Nairobi Sheep Disease
Nairobi sheep disease virus
Nairovirus
Sheep
Studies on the response of ewes to live chlamydiae adapted to chicken embryos or tissue culture. (1/1489)
Ewes infected before gestation with chicken embryo or tissue culture adapted chlamydial strain B-577 were challenge inoculated with the homologous strain at four to 18 weeks of gestation. The ewes responsed with group specific complement fixing antibody titers of 1:8 to 1:256 by the second week after initial infection. A secondary antibody response in the surviving challenge inoculated ewes occurred at the time of lambing and reached titers of 1:32 to 1:256 by the second week after parturition. Group specific complement fixing antibodies did not appear to play a significant role in resistance to chlamydial infection. Ewes infected with the chicken embryo adapted strain B-577 excreted chlamydiae in their feces 60 days after inoculation. However, chlamydiae were not recovered from feces of ewes infected with the tissue culture adapted strain B-577. Placentas of ewes challenge inoculated by the intravenous route were consistently infected. Chlamydiae were recovered from placentas, some fetuses and lambs. In two instances when challenge inoculation was given by the intramuscular route, infection was detected only by the direct fluorescent antibody method. (+info)Predicting insecticide resistance: mutagenesis, selection and response. (2/1489)
Strategies to manage resistance to a particular insecticide have usually been devised after resistance has evolved. If it were possible to predict likely resistance mechanisms to novel insecticides before they evolved in the field, it might be feasible to have programmes that manage susceptibility. With this approach in mind, single-gene variants of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, resistant to dieldrin, diazinon and malathion, were selected in the laboratory after mutagenesis of susceptible strains. The genetic and molecular bases of resistance in these variants were identical to those that had previously evolved in natural populations. Given this predictive capacity for known resistances, the approach was extended to anticipate possible mechanisms of resistance to cyromazine, an insecticide to which L. cuprina populations remain susceptible after almost 20 years of exposure. Analysis of the laboratory-generated resistant variants provides an explanation for this observation. The variants show low levels of resistance and a selective advantage over susceptibles for only a limited concentration range. These results are discussed in the context of the choice of insecticides for control purposes and of delivery strategies to minimize the evolution of resistance. (+info)Potential value of major antigenic protein 2 for serological diagnosis of heartwater and related ehrlichial infections. (3/1489)
Cowdria ruminantium is the etiologic agent of heartwater, a disease causing major economic loss in ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Development of a serodiagnostic test is essential for determining the carrier status of animals from regions where heartwater is endemic, but most available tests give false-positive reactions with sera against related Erhlichia species. Current approaches rely on molecular methods to define proteins and epitopes that may allow specific diagnosis. Two major antigenic proteins (MAPs), MAP1 and MAP2, have been examined for their use as antigens in the serodiagnosis of heartwater. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine if MAP2 is conserved among five geographically divergent strains of C. ruminantium and (ii) to determine if MAP2 homologs are present in Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the organism responsible for human monocytic ehrlichiosis. These two agents are closely related to C. ruminantium. The map2 gene from four strains of C. ruminantium was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the previously reported map2 gene from the Crystal Springs strain. Only 10 nucleic acid differences between the strains were identified, and they translate to only 3 amino acid changes, indicating that MAP2 is highly conserved. Genes encoding MAP2 homologs from E. canis and E. chaffeensis also were cloned and sequenced. Amino acid analysis of MAP2 homologs of E. chaffeensis and E. canis with MAP2 of C. ruminantium revealed 83.4 and 84.4% identities, respectively. Further analysis of MAP2 and its homologs revealed that the whole protein lacks specificity for heartwater diagnosis. The development of epitope-specific assays using this sequence information may produce diagnostic tests suitable for C. ruminantium and also other related rickettsiae. (+info)Performance of competitive and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, gel immunoprecipitation with native hapten polysaccharide, and standard serological tests in diagnosis of sheep brucellosis. (4/1489)
Competitive and standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), rose bengal (RB), complement fixation, and agar gel immunoprecipitation with native hapten (AGID-NH) were compared by using sera from Brucella-free, Brucella melitensis-infected, and B. melitensis Rev1-vaccinated sheep. The most sensitive tests were indirect ELISA and RB, and the most specific tests were AGID-NH and competitive ELISA. We show that RB followed by AGID-NH is a simple and effective system for diagnosing sheep brucellosis. (+info)Evaluation of modified BACTEC 12B radiometric medium and solid media for culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from sheep. (5/1489)
Definitive diagnosis of Johne's disease in ruminants depends on confirming the presence of the causative bacterium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, in tissues of the host. This is readily achieved in most ruminant species by culture. However, culture of clinical specimens from sheep in many countries has been unrewarding. Such a culture from sheep was achieved recently in Australia by using a radiometric culture medium. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the culture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from sheep by using modified BACTEC 12B radiometric medium, to determine the sensitivity of culture in relation to histopathology, and to evaluate a range of solid media. Culture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis from sheep with Johne's disease is a sensitive method of diagnosis: intestinal tissues from all 43 animals with multibacillary disease and all 22 animals with paucibacillary disease were culture positive, while 98% of feces from 53 animals with multibacillary disease and 48% of feces from 31 animals with paucibacillary disease were culture positive. Of sheep without histological evidence of Johne's disease from infected flocks, intestinal tissue from 32% of 41 were culture positive, while feces from 17% of 41 were culture positive. Consequently, culture is recommended as the "gold standard" test for detection of ovine Johne's disease. Of the wide range of solid media that were evaluated, only modified Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 agars, which were very similar in composition to modified BACTEC 12B medium, yielded growth of ovine strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The sensitivity of detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis on solid media was slightly lower than that in modified BACTEC 12B radiometric medium. Both egg yolk and mycobactin J were essential additives for growth of ovine strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in both liquid and solid media. (+info)Human echinococcosis in Bulgaria: a comparative epidemiological analysis. (6/1489)
The present article describes the importance of human echinococcosis as a public health problem in Bulgaria, outlines the control measures carried out and evaluates comparatively the situation over three periods spanning 46 years (1950-1995). During the first period (1950-62), a total of 6469 new surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease were recorded in Bulgaria, with an annual incidence of 6.5 per 100,000 population, and the infestation rate in domestic animals and dogs was high. Echinococcosis was endemic throughout the country. The organization of a control campaign, initiated in 1960, led to a considerable improvement in the situation during the second period (1971-82). Morbidity among humans gradually decreased, with an average incidence of 2.0 per 100,000, and the proportion of infected animals also fell. The distribution of echinococcosis was characterized as sporadic or of low endemicity. During the third period (1983-95), owing to administrative irregularities and economic changes, funds for supporting the campaign were reduced and control structures were dismantled. As a result, the incidence rose to 3.3 per 100,000. Echinococcosis again became endemic, in some regions hyperendemic. The findings provide convincing evidence that cessation of control measures or reduction of campaign activity can lead to intensification in the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus and to a resurgence in echinococcosis to previous levels. (+info)Vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with leucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep. (7/1489)
The potential of different parasite proteinases for use as vaccine candidates against fascioliasis in sheep was studied by vaccinating animals with the cathepsin L proteinases CL1 and CL2 and with leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) purified from adult flukes. In the first trial, sheep were immunized with CL1 or CL2 and the mean protection levels obtained were 33 and 34%, respectively. Furthermore, a significant reduction in egg output was observed in sheep vaccinated either with CL1 (71%) or with CL2 (81%). The second trial was performed to determine the protective potential of the two cathepsin L proteinases assayed together, as well as in combination with LAP, and of LAP alone. The combination of CL1 and CL2 induced higher levels of protection (60%) than those produced when these enzymes were administered separately. Those sheep that received the cocktail vaccine including CL1, CL2, and LAP were significantly protected (78%) against metacercarial challenge, but vaccination with LAP alone elicited the highest level of protection (89%). All vaccine preparations induced high immunoglobulin G titers which were boosted after the challenge infection, but no correlations between antibody titers and worm burdens were found. However, the sera of those animals vaccinated with LAP contained LAP-neutralizing antibodies. Reduced liver damage, as assessed by the level of the liver enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase, was observed in the groups vaccinated with CL1, CL2, and LAP or with LAP alone. (+info)Selenium toxicosis in a flock of Katahdin hair sheep. (8/1489)
Selenium supplementation by injection is a common practice. Acute toxicosis from dosaging errors may occur. In this report, 23 of 56 ewes and all 24 lambs injected with selenium died. Tissue, whole blood, and serum concentrations aided in the diagnosis. Caution should be taken when supplementing selenium by injection. (+info)I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Nairobi Sheep Disease" is not a recognized medical term or condition. It is actually a veterinary disease that affects sheep and goats, primarily in Africa. The disease is caused by a virus and is characterized by high fever, severe diarrhea, and sudden death. I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any questions related to human health, please don't hesitate to ask.
Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus (NSDV) is an enveloped, double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae and genus Nairovirus. This virus is the causative agent of Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) and related diseases in small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by high fever, severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, and rapid death, resulting in significant economic losses in endemic areas.
The NSDV genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) and a nonstructural protein (Nsm), while the S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a nonstructural protein (NSs).
The virus is primarily transmitted through ticks, mainly of the genus Rhipicephalus. The main vector for NSDV is Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, although other species such as Rhipicephalus zambeziensis and Amblyomma variegatum can also transmit the virus.
Nairobi sheep disease is prevalent in East Africa, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and southern Sudan. Vaccination of susceptible animals and tick control measures are essential for preventing and controlling NSDV infections in endemic areas.
Nairovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Bunyaviridae. They are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and are transmitted to humans and animals through tick bites. The name "Nairovirus" comes from the initials of the National Institute for Virology in South Africa, where the first virus in this genus was discovered.
Nairoviruses can cause severe febrile illnesses in humans, including hemorrhagic fever and neurological symptoms. Some of the more well-known nairoviruses include Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is found in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV), which primarily infects sheep and goats but can also cause illness in humans.
It's important to note that nairoviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted from animals to humans, and can pose a significant public health risk in areas where they are endemic. Prevention measures include avoiding tick bites, using personal protective equipment when handling infected animals, and implementing appropriate infection control practices in healthcare settings.
I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:
1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.
A domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is not a medical term, but it is an animal species that humans keep and breed for a variety of purposes, including meat, wool, and milk production. While the term "sheep" may appear in medical contexts, such as in discussions of zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible between animals and humans), the specific definition you are looking for is not medical in nature. Domestic sheep are social herbivores that prefer to eat short grasses and can be found in various parts of the world. They have been domesticated for thousands of years, making them one of the earliest animals to be domesticated by humans.
Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus
List of infectious sheep and goat diseases
Bighorn sheep
Domestic sheep reproduction
Barber's pole
Listeriosis in animals
Clostridial vaccine
Infectious necrotic hepatitis
Bluetongue disease
Hebridean sheep
Sheep
Ketosis
Old Errowanbang Woolshed
Braxy
Kidney stone disease
Mannheimia
List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798
Parvathi Basrur
Tay-Sachs disease
Lactic acidosis
Robert Bakewell (agriculturalist)
Border disease
Selenium deficiency
Desert bighorn sheep
Sheep farming in Azerbaijan
Jacob sheep
List of domesticated animals
Coriaria arborea
Myxedema
Foot-and-mouth disease
Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus - Wikipedia
ArboCat Virus: Nairobi sheep disease (NSDV)
Researchers target disease-carrying bighorn sheep | KSL.com
Sheep bug linked to Crohn's disease › News in Science (ABC Science)
Raising Sheep - Prevent Sheep Diseases from Spreading - Pioneer Thinking
Johne's disease in sheep | Moredun
Ocular disease investigation in sheep | SRUC
Constraints to Uptake of Adequate Biosecurity on UK Cattle and Sheep Farms, with Special Reference to Zoonotic Diseases |...
An epizootic of Nairobi sheep disease in Uganda - PubMed
Lawsuit Filed Today to Protect Idaho Bighorn Sheep from Deadly Diseases - Western Watersheds Project
FOI reports reveal death, disease and heat stress on board live sheep export ships | RSPCA Australia
Effects of Superfine Sheep Wool in Infantile Eczema
"Like Sheep for Slaughter": American Airlines Flight Attendants Speak Out - Mother...
Nairobi Sheep Disease antigens | Gentaur
Nairobi sheep virus disease (Concept Id: C0027345) - MedGen - NCBI
Feline disease set to devastate UK Sheep farming | Vetlab Supplies Ltd
Six common diseases of sheep - Dowsun Biori Pharmaceutical (Hebei) Co.,Ltd.
"Urinary calculus disease of sheep in Western Australia" by M R. Gardiner
Sheep Antibody against Foot and Mouth Disease IgM (FMDV-IgM) ELISA Kit
Equine Diagnostic and Surgical Laparoscopy . . . . Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine (4th edition) . . . . Feline...
Cellular and Hormonal Disruption of Fetal Testis Development in Sheep Reared on Pasture Treated with Sewage Sludge |...
Bush sickness and other mineral deficiency diseases - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Search
Animal Disease Traceability: Animal Health: Maine DACF
Altered Ca2+ homeostasis induces Calpain-Cathepsin axis activation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Multistate Infestation with the Exotic Disease-Vector Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis - United States, August 2017-September...
Treatment of immature and mature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep with triclabendazole - PubMed
Goats33
- NSDV's known hosts belong to the hard tick family Ixodidae, including Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and Amblyomma variegatum, and afflict sheep and goats naturally. (wikipedia.org)
- Sheep and goats are natural reservoirs for NSDV and Ganjam, but fatal cases have also been reported among blue duikers in zoos or in the wild. (wikipedia.org)
- High morbidity and mortality are seen in both sheep and goats, although goats tend to have less severe clinical signs than sheep. (wikipedia.org)
- It is found in cattle, sheep and goats suffering from an illness called paratuberculosis or Johne's disease. (abc.net.au)
- genus Nairovirus , family Bunyaviridae ) causes acute hem- orrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- The isolation of virus from sheep and goats, ticks and possible maintenance hosts. (nih.gov)
- Nairobi sheep disease: a study of its pathogenesis in sheep, goats and suckling mice. (nih.gov)
- General review of tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats world-wide. (nih.gov)
- An arbovirus infection of sheep and goats transmitted by ticks. (nih.gov)
- The major areas of the world are affected by foot and disease mostly farmed cattle and swine, even though sheep, goats, and many wild species are also susceptible. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- Hoofed animals such as cows, pigs, sheep and goats are also affected by the virus. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- Although goats are the champion of brush control, sheep are right behind them. (backyardchickens.com)
- Rectal swabs from 155 sheep and 252 goats from Grenada were evaluated to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. (hindawi.com)
- Campylobacter isolates showed no significant difference between sheep and goats for type of antimicrobial resistance or percent of resistant isolates. (hindawi.com)
- This is the first report of genotyping of Campylobacter isolates from sheep and goats in the Eastern Caribbean. (hindawi.com)
- Animals, including sheep and goats, are the natural reservoir hosts for Campylobacter spp. (hindawi.com)
- Recent studies report a wide range (5% to 49%) of Campylobacter prevalence in healthy sheep and goats from different geographic areas [ 6 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- It is likely that, in a predominantly rural country like Grenada, sheep and goats serve as important sources for human exposure by direct contact or via environmental or food exposure. (hindawi.com)
- The goal of this study was to determine whether sheep and goats are a reservoir host for pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter spp. (hindawi.com)
- Rectal swabs from 155 sheep and 252 goats from the islands of Grenada and Carriacou, islands in the tri-island state of Grenada, were obtained between May and July, 2011. (hindawi.com)
- Based on the Grenada Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries report on the number of sheep and goats inspected in Grenada [ 17 ], we estimated a population size of 3000 sheep and 2500 goats on these 2 islands at the time of our sampling. (hindawi.com)
- Given these population estimates we sampled greater than 5% of the sheep and greater than 10% of the goats on these two islands. (hindawi.com)
- At the 95% confidence level our sample sizes were sufficient to detect a 5% fecal shedding rate with confidence intervals of ±3.34% and ±2.55% in sheep and goats, respectively ( http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm ). (hindawi.com)
- Groups of sheep and/or goats owned by one person or family were defined as a production unit. (hindawi.com)
- There are numerous reasons for raising dairy goats or sheep, such as the love of animals, 4-H projects for youth, the satisfaction and enjoyment of fresh milk and dairy products, or wanting to start a business. (aces.edu)
- Goats and sheep are pack animals. (aces.edu)
- Dutch imports and exports of sheep and goats declined markedly in 2006 relative to the preceding year. (cbs.nl)
- Two thirds of Dutch exports of ruminants consist of sheep and goats. (cbs.nl)
- In 2006, the Netherlands exported over half a million of sheep and goats, nearly one quarter down on 2005. (cbs.nl)
- In the first five months of 2007, exports of sheep and goats were also below average. (cbs.nl)
- For nearly 40 percent of sheep, goats and cattle exported by the Netherlands, France was the country of destination in 2006. (cbs.nl)
- Exports to Spain, another important buyer of Dutch sheep and goats, also dropped considerably in 2005. (cbs.nl)
- One quarter of total Dutch exports of sheep and goats went to Spain in 2005. (cbs.nl)
Scrapie in sheep1
- [ 1 ] Included are Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer and elk, and scrapie in sheep. (medscape.com)
Prion diseases include1
- Human prion diseases include variant, familial and sporadic CJD. (nih.gov)
Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus4
- Nairobi sheep disease virus/Ganjam virus" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Yadav PD, Vincent MJ, Khristova M, Kale C, Nichol ST, Mishra AC, Mourya DT (2011) Genomic analysis reveals Nairobi sheep disease virus to be highly diverse and present in both Africa, and in India in the form of the Ganjam virus variant. (wikipedia.org)
- Although reassortment was not detected in this Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus co-infection, a potential risk for emergence of a new pan- demic strain by reassortment between these 2 viruses RNA in Ixodid Ticks, (with humans as mixing vessels) should not be ignored. (cdc.gov)
- NAIROBI SHEEP DISEASE VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN GN, HUMAN FC-TAG (HEK293) The Native Antigen Company have manufactured a recombinant Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus (NSDV) glycoprotein Gn, expressed in HEK293 cells and purified by affinity chromatography. (maxanim.com)
NSDV2
- The Nairobi sheep disease orthonairovirus (NSDV), also known as Ganjam virus, is a species in the genus Orthonairovirus belonging to the Nairobi sheep disease serogroup. (wikipedia.org)
- NSDV was first recognised in 1917 as the causative agent of a disease that was affecting sheep transported from the Maasai region of Kenya for sale in the Nairobi livestock markets, where a 70% mortality rate was recorded for local breeds sheep, but a lower rate for European breeds. (wikipedia.org)
Wild bighorn sheep1
- Boise, ID - Environmental groups filed a lawsuit today against the Caribou-Targhee National Forest, challenging a decision that threatens wild bighorn sheep in eastern Idaho. (westernwatersheds.org)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob D8
- Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most prevalent form of human prion disease and it is characterized by the presence of neuronal loss, spongiform degeneration, chronic inflammation and the accumulation of misfolded and pathogenic prion protein (PrP Sc ). (nih.gov)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a form of brain damage that leads to a rapid decrease in movement and loss of mental function. (nih.gov)
- For related information, see Medscape Reference article Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy . (medscape.com)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, rapidly worsening brain disorder that causes unique changes in brain tissue and affects muscle coordination thinking, and memory. (nih.gov)
- Who is more likely to get Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? (nih.gov)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Foundation Inc. (nih.gov)
- A nasal brush test can rapidly and accurately diagnose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), an incurable and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder, according to a study by National Institutes of Health (NIH) scientists and their Italian colleagues. (nih.gov)
- But this past March, when an advisory committee to the British Parliament declared that BSE might be able to jump the species barrier and cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a rare but horrifying brain disorder among humans, it became the stuff of hysterical talk shows. (scientificamerican.com)
Chronic4
- There, healthy sheep are exposed to super shedders or chronic carriers to see if they get sick. (ksl.com)
- However, SED has also been reported causing health disorders such as chronic proliferative rhinitis in adult sheep, abortions, testicular lesions in rams or alimentary tract disorders in young animals. (intechopen.com)
- The new research, funded by the British Heart Foundation and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, shows that adult offspring from pregnancies complicated by chronic hypoxia - lower-than-normal oxygen levels - have increased indicators of cardiovascular disease such as high blood pressure and stiffer blood vessels. (cam.ac.uk)
- This PA, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, Including Batten Disease, is related to the priority areas of chronic disabling conditions and maternal and child health. (nih.gov)
Swine1
- Other serious diseases include foot and mouth disease, avian influenza, and African swine fever, which can also be spread by direct contact. (iastate.edu)
Species5
- Although most samples were from comingled sheep and goat production units, there were no shared sequence types between these two host species. (hindawi.com)
- Further, a test that identifies people with various forms of prion diseases could help to prevent the spread of prion diseases among and between species. (nih.gov)
- Direct contact exposure can occur between animals of different species and humans, depending on the disease. (iastate.edu)
- Recent evidence indicates that mad cow disease can jump the "species barrier" to sheep. (scientificamerican.com)
- The specific version of the disease that is able to infect cows might well be expected to be innocuous to its original host--after all, the genetic differences between species are usually sufficient to halt the spread of infectious agents. (scientificamerican.com)
Neurodegenerative Diseases5
- 2 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Translational Studies and Biomarkers, Site Göttingen, Germany. (nih.gov)
- 3 CIBERNED (Network center for biomedical research of neurodegenerative diseases), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain. (nih.gov)
- 11 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Computational Systems Biology, Site Göttingen, Germany. (nih.gov)
- 13 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Site Göttingen, Germany. (nih.gov)
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases in children and adults in which there is a progressive loss of vision, seizures, and psychomotor degeneration. (nih.gov)
Infection4
- To reduce the risk for emergence of new viral subtypes, the public health and scientific communities should en- Shangshu Gong,1 Biao He,1 Zedong Wang,1 hance surveillance for co-infection with influenza (H7N9) Limin Shang, Feng Wei, Quan Liu, Changchun Tu virus and other influenza virus subtypes. (cdc.gov)
- The infection that causes the disease in cows is thought to be the same one that causes vCJD in humans. (nih.gov)
- If you touch an object, such as a doorknob, soon after a person with an infectious disease, you might be exposed to infection. (healthline.com)
- La fièvre Q est-elle une infection émergente en Turquie? (who.int)
Livestock4
- Since diseases can bring great threat to any type of livestock or size of herd, you need to make sure that you have all the information you need in order to handle diseases. (pioneerthinking.com)
- But when widely roaming cats spread the parasite onto pasture land, livestock bedding and animal feed, it's often sheep that become the next host. (vetlabsupplies.co.uk)
- If many of your neighbors are running their sheep with larger livestock, that in itself provides a level of protection from predators. (backyardchickens.com)
- Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and Lumpy skin disease ( LSD ) are contagious viral diseases that cause significant economic damage in the livestock industry of countries. (bvsalud.org)
Transmissible spongiform encep2
20012
- Sub-clinically infected, carrier animals of M. conjunctivae appear to be the cause of repeated outbreaks in flocks, and studies suggest persistence in the conjunctival sac for several months in some sheep (Baker and others, 2001). (sruc.ac.uk)
- Britain's Heritage Sheep Breeds, although badly affected, did survive the carnage of 2001 and today they are in a safer position than before, largely due to the work of the Sheep Trust. (york.ac.uk)
Bighorn herd3
- Cassirer said when pneumonia first hits a bighorn herd, it is passed from sheep to sheep, often killing many of them. (ksl.com)
- Western Watersheds Project and WildEarth Guardians joined together in a lawsuit filed by Advocates for the West to stop fall and winter domestic sheep grazing on the allotments, which are within the core home range of the South Beaverhead bighorn herd. (westernwatersheds.org)
- Nevertheless, the Forest Service is planning to keep domestic sheep within the range of the South Beaverhead population for months, even though this bighorn herd is already at risk. (westernwatersheds.org)
Goat diseases1
- Sheep and goat diseases in Washington state. (wa.gov)
Cattle and sheep4
- A bacterium that causes intestinal illness in cattle and sheep could also be responsible for Crohn's disease, U.S. researchers say. (abc.net.au)
- The overall objective of the project is to identify and rank the main constraints to the implementation of adequate biosecurity measures for the control of zoonotic disease and infections in terms of the spread to human population and within and between cattle and sheep populations on UK cattle and sheep farms, and to make recommendations that would enhance such implementation. (usda.gov)
- A postal questionnaire survey of cattle and sheep practices and the members of the British Cattle Veterinary Association. (usda.gov)
- WOAH reported foot and mouth disease (FMD) serotype O in cattle and sheep. (emergence-msd-animal-health.com)
Symptoms5
- You should also start learning how to recognize common symptoms of sheep diseases early on so that you'll be able to know immediately when one of sheep is in dire need of care. (pioneerthinking.com)
- These diseases all have long incubation periods but are typically rapidly progressive once clinical symptoms begin. (medscape.com)
- Some symptoms of CJD can be similar to symptoms of other progressive (continuing to worsen) neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. (nih.gov)
- However, these symptoms tend to worsen faster in CJD than in Alzheimer's disease or most other types of dementia. (nih.gov)
- The March declaration by the British Parliament was prompted by reports of a dozen cases of "atypical" Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, a deadly neurological ailment whose symptoms resemble those of BSE and scrapie. (scientificamerican.com)
Prions3
- The replication of prions involves the recruitment of the normally expressed prion protein, which has mainly an alpha-helical structure, into a disease-specific conformation that is rich in beta-sheet. (medscape.com)
- Samples from heterozygous sheep were analyzed using this method and found to contain both polymorphisms in their prions. (usda.gov)
- But information about how prions cause disease--or even whether they truly exist--remains elusive. (scientificamerican.com)
Pigs1
- 20. Association of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis with diarrheal disease in young pigs. (nih.gov)
Herd7
- The Lostine herd in northeastern Oregon continues to suffer from the disease. (ksl.com)
- If you want to prolong the life of your sheep, as well as strengthen the value of your herd, always remember that prevention is the best form of cure. (pioneerthinking.com)
- If you do find one of your sheep to be diseased, make it a point to keep that sheep separate from the herd. (pioneerthinking.com)
- Domestic sheep carry diseases that would likely extirpate the wild herd. (westernwatersheds.org)
- A herd of sheep ate hundreds of pounds of pot in a remote area in Greece. (hightimes.com)
- No matter the size of your herd or flock, diseases can be spread by animals in contact with each other and with you. (iastate.edu)
- How can I protect my herd from diseases spread by direct contact? (iastate.edu)
Pasture1
- A total of 1170 sheep and 923 cattle were tested for BDV using RT-PCR (sheep) and for pestivirus antibodies using an ELISA (cattle), respectively, before being moved to one of 4 pastures (A, B, C and D). Eight sheep from pasture C were viraemic. (gstsvs.ch)
Viral2
- Common diseases spread between animals by direct contact include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and mastitis. (iastate.edu)
- Research experience has ranged from bacterial genetics to Drosophila to vaccines against viral disease. (ed.ac.uk)
Lambs6
- The 11 sheep - two rams, three lambs and six radio-collared ewes - are part of the Asotin band that Cassirer is closely monitoring. (ksl.com)
- Once eaten by sheep, these dormant oocysts become active causing aborted or 'weakly' lambs, and sometimes infertility on a flock-wide scale. (vetlabsupplies.co.uk)
- A deficiency causes white muscle disease (muscular dystrophy), poor growth in lambs, calves and fawns, low fertility in ewes, and poor milk production in cattle. (teara.govt.nz)
- Would it be best to buy a sheep with lamb, or just two lambs so that they´re tame? (backyardchickens.com)
- Herdwick embryos were implanted into commercial mule ewes that acted as surrogate mothers, lambs were born earlier this year, were raised by the Mules in Yorkshire, and cared for by a 14 year old sheep farmer, Evie Church. (york.ac.uk)
- All has gone well since April, and now the lambs have been taken home to the Lake District by Professor Dianna Bowles, founder and Chair of the Trustees of the Sheep Trust. (york.ac.uk)
Deer1
- Cattle and deer are more sensitive than sheep to induced copper deficiency because their requirements are about twice that of sheep. (teara.govt.nz)
Alzheimer's2
- One company in Colorado is aiming to become the first to examine the effects of marijuana on Alzheimer's disease. (hightimes.com)
- 11. Haas, J.G. and Lathe, R. (2018) Microbes and Alzheimer's disease: new findings call for a paradigm change. (ed.ac.uk)
Healthy sheep1
- Several studies performed in abattoirs reported the presence of SED in healthy sheep in the intestinal content and also in the respiratory tract. (intechopen.com)
Recombinant1
- Chymotrypsin was used to digest sheep recombinant PrP to identify a set of characteristic peptides [M132LGSXMSRPL141 (X = A or V), Y153XENMY158 (X= H or R), and Y166RPVDXY172 (X = H, Q, or R)] that could be used to detect and quantitate polymorphisms at positions 136, 154, and 171 of sheep PrPC or PrPSc. (usda.gov)
Antibody1
- You need info about Sheep Antibody against Foot and Mouth Disease IgM (FMDV-IgM) ELISA Kit or any other Gentaur produtct? (gentaurshop.com)
Humans5
- Fourth, evidence shows that humans are exposed to a broad range of environmental chemicals [ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2003 ]. (nih.gov)
- Such studies have provided strong evidence in humans that the environment experienced during critical periods of development can directly influence long-term cardiovascular health and heart disease risk. (cam.ac.uk)
- The prion diseases are a large group of related neurodegenerative conditions, which affect both animals and humans. (medscape.com)
- Animal-to-animal disease transmission can sometimes transfer to humans. (healthline.com)
- Because direct contact can cause disease spread to humans as well, you should take care to protect yourself. (iastate.edu)
Contagious1
- The Board is authorized to give its consent that the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary's employees shall come within the State of Nevada for the purposes connected with the exportation of diseased sheep, and for the suppression and extirpation of pleuropneumonia and other contagious and infectious diseases among sheep. (public.law)
Pathogenesis3
- Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Nairobi Sheep Disease Orthonairovirus Infections in Sheep and Cattle. (nih.gov)
- Alterations in Ca 2+ homeostasis and activation of Calpain-Cathepsin axis already occur at pre-clinical stages of the disease as detected in a humanized sCJD mouse model.Altogether our work indicates that unbalanced Calpain-Cathepsin activation is a relevant contributor to the pathogenesis of sCJD at multiple molecular levels and a potential target for therapeutic intervention. (nih.gov)
- As one of two National Biocontainment Laboratories constructed under grants awarded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH), the Galveston National Laboratory (GNL) enables progress in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the spread of infectious diseases and the pathogenesis of the diseases they cause. (nih.gov)
Populations1
- Cassirer, who has spent her career at the forefront of research attempting to understand the disease that is passed to wild sheep from their domestic cousins, is leading a study to see if intervention from wildlife managers can shorten the time it takes for bighorn populations to recover from initial infections. (ksl.com)
Breeds5
- Heritage Sheep Breeds, such as the Herdwick, are farmed commercially and are not rare. (york.ac.uk)
- At the height of the crisis, tens of thousands of these sheep were being killed every week and valuable breeds and bloodlines were suddenly in danger of disappearing altogether. (york.ac.uk)
- In response to the crisis, The Sheep Trust organised emergency teams of vets and scientists to collect sperm and embryos from vulnerable sheep breeds, and conserve the important genetic resources frozen in a Gene Bank. (york.ac.uk)
- As well as providing the safety net of the Heritage Gene Bank, the Sheep Trust's research has proved just how geographically vulnerable these breeds are. (york.ac.uk)
- Informed by the Sheep Trust's research, Defra's specialists have recommended that geographical concentration should be reason enough to have a sheep breed on the "breeds at risk" register. (york.ac.uk)
Zoonotic1
- A scoping review of zoonotic parasites and pathogens associated with abattoirs in Eastern Africa and recommendations for abattoirs as disease surveillance sites. (nih.gov)
Metabolism4
- Objective -To compare hepatic metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) between sheep and cattle and elucidate the protective mechanism of sheep. (avma.org)
- Rather, increased ruminal metabolism in sheep appears to be an important protective mechanism, with hepatic enzymes providing a secondary means to degrade any PAs that are absorbed from the rumen. (avma.org)
- His current focus is on understanding the link between steroid/sterol metabolism, cognition, ageing, and brain disease. (ed.ac.uk)
- Information obtained in these studies should be helpful in understanding the normal metabolism of the protein, in addition to understanding its role in disease process in the NCLs. (nih.gov)
Common diseases1
- NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
Herds4
- State wildlife agencies from Idaho, Washington and Oregon work cooperatively to manage sheep herds in and around Hells Canyon. (ksl.com)
- For years, its members remained healthy and free of the pneumonia that has stricken so many bighorn sheep herds in the region and elsewhere across the Western United States. (ksl.com)
- There were some distinct regional differences in farmer perceptions with regard to biosecurity: the Scottish farmers put considerable emphasis on closed herds and flocks and the prevention of disease entry through introduced stock, while English and Welsh farmers highlighted issues like disinfection. (usda.gov)
- As "mad cow disease" prevalent in British herds, it prompted concerns about unhealthy cattle feeding practices. (scientificamerican.com)
Occurs4
- Outbreaks may be triggered by tight stocking and close head-to-head contact between sheep, such as occurs at feed troughs, during housing or gathering for handling. (sruc.ac.uk)
- Transmission occurs when a person with an infectious disease touches or exchanges body fluids with someone else. (healthline.com)
- Zoonosis occurs when diseases are transferred from animals to people. (healthline.com)
- Incidental human fascioliasis, acquired by eating watercress contaminated by sheep or cattle dung, occurs in Europe, Africa, China, and South America but is rare in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
20221
- Global Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines Market: Global Size, Trends, Competitive, Historical & Forecast Analysis, 2022-2028- Increasing prevalence of foot and mouth diseases, rising number of veterinary centres, and a growing number of government awareness programs for protecting animals are major factors anticipated to drive the global foot and mouth disease vaccines market. (brandessenceresearch.com)
Physiology2
- The Government's recently released Heat Stress Risk Assessment Report, developed by an independent panel of experts in sheep physiology and ship engineering, recommended changes to the industry's heat stress model that are expected to lead to the end of the May to October northern summer trade. (rspca.org.au)
- The study , led by Professor Dino Giussani from the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and published today in the journal PLOS Biology , used pregnant sheep to show that maternal treatment with the antioxidant vitamin C during a complicated pregnancy could protect the adult offspring from developing hypertension and heart disease. (cam.ac.uk)
Infectious agents2
- To assist in the development of an improved means for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of potentially life-threatening diseases caused by naturally emerging and purposefully disseminated infectious agents. (nih.gov)
- Current research focuses on the potential contribution of infectious agents to Alzheimer disease and other conditions including autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. (ed.ac.uk)
Exposure5
- Flight attendants are at high risk for contracting the coronavirus because of their exposure to diseases and their physical proximity to others, a recent New York Times analysis showed. (motherjones.com)
- These findings indicate that exposure of the developing male sheep fetus to real-world mixtures of environmental chemicals can result in major attenuation of testicular development and hormonal function, which may have consequences in adulthood. (nih.gov)
- Acquired CJD-Rarely, the disease is transmitted by exposure to brain or nervous system tissue, usually through certain medical procedures such as surgical grafts of dura mater (a tissue that covers the brain), transplanted corneas, and implantation of inadequately sterilized electrodes in the brain. (nih.gov)
- Several studies conducted in high sheep and goat producing areas indicate that these small ruminants may be important sources of human exposure [ 3 , 6 - 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
- This will reduce the risk of mastitis and disease exposure for the newborn animal. (iastate.edu)
20171
- H. longicornis was discovered on a sheep in New Jersey in August 2017 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Infections3
- A new benzimidazole anthelmintic, triclabendazole (CGA-89317) was found to be highly efficient against mature and early immature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. (nih.gov)
- The activity of triclabendazole against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. (nih.gov)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and gastrointestinal infections can be transmitted this way. (healthline.com)
Avian1
- Avian diseases in Washington state. (wa.gov)
Human7
- Haemaphysalis longicornis is a tick indigenous to Asia, where it is an important vector of human and animal disease agents, which can result in human hemorrhagic fever and substantive reduction in dairy production. (cdc.gov)
- Where this tick exists, it is an important vector of human and animal disease agents. (cdc.gov)
- For example, human studies in siblings show that children born to a mother who was obese during pregnancy are at greater risk of heart disease than siblings born to the same mother after bariatric surgery to reduce maternal obesity. (cam.ac.uk)
- For instance, it is known that human prion diseases can be transmitted via medical procedures such as blood transfusions, transplants and the contamination of surgical instruments. (nih.gov)
- Responding to the possibility that this variant is a human version of BSE, the British government banned any use of potentially infectious cow, sheep and goat parts at the end of May. (scientificamerican.com)
- There is no direct evidence, however, that the new human disease -- if there even is one--is actually linked to the British epidemic of BSE. (scientificamerican.com)
- However, animal studies must clearly state relevance to the human diseases. (nih.gov)
Flocks2
- Outbreaks of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis can be very frustrating to control in sheep flocks. (sruc.ac.uk)
- Clinical and farmer experience suggests that outbreaks of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis caused by M. conjunctivae are very frustrating to control in sheep flocks. (sruc.ac.uk)
Virus10
- The transmission of this disease was demonstrated first in 1943 when a population of Scottish sheep was accidentally inoculated against a common virus using a formalin extract of lymphoid tissue from an animal with scrapie. (medscape.com)
- Infectious diseases can be transmitted via food and water containing the virus or bacteria. (healthline.com)
- Malaria, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease are all spread this way. (healthline.com)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sheep grazing communal alpine pastures with cattle can transmit Border disease virus (BDV) to cattle. (gstsvs.ch)
- In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde abgeklärt, ob das Border-Disease-Virus (BD-Virus, BDV) während der gemeinsamen Alpung von Schafen und Rindern auf das Rind übertragen werden kann. (gstsvs.ch)
- Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bei gemeinsamer Alpung von Schafen und Rindern eine Infektion von Rindern durch Schafe mit dem Border Disease-Virus möglich ist. (gstsvs.ch)
- Dans le présent travail on éclaircit la question de savoir si le virus de la Border disease (BDV) peut être transmis à des bovins lorsqu'ils sont alpés ensemble avec des moutons. (gstsvs.ch)
- Nel presente studio viene chiarito se il Border-Disease-Virus (virus BD, BDV), può essere trasmesso dagli ovini ai bovini durante il comune pascolo alpino. (gstsvs.ch)
- Blisters on feet and mouth caused by the virus also reduced milk production, lack of appetite, fever show animals suffering from the disease. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- Epidemiological studies suggest that an environmental factor, such as a virus or toxin, is the cause of the disease, although none have been definitively established. (nih.gov)
Foot and mou10
- Global Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines Market is valued at USD 2.23 Billion in 2021 and expected to reach USD 4.19 Billion by 2028 with a CAGR of 9.4% over the forecast period. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- The foot and mouth disease vaccines address not only the need for FMD-free countries but also for the extermination of this distressing disease. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- The lockdown was imposed because the outbreak of COVID-19 caused supply chain disruptions of raw materials which caused a shortage of foot and mouth disease vaccines. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- The traveling restrictions due to lockdown have also negatively impacted the global foot and mouth disease vaccines market growth. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- The global foot and mouth disease vaccines market is segmented into on the basis of animal type, vaccine type, distribution channel and region & country level. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- On the basis of animal type, the global foot and mouth disease vaccines market is segmented into cattle, pig, sheep and goat and others. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- The regions covered in global foot and mouth disease vaccines market report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Rest of the World. (brandessenceresearch.com)
- Immune response against lumpy skin disease after simultaneous vaccination of cattle with sheep pox and goat pox and foot and mouth disease vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
- Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP) Institute, Ankara, Turkiye. (bvsalud.org)
Poultry1
- None of the sequence types identified in this study have previously been reported in poultry in Grenada, suggesting sheep- and goat-specific Campylobacter clones in Grenada. (hindawi.com)
Vaccines1
- Cattle are vaccinated two times a year with FMD and sheep pox and goat pox vaccines (SGP) within 30-day intervals to combat both diseases in Türkiye. (bvsalud.org)
Markedly1
- This exciting advance, the culmination of decades of studies on prion diseases, markedly improves on available diagnostic tests for CJD that are less reliable, more difficult for patients to tolerate, and require more time to obtain results," said Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of NIH. (nih.gov)
Swabs1
- SRUC Veterinary Services usually receives more ocular swabs for the investigation of ovine eye disease around this time of year. (sruc.ac.uk)
Prevention4
- Our discoveries emphasise that when considering strategies to reduce the overall burden of heart disease, much greater attention to prevention rather than treatment is required," adds Professor Giussani. (cam.ac.uk)
- The work draws attention to a new way of thinking about heart disease with a much longer-term perspective, focusing on prevention rather than treatment. (cam.ac.uk)
- HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of "Healthy People 2000," a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. (nih.gov)
- See also the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) information on fascioliasis. (msdmanuals.com)
Dairy2
Proteins3
- These amyloid plaques are immunoreactive with antibodies to the prion protein and do not immunoreact with antibodies to other amyloidogenic proteins, such as the amyloid-beta (which is deposited in Alzheimer disease). (medscape.com)
- This abnormal folding or conformation is "transmitted" to normal prion proteins in surrounding nerve cells, causing them to become infective and changed to one that results in the disease. (nih.gov)
- These peptides were used to develop a multiple reaction monitoring method (MRM) to detect the amounts of a particular polymorphism in a sample of PrPSc isolated from sheep heterozygous for their PrPC proteins. (usda.gov)
Pathology1
- Microbiology services: Clinical microbiology laboratory support and laboratory and analytical support and expertise available from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Department of Pathology faculty. (nih.gov)
Substances1
- The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) requested the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) to review the results of soil and groundwater samples obtained from the Hopi Reservation, and provide a public health opinion regarding exposures to the contaminants reported. (cdc.gov)
Traceability2
Cardiovascular disease2
- Heart disease is the greatest killer in the world today, and it is widely accepted that our genes interact with traditional lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, obesity and/or a sedentary life to promote an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (cam.ac.uk)
- [1] American Heart Association Sexual Activity and Cardiovascular Disease, Circulation. (intermountainhealthcare.org)