Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Disorders of sensory information received from superficial and deep regions of the body. The somatosensory system conveys neural impulses which pertain to proprioception, tactile sensation, thermal sensation, pressure sensation, and pain. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; and BRAIN DISEASES may be associated with impaired or abnormal somatic sensation.
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.
Sensation of making physical contact with objects, animate or inanimate. Tactile stimuli are detected by MECHANORECEPTORS in the skin and mucous membranes.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that is the source of mucuna gum.
Disorders related to substance abuse.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction or obvious control in response to a stimulus.
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)
The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Conditions characterized by an alteration in gustatory function or perception. Taste disorders are frequently associated with OLFACTION DISORDERS. Additional potential etiologies include METABOLIC DISEASES; DRUG TOXICITY; and taste pathway disorders (e.g., TASTE BUD diseases; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE DISEASES; and BRAIN STEM diseases).
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
A psychological state resulting from any activity that lacks motivation, or from enforced continuance in an uninteresting situation.
An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.

Perception of and adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in patients with faecal incontinence. (1/492)

BACKGROUND: Perception of, and adaptation of the rectum to, distension probably play an important role in the maintenance of continence, but perception studies in faecal incontinence provide controversial conclusions possibly related to methodological biases. In order to better understand perception disorders, the aim of this study was to analyse anorectal adaptation to rectal isobaric distension in subjects with incontinence. PATIENTS/METHODS: Between June 95 and December 97, 97 consecutive patients (nine men and 88 women, mean (SEM) age 55 (1) years) suffering from incontinence were evaluated and compared with 15 healthy volunteers (four men and 11 women, mean age 48 (3) years). The patients were classified into three groups according to their perception status to rectal isobaric distensions (impaired, 22; normal, 61; enhanced, 14). Anal and rectal adaptations to increasing rectal pressure were analysed using a model of rectal isobaric distension. RESULTS: The four groups did not differ with respect to age, parity, or sex ratio. Magnitude of incontinence, prevalence of pelvic disorders, and sphincter defects were similar in the incontinent groups. When compared with healthy controls, anal pressure and rectal adaptation to distension were decreased in incontinent patients. When compared with incontinent patients with normal perception, patients with enhanced perception experienced similar rectal adaptation but had reduced anal pressure. In contrast, patients with impaired perception showed considerably decreased rectal adaptation but had similar anal pressure. CONCLUSION: Abnormal sensations during rectal distension are observed in one third of subjects suffering from incontinence. These abnormalities may reflect hyperreactivity or neuropathological damage of the rectal wall.  (+info)

Effects of physical and sporting activities on balance control in elderly people. (2/492)

OBJECTIVE: Balance disorders increase with aging and raise the risk of accidental falls in the elderly. It has been suggested that the practice of physical and sporting activities (PSA) efficiently counteracts these age related disorders, reducing the risk of falling significantly. METHODS: This study, principally based on a period during which the subjects were engaged in PSA, included 65 healthy subjects, aged over 60, who were living at home. Three series of posturographic tests (static, dynamic with a single and fast upward tilt, and dynamic with slow sinusoidal oscillations) analysing the centre of foot pressure displacements or electromyographic responses were conducted to determine the effects of PSA practice on balance control. RESULTS: The major variables of postural control were best in subjects who had always practised PSA (AA group). Those who did not take part in PSA at all (II group) had the worst postural performances, whatever the test. Subjects having lately begun PSA practice (IA group) had good postural performances, close to those of the AA group, whereas the subjects who had stopped the practice of PSA at an early age (AI group) did not perform as well. Overall, the postural control in the group studied decreased in the order AA > IA > AI > II. CONCLUSIONS: The period during which PSA are practised seems to be of major importance, having a positive bearing on postural control. It seems that recent periods of practice have greater beneficial effects on the subject's postural stability than PSA practice only at an early age. These data are compatible with the fact that PSA are extremely useful for elderly people even if it has not been a lifelong habit.  (+info)

Neglect after right insular cortex infarction. (3/492)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Case reports have shown an association between right insular damage and neglect. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of neglect among patient groups with right or left insular infarction. METHODS: We examined neglect in 9 right-handed subjects with insular stroke as evidenced by CT and/or MRI scans (4 with right insular and 5 with left insular cerebrovascular accident) between 4 and 8 weeks after acute stroke with tests of visual, tactile, and auditory perception. RESULTS: Compared with patients with left insular lesions, patients with right insular lesions showed significant neglect in the tactile, auditory, and visual modalities. CONCLUSIONS: The right insular cortex seems to have a role in awareness of external stimuli, and infarction in this area may lead to neglect in multisensory modalities.  (+info)

Central pain after pontine infarction is associated with changes in opioid receptor binding: a PET study with 11C-diprenorphine. (4/492)

Using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-diprenorphine positron emission tomography (PET), we investigated alterations in glucose metabolism and opioid receptor binding in a patient with central poststroke pain, which developed after a small pontine hemorrhagic infarction. In comparison with normal databases, reduced 11C-diprenorphine binding was more accentuated than the hypometabolism on the lateral cortical surface contralateral to the symptoms, and a differential abnormal distribution between the tracers was seen in pain-related central structures. These results show that 11C-diprenorphine PET provides unique information for the understanding of central poststroke pain.  (+info)

Long-term effects on the olfactory system of exposure to hydrogen sulphide. (5/492)

OBJECTIVE: To study chronic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on cranial nerve I (nervi olfactorii), which have been only minimally described. METHODS: Chemosensations (smell and taste) were evaluated in eight men who complained of continuing dysfunction 2-3 years after the start of occupational exposure to H2S. Various bilateral (both nostrils) and unilateral (one nostril at a time) odour threshold tests with standard odorants as well as the Chicago smell test, a three odour detection and identification test and the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test, a series of 40 scratch and sniff odour identification tests were administered. RESULTS: Six of the eight patients showed deficits of various degrees. Two had normal scores on objective tests, but thought that they continued to have problems. H2S apparently can cause continuing, sometimes unrecognised olfactory deficits. CONCLUSION: Further exploration into the extent of such problems among workers exposed to H2S is warranted.  (+info)

The wrist of the formula 1 driver. (6/492)

OBJECTIVES: During formula 1 driving, repetitive cumulative trauma may provoke nerve disorders such as nerve compression syndrome as well as osteoligament injuries. A study based on interrogatory and clinical examination of 22 drivers was carried out during the 1998 formula 1 World Championship in order to better define the type and frequency of these lesions. METHODS: The questions investigated nervous symptoms, such as paraesthesia and diminishment of sensitivity, and osteoligamentous symptoms, such as pain, specifying the localisation (ulnar side, dorsal aspect of the wrist, snuff box) and the effect of the wrist position on the intensity of the pain. Clinical examination was carried out bilaterally and symmetrically. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 22 drivers reported symptoms. One suffered cramp in his hands at the end of each race and one described a typical forearm effort compartment syndrome. Six drivers had effort "osteoligamentous" symptoms: three scapholunate pain; one medial hypercompression of the wrist; two sequellae of a distal radius fracture. Seven reported nerve disorders: two effort carpal tunnel syndromes; one typical carpal tunnel syndrome; one effort cubital tunnel syndrome; three paraesthesia in all fingers at the end of a race, without any objective signs. CONCLUSIONS: This appears to be the first report of upper extremity disorders in competition drivers. The use of a wrist pad to reduce the effects of vibration may help to prevent trauma to the wrist in formula 1 drivers.  (+info)

Principles of applied neurogastroenterology: physiology/motility-sensation. (7/492)

Many of the symptoms characteristic of the functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are consistent with dysfunction of the motor and/or sensory apparatus of the digestive tract. Those aspects of sensorimotor dysfunction most relevant to the FGID include alterations in: gut contractile activity; myoelectrical activity; tone and compliance; and transit, as well as an enhanced sensitivity to distension, in each region of the gastrointestinal tract. Assessment of these phenomena involves a number of techniques, some well established and others requiring further validation. Using such techniques, researchers have reported a wide range of alterations in sensory and in motor function in the FGID. Importantly, however, relationships between such dysfunction and symptoms have been relatively weak, and so the clinical relevance of the former remains unclear. Moreover, the proportions of patients in the various symptom subgroups who display dysfunction, and the extent and severity of their symptoms, require better characterization. On a positive note, progress is occurring on several fronts, especially in relation to functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome, and based on the data gathered to date, a number of areas where further advances are required can be highlighted.  (+info)

Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: a qualitative and quantitative review. (8/492)

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia has been a topic of increasing interest, with deficits in odor identification, detection threshold sensitivity, discrimination, and memory being reported. Despite increasing knowledge, controversy has existed about possible differential deficits among olfactory tests as well as the influences of gender, smoking, and medication status on olfactory measures. To help elucidate some of this controversy, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative (meta-analytic) review of the English language literature on olfaction in schizophrenia. Moderator variables such as gender, medication status, and smoking history were also examined. Results indicated that substantial olfactory deficits, across all domains, are observed in patients with schizophrenia. No differential deficits were observed across domains of odor identification, detection threshold sensitivity, discrimination, and memory. The influences of gender, medication status, and smoking on effect sizes were not significant across studies. This supports the hypothesis of primary dysfunction in the olfactory system that is regulated by brain regions where structural and functional abnormalities have also been reported in neuroimaging studies.  (+info)

Sensation disorders are conditions that affect the nervous system's ability to receive and interpret sensory information from the environment. These disorders can affect any of the five senses, including sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. They can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in various parts of the body.

Some common types of sensation disorders include:

1. Neuropathy: A disorder that affects the nerves, often causing numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.
2. Central pain syndrome: A condition that results from damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to chronic pain.
3. Tinnitus: A ringing or buzzing sound in the ears that can be a symptom of an underlying hearing disorder.
4. Ageusia: The loss of taste sensation, often caused by damage to the tongue or nerves that transmit taste information to the brain.
5. Anosmia: The loss of smell sensation, which can result from a variety of causes including injury, infection, or neurological disorders.

Sensation disorders can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities. Treatment may involve medication, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at addressing the underlying cause of the disorder.

In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.

Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Thermosensing refers to the ability of living organisms to detect and respond to changes in temperature. This is achieved through specialized proteins called thermosensors, which are capable of converting thermal energy into chemical or electrical signals that can be interpreted by the organism's nervous system. Thermosensing plays a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, such as body temperature, metabolism, and development. In medicine, understanding thermosensing mechanisms can provide insights into the treatment of conditions associated with impaired temperature regulation, such as fever or hypothermia.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Somatosensory disorders are a category of neurological conditions that affect the somatosensory system, which is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from the body. These disorders can result in abnormal or distorted perception of touch, temperature, pain, vibration, position, movement, and pressure.

Somatosensory disorders can be caused by damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. They can manifest as a variety of symptoms, including numbness, tingling, burning sensations, hypersensitivity to touch, loss of sensation, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Examples of somatosensory disorders include peripheral neuropathy, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and dysesthesias. Treatment for these conditions may involve medication, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Hyperesthesia is a medical term that refers to an increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, including touch, pain, or temperature. It can affect various parts of the body and can be caused by different conditions, such as nerve damage, multiple sclerosis, or complex regional pain syndrome. Hyperesthesia can manifest as a heightened awareness of sensations, which can be painful or uncomfortable, and may interfere with daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if experiencing symptoms of hyperesthesia.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "touch" is not a term that has a specific medical definition in the context you've provided. In a general sense, touch refers to the ability to perceive things through physically contacting them, which is a function of our nervous system. However, it's not a term used to describe a specific medical condition, diagnosis, treatment, or procedure. If you have any more specific context or question in mind, I'd be happy to try and help further!

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

Autistic Disorder, also known as Autism or Classic Autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. It is characterized by:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:
* Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity;
* Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction;
* Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
* Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech;
* Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior;
* Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus;
* Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment.
3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities) and limit or impair everyday functioning.
4. Symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or other psychotic disorders.

Autistic Disorder is part of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), which also include Asperger's Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). The current diagnostic term for this category of conditions, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Mucuna is a genus of tropical leguminous plants, and the term is often used in a medical context to refer to one specific species: Mucuna pruriens. This plant, also known as velvet bean, has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Mucuna pruriens contains high levels of L-dopa, a precursor to dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating movement and mood. As such, Mucuna has been studied as a potential alternative treatment for Parkinson's disease, which is characterized by low levels of dopamine in the brain.

It's worth noting that while some studies have suggested that Mucuna may be effective in reducing symptoms of Parkinson's disease, more research is needed to fully understand its safety and efficacy. Additionally, Mucuna can contain other compounds that may have negative effects, so it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Substance-related disorders, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), refer to a group of conditions caused by the use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medicines. These disorders are characterized by a problematic pattern of using a substance that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. They can be divided into two main categories: substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance use disorders involve a pattern of compulsive use despite negative consequences, while substance-induced disorders include conditions such as intoxication, withdrawal, and substance/medication-induced mental disorders. The specific diagnosis depends on the type of substance involved, the patterns of use, and the presence or absence of physiological dependence.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.

There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.

Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.

Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.

Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) are a group of conditions that affect the development and functioning of the brain, leading to delays in many areas of development. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has replaced the term "pervasive developmental disorders" with "autism spectrum disorder" and "other neurodevelopmental disorders."

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms of ASD can range from mild to severe, and the condition affects approximately 1 in 54 children in the United States.

Other neurodevelopmental disorders that were previously classified as PDDs include:

1. Intellectual disability (ID): a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disorder used to be referred to as "mental retardation."
2. Communication disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's ability to communicate, including language disorders, speech sound disorders, and stuttering.
3. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
4. Specific learning disorder: a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to learn and use specific academic skills, such as reading, writing, or mathematics.
5. Motor disorders: these are disorders that affect an individual's movement and coordination, including developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and tic disorders.

The medical definition of 'Child Development Disorders, Pervasive' has been replaced with more specific diagnoses in the DSM-5 to better reflect the diverse nature of these conditions and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Physical stimulation, in a medical context, refers to the application of external forces or agents to the body or its tissues to elicit a response. This can include various forms of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, or electrical currents. The purpose of physical stimulation may be therapeutic, as in the case of massage or physical therapy, or diagnostic, as in the use of reflex tests. It is also used in research settings to study physiological responses and mechanisms.

In a broader sense, physical stimulation can also refer to the body's exposure to physical activity or exercise, which can have numerous health benefits, including improving cardiovascular function, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that detect and transmit signals indicating potentially harmful stimuli in the form of pain. They are activated by various noxious stimuli such as extreme temperatures, intense pressure, or chemical irritants. Once activated, nociceptors transmit these signals to the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) where they are interpreted as painful sensations, leading to protective responses like withdrawing from the harmful stimulus or seeking medical attention. Nociceptors play a crucial role in our perception of pain and help protect the body from further harm.

Paresthesia is a medical term that describes an abnormal sensation such as tingling, numbness, prickling, or burning, usually in the hands, feet, arms, or legs. These sensations can occur without any obvious cause, often described as "pins and needles" or falling asleep in a limb. However, persistent paresthesia can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as nerve damage, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or a vitamin deficiency. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing persistent paresthesia to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.

Conduct Disorder is a mental health disorder that typically begins in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms and rules. The behaviors fall into four main categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules.

The specific symptoms of Conduct Disorder can vary widely among individuals, but they generally include:

1. Aggression to people and animals: This may include physical fights, bullying, threatening others, cruelty to animals, and use of weapons.
2. Destruction of property: This may include deliberate destruction of others' property, arson, and vandalism.
3. Deceitfulness or theft: This may include lying, shoplifting, stealing, and breaking into homes, buildings, or cars.
4. Serious violation of rules: This may include running away from home, truancy, staying out late without permission, and frequent violations of school rules.

Conduct Disorder can have serious consequences for individuals who suffer from it, including academic failure, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that Conduct Disorder should be diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Ã…sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Impulsive behavior can be defined medically as actions performed without proper thought or consideration of the consequences, driven by immediate needs, desires, or urges. It often involves risky or inappropriate behaviors that may lead to negative outcomes. In a clinical context, impulsivity is frequently associated with certain mental health conditions such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and some neurological conditions. It's important to note that everyone can exhibit impulsive behavior at times, but when it becomes a persistent pattern causing distress or functional impairment, it may indicate an underlying condition requiring professional assessment and treatment.

Tic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by the presence of repetitive, involuntary movements or sounds, known as tics. These movements or sounds can vary in complexity and severity, and they may be worsened by stress or strong emotions.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette's disorder: This is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of both motor (movement-related) and vocal tics that have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
2. Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of either motor or vocal tics (but not both), which have been present for at least one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
3. Provisional tic disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics (or both) that have been present for less than one year. The tics may wax and wane in severity over time, but they do not disappear for more than three consecutive months.
4. Tic disorder not otherwise specified: This category is used to describe tic disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the other types of tic disorders.

Tic disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and they often co-occur with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Treatment for tic disorders may include behavioral therapy, medication, or a combination of both.

Pain threshold is a term used in medicine and research to describe the point at which a stimulus begins to be perceived as painful. It is an individual's subjective response and can vary from person to person based on factors such as their pain tolerance, mood, expectations, and cultural background.

The pain threshold is typically determined through a series of tests where gradually increasing levels of stimuli are applied until the individual reports feeling pain. This is often used in research settings to study pain perception and analgesic efficacy. However, it's important to note that the pain threshold should not be confused with pain tolerance, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person can endure.

Skin temperature is the measure of heat emitted by the skin, which can be an indicator of the body's core temperature. It is typically lower than the body's internal temperature and varies depending on factors such as environmental temperature, blood flow, and physical activity. Skin temperature is often used as a vital sign in medical settings and can be measured using various methods, including thermal scanners, digital thermometers, or mercury thermometers. Changes in skin temperature may also be associated with certain medical conditions, such as inflammation, infection, or nerve damage.

Phantom limb is a condition where an individual experiences sensations in a limb or appendage that has been amputated. These sensations can include feelings of pain, warmth, cold, itching, or tingling in the area where the limb used to be. The exact cause of phamtom limb is not fully understood, but it's believed to be related to mixed signals from the brain and nervous system.

Phantom limb sensations are relatively common among amputees, with some studies suggesting that up to 80% of individuals who have undergone an amputation may experience these sensations to some degree. While phantom limb can be a challenging condition to live with, there are various treatments available that can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include medications, physical therapy, and alternative therapies such as acupuncture or mirror box therapy.

Exploratory behavior refers to the actions taken by an individual to investigate and gather information about their environment. This type of behavior is often driven by curiosity and a desire to understand new or unfamiliar situations, objects, or concepts. In a medical context, exploratory behavior may refer to a patient's willingness to learn more about their health condition, try new treatments, or engage in self-care activities. It can also refer to the behaviors exhibited by young children as they explore their world and develop their cognitive and motor skills. Exploratory behavior is an important aspect of learning and development, and it can have a positive impact on overall health and well-being.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in various contexts.

Individuals with BPD often experience intense and fluctuating emotions, ranging from profound sadness, anxiety, and anger to feelings of happiness or calm. They may have difficulty managing these emotions, leading to impulsive behavior, self-harm, or suicidal ideation.

People with BPD also tend to have an unstable sense of self, which can lead to rapid changes in their goals, values, and career choices. They often struggle with feelings of emptiness and boredom, and may engage in risky behaviors such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or binge eating to alleviate these feelings.

Interpersonal relationships are often strained due to the individual's fear of abandonment, intense emotional reactions, and difficulty regulating their emotions. They may experience idealization and devaluation of others, leading to rapid shifts in how they view and treat people close to them.

Diagnosis of BPD is typically made by a mental health professional using criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is published by the American Psychiatric Association. Treatment for BPD may include psychotherapy, medication, and support groups to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Taste disorders, also known as dysgeusia, refer to conditions that affect a person's ability to taste or distinguish between different tastes. These tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Taste disorders can result from damage to the taste buds, nerves that transmit taste signals to the brain, or areas of the brain responsible for processing taste information.

Taste disorders can manifest in several ways, including:

1. Hypogeusia: Reduced ability to taste
2. Ageusia: Complete loss of taste
3. Dysgeusia: Distorted or altered taste perception
4. Phantogeusia: Tasting something that is not present
5. Parageusia: Unpleasant or metallic tastes in the mouth

Taste disorders can be caused by various factors, including damage to the tongue or other areas of the mouth, certain medications, infections, exposure to chemicals or radiation, and neurological conditions such as Bell's palsy or multiple sclerosis. In some cases, taste disorders may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease.

Treatment for taste disorders depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the disorder, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, treating the underlying medical condition may resolve the taste disorder. If the cause cannot be identified or treated, various therapies and strategies can be used to manage the symptoms of taste disorders.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Boredom is not a medical condition or diagnosis that appears in the standard classifications used by healthcare professionals. It is a common human experience that can be described as a feeling of dissatisfaction, restlessness, and lack of interest in one's current situation or activities. Boredom can stem from various factors such as monotony, lack of stimulation, or unmet psychological needs.

While not a medical condition itself, boredom can sometimes contribute to mental health issues like anxiety, depression, or poor impulse control. If you find that boredom frequently leads to negative emotions or behaviors, it might be helpful to consult a mental health professional for guidance on how to better manage your feelings and engage in more fulfilling activities.

"Cold temperature" is a relative term and its definition can vary depending on the context. In general, it refers to temperatures that are lower than those normally experienced or preferred by humans and other warm-blooded animals. In a medical context, cold temperature is often defined as an environmental temperature that is below 16°C (60.8°F).

Exposure to cold temperatures can have various physiological effects on the human body, such as vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the skin surface, increased heart rate and metabolic rate, and shivering, which helps to generate heat and maintain body temperature. Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature below 35°C (95°F).

It's worth noting that some people may have different sensitivities to cold temperatures due to factors such as age, health status, and certain medical conditions. For example, older adults, young children, and individuals with circulatory or neurological disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of cold temperatures.

Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions that affect the control and coordination of voluntary movements. These disorders can result from damage to or dysfunction of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, or other parts of the brain that regulate movement. Symptoms may include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), akathisia (restlessness and inability to remain still), dystonia (sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures), chorea (rapid, unpredictable movements), tics, and gait disturbances. Examples of movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette syndrome, and dystonic disorders.

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Adrenaline junkie Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Low arousal theory Neophilia Openness to experience Sensation ... Because of this activation in the brain, NS has been linked to personality disorders as well as substance abuse and other ... That is, Novelty seeking (or sensation seeking) refers to the tendency to pursue new experiences with intense emotional ... Novelty seeking is positively related to Impulsive sensation seeking from Zuckerman's Alternative five model of personality and ...
Psychogenic polydipsia which is caused by psychiatric disorders, often schizophrenia, is often accompanied by the sensation of ... but also anxiety disorders and rarely affective disorders, anorexia nervosa and personality disorders. PPD occurs in between 6 ... as opposed to less severe forms of the disorder as seen in those with anxiety and affective disorders. PPD is also linked with ... comorbid disorders (such as a seizure disorder) and urinary system functioning. Progressive steps might include redirection, ...
... is a disorder where there is a burning sensation in the mouth that has no identifiable medical or dental cause. The disorder ... Besides an awkward sensation, these sores can also cause pain or tingling or a burning sensation. Unlike herpes sores, canker ... Other features of this disorder include anxiety, depression and social isolation. There is no cure for this disorder and ... It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders. The specialty oral and maxillofacial pathology is concerned with ...
How to Assess Sensation - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical ... Sensation reduced below a certain dermatomal level: Spinal cord Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders Spinal cord disorders can ... See also Overview of Peripheral Nervous System Disorders... read more ) or nerve roots (radiculopathy Nerve Root Disorders ... and Lumbosacral Plexus Disorders Disorders of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus cause a painful mixed sensorimotor disorder of ...
How to Assess Sensation - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Sensation reduced below a certain dermatomal level: Spinal cord Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders Spinal cord disorders can ... See also Overview of Peripheral Nervous System Disorders... read more ) or nerve roots (radiculopathy Nerve Root Disorders ... and Lumbosacral Plexus Disorders Disorders of the brachial or lumbosacral plexus cause a painful mixed sensorimotor disorder of ...
Movement Disorders 10.1002/mds.28415. (In press). Text Bhatia_Variability of movement disorders The influence of sensation, ... Variability of Movement Disorders: The Influence of Sensation, Action, Cognition, and Emotions. ... Variability of Movement Disorders: The Influence of Sensation, Action, Cognition, and Emotions ... Variability of Movement Disorders: The Influence of Sensation, Action, Cognition, and Emotions. ...
Conscious sensation means a state of mind when a person is aware of something. A significant part when describing consciousness ... Disorders of Consciousness. Medical conditions that inhibit or cause a deficit in the conscious sensation are called disorders ... Conscious sensation means a state of mind when a person is aware of something, a significant part when describing the conscious ... Conscious sensation means a state of mind when a person is aware of something. A significant part when describing consciousness ...
... Articles *Overview ... and higher-order cognitive circuits are atypical in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We applied a graph-theory ...
Penis Sensation Loss and Depression - The Effects of Mood Disorders on Sexual Health. Pungky Dwiasmoro Hiswardhani April 16, ... Female Sexual Arousal Disorder and Female Orgasmic Disorder Pungky Dwiasmoro Hiswardhani November 24, 2023 ... Promoting Penis Sensation - TLC for the Penis. When depression rears its head, even simple tasks like personal hygiene can seem ... For men, a loss of sex drive and accompanying penis sensation loss can be particularly problematic, and it may take some ...
... sensations as signs of immediately impending physical or mental disaster and were more likely than other anxiety disorder ... To clarify matters, 2 studies administered the Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BSIQ) to panic patients and ... Cognitive accounts of panic predict that panic disorder patients will be particularly prone to misinterpret autonomic ... sensations. Several studies have produced results consistent with this prediction, but each is open to alternative ...
Penis Sensation Loss and Depression - The Effects of Mood Disorders on Sexual Health. 4 min read 2 years ago Matias Ivan Margo ... Penis Sensation Loss and Depression - The Effects of Mood Disorders on Sexual Health. ... Promoting Penis Sensation - TLC for the Penis. When depression rears its head, even simple tasks like personal hygiene can seem ... ad research animal foods biological systems bipolar bipolar disorder blood sugar bodily functions cardiovascular diseases ...
mvertigo.org vestibular disorders support forum 1 week of numbness and weird sensations :( Specific Illnesses & Conditions VM/ ... Richy, I too suffer with weird sensations. On the side of my head I get vibrations its feels as though I am walking through ... Richy, I too suffer with weird sensations. On the side of my head I get vibrations its feels as though I am walking through ... I am just surprised ive seen no change in a week with this sensation ...
Sensation Disorders / etiology* * Sensation Disorders / physiopathology * Stress, Mechanical * Weight-Bearing ...
Some medical conditions, known as balance disorders, also induce the sensation of falling. In the early stages of sleep, a ... A sensation of falling occurs when the labyrinth or vestibular apparatus, a system of fluid-filled passages in the inner ear, ... This sensation can occur when a person begins to fall, which in terms of mechanics amounts to a sudden acceleration increase ... A similar sensation of falling can be induced when the eyes detect rapid apparent motion with respect to the environment. This ...
... which is a disorder of movements involved in speaking; dysarthria, which includes difficulty in pronouncing words due to muscle ... Disorders of language, speech, and swallowing include aphasia, which is disturbance of language skills as the result of brain ... paralysis or weakness; and dysphagia, which is a swallowing disorder that makes eating solid foods difficult. ... For swallowing disorders, evaluation of sensation in the mouth; movement of the face, lips, and tongue; ability to follow ...
Ko MW, Prasad S. Headache, facial pain, and disorders of facial sensation. In: Liu GT, Volpe NJ, Galetta SL, eds. Liu, Volpe, ...
Complete understanding of this disorder/sensation through proper explanation, hard facts not fiction.. - Natural Methods do ... Derealization is the strange or unfamiliar sensation experienced when looking at familiar surroundings. ... "disorder" I looked up your "cure" and it seems your trying to make a quick buck from susceptable people desperate to be rid of ... as its obviously youve no idea or even a simple inkling of what the disorder itself consists of and/or feels like. "anxiety ...
Categories: Sensation Disorders Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
... signaling and cortical morphology have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ... signaling and cortical morphology have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ... 2015). Sensation-to-cognition cortical streams in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum. Brain Mapp. 36, 2544-2557. doi ... Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is thought to arise in part from alterations in catecholamine signaling ( ...
Pain that accompanies this disorder is described as a burning or an uncomfortable, heightened sensation. [8] The localized area ... Herniography depicts a disorder in 84% of patients, and more importantly, 50% of these patients with abdominal wall defects do ... An example of such is the higher rate of patellofemoral disorders in female athletes, possibly accounted for by an increased ... Disruption of the blood supply, through direct trauma (fractures of the femoral neck) or through vaso-occlusive disorders ( ...
Also tackles burning sensation, diabetes and other metabolic disorders. This herbal supplement is also beneficial in poisonous ... Moreover it is a natural blood detoxifier hence useful in blood disorders and promotes early healing of the wounds. It is also ... Vidanga powder is used for sufferers of piles and other ano-rectal disorders. It is also beneficial in managing obesity and ... Its antifungal and antibacterial properties make this herb to treat various skin disorders. Fresh leaves and paste of leaves ...
Sensation seeking-the urge to do exciting things-has been linked to dopamine, a chemical that carries messages in your brain. ... Sensation seeking has been linked to a range of behavior disorders, such as drug addiction. It isnt all bad, though. "Not ... Sensation seeking-the urge to do exciting things-has been linked to dopamine, a chemical that carries messages in your brain. ... its very interesting how the new experiments can help us, to discover all of our sensations.. but i dont like the way to ...
... disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding ... This mechanism is thought to play a key role in the sensation of flavor during eating and drinking. Odorants diffuse into the ... Which neurologic disorders are associated with taste and smell disorders?. What is the role of taste and smell disorders in ... Various neuropsychiatric disorders (eg depression, [23] seasonal affective disorder, bipolar disorder [24] ) have been linked ...
They hope these sensation maps will one day help diagnose and treat mood disorders. ... But previous studies have found marked changes in bodily sensations in mood disorders, Nummenmaa says. "For instance, with ... Danger and fear triggered strong sensations in the chest area, the volunteers said. And anger was one of the few emotions that ... The team still doesnt know how these self-reported sensations match with the physiological responses that occur with emotion. ...
... as an autosomal dominant disorder, and as part of an X-linked disorder call... ... NA has been described as inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, ... Parhofer KG, Richter WO, Stiess W, Schwandt P. [Acanthocytosis, short stature and disordered deep sensation in a 26-year-old ... Familial tic disorder, parkinsonism, motor neuron disease, and acanthocytosis: a new syndrome. Neurology. 1985 Mar. 35(3):366- ...
Individuals with neglect do not necessarily suffer from any primary disorder of sensation or movement. For example, their ... Heilman, K.M., and Watson, R.T. (2001). Neglect and related disorders. In Clinical Neuropsychology., K.M. Heilman and E. ... Heilman, K.M., and Watson, R.T. (2001). Neglect and related disorders. In Clinical Neuropsychology., K.M. Heilman and E. ... Cognitive rehabilitation interventions for neglect and related disorders: moving from bench to bedside in stroke patients. J ...
... functions or sensations indicative of a disorder or disease. ... functions or sensations indicative of a disorder or disease. ...
Students will apply critical concepts in neuroscience to understanding normal and disordered processes of sensation, movement, ...
... foreign body sensation, and lacrimation disorder. ... and vitreous disorder.. Other ocular adverse reactions reported ... Ocular adverse reactions occurring in approximately 5-10% of patients were abnormal vision, eyelid disorder, ...
Incontinence is a symptom of other problems such as nerve disorders, loss of sensation and weakening muscles. It can also occur ...
It is traditionally used therapeutically for headaches, sleep disorders and nervousness and cold sensations.. The Ayurvedic ...
Act or sensation of tasting.. Glaucoma. Disease related to eyes due to increase in IOP(intraorbicular pressure). H[edit]. Hair ... Throat disorders. Disorders or diseases of the larynx (voice box), pharynx, or esophagus.. Thyroplasty. Surgical technique(s) ... Motor speech disorders. Group of disorders caused by the inability to accurately produce speech sounds (phonemes) because of ... Pervasive developmental disorders. Disorders characterized by delays in several areas of development that may include ...
  • Most of the literature published on homework in psychotherapy to date focuses on homework use during CBT, which involves changing patients' thoughts and behaviors to reduce the symptoms of the mental disorders from which they are suffering. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms will depend on the underlying causes of the disorder. (aapmr.org)
  • The first step in overcoming your panic disorder symptoms is to understand what is happening in your body when you experience an attack. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Panic disorder results from misinterpreting sensations linked with the fight-or-flight response as dangerous, which triggers an uncomfortable and often frightening barrage of symptoms - also known as a panic attack. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once you understand what panic disorder is and why you are experiencing the symptoms, you can begin to learn to cope with them. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nevertheless, current therapies can control the disorder, minimizing symptoms and increasing periods of restful sleep. (brainfacts.org)
  • A well-documented link between avoidance of unpleasant body sensations and BN symptoms suggests that aversive interoceptive experiences may be particularly relevant to BN pathophysiology. (nature.com)
  • Sometimes a phobia may start after a traumatic event (for example being stuck in a small space or seeing someone injured by an animal), but the symptoms are related to the fear and not related to re-experiencing the trauma (for example the symptoms don't better fit a post-traumatic stress disorder [ PTSD ] diagnosis). (medicinenet.com)
  • Although individuals can be diagnosed at any age, autism is said to be a "developmental disorder" because symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life. (funandfunction.com)
  • Although ASD can be a lifelong disorder, treatments and services can improve a person's symptoms and ability to function. (funandfunction.com)
  • Like many illnesses, the symptoms of sensory processing disorder exist on a spectrum. (funandfunction.com)
  • Balance disorders can result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from a generalized feeling of disorientation and disequilibrium to acute vertigo (i.e., the sensation of motion, particularly spinning of the body or the environment). (cdc.gov)
  • 10500 ='Chest pain and related symptoms' 10501 ='Chest pain' 10502 ='Chest discomfort, pressure, tightness' 10503 ='Burning sensation in the chest' 10550 ='Pain, specified site not referable to. (cdc.gov)
  • 11651 ='Nailbiting' 11652 ='Thumbsucking' 12000 ='Abnormal involuntary movements' 12050 ='Convulsions' 12070 ='Symptoms of head, NEC' 12100 ='Headache, pain in head' 12150 ='Memory, disturbances of' 12200 ='Disturbances of sensation' 12201 ='Loss of feeling (anesthesia)' 12202 ='Increased sensation (hyperesthesia)' 12203 ='Abnormal sensation (paresthesia)' 12204 ='Other disturbances of sense, includin. (cdc.gov)
  • 12250 ='Vertigo - dizziness' 12300 ='Weakness (neurologic)' 12350 ='Disorders of speech, speech disturbance' 12351 ='Stuttering, stammering' 12352 ='Slurring' 12400 ='Other symptoms referable to the nervo. (cdc.gov)
  • Students will apply critical concepts in neuroscience to understanding normal and disordered processes of sensation, movement, cognition, language, and communication across the lifespan. (usu.edu)
  • Danger and fear triggered strong sensations in the chest area, the volunteers said. (cpr.org)
  • Fear of needles is also common in people with certain conditions that cause difficulties with managing strong sensations, such as in people with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • Neurologic disorders are an emerging extrahepatic manifestation of HEV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Critchley EM, Clark DB, Wikler A. Acanthocytosis and neurological disorder without betalipoproteinemia. (medscape.com)
  • Dosing in Monotherapy Epilepsy A neurological disorder that causes seizures or unusual sensations and behaviors. (xshotpix.com)
  • Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs and an uncontrollable, and sometimes overwhelming, urge to move them for relief. (brainfacts.org)
  • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support RLS research in laboratories at the NIH and at major medical institutions across the country. (brainfacts.org)
  • NINDS Disorders is an index of neurological conditions provided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (brainfacts.org)
  • This valuable tool offers detailed descriptions, facts on treatment and prognosis, and patient organization contact information for over 500 identified neurological disorders. (brainfacts.org)
  • Clues to the pathogenesis of the disorder arise from the observation that both the neurological and hematological systems are affected. (medscape.com)
  • Vertigo balance disorders refer to a vestibular disorder which causes giddiness along with a sensation of floating or spinning. (ibtimes.co.in)
  • It is estimated that at least half of the overall population of the United States are affected by a balance or vestibular disorder sometime during life. (cdc.gov)
  • Originally called Sensory Integration Dysfunction, Sensory Processing Disorder is a condition in which the brain has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes in through the senses. (funandfunction.com)
  • Alterations in catecholamine signaling and cortical morphology have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (frontiersin.org)
  • Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cognitive accounts of panic predict that panic disorder patients will be particularly prone to misinterpret autonomic sensations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here are some of the best ways to cope with panic disorder to improve your quality of life. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of people in the United States per year, and it is twice as likely to occur in women than in men. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Individuals with panic disorder tend to have spontaneous panic attacks , and they therefore become preoccupied with the fear that they may happen again, at any time. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many people with panic disorder are embarrassed or afraid to tell anyone about what they experience, instead distancing themselves from family and friends who could be supportive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Panic disorder is highly responsive to treatment. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Here are Medical News Today 's tips for coping with panic disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anxiety is likely to cause the worries and physical feelings you feel as a part of panic disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Besides generalized anxiety disorder , other anxiety disorders include separation anxiety , selective mutism , social anxiety disorder ( social phobia ), panic disorder , and agoraphobia . (medicinenet.com)
  • Fortunately, modern medicine is well-equipped to deal with depression and other similar mood disorders, and those who seek help often find themselves feeling much better in a short space of time. (weightkut.com)
  • Homework is most often used in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, although other theoretical frameworks may also incorporate homework. (wikipedia.org)
  • The scientists hope that these body emoticons may one day help psychologists diagnose or treat mood disorders. (cpr.org)
  • But previous studies have found marked changes in bodily sensations in mood disorders, Nummenmaa says. (cpr.org)
  • Abnormal adrenaline and cortisol levels can result in mood disorders, sleep disturbances, reduced resistance to disease, and changes in vital circulation. (nutters.com)
  • However, side-effects including musculoskeletal disorders and burning skin sensations were reported. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spinal cord injury results in paralysis, the body sensations suffer, and people cannot control their bowel movements and bladder. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Richy, I too suffer with weird sensations. (mvertigo.org)
  • Individuals with neglect do not necessarily suffer from any primary disorder of sensation or movement. (scholarpedia.org)
  • One can suffer from vestibular disorders if s/he suffers from an injury or an ailment in the vestibular system. (ibtimes.co.in)
  • Panic patients were more likely to interpret ambiguous autonomic sensations as signs of immediately impending physical or mental disaster and were more likely than other anxiety disorder patients and nonpatients to believe these interpretations. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Jane has social anxiety disorder and was just told at work that she would be giving a presentation in front of an audience of 200 people the following week. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anxiety disorders can also be caused by a medical illness or other medical conditions ( anxiety disorder due to another medical condition). (medicinenet.com)
  • Use of or withdrawal from certain medications or substances can also cause an anxiety disorder (substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder). (medicinenet.com)
  • The individual with an anxiety disorder needs to work closely with their prescribing doctor to decide whether treatment with medications is an appropriate intervention, and if so, which medication should be administered. (medicinenet.com)
  • To be considered an anxiety disorder, the fear or anxiety also has to be persistent (lasting usually six months or more), and not a normal developmental phase (for example a young child being afraid of being away from their parent). (medicinenet.com)
  • In social anxiety disorder (social phobia or performance anxiety), people are excessively fearful or anxious about social interactions or situations that may involve being observed or scrutinized. (medicinenet.com)
  • People who are already suffering from depression or an anxiety disorder, people who have little social support in their lives, and people who feel that they have little control over their lives are at greater risk of developing chronic pain syndromes, including TMJ. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Most healthcare professionals will divide ED causes into three main categories: blood flow concerns, disorders affecting nerve sensations, and psychological or emotional health concerns. (healthline.com)
  • People who have mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders such as anxiety disorders, people with certain disabilities, and people with certain conditions that affect how they manage sensations like touch or movement, may have more difficulty managing such fears. (cdc.gov)
  • the nursing professionals realized that the intervention with Reiki promoted physical and emotional balance, was effective in reducing pain and emotional disorders, brought benefits for themselves in the individual and family spheres, with positive repercussions on work relationships. (bvsalud.org)
  • As it is used to treat various disorders associated with nervous system like epilepsy and paralysis. (planetayurveda.com)
  • For localization, the most useful elements of the examination include tests for pain and temperature sensations, which are transmitted through the spinothalamic tract,,and position and vibration sensations, which are transmitted through the dorsal column via the medial lemniscus pathway. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) estimates that up to two-thirds of children with acquired deafness have severe vestibular deficits (NIDCD, 1995). (cdc.gov)
  • Historically, disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of these senses and their disease states. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of disorders of taste and smell in the US general population has been estimated from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 protocol. (medscape.com)
  • Because approximately 80% of taste disorders are truly smell disorders, much of this article focuses on the sense of smell and its dysfunction, with additional discussion of taste and related disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and those of taste as "-geusias. (medscape.com)
  • Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only one or a select few odors or tastes). (medscape.com)
  • TMJ syndrome, which is also sometimes called TMJ disorder, results from pressure on the facial nerves due to muscle tension or abnormalities of the bones in the area of the hinge joint between the lower jaw and the temporal bone. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Cyclops Medtech, a Bengaluru-based medical technology company, is launching an amazing gadget called Balance Eye in January 2017 to cure issues such as vertigo balance disorders and stroke with an acute vertiginous syndrome. (ibtimes.co.in)
  • Our first product called Balance Eye is a diagnostic clinical device which diagnoses vertigo balance disorders and stroke with an acute vertiginous syndrome," Niranjan Subbarao, the co-founder of Cylops Medtech, told International Business Times, India . (ibtimes.co.in)
  • The vertigo disorder is often misunderstood as a mere headache. (ibtimes.co.in)
  • or the group of syndromes to which autistic disorder belongs - the autism spectrum disorders . (wikipedia.org)
  • Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. (funandfunction.com)
  • Many children with autism spectrum disorder can also be hypersensitive to sensations. (funandfunction.com)
  • Communication disorders affect 14 million people in the United States and are most commonly associated with stroke. (aapmr.org)
  • This is a glossary of medical terms related to communication disorders which are psychological or medical conditions that could have the potential to affect the ways in which individuals can hear, listen, understand, speak and respond to others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Technical tools and devices such as alphabet boards, text telephones, or text-to-speech conversion software used to aid individuals who have communication disorders perform actions, tasks, and activities. (wikipedia.org)
  • I do not have anxiety nor am I depressed, yet somehow I've acquired the depersonalization "disorder" I looked up your "cure" and it seems your trying to make a quick buck from susceptable people desperate to be rid of something not even you understand. (selfgrowth.com)
  • When she combined these 12 SNPs, they explained just under 4 percent of the difference between people in sensation seeking. (scienceblog.com)
  • Pagel Blagov , Ph.D. and associate professor of psychology at Whitman College, these people actually have antisocial personality disorder, he tells Men's Health. (splicedonline.com)
  • Only adults over the age of 18 can be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder by a mental health specialist However, there are some common characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder. (splicedonline.com)
  • People with antisocial personality disorder don't feel compassion for others, Cohen said. (splicedonline.com)
  • According to Blagov, people with the disorder are sensation seekers who tend to be bored. (splicedonline.com)
  • But people with antisocial personality disorder have little fear and anxiety, Blagov said. (splicedonline.com)
  • The psychology of mental illnesses: Jack was interested in the mental ailments of people which were caused by infections and other disorders, so he decided to specialize in pathopsychology . (wordinfo.info)
  • The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy severe enough to cause a loss of protective sensation in a population-based sample of people with known and newly detected diabetes in Barbados: a cross-sectional study. (cam.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Over a third of people with previously diagnosed diabetes had evidence of peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. (cam.ac.uk)
  • People with chronic balance disorders are significantly disabled in many day-to-day functions, particularly those that require stabilizing the body during weight-shifting, bending, or rapid head motion. (cdc.gov)
  • A swallowing disorder is estimated to occur in 60% of long-term health care facility residents and 30% of general medicine inpatients. (aapmr.org)
  • The team still doesn't know how these self-reported sensations match with the physiological responses that occur with emotion. (cpr.org)
  • All of the syndromes under the NA umbrella are distinguished from the Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder of childhood in which abetalipoproteinemia and acanthocytosis occur along with steatorrhea, retinitis pigmentosa, and cerebellar ataxia. (medscape.com)
  • AIMS: To determine the prevalence and potential risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation in Barbados. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The prevalence of balance disorders in the overall population of the United States is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • In a detailed pathophysiological study, the well-described choreiform movement disorder of NA has been described coexisting with an associated peripheral neuropathy in a patient without acanthocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • 1995). Balance disorders restrict an individual's normal motor activities, thereby limiting one's sense of independence and adversely affecting the quality of life. (cdc.gov)
  • BPPV is a common inner ear disorder that causes a sudden spinning sensation when you move your head into certain positions. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Treatment of some disorders, such as major depression, may also be done without therapists at all. (wikipedia.org)
  • if you have ever had severe depression or manic-depression (bipolar disorder). (who.int)
  • In the classic form of the disorder, central nervous system pathologic features include atrophy of the caudate and putamen and, to a lesser extent, the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. (medscape.com)
  • Calm breathing regulates your intake of oxygen and prevents the dizziness, lightheadedness, and tingling sensations that are connected with overbreathing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Conscious sensation means a state of mind when a person is aware of something. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The disorders arising from the impaired conscious levels result in loss of awareness, disturbed sleep-awake cycles, or verbal response loss. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • Talking about consciousness is not a process occurring in the brain, but it controls all the conscious sensation levels. (brainmadesimple.com)
  • The conscious sensations associated with bladder activity are transmitted to the pons from the cerebral cortex. (medscape.com)
  • For a new study published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, scientists analyzed genes in the dopamine system and found a group of mutations that help predict whether someone is inclined toward sensation seeking. (scienceblog.com)
  • Anxiety disorders are differentiated based on the type of object or situation that causes fear, anxiety, or avoidance as well as the thought patterns associated with the fear or anxiety. (medicinenet.com)
  • Incontinence is a symptom of other problems such as nerve disorders, loss of sensation and weakening muscles. (caregiver.com)
  • Sensation seeking has been linked to a range of behavior disorders, such as drug addiction. (scienceblog.com)
  • they are suffering from a disease, like diabetes, arthritis, high blood pressure, and other disorders that affect the body. (weightkut.com)
  • Any change or abnormality of structures, functions or sensations indicative of a disorder or disease. (behavenet.com)
  • In contrast to Huntington disease (HD), the major inherited choreiform disorder of adults, the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum are relatively spared. (medscape.com)
  • Touch can be tested to screen for abnormalities but is not useful for localization, which requires more detailed testing of other types of sensation in different areas of the body. (merckmanuals.com)
  • To clarify matters, 2 studies administered the Body Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BSIQ) to panic patients and controls. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Disorders of language, speech and swallowing that result from stroke, trauma, and lack of oxygen typically improve over time, while progressive disorders result in variable improvements depending on treatment and the specifics of the underlying problem. (aapmr.org)
  • For men, a loss of sex drive and accompanying penis sensation loss can be particularly problematic, and it may take some experimenting (under medical supervision) to find a medication that will not interfere with a man's sex life. (weightkut.com)
  • Health care professional who is trained to evaluate hearing loss and related disorders, including balance (vestibular) disorders and tinnitus , and to rehabilitate individuals with hearing loss and related disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of all patients taking Topamax, 4% to 21% will experience loss of appetite, altered taste sensation & weight loss. (xshotpix.com)
  • Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations with peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Increasing age, previously diagnosed diabetes, male sex and abdominal obesity were independently associated with peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Monofilament testing alone may be adequate to rule out peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Scientists in Switzerland are using ghosts to battle the effects of some mental disorders. (thedailybeast.com)
  • Essentially, Blanke was creating the same sensation felt by those with mental disorders in healthy subjects. (thedailybeast.com)
  • We sought to determine whether functional connectivity streams that link sensory, attentional, and higher-order cognitive circuits are atypical in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (uc3m.es)
  • She wanted to use a new technique to find out more about the genetics of sensation seeking. (scienceblog.com)
  • Anxiety disorders are the most common category of psychiatric diagnoses. (medicinenet.com)
  • Individuals affected with the disorder often describe the sensations as throbbing, polling, or creeping. (brainfacts.org)
  • Provides educational materials on restless legs syndrome and related disorders to individuals, their families, physicians, healthcare providers and supports medical research into the cause and cure for restless legs syndrome. (brainfacts.org)
  • Anxiety disorders commonly start in childhood but persist into adulthood. (medicinenet.com)
  • A variety of assessment tools have been developed for diagnosis of the specifics of these language, speech, and swallowing disorders. (aapmr.org)
  • The sensations range in severity from uncomfortable to irritating to painful. (brainfacts.org)