other treatment options have been exhausted or have proven ineffective.

Brain waves, also known as electroencephalography (EEG) waves, are the rhythmic electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons. These waves are detected by placing electrodes on the scalp and can be visualized using an EEG machine. Brain waves are typically categorized into different frequency bands, including:

1. Delta waves (0.5-4 Hz): Slow waves that are typically seen during deep sleep or in pathological states such as coma.
2. Theta waves (4-8 Hz): Slower waves that are associated with drowsiness, meditation, and creative thinking.
3. Alpha waves (8-13 Hz): These waves are present during relaxed wakefulness and can be seen during eyes-closed rest.
4. Beta waves (13-30 Hz): Faster waves that are associated with active thinking, focus, and alertness.
5. Gamma waves (30-100 Hz): The fastest waves, which are associated with higher cognitive functions such as attention, perception, and problem-solving.

Abnormalities in brain wave patterns can be indicative of various neurological conditions, including epilepsy, sleep disorders, brain injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases.

The dentate gyrus is a region of the brain that is located in the hippocampal formation, which is a part of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is characterized by the presence of densely packed granule cells, which are a type of neuron. The dentate gyrus is involved in the formation of new memories and the integration of information from different brain regions. It is also one of the few areas of the adult brain where new neurons can be generated throughout life, a process known as neurogenesis. Damage to the dentate gyrus has been linked to memory impairments, cognitive decline, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy.

Triazines are not a medical term, but a class of chemical compounds. They have a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. Some triazine derivatives are used in medicine as herbicides, antimicrobials, and antitumor agents.

Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.

Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a medical treatment that involves the use of a device to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve, which is a key part of the body's autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls various automatic functions of the body, such as heart rate and digestion.

In VNS, a small generator is implanted in the chest, and thin wires are routed under the skin to the vagus nerve in the neck. The generator is programmed to send electrical signals to the vagus nerve at regular intervals. These signals can help regulate certain body functions and have been found to be effective in treating a number of conditions, including epilepsy and depression.

The exact mechanism by which VNS works is not fully understood, but it is thought to affect the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that transmit signals in the brain. This can help reduce seizure activity in people with epilepsy and improve mood and other symptoms in people with depression.

VNS is typically used as a last resort for people who have not responded to other treatments. It is generally considered safe, but like any medical procedure, it does carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, and damage to the vagus nerve or surrounding tissues.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and preventing excessive neuronal firing, which helps to maintain neural homeostasis and reduce the risk of seizures. GABA functions by binding to specific receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B, and GABA-C) on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals.

In addition to its role in the central nervous system, GABA has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in regulating various physiological processes such as muscle relaxation, hormone secretion, and immune function.

GABA can be synthesized in neurons from glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, through the action of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Once synthesized, GABA is stored in synaptic vesicles and released into the synapse upon neuronal activation. After release, GABA can be taken up by surrounding glial cells or degraded by the enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T) into succinic semialdehyde, which is further metabolized to form succinate and enter the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Dysregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Therefore, modulating GABAergic signaling through pharmacological interventions or other therapeutic approaches may offer potential benefits for the treatment of these conditions.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Clonazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is primarily used to treat seizure disorders, panic attacks, and anxiety. Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

The medication comes in tablet or orally disintegrating tablet form and is typically taken two to three times per day. Common side effects of clonazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems. It can also cause memory problems, mental confusion, and depression.

Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam has the potential for abuse and addiction, so it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and not to stop taking the medication suddenly, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

A hemispherectomy is a radical surgical procedure that involves the removal or disconnection of one cerebral hemisphere, which is half of the brain. This extensive operation is typically considered as a last resort in the treatment of severe, drug-resistant epilepsy that originates from one side of the brain and has not responded to other forms of therapy. The procedure can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures, but it carries significant risks, including potential impacts on cognitive function, language, and motor skills, depending on the specific area of the brain that is affected.

The thalamus is a large, paired structure in the brain that serves as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It is located in the dorsal part of the diencephalon and is made up of two symmetrical halves, each connected to the corresponding cerebral hemisphere.

The thalamus receives inputs from almost all senses, except for the olfactory system, and processes them before sending them to specific areas in the cortex. It also plays a role in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness. Additionally, the thalamus is involved in motor control by relaying information between the cerebellum and the motor cortex.

The thalamus is divided into several nuclei, each with distinct connections and functions. Some of these nuclei are involved in sensory processing, while others are involved in motor function or regulation of emotions and cognition. Overall, the thalamus plays a critical role in integrating information from various brain regions and modulating cognitive and emotional processes.

Phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication that is primarily used for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by suppressing the abnormal electrical activity in the brain that leads to seizures. In addition to its anticonvulsant properties, phenobarbital also has sedative and hypnotic effects, which can be useful for treating anxiety, insomnia, and agitation.

Phenobarbital is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and elixirs, and it is typically taken orally. The medication works by binding to specific receptors in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, which help to regulate nerve impulses in the brain. By increasing the activity of GABA, phenobarbital can help to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures.

While phenobarbital is an effective medication for treating seizures and other conditions, it can also be habit-forming and carries a risk of dependence and addiction. Long-term use of the medication can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses may be needed to achieve the same effects. Abruptly stopping the medication can also lead to withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, restlessness, and seizures.

Like all medications, phenobarbital can have side effects, including dizziness, drowsiness, and impaired coordination. It can also interact with other medications, such as certain antidepressants and sedatives, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting phenobarbital.

In summary, phenobarbital is a barbiturate medication used primarily for the treatment of seizures and convulsions. It works by binding to GABA receptors in the brain and increasing their activity, which helps to reduce excessive neural activity and prevent seizures. While phenobarbital can be effective, it carries a risk of dependence and addiction and can have side effects and drug interactions.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium, also known as delirium tremens (DTs), is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur in people who are dependent on alcohol and suddenly stop or significantly reduce their consumption. It is a form of alcohol withdrawal syndrome that is characterized by the sudden onset of severe confusion, agitation, hallucinations, tremors, and autonomic hyperactivity.

The diagnostic criteria for alcohol withdrawal delirium, as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), include:

1. Disturbance in consciousness (i.e., reduced clarity of awareness of the environment) with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention.
2. A change in cognition (such as memory deficit, disorientation, or language disturbance) or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better explained by another medical condition or substance use disorder.
3. The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to a few days) and tends to fluctuate throughout the day.
4. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the symptoms are caused by alcohol withdrawal.
5. The symptoms cannot be better explained by another medical condition, medication use, or substance intoxication or withdrawal.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment in a hospital setting. Treatment typically involves the use of medications to manage symptoms, such as benzodiazepines to reduce agitation and prevent seizures, and antipsychotic medications to treat hallucinations and delusions. Supportive care, such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, may also be necessary to prevent dehydration and other complications.

Sudden death is a term used to describe a situation where a person dies abruptly and unexpectedly, often within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. It is typically caused by cardiac or respiratory arrest, which can be brought on by various medical conditions such as heart disease, stroke, severe infections, drug overdose, or trauma. In some cases, the exact cause of sudden death may remain unknown even after a thorough post-mortem examination.

It is important to note that sudden death should not be confused with "sudden cardiac death," which specifically refers to deaths caused by the abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). Sudden cardiac death is often related to underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, or electrical abnormalities in the heart.

These are some of the things you can expect to hear on this record." He said that he got the idea for the name "Seizures" while ... Seizures is the third and final studio album by Australian rock band Kisschasy, released through Below Par Records on 21 August ... The songs on this record are my versions of the seizures those patients experienced - they will always bring me back to a ... All tracks are written by Darren Cordeux General Seizures (CD). Kisschasy. Below Par Records. 2009. ELEVENCD89.{{cite AV media ...
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Breakthrough seizures are more likely with a number of triggers.: 57 Often when a breakthrough seizure occurs in a person whose ... Generally, seizures are observed in patients who do not have epilepsy. There are many causes of seizures. Organ failure, ... The factors that lead to a seizure are often complex and it may not be possible to determine what causes a particular seizure, ... Sleep deprivation is the second most common trigger of seizures. In some cases, it has been responsible for the only seizure a ...
The only sign of BFNE are seizures, generally tonic-clonic, which occur within the first week of life. Seizures often begin as ... Neonatal seizures are often controlled with phenobarbital administration. Recurrent seizures later in life are treated in the ... Lifetime susceptibility to seizures is increased, as 16% of those diagnosed with BFNE earlier in life will go on to have ... This monitor is only kept as a safeguard as usually the medication wards off any seizures. Once the child is weaned off the ...
... is the second full-length album by extreme metal band, Trap Them. It was released on November 11, ... "Trap Them - Seizures in Barren Praise review - Lambgoat". www.lambgoat.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017. Punknews.org (2 December ... "Trap Them - Seizures In Barren Praise - Reviews - Rock Sound Magazine". Rock Sound Magazine. Retrieved 9 July 2017. (Articles ... "Seizures in Barren Praise - Trap Them - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 July 2017. "link". ...
"World's biggest drug seizure in Afghanistan", Daily Telegraph, June 11, 2008 Afghans' 260-ton hashish bust could be record: ... This is a list of cannabis seizures notable for record-setting size or social precedent. *Assumed dried leaf or flower material ... Andie Adams (February 27, 2015). "Record-Breaking Bust: 15 Tons of Pot Seized at Otay Mesa Port, the seizure has an estimated ... seizure of cannabis in Ondo". Premium Times. Nigeria. Oluwaseun Akingboye (June 16, 2019). "Marijuana: Controversies over ...
Provoked seizures may also be known as "acute symptomatic seizures" or "reactive seizures". Unprovoked seizures may also be ... Psychosis after a seizure occurs in 6-10% of people. Seizures have a number of causes. Of those who have a seizure, about 25% ... These seizures are known as "acute symptomatic" or "provoked" seizures and are part of the seizure-related disorders. In many ... Unprovoked seizures occur without a known or fixable cause such that ongoing seizures are likely. Unprovoked seizures may be ...
"Seizure Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015. "Seizure: DVD". Amazon.com. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 26 January ... ISBN 1-894037-21-9. Seizure at IMDb Seizure at AllMovie (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, ... Seizure is a 1974 horror film. It is the directorial debut of Oliver Stone, who also co-wrote the screenplay. Horror writer ... "Watch 'Seizure,' the Strange Horror Movie That Served As Oliver Stone's Directorial Debut". Lights, Camera, News. Movies.com. ...
Focal seizures (also called partial seizures and localized seizures) are seizures which affect initially only one hemisphere of ... Complex partial seizures are often preceded by an aura. The seizure aura is a focal aware seizure. The aura may manifest itself ... A generalized seizure is one that involves both sides of the brain from the onset.) Simple partial seizures are seizures which ... Are all seizures the same. "2017 Revised Classification of Seizures". Epilepsy Foundation. "Types of Seizures". Epilepsy ...
An atonic seizure (also called drop seizure, akinetic seizure, astatic seizure, or drop attack) is a type of seizure that ... "Atonic Seizures". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 2019-09-13. "Atonic Seizure - Types of Seizures - The Johns Hopkins Epilepsy ... The seizure itself causes no physical injury, but the loss of control, predominantly in trunk muscles, can result in direct ... These seizures are brief - usually less than fifteen seconds. They usually begin in childhood and may persist into adulthood. ...
... seizures Absence seizures Atypical absence seizures Myoclonic seizures Clonic seizures Tonic seizures Tonic-clonic seizures ... seizures Complex partial seizures evolving to generalized seizures Simple partial seizures evolving to complex partial seizures ... absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, focal seizures, impaired awareness seizures, and status epilepticus.: 458 ... In the field of neurology, seizure types are categories of seizures defined by seizure behavior, symptoms, and diagnostic tests ...
Seizure: European Journal of Epilepsy is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering epilepsy established in 1992. The editor-in- ... ". "Seizure - European Journal of Epilepsy". Ulrichsweb. Retrieved 2014-12-26. "CINAHL Complete Database Coverage List". CINAHL ...
An intercalated seizure is an epileptic seizure that occurs during the aura stage of a migraine. It has been found, in some ... The neurological condition that combines migraines with epileptic seizures is known as migralepsy. Migralepsy "Headache and ... cases, that this type of seizure is instigated by the migraine preceding it, coining the term "migraine-triggered seizure". In ... order to be considered such, the victim must have already had certified migraines with aura and a seizure must occur within one ...
Seizure is the second album by New Zealand musician Chris Knox, released in 1989 by record label Flying Nun. "The Face of ... Seizure at Discogs (list of releases) (Use dmy dates from April 2022, Articles with short description, Short description is ... "Seizure - Chris Knox , Songs, Reviews, Credits , AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Steel, Gary (28 December 2015). " ... "Chris Knox: Seizure - Review • Metro Magazine". Metro. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Wolk, Douglas. "TrouserPress.com :: Chris Knox ...
... vocals Review of Beautiful Seizure[permanent dead link] Pitchfork Media Review of Beautiful Seizure Archived 2007-06-09 at the ... Beautiful Seizure is the debut album by volcano!. "Kalamazoo" - 1:12 "Easy Does It" - 6:47 "Fire Fire" - 5:25 "$40,000 Plus ...
It is not uncommon for children to have tonic-clonic seizures, and atonic seizures directly following the seizure. Those that ... A gelastic seizure, also known as "gelastic epilepsy", is a rare type of seizure that involves a sudden burst of energy, ... PET-CT using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) show reduced metabolism at the site of seizure onset. Gelastic seizures have been ... They can cause several different types of seizures including a Gelastic Seizure. These structures can be detected with ...
... , also known as music-induced seizure, is a rare type of seizure, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in ... cases of musicogenic seizures. Musicogenic seizures are generally defined as a focal seizure, as the lateral and mesial ... Unlike most focal seizures, the duration between the triggering musical stimulus and seizure varies among patients; some ... The diagnoses of music-induced seizures are complicated as the nature of stimulus is relatively unique in the ambit of seizure ...
Seizure may refer to: Seizure (album), a 1989 album by New Zealand musician Chris Knox Seizure (Cook novel), a 2003 novel by ... a synonym for seizure Epileptic seizure, caused by abnormal, rhythmic discharges of cortical neurons Non-epileptic seizure, ... Robin Cook Seizure (film), a 1974 film by Oliver Stone Seizure (journal), a peer-reviewed journal covering epilepsy Seizure ( ... which mimics epileptic seizure but has a different cause Seizure, the act of a communications circuit going off-hook This ...
In reflex epilepsy generalized seizures are more common than focal seizures. Generalized seizures are seizures that arise in ... Determining if the seizure or seizure like event is truly an epileptic seizure. Determining what kind of seizure that someone ... Focal seizures are seizures that arise from a small area of the brain in one hemisphere. Focal seizures are divided into simple ... Photosensitive seizures are often myoclonic, absence, or focal seizures in the occipital lobe, while musicogenic seizures are ...
There are two types: simple febrile seizures and complex febrile seizures. Simple febrile seizures involve an otherwise healthy ... have a short time between the onset of fever and the seizure, had a low degree of fever before their seizure, or have a seizure ... Note the start time of the seizure. If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, call an ambulance. Medication to stop seizure, ... "Cytokine levels in febrile seizure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Seizure. 59: 5-10. doi:10.1016/j.seizure. ...
Similarly, lamotrigine treats multiple seizure types including partial seizures and generalized seizures, therefore it is also ... Absence seizure (petit mal seizure) June 23, 2011 Posner E. (2013). Absence seizures in children. BMJ clinical evidence, 2013, ... Seizure. 14 (2): 117-22. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.12.003. PMID 15694565. Mechanisms of absence seizures (Scholarpedia) ... valproic acid is effective in treating multiple seizure types including tonic-clonic seizure and partial seizure, suggesting it ...
... is the second studio album by rock artist Tom Vek. It was released in 2011 on Island Records. The first single ...
... cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems can also influence the severity and frequency of seizures. Seizure trigger ... The term seizure threshold is used to describe the balance between excitatory (glutaminergic) and inhibitory (GABA-ergic) ... Medications that lower seizure threshold include the antidepressant and nicotinic antagonist bupropion, the atypical opioid ... "Seizure Mechanisms and Threshold". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 2008-03-19. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Generalized tonic A focal tonic seizure can generalize, or the first seizure can occur as a generalized seizure, or seizures ... This lowered seizure threshold potential makes the neonatal brain susceptible to acute symptomatic seizures. SEIZURE RISK DUE ... Neonates were found to experience either tonic or clonic seizures. They did not experience tonic-clonic seizures. If seizures ... A neonatal seizure is a seizure in a baby younger than age 4-weeks that is identifiable by an electrical recording of the brain ...
These include febrile seizures that end by age 6 (FS), such seizures extending beyond age 6 that may include afebrile tonic- ... Seizure. 14 (2): 123-8. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.12.007. PMID 15694566. Spampanato J, Kearney J, de Haan G, McEwen D, Escayg ... Marini C, Harkin L, Wallace R, Mulley J, Scheffer I, Berkovic S (2003). "Childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures: a ... Ketogenic diet has also been found useful in certain cases Management of breakthrough seizures is by benzodiazepine such as ...
... is a rare multi-systemic genetic disorder which is characterized by ... People with this disorder often show the following symptoms: Hypotonia Widespread developmental delays Early-onset seizures ... "Multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". ... "OMIM Entry - # 614080 - MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES-HYPOTONIA-SEIZURES SYNDROME 1; MCAHS1". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-05-20. ( ...
Seizures can be so frequent that they appear to be continuous for weeks at a time. In the third phase, seizures are ... Once seizures start, the site of seizure activity repeatedly migrates from one area of the brain to another, with few periods ... The second phase is termed the "stormy phase." Seizures become very frequent and polymorphous, meaning that seizures affect ... Stiripentol with clonazepam has mitigated seizures in some cases. Intravenous levetiracetam has shown to interrupt seizures in ...
The answer-seizure ratio is defined as 100 times the number of answered calls, i.e. the number of seizures resulting in an ... The answer-seizure ratio (ASR) is a measurement of network quality and call success rates in telecommunication. It is the ... Low answer-seizure ratios may be caused by far-end switch congestion, not answering by called parties and busy destination ... In telecommunication an attempted call is termed a seizure. ... answer signal, divided by the total number of seizures: A S R ...
The treatment dosage is determined once the seizure threshold has been met and a sufficient seizure is produced. Various coil ... Magnetic seizure therapy is a new treatment modality that is being studied for the treatment of multiple psychiatric conditions ... Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a proposed form of electrotherapy and electrical brain stimulation. It is currently being ... The latter two are the ones that have been most reliable in seizure induction. The mechanism of action of MST is not yet ...
Seizure is a 2003 novel by American author Robin Cook which explores the concerns raised by advances in therapeutic cloning. It ... the therapy leaves the senator with the horrifying effects of temporal lobe epilepsy-seizures of the most bizarre order. Dr. ...
Seizures result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can cause physical convulsions, minor physical abnormalities ...
Seizures are caused by sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain. They can be mild or severe. Learn about the types, ... Not all seizures cause convulsions. There are many types of seizures and some have mild symptoms. Seizures fall into two main ... Focal seizures, also called partial seizures, happen in just one part of the brain. Generalized seizures are a result of ... Epilepsy or seizures - discharge (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Febrile seizures (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in ...
These seizures are also called partial seizures.. * Simple focal seizures affect a small part of the brain. These seizures can ... Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain.. * Absence seizures, sometimes called petit mal seizures, can cause rapid ... Not all seizures are emergencies.. Keep track of how long the seizure lasts. Call 911 if a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or ... The signs of a seizure depend on the type of seizure.. Sometimes it is hard to tell when a person is having a seizure. A person ...
Learn more about the risk of febrile seizures after MMRV vaccination. ... The rate of seizures in this timeframe was 85 per 1000 person-years in the MMRV vaccine group compared to 42 per 1000 in the ... Of the children identified as having seizures following the 7 to 10-day vaccination period, about 90% were found to be febrile ... Parents should be educated on the risk of seizure following the combination MMRV vaccine and know their options. Most children ...
These are some of the things you can expect to hear on this record." He said that he got the idea for the name "Seizures" while ... Seizures is the third and final studio album by Australian rock band Kisschasy, released through Below Par Records on 21 August ... The songs on this record are my versions of the seizures those patients experienced - they will always bring me back to a ... All tracks are written by Darren Cordeux General Seizures (CD). Kisschasy. Below Par Records. 2009. ELEVENCD89.{{cite AV media ...
People with epilepsy may report having a bad week at the start of each month, a cluster of seizures every 10 days, or other ... "The week day that most seizures occurred was unique to the individual and, across the population, no day of the week was worse ... Forecasting the cycle of epileptic seizures. How big data and an app are helping people with epilepsy successfully manage their ... But now a University of Melbourne study, based on two of the largest databases of human seizures ever recorded, has provided an ...
Determining the underlying etiology for neonatal seizures is critical. ... The most prominent feature of neurologic dysfunction in the neonatal period is the occurrence of seizures. ... Benign neonatal seizures. Benign neonatal seizure syndromes can be characterized by familial or idiopathic seizures. Benign ... Most neonatal seizures occur over only a few days, and fewer than half of affected infants develop seizures later in life. Such ...
Learn how to find the right epilepsy medication for controlling your seizures. ... "Some seizures start in just one part of the brain [focal onset seizures] and some start with the whole brain firing off at the ... About half of people will be seizure-free with the first drug they try. If your seizures dont get better or they only improve ... "To judge whether the medication is working, we need to look at seizure frequency," Najm says. If you have seizures every day, ...
Find out what you need to know about seizures and what to do if your child has one. ... Seizures are caused by a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain. ... How Are Seizures Diagnosed?. If a child has a seizure, doctors will look for a cause. Kids whove had a seizure might need to ... What Causes Seizures?. The most common type of seizure in children is from a fever (called a febrile seizure). Other causes ...
If a person is having a seizure, they may show a spectrum of symptoms ranging from barely noticeable to dramatic, violent ... What is a seizure?. Medically reviewed by Nancy Hammond, MD. An abnormal electrical discharge in the brain causes a seizure. ... Instead, they stop seizures from happening.. How they work in the brain. AEDs work in different ways to prevent seizures. ... Seizures are bursts of abnormal electrical activity between brain cells. A person having a seizure may show a range of effects ...
A seizure disorder involves many seizures. Read more on these two conditions. ... A seizure is an abnormal surge of electrical activity in your brain. ... Seizures are classified into two primary types: partial seizures, also called focal seizures, and generalized seizures. Both ... Febrile seizures. Another type of seizure is a febrile seizure that occurs in infants as the result of a fever. About one in ...
SEARCHES AND SEIZURES Current RCWs Sections. 10.79.010 Issuance of warrant for stolen property, etc.. [Code 1881 § 967; 1873 p ...
Learn more about the signs of a tonic seizure and the differences between different seizure types. ... Tonic seizures cause sudden muscle stiffness and rigidity. ... Tonic seizures can be focal or generalized.. *Focal seizures: ... Tonic-clonic seizures used to be called grand mal seizures. Theyre the type of seizure many people think of when they think of ... Whats the Difference Between a Tonic and Atonic Seizure?. Tonic seizures and atonic seizures can both affect your muscle ...
The diagnosis of febrile seizure is made by meticulous history-taking and clinical examination as well as ruling out other ... Febrile seizures are the most common form of convulsive seizures in children less than 5 years of age. ... Febrile seizures are the most common form of convulsive seizures in children less than 5 years of age. The diagnosis of febrile ... Risk factors for seizure recurrence in children with febrile seizures: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from five ...
Some epileptic seizures are blissful. Understanding why might shed light on religious awakenings, joy, and the sense of self, ... Some epileptic seizures are blissful. Understanding why might shed light on religious awakenings, joy, and the sense of self ... but Dostoevsky was instead describing the moments before a full-blown epileptic seizure. ...
Learn the easy steps of seizure first aid. ... Seizures are common. One day you may need to help someone. ... Seizures might not look like what you would expect. Some seizures cause a person to act confused or stare. Other seizures may ... Most seizures last for just a few minutes.. First aid for all types of seizures. To help someone who is having any type of ... About 1 in 10 people may have a seizure in their lifetime.1,2 Follow these easy steps to help someone during or after a seizure ...
Seizure (Epilepsy). Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which the person has seizures. There are two kinds of seizures, focal and ... Most patients will need to continue taking anti-seizure drugs for two or more years after surgery. Once seizure control is ... Treatment of epilepsy (seizures) depends upon the cause and type of seizures experienced. ... called the seizure focus -- is located within the temporal lobe. However, seizures can start in any portion of the cerebral ...
Below is a list of common natural remedies used to treat or reduce the symptoms of seizures. Follow the links to read common ...
SEARCH AND SEIZURE In any free society, the police must be constrained. The constraint can come from a variety of sources- ... More extensive searches and seizures require probable cause.. Special cases-police use of force and group seizures. There ... SEARCH AND SEIZURE. Search and seizure are tools used by law enforcement officers to fight crime. When a police officer ... Search and seizure is a necessary exercise in the ongoing pursuit of criminals. Searches and seizures are used to produce ...
Read on to find a list of possible seizure triggers, how they differ from causes, and how to identify them. ... Here are some questions people often ask about seizure triggers.. What causes a seizure all of a sudden?. Seizures can happen ... While a trigger can result in a seizure, seizure triggers are not the same as seizure causes. For example, a stressful ... Are seizures the same as epilepsy?. When a person has two or more. seizures at least 24 hours apart without an obvious cause, a ...
So my little guy had Febrile seizures and we were at the hospital for 2 days. I feel like I didnt do enough 😕 Im a horrible ... Febrile seizures are relatively common they happen. Seizures of any sort are terrifying. You got your kiddo to a hospital so ... First off l, Im so sorry! My son had a febrile seizure at 11 months old. I literally felt like I was about to lose him. He was ... Hi, I need support! So my little guy had Febrile seizures and we were at the hospital for 2 days. I feel like I didnt do ...
... seizures - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... "You mean seizures, right?" I was embarrassed at how much I didnt know. Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain that triggers ... recurrent seizures. It can be caused by different conditions that affect a persons brain. A person is diagnosed with epilepsy ...
They are different than generalized seizures because focal seizures only affect part of the brain, and therefore, part of the ... Focal seizures occur when your dog experiences a surge of electrical activity in one part of the brain. ... Help relax your dog after a seizure with soothing substances. Your dog might feel pretty shaky after a seizure, and thats ... Remain calm during and after seizures. While its normal to feel anxious during a seizure, try to stay calm for your dog. Speak ...
Holy cat .gif overload! Not sure whats the story with the current look of Mullens work section on its site, but its surely not a sight for sore eyes, we reckon. Since the Mullen camp actually just sent us the link to the Work page unsolicited (adding the note,
Index of Cash seizures and forfeiture orders for a given year ... Cash seizures and forfeiture orders 2023. Select a year. * 2023 ...
Study follows infants with acute seizures to track neurodevelopment ... Neurology > Seizures Neonatal Seizures: When Should Treatment Stop?. - Study follows infants with acute seizures to track ... In their study, Glass and co-authors evaluated 303 neonates with acute symptomatic seizures at nine U.S. Neonatal Seizure ... to diagnose seizure onset and resolution, or MRI and genetic testing to determine the cause of seizures, she added. ...
Usually, seizures in neonates are a symptom of an acute brain injury; seizures are only rarely due … ... The first weeks of life are a time of heightened risk for seizures due to age-dependent physiologic features of the developing ... Usually, seizures in neonates are a symptom of an acute brain injury; seizures are only rarely due to neonatal-onset epilepsy ... Neonatal seizures are harmful to the developing brain; early and accurate diagnosis is critical. For suspected seizures, EEG ...
Adoptive seizures are only those seizures where 100% of the pre-seizure activity and related investigations are performed by ... In the case of an adoptive seizure, notice shall be sent not more than 90 days after the date of seizure by the state or local ... Such seizures should only be made if the exigent circumstances prohibiting the timely obtainment of a seizure warrant can be ... There must be a state violation and a Federal basis for forfeiture in order for the seizure to be true adoption. Seizures ...
  • There are many types of seizures and some have mild symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are many types of seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn about different types of seizures and their signs and symptoms so you can tell when someone is having a seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • What Are the Different Types of Seizures? (kidshealth.org)
  • Medicines can help with many types of seizures. (kidshealth.org)
  • Read on to learn more about tonic seizures, including what causes them and how they differ from other types of seizures. (healthline.com)
  • There are many types of seizures, and they have a range of symptoms and severity. (sparrow.org)
  • A classification system distinguishes the different types of seizures. (sparrow.org)
  • People having these types of seizures may seem awake but they stare into space and don't respond to their environment. (sparrow.org)
  • During these types of seizures, people may suddenly feel angry, joyful or sad. (sparrow.org)
  • He noted in an interview that one reason study results may differ is that some types of seizures are easy to miss. (scientificamerican.com)
  • No single drug controls all types of seizures, and different patients require different drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The history as related by a witness is of high importance, because many types of seizures are associated with impairment of consciousness, and patients are unaware of their occurrence. (medscape.com)
  • According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), doctors have discovered more than 30 different types of seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A person with epilepsy can have more than one type of seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • The signs of a seizure depend on the type of seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common type of seizure in children is from a fever (called a febrile seizure ). (kidshealth.org)
  • How doctors treat seizures depends on their cause (if known) and the type of seizure. (kidshealth.org)
  • Narrow-spectrum AEDs usually work more effectively for a specific type of seizure, such as focal seizures . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • For this reason, they suit people who experience more than one type of seizure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This type of seizure can cause more serious symptoms, such as loss of bladder control and loss of consciousness, in addition to uncontrolled movements. (healthline.com)
  • Another type of seizure is a febrile seizure that occurs in infants as the result of a fever. (healthline.com)
  • They're the type of seizure many people think of when they think of epilepsy. (healthline.com)
  • Focal seizures are treated the same as any other type of seizure. (wikihow.com)
  • The type of seizure depends on which part and how much of the brain is affected and what happens during the seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Your child won't lose consciousness in this type of seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This type of seizure often occurs in the area of the brain that controls emotion and memory function (temporal lobe). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This type of seizure is sometimes mistaken for a learning or behavioral problem. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Not all of these phases occur in everyone with this type of seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This type of seizure causes quick movements or sudden jerking of a group of muscles. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • During this type of seizure, the person is not aware of what is going on around them. (rchsd.org)
  • Symptoms vary based on the type of seizure. (sparrow.org)
  • People having this type of seizure may suddenly fall down or drop their head. (sparrow.org)
  • What Causes Epileptic Seizures in Cats? (purina.com)
  • The 2 main categories of epileptic seizures are focal (partial) seizure and generalized seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Hyperekplexia is often confused with epileptic seizures. (hindawi.com)
  • Epileptic Seizures Aren't Entirely Random. (forbes.com)
  • Epileptic seizures are sometimes described as an electrical storm in the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It's this brainwide hyperactivity that causes the classic behavioral symptoms of epileptic seizures, such as loss of consciousness, convulsions and disordered thinking. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A single drug, usually the first or second one tried, controls epileptic seizures in about 60% of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). (medscape.com)
  • This paper is about the uncanny feeling about their own body, referred to by patients diagnosed with non-epileptic seizures. (bvsalud.org)
  • The study, "Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella Combination Vaccine and the Risk of Febrile Seizures" uses computerized information from CDC's Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) Project . (cdc.gov)
  • For MMRV combination vaccine, there was 1 additional febrile seizure for every 2,300 doses given, compared to separate MMR plus varicella vaccines in the 7 to 10 days following vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the children identified as having seizures following the 7 to 10-day vaccination period, about 90% were found to be febrile seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Most children recover quickly from febrile seizures and have no lasting effects. (cdc.gov)
  • About one in every 25 children, between the ages of 6 months to 5 years, has a febrile seizure, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke . (healthline.com)
  • Generally, children who have febrile seizures don't need to be hospitalized, but if the seizure is prolonged, your doctor may order hospitalization to observe your child. (healthline.com)
  • Febrile seizures are the most common form of convulsive seizures in children less than 5 years of age. (springer.com)
  • The diagnosis of febrile seizure is made by meticulous history-taking and clinical examination as well as ruling out other potential causes of seizures. (springer.com)
  • The risk of epilepsy in children with febrile seizures is low. (springer.com)
  • Recurrence of febrile seizures can be seen in less than a third of children. (springer.com)
  • This chapter will review the current knowledge about febrile seizures with emphasis on approach to diagnosis and the principles of management. (springer.com)
  • Vestergaard M, Pedersen CB, Sidenius P, Olsen J, Christensen J. The long-term risk of epilepsy after febrile seizures in susceptible subgroups. (springer.com)
  • Febrile seizures and epilepsy: the contributions of epidemiology. (springer.com)
  • Wolf SM, Forsythe A. Epilepsy and mental retardation following febrile seizures in childhood. (springer.com)
  • Berg AT, Shinnar S. Unprovoked seizures in children with febrile seizures: short-term outcome. (springer.com)
  • Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Shirts SB, Kurland LT. Factors prognostic of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions. (springer.com)
  • Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures. (springer.com)
  • Febrile seizures: guideline for the neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. (springer.com)
  • A prospective study of recurrent febrile seizures. (springer.com)
  • Berg AT, Shinnar S. Complex febrile seizures. (springer.com)
  • Waruiru C, Appleton R. Febrile seizures: an update. (springer.com)
  • Risk factors for seizure recurrence in children with febrile seizures: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from five studies. (springer.com)
  • Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Anderson VE, Kurland LT. The risk of seizure disorders among relatives of children with febrile convulsions. (springer.com)
  • So my little guy had Febrile seizures and we were at the hospital for 2 days. (babycenter.com)
  • My son had a febrile seizure at 11 months old. (babycenter.com)
  • Febrile seizures are relatively common they happen. (babycenter.com)
  • My son had a febrile seizure 3 days before thanksgiving (he was 17 months old at the time). (babycenter.com)
  • I read that febrile seizures don't have long term effects as long as they last less than 5-10 minutes and are not often. (babycenter.com)
  • A landmark study comparing phenobarbital with placebo showed children with febrile seizures in the phenobarbital cohort had a significantly lower IQ after 2 years of treatment, Payne and Wirrell observed. (medpagetoday.com)
  • What Are Febrile Seizures? (kidshealth.org)
  • Febrile seizures are convulsions that happen in some children with fevers . (kidshealth.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Febrile Seizures? (kidshealth.org)
  • No one knows why febrile seizures happen, so they usually can't be prevented. (kidshealth.org)
  • It's important to call the doctor so your child can be seen after a febrile seizure. (kidshealth.org)
  • A febrile seizure is a convulsion in a child triggered by a fever . (medlineplus.gov)
  • A temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or above may cause febrile seizures in children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A febrile seizure can be frightening for any parent or caregiver. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the time, a febrile seizure does not cause any harm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Febrile seizures occur most often in otherwise healthy children between ages 6 months and 5 years. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Febrile seizures often run in families. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most febrile seizures occur in the first 24 hours of an illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A cold or viral illness may trigger a febrile seizure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A febrile seizure may be as mild as the child's eyes rolling or limbs stiffening. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A simple febrile seizure stops by itself within a few seconds to 10 minutes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A seizure lasting longer than 15 minutes, is in just one part of the body, or occurs again during the same illness is not a normal febrile seizure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The health care provider may diagnose febrile seizure if the child has a tonic-clonic seizure but does not have a history of seizure disorders (epilepsy). (medlineplus.gov)
  • With a typical febrile seizure, the examination usually is normal, other than symptoms of the illness causing the fever. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These medicines, however, do not reduce the chance of having febrile seizures in the future. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The first febrile seizure can be frightening for parents. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, simple febrile seizures are harmless. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most children outgrow febrile seizures by age 5. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Few children have more than 3 febrile seizures in their lifetime. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The number of febrile seizures is not related to future risk for epilepsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These seizures most often do not appear like a typical febrile seizure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Title : Febrile seizures following multiple vaccines : a Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) study Personal Author(s) : Duffy, Jonathan Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Immunization Safety Office. (cdc.gov)
  • Taking medication can reduce your risk of getting another seizure by about half. (healthline.com)
  • The person has another seizure soon after the first one. (cdc.gov)
  • Rarely, an antiseizure drug that is effective for one seizure type may aggravate another seizure type. (msdmanuals.com)
  • But now a University of Melbourne study, based on two of the largest databases of human seizures ever recorded, has provided an extremely accurate, objective account of the times seizures occur. (nature.com)
  • Most neonatal seizures occur over only a few days, and fewer than half of affected infants develop seizures later in life. (medscape.com)
  • These may occur focally in 1 extremity or in several body parts (in which case they are described as multifocal myoclonic seizures). (medscape.com)
  • Seizures occur when a large group of neurons undergo excessive, synchronized depolarization. (medscape.com)
  • Seizures occur when brain cells behave abnormally, causing neurons to misfire and send wrong signals. (healthline.com)
  • These seizures are often brief and tend to occur during sleep. (healthline.com)
  • Some people with epilepsy or who have recurrent seizures may notice that they occur in patterns or in certain situations. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Missing a dose may increase a person's risk of seizures and cause seizures to be more intense or occur more often. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If a person with diabetes experiences severe hypoglycemia , which may occur from skipping meals, their extremely low blood sugar levels could trigger a seizure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Focal seizures occur when your dog experiences a surge of electrical activity in one part of the brain. (wikihow.com)
  • Evaluation of the seizure etiology must occur in parallel with initiation of appropriate treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Cat seizures are symptoms of a range of conditions and often occur quite suddenly. (purina.com)
  • Before a focal seizure, your child may have an aura, or signs that a seizure is about to occur. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • These seizures may occur several times a day. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • These seizures tend to occur in clusters. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In fact, the burden of not knowing when a seizure will occur tends to lead people to avoid socializing, playing sports, traveling or doing anything where they don't want to get surprised with a seizure. (ieee.org)
  • Seizures occur in both males and females with equal frequency, and many pets have one seizure and never have another. (petplace.com)
  • Seizures occur with abnormal excitement of the brain's electrical signals and are defined by an aberration in the patient's consciousness or behavior. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • Absence seizures, formerly known as petit mal seizures, often occur in children. (sparrow.org)
  • The lead researcher of that work, neurologist Jonathan Vöglein of the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and LMU Munich, nevertheless called Keret's research "very, very interesting," and said the results could be in keeping with previous research showing that seizures can occur before the onset of dementia in some people with Alzheimer's disease. (scientificamerican.com)
  • If cells become very irritated and/or hyperactive, seizures can occur. (newswise.com)
  • In the United States, there are at least 28 anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) that treat seizures and epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Considering taking supplements to treat seizures? (webmd.com)
  • Therefore an ideal way to treat seizures is personalizing the treatment to each person. (epilepsy.com)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures used to be called grand mal seizures. (healthline.com)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are the most dramatic type of epileptic seizure. (sparrow.org)
  • They are also called grand mal seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Usually, they reduce excessive electrical activity in the brain that can lead to seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It also showed that poor sleep quality could lead to seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Altered levels of minerals, such as calcium , sodium , potassium, and magnesium , can affect brain cell electrical activity and lead to seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This type of substance acts to inhibit or stop activity from brain cells that could lead to seizures. (epilepsy.com)
  • However, it is a medical emergency if seizures last longer than 5 minutes or if a person has many seizures and does not wake up between them. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. (cdc.gov)
  • Call 911 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. (cdc.gov)
  • Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that causes recurrent seizures of different types. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anyone can have a seizure, but most people with recurrent seizures have a neurological condition known as epilepsy. (healthline.com)
  • Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain that triggers recurrent seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Houser CR, Esclapez M. Vulnerability and plasticity of the GABA system in the pilocarpine model of spontaneous recurrent seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Focal and multifocal myoclonic seizures typically are not associated with electrographic correlates. (medscape.com)
  • This drug treats temporal lobe epilepsy, refractory seizures, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and more. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Myoclonic seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Myoclonic seizures usually appear as sudden brief jerks or twitches of the arms and legs. (sparrow.org)
  • People with epilepsy may report having a 'bad week' at the start of each month, a cluster of seizures every 10 days, or other cyclic patterns. (nature.com)
  • For most people with epilepsy, anti-seizure medications, also known as anti-convulsants, can successfully control seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Extratemporal cortical resection may be an option for people with epilepsy whose seizures are disabling and/or not controlled by medications, or when the side effects of the medication are severe and significantly affect the person's quality of life. (medicinenet.com)
  • This type of epilepsy is rare, and only about 3% of people with epilepsy experience photosensitive seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • If people with epilepsy could get "seizure warnings" akin to thunderstorm warnings, their neurological disorder might be less disruptive to their lives. (forbes.com)
  • This new realization was only one result of efforts to develop and test a forecasting system that might one day make it possible for people with epilepsy to know the near-term probability of a seizure striking. (forbes.com)
  • Surgery, neurostimulation (an implanted device that disrupts abnormal electrical signals in the brain to stop seizures), and a ketogenic diet are all options if medicine hasn't been effective. (webmd.com)
  • Seizures are bursts of abnormal electrical activity between brain cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A seizure is an abnormal electrical discharge that occurs in your brain. (healthline.com)
  • Seizures refer to abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can cause sudden, temporary changes in movement, behavior, sensation, or states of awareness. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A seizure occurs when one or more parts of the brain has a burst of abnormal electrical signals that interrupt normal brain signals. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Focal seizures take place when abnormal electrical brain function occurs in one or more areas of one side of the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • These medications serve to raise the brain's resistance to the abnormal electrical impulses that trigger seizures. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • In other words, the person first has a focal seizure, followed by a generalized seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • This causes a focal seizure first, followed by a generalized seizure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Talk to your vet about this common anti-seizure medication, which is considered very effective. (wikihow.com)
  • Phenobarbital was the first loading anti-seizure medication for 90% of neonates. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The person may feel tired after a tonic-clonic seizure. (cdc.gov)
  • Focal tonic seizures involving 1 extremity often are associated with electrographic seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Generalized tonic seizures often manifest with tonic extension of the upper and lower limbs and also may involve the axial musculature in an opisthotonic fashion. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors use this drug widely in both children and adults to treat focal or partial seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and mixed seizure types. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Also available in an extended-release form, this drug treats partial, focal aware, and tonic-clonic seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures can go on for a long time, sometimes up to 20 minutes. (healthline.com)
  • What is a Tonic Seizure? (healthline.com)
  • Tonic seizures cause sudden stiffness and rigidity in your muscles. (healthline.com)
  • Tonic seizures are characterized by sudden muscle stiffness in your limbs or torso. (healthline.com)
  • What are tonic seizures? (healthline.com)
  • Tonic seizures cause sudden, temporary stiffness in your limbs and trunk. (healthline.com)
  • During a tonic seizure, your muscles become stiff and rigid. (healthline.com)
  • Tonic seizures can be focal or generalized. (healthline.com)
  • Focal tonic seizures can spread and become generalized. (healthline.com)
  • When this happens, they're called focal to bilateral tonic seizures . (healthline.com)
  • A tonic-clonic seizure shares features of both tonic and clonic seizures. (healthline.com)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures start with the tonic phase, where your muscles suddenly stiffen and twitch. (healthline.com)
  • What does a tonic seizure look like? (healthline.com)
  • If you witness someone having a tonic seizure, you may notice their arms or legs become stiff as a board. (healthline.com)
  • Tonic seizures are generally brief. (healthline.com)
  • In a 2023 study , researchers found that 95% of generalized tonic seizures lasted 3 to 36 seconds. (healthline.com)
  • They also found that 95% of focal tonic seizures lasted 2 to 148 seconds. (healthline.com)
  • Half of generalized tonic seizures lasted less than 8.5 seconds and half of focal tonic seizures lasted less than 16.5 seconds. (healthline.com)
  • What happens after a tonic seizure? (healthline.com)
  • Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTC). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • On the postnatal second day, tonic and abnormal jerk-like seizures involving all the extremities were observed. (hindawi.com)
  • The patient initially had subtle seizures like pedaling, licking lips, and swallowing which were then followed by generalized tonic convulsions. (hindawi.com)
  • Tonic seizures cause stiffening of the muscles. (sparrow.org)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures also may start as focal seizures that then spread to involve most or all of the brain. (sparrow.org)
  • A tonic-clonic seizure involves the entire body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tonic-clonic seizures may cause a person to lose consciousness, this may cause them to fall to the ground, have muscle jerks or spasms, and cry out. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ability to give the treatment only when it's needed (at the time of a seizure or suspected seizure activity in the brain) is a key feature of the RNS ® System. (epilepsy.com)
  • Focal seizures, also called partial seizures, happen in just one part of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These seizures are also called partial seizures. (cdc.gov)
  • Seizures are classified into two primary types: partial seizures, also called focal seizures, and generalized seizures. (healthline.com)
  • Partial, or focal, seizures begin in a specific part of your brain. (healthline.com)
  • If they originate on one side of your brain and spread to other areas, they are called simple partial seizures. (healthline.com)
  • If they begin in an area of your brain that affects consciousness, they are called complex partial seizures. (healthline.com)
  • Complex partial seizures can cause similar symptoms, and may also lead to loss of consciousness. (healthline.com)
  • A generalized seizure involves both halves of the brain, whereas a partial seizure is related to a specific brain region. (purina.com)
  • Compared with dogs, seizures in cats of all ages are more commonly partial rather than general. (purina.com)
  • The RNS ® System has been approved by the FDA to treat focal or partial seizures in adults, 18 years and older. (epilepsy.com)
  • Patients with these so-called partial seizures might stop and stare, or experience psychic phenomena like deja vu. (scientificamerican.com)
  • [ 5 ] Some forms of partial epilepsy involve exclusively focal motor seizures with no alteration of awareness or secondary convulsive seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Experimental activation of a small set of nerve cells in the brain prevents convulsive seizures in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of epilepsy among human adults. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Experimental activation of a small set of nerve cells in the brain prevents convulsive seizures in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of epilepsy among human adults, according to a study by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It's no surprise to neurologists that some people experience convulsive seizures in the later stages of the disease. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The purpose of this study is to simplify how paramedics give medication to seizing children to stop the seizure and to decrease the number of children still seizing when they arrive at a hospital emergency department. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Do not hold down the child or try to stop the seizure movements. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Don't try to prevent your child from shaking - this will not stop the seizure and may make your child more uncomfortable. (rchsd.org)
  • Atonic seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • With an atonic seizure, your child has a sudden loss of muscle tone and may fall from a standing position or suddenly drop his or her head. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Atonic seizures, also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control. (sparrow.org)
  • Though the terms can be used interchangeably, seizures and seizure disorders are different. (healthline.com)
  • Both can be associated with seizure disorders. (healthline.com)
  • Who gets seizures and seizure disorders? (healthline.com)
  • Society membership includes physicians and scientists who study and treatment of epilepsy (epileptologists) and allied professionals who care for people with seizure disorders. (newswise.com)
  • Various factors can cause seizures, and these can depend on a person's age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although antibiotics can treat the infection, sometimes the scars that remain in the brain can cause seizures in the future. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Seizure triggers do not cause seizures but may provoke them in susceptible individuals. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Consuming alcohol in small amounts is unlikely to cause seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But because brain damage can cause seizures, they were long thought to be just one more casualty of a deteriorating brain. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Although the RNS ® System is not a cure for epilepsy, it has shown to reduce seizures in most people who have used it. (epilepsy.com)
  • Phytocannabinoids Reduce Seizures in Larval Zebrafish and Affect Endocannabinoid Gene Expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • AEDs work in different ways to prevent seizures. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Being familiar with potential triggers may help prevent seizures from occurring. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A device like the RNS ® system changes or modulates brain activity to stop or prevent seizures. (epilepsy.com)
  • A seizure (SEE-zhur) is unusual electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movement, or feelings. (kidshealth.org)
  • Note what type of muscular activity or abnormal behavior does your pet exhibits during the seizures? (petplace.com)
  • Observe your cat's post-seizure behavior. (petplace.com)
  • Depending on where in the brain the seizure happens, it causes changes in behavior, movement, or feelings. (rchsd.org)
  • For some children, untreated seizures can get worse over time and may affect learning, development, or behavior. (rchsd.org)
  • So we're seeing this go from a behavior, such as seizure, all the way to the molecular underpinnings causing them. (scienceblog.com)
  • Seizures can cause symptoms such as muscle spasms, limb twitches, and loss of consciousness. (healthline.com)
  • These seizures involve a change or loss of consciousness or awareness that feels like being in a dream. (sparrow.org)
  • But the seizures don't cause a loss of consciousness. (sparrow.org)
  • If a person experiences two or more unprovoked seizures, they may receive a diagnosis of the neurological condition epilepsy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once a diagnosis is made, treatment is focused on parental reassurance and developing a contingency plan for seizure management in case of recurrence. (springer.com)
  • This is more commonly diagnosed in younger cats and the diagnosis is made when an underlying cause is not identified, and the seizure occurs because of a brain malfunction affecting neurotransmission. (purina.com)
  • A diagnosis of seizure disorder does not mean nothing can be done for your pet. (petplace.com)
  • However, one of those studies, which is also unpublished, looked for evidence of seizures before a diagnosis of Alzheimer's, and failed to find such an association. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A study reported today at the 64th American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting has found that, of patients with a cerebral hemorrhage or hematoma, one in four had a diagnosis of sub-clinical seizures while in the ICU: sub-clinical seizures can only be detected with continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. (newswise.com)
  • Seizure activity in nearly all cases was sub-clinical and compatible with a diagnosis of (non-convulsive) continuous seizure activity (status epilepticus). (newswise.com)
  • Lead investigator Jeffrey M. Politsky, M.D., and colleagues report that, "The fact that 700 patients with cerebral hemorrhage did not undergo EEG evaluation suggests that the diagnosis of sub-clinical seizures was missed in over 200 cases. (newswise.com)
  • Missing a diagnosis of sub-clinical seizures might well have a negative impact on patient outcome. (newswise.com)
  • The diagnosis of seizures is based on the patient's clinical history. (medscape.com)
  • Not taking them as prescribed may lead to status epilepticus , a prolonged seizure that health experts consider a medical emergency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Signs and symptoms of seizures depend on what kind of seizure someone has. (kidshealth.org)
  • Below is a list of common natural remedies used to treat or reduce the symptoms of seizures. (webmd.com)
  • Examples of subtle seizures include chewing, pedaling, or ocular movements, these movements are thought not be epileptic in nature and more commonly are an epi-phenomena of severe encephalopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Be cautious if you have Alzheimer's disease, liver or kidney failure, or severe high blood pressure that go untreated, which can increase your chance of having a seizure or developing a seizure disorder. (healthline.com)
  • Although severe seizures may require medication, focal seizures that are mild and have a minimal physical impact on your dog may not require ongoing medication. (wikihow.com)
  • we've learned he was hospitalized last week after suffering a severe seizure. (tmz.com)
  • For more severe sufferers, however, treatment may also include hospitalization to manage more severe episodes during which prolonged seizure activity can lead to life-threatening consequences. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • Of those patients, some experience frequent seizures that may result in severe pain from mechanical spasm. (medscape.com)
  • Generalized seizures are a result of abnormal activity on both sides of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Secondary generalized seizures begin in one part of the brain, but then spread to both sides of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Some seizures affect both sides of the brain, while others involve only one side. (kidshealth.org)
  • A generalized seizure occurs in both sides of the brain. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A seizure that affects both sides of the brain is called generalized . (rchsd.org)
  • Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain whereas focal seizures happen in one area of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This information will help the doctor find the best treatment for your child's seizures. (rchsd.org)
  • Call your child's provider as soon as possible to describe your child's seizure. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The treatment of pyrethroid poisoning is benzodiazepines or Phenobarbital for seizures, together with supportive care. (cdc.gov)
  • Because judges are the prime interpreters of the constitution, this means search and seizure law is basically judge-made. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Because constitutional law is binding on popularly elected legislatures and executives, it means search and seizure law cannot be altered by elected politicians, state or federal. (encyclopedia.com)
  • This is an encyclopedia entry on search and seizure law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History. (ssrn.com)
  • Child J had two 'profound' drops in blood oxygen levels on 27 November, 2015 and two further episodes when her heart rate also plunged and she showed signs of a seizure, Manchester Crown Court was told. (yahoo.com)
  • Seizures resulting from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy may be seen in term and premature infants. (medscape.com)
  • Those with transient reversible seizure causes or neonatal-onset epilepsy syndromes were excluded. (medpagetoday.com)
  • seizures are only rarely due to neonatal-onset epilepsy syndromes. (nih.gov)
  • People who have recurring seizures due to a brain disorder have epilepsy . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Seizures are a common complication of autism spectrum disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A seizure disorder is a condition in which a person has multiple seizures. (healthline.com)
  • If you have more than one seizure, your doctor may diagnose it as a larger disorder. (healthline.com)
  • What is a seizure disorder? (healthline.com)
  • Typically, you are diagnosed with a seizure disorder once you've had two or more "unprovoked" seizures. (healthline.com)
  • To be diagnosed with epilepsy or a seizure disorder, you need to have at least two unprovoked seizures. (healthline.com)
  • A wearable warning system that detects pre-seizure brain activity and alerts people of its onset could alleviate some of that stress and make the disorder more manageable. (ieee.org)
  • Seizures are symptoms of some neurological disorder - they are not in themselves a disease. (petplace.com)
  • Diagnostic tests are needed to determine the presence of an underlying disease or cause for the seizure disorder. (petplace.com)
  • Epilepsy is a common brain disorder in companion animals--especially in dogs--characterized by spontaneous seizure activity. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • Epilepsy (also called "idiopathic epilepsy" or, more generically, "undiagnosed seizure disorder") is what we term any seizure-eliciting disease that has no defined cause. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • LOS ANGELES, Jan. 5 (UPI) -- An autopsy conducted on the son of Hollywood movie stars John Travolta and Kelly Preston indicated his death was caused by a seizure disorder, a source said. (upi.com)
  • However, a source close to the family told People magazine the examination revealed his death was caused by a "seizure disorder. (upi.com)
  • A seizure that lasts longer than five minutes is a medical emergency. (sparrow.org)
  • Some seizures start in just one part of the brain [focal onset seizures] and some start with the whole brain firing off at the same time [generalized onset seizures]," says Adam Hartman, MD, director of basic epilepsy research at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center. (webmd.com)
  • Unknown onset seizures may later be diagnosed as focal or generalized seizures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What Is an Absence Seizure? (rchsd.org)
  • An absence seizure is a type of generalized seizure. (rchsd.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of an Absence Seizure? (rchsd.org)
  • Someone who is having an absence seizure suddenly stops what they are doing and stares into space. (rchsd.org)
  • What Happens After an Absence Seizure? (rchsd.org)
  • Seizures are symptoms of a brain problem. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Focal seizures are located in just one area of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Simple focal seizures affect a small part of the brain. (cdc.gov)
  • For patient education information, see the Brain and Nervous System Center , as well as Seizures in Children and Seizures Emergencies . (medscape.com)
  • Focal seizures affect a single area in one side of the brain. (kidshealth.org)
  • Kids who've had a seizure might need to see a pediatric neurologist (a doctor who specializes in brain, spine, and nervous system problems). (kidshealth.org)
  • A seizure is a surge of electrical activity in the brain that can affect how a person acts or feels for a brief time. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A seizure refers to a single surge of electrical activity in your brain. (healthline.com)
  • Provoked" seizures are triggered by a specific event like a brain injury or stroke. (healthline.com)
  • Generalized seizures begin on both sides of your brain at the same time. (healthline.com)
  • Seizures are rapid bursts of electrical activity in your brain that can cause involuntary movement and a loss of awareness or consciousness. (healthline.com)
  • In epilepsy, an extratemporal cortical resection is an operation to resect, or cut away, brain tissue that contains a seizure focus. (medicinenet.com)
  • In addition, it must be possible to remove the brain tissue that contains the seizure focus without causing damage to areas of the brain responsible for vital functions, such as movement, sensation, language and memory. (medicinenet.com)
  • Seizure symptoms vary and may also appear differently , depending on the areas and amount of the brain involved. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classifies seizures based on the type of onset or where they originate in the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They are different than generalized seizures because focal seizures only affect part of the brain, and therefore, part of the body. (wikihow.com)
  • For children who have neonatal seizures due to an early brain injury and whose treating physician has confirmed that the seizures have stopped for at least 24 hours of EEG monitoring, the antiseizure medications can safely be discontinued," she continued. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The first weeks of life are a time of heightened risk for seizures due to age-dependent physiologic features of the developing brain that lead to increased neuronal excitation and decreased inhibition. (nih.gov)
  • During a cat seizure, there are sudden, electrical impulses that disrupt the normal processes in the brain. (purina.com)
  • Seizures in cats are a sign of abnormal brain function and aren't a disease in themselves. (purina.com)
  • However, seizures can also be caused by problems other than brain abnormalities. (purina.com)
  • Cat epilepsy is a condition characterized by seizures that happen repeatedly and are caused by disruptions in brain activity. (purina.com)
  • Idiopathic epilepsy in cats also manifests through seizures, but in this case, no abnormalities can be detected in the brain or anywhere else in the body. (purina.com)
  • As far as I know this was the only occasion when she had seizures and the cause of this was the hypoxia, the lack of oxygen to the brain. (yahoo.com)
  • Anything that interrupts the normal connections between nerve cells in the brain can cause a seizure. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The algorithms learned to identify patterns of brain activity associated with the onset of a seizure. (ieee.org)
  • Brain activity patterns that indicate an upcoming seizure are notoriously hard to identify. (ieee.org)
  • Seizures can disrupt signaling in the whole brain or in discrete focal areas. (forbes.com)
  • In the records from this cohort, they could see that electrical activity in the brain fluctuated cyclically between seizures. (forbes.com)
  • Some people can have surgery to remove where seizures start in the brain. (epilepsy.com)
  • Monitor brain waves at the seizure focus, all the time - even during sleep. (epilepsy.com)
  • Before having the RNS placed, a person must go though detailed testing to see where their seizures arise in the brain. (epilepsy.com)
  • It can monitor brain waves, then respond to activity that is different from usual or that looks like a seizure. (epilepsy.com)
  • Tiny wires or leads are placed in one or two places on top of the brain where seizure activity may begin. (epilepsy.com)
  • A seizure or convulsion is a sudden excessive firing of nerves in the brain. (petplace.com)
  • Seizures can happen for a wide variety of reasons: low blood sugar, toxins, high fevers, abnormal electrolyte levels, mechanical pressure on the brain after trauma or due to tumors, etc. (embracepetinsurance.com)
  • A seizure (SEE-zhur) is unusual electrical activity in the brain. (rchsd.org)
  • A seizure that involves only one side of the brain is called focal . (rchsd.org)
  • If your child had a seizure, the doctor probably will want you to see a pediatric neurologist (a doctor who treats brain, spine, and nervous system problems). (rchsd.org)
  • The neurologist will ask questions about what happened during the seizure, do an exam, and order an EEG to measure brain wave activity. (rchsd.org)
  • A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. (sparrow.org)
  • Seizure types vary by where they begin in the brain and how far they spread. (sparrow.org)
  • Seizures are classified based on how and where the brain activity causing the seizure began. (sparrow.org)
  • Focal seizures result from electrical activity in one area of the brain. (sparrow.org)
  • Symptoms of focal seizures may be confused with other conditions of the brain or nervous system. (sparrow.org)
  • Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain from the time they start are called generalized seizures. (sparrow.org)
  • Finding an association between seizures and dementia is by no means proof of causality, but the new studies excluded people with known risk factors for both epilepsy and Alzheimer's, such as cerebrovascular disease and traumatic brain injury. (scientificamerican.com)
  • There are two categories of seizures, based on where they start in the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These movements most commonly are associated with electrographic seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Absence seizures typically cause a person to stare into space or make subtle body movements such as eye blinking or lip smacking. (sparrow.org)
  • Clonic seizures are associated with repeated jerking muscle movements. (sparrow.org)
  • Seizures can take many forms, from staring spells to involuntary movements of the arms and legs. (rchsd.org)
  • Glass and colleagues have provided clarity through data that support the 2011 World Health Organization recommendation to consider stopping antiseizure medications without a taper after 72 hours of seizure freedom for neonates with normal findings on neurological examination and/or EEG," they wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
  • The current study suggests this recommendation should include all neonates with acute symptomatic seizures, even in the setting of an abnormal EEG and neurological examination results. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Seizures may include subtle, clonic, or generalized seizures. (medscape.com)
  • In their study , Glass and co-authors evaluated 303 neonates with acute symptomatic seizures at nine U.S. Neonatal Seizure Registry centers. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Having two or more seizures at least 24 hours apart that don't have a known cause is considered to be epilepsy. (sparrow.org)
  • The period after a seizure is called the postictal phase. (healthline.com)
  • Some kids will outgrow seizures. (kidshealth.org)
  • About 60% of children outgrow absence seizures in their teens, especially if medicine has worked well to control their seizures. (rchsd.org)
  • Those who don't outgrow them might have seizures into adulthood, but medicine can help control these. (rchsd.org)
  • Parents should be educated on the risk of seizure following the combination MMRV vaccine and know their options. (cdc.gov)
  • This article explores the various types of anti-seizure medications and their possible side effects. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Seizure medications can cause side effects in some people. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once seizure control is established, medications may be reduced or eliminated. (medicinenet.com)
  • Consuming alcohol can also disrupt sleep or affect medications, increasing the risk of a seizure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Although the seizures usually subside within 3 or 4 days, children are often treated with antiseizure medications for several months" -- an approach developed before the advent of continuous video-electroencephalogram (EEG) to diagnose seizure onset and resolution, or MRI and genetic testing to determine the cause of seizures, she added. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In the field of epilepsy treatment, we are often caught between the proverbial rock and hard place: our seizure medications can cause harm but so can seizures," they noted. (medpagetoday.com)
  • This means that a person continues to have seizures despite at least trials with two seizure medications. (epilepsy.com)
  • CDC recommends providers who choose to use the combination MMRV vaccine be aware of and clearly communicate to parents and caregivers the increased risk of fever and seizure within the 7 to 10 days following vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • You learned that your son has a seizure reaction when he spikes a high fever. (babycenter.com)
  • After the seizure, the most important step is to identify the cause of the fever. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 2021, 33 kilos were seized, which was three percent of all drug seizures that year. (statista.com)