Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.
Poisoning from toxins present in bivalve mollusks that have been ingested. Four distinct types of shellfish poisoning are recognized based on the toxin involved.
Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.
A family of marine mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, commonly known as oysters. They have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle.
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.
An algal bloom where the algae produce powerful toxins that can kill fish, birds, and mammals, and ultimately cause illness in humans. The harmful bloom can also cause oxygen depletion in the water due to the death and decomposition of non-toxic algae species.
Compounds based on an 8-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered medium ring ethers.
A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.
Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) SHELLFISH and FISH PRODUCTS are more specific types of SEAFOOD.
A species of mussel in the genus MYTILUS, family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA, known as the common mussel. It has a bluish-black shell and is highly edible.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
The type species in the genus NOROVIRUS, first isolated in 1968 from the stools of school children in Norwalk, Ohio, who were suffering from GASTROENTERITIS. The virions are non-enveloped spherical particles containing a single protein. Multiple strains are named after the places where outbreaks have occurred.
A genus of marine mussels in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. The species MYTILUS EDULIS is the highly edible common mussel.
A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.
Bacteriophages whose genetic material is RNA, which is single-stranded in all except the Pseudomonas phage phi 6 (BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6). All RNA phages infect their host bacteria via the host's surface pili. Some frequently encountered RNA phages are: BF23, F2, R17, fr, PhiCb5, PhiCb12r, PhiCb8r, PhiCb23r, 7s, PP7, Q beta phage, MS2 phage, and BACTERIOPHAGE PHI 6.
A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. HEPATITIS A VIRUS is the type species.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
A genus in the family CALICIVIRIDAE, associated with epidemic GASTROENTERITIS in humans. The type species, NORWALK VIRUS, contains multiple strains.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
A genus of oysters in the family OSTREIDAE, class BIVALVIA.
A species of bacteria found in the marine environment, sea foods, and the feces of patients with acute enteritis.
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
'Pyrans' are heterocyclic organic compounds containing a six-membered ring with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms, which can be found in various natural substances and synthesized compounds, and may have potential applications in medicinal chemistry.
Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.
A family of bivalve MOLLUSKS with heart-shaped shells, commonly known as cockles. Unlike most BIVALVES, cockles are hermaphroditic.
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
A group of three related eukaryotic phyla whose members possess an alveolar membrane system, consisting of flattened membrane-bound sacs lying beneath the outer cell membrane.
Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.
A species of halophilic bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, which lives in warm SEAWATER. It can cause infections in those who eat raw contaminated seafood or have open wounds exposed to seawater.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., FISH FLOUR, fish meal).
A genus of the family PICORNAVIRIDAE whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus".
Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.
A form-genus of planktonic CYANOBACTERIA in the order Nostocales.
Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The enrichment of a terrestrial or aquatic ECOSYSTEM by the addition of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, that results in a superabundant growth of plants, ALGAE, or other primary producers. It can be a natural process or result from human activity such as agriculture runoff or sewage pollution. In aquatic ecosystems, an increase in the algae population is termed an algal bloom.
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A class of ciliate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of a well developed oral apparatus and oral cilia being clearly distinct from somatic cilia.
The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.
Facilities which provide information concerning poisons and treatment of poisoning in emergencies.
A group comprised of several species of aquatic carnivores in different genera, in the family Otariidae. In comparison to FUR SEALS, they have shorter, less dense hair.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Large, chiefly nocturnal mammals of the cat family FELIDAE, species Panthera leo. They are found in Africa and southern Asia.

Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters. (1/61)

BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in the United States, typically is associated with the consumption of raw oysters gathered from warm-water estuaries. We describe a recognized outbreak of V. parahaemolyticus infection associated with the consumption of seafood from Alaska. METHODS: After we received reports of the occurrence of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship, we conducted a retrospective cohort study among passengers, as well as active surveillance throughout Alaska to identify additional cases, and an environmental study to identify sources of V. parahaemolyticus and contributors to the outbreak. RESULTS: Of 189 passengers, 132 (70 percent) were interviewed; 22 of the interviewees (17 percent) met our case definition of gastroenteritis. In our multiple logistic-regression analysis, consumption of raw oysters was the only significant predictor of illness; the attack rate among people who consumed oysters was 29 percent. Active surveillance identified a total of 62 patients with gastroenteritis. V. parahaemolyticus serotype O6:K18 was isolated from the majority of patients tested and from environmental samples of oysters. Patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were highly related across clinical and oyster isolates. All oysters associated with the outbreak were harvested when mean daily water temperatures exceeded 15.0 degrees C (the theorized threshold for the risk of V. parahaemolyticus illness from the consumption of raw oysters). Since 1997, mean water temperatures in July and August at the implicated oyster farm increased 0.21 degrees C per year (P<0.001 by linear regression); 2004 was the only year during which mean daily temperatures in July and August at the shellfish farm did not drop below 15.0 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation extends by 1000 km the northernmost documented source of oysters that caused illness due to V. parahaemolyticus. Rising temperatures of ocean water seem to have contributed to one of the largest known outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus in the United States.  (+info)

Human intoxication with paralytic shellfish toxins: clinical parameters and toxin analysis in plasma and urine. (2/61)

This study reports the data recorded from four patients intoxicated with shellfish during the summer 2002, after consuming ribbed mussels (Aulacomya ater) with paralytic shellfish toxin contents of 8,066 +/- 61.37 microg/100 gr of tissue. Data associated with clinical variables and paralytic shellfish toxins analysis in plasma and urine of the intoxicated patients are shown. For this purpose, the evolution of respiratory frequency, arterial blood pressure and heart rate of the poisoned patients were followed and recorded. The clinical treatment to reach a clinically stable condition and return to normal physiological parameters was a combination of hydration with saline solution supplemented with Dobutamine (vasoactive drug), Furosemide (diuretic) and Ranitidine (inhibitor of acid secretion). The physiological condition of patients began to improve after four hours of clinical treatment, and a stable condition was reached between 12 to 24 hours. The HPLC-FLD analysis showed only the GTX3/GTX2 epimers in the blood and urine samples. Also, these epimers were the only paralytic shellfish toxins found in the shellfish extract sample.  (+info)

Metabolic transformation of dinophysistoxin-3 into dinophysistoxin-1 causes human intoxication by consumption of O-acyl-derivatives dinophysistoxins contaminated shellfish. (3/61)

This paper describes for the first time a massive intoxication episode due to consumption of shellfish contaminated with 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1, named Dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX-3). 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1, a compound recently described in the literature, was found in shellfish samples collected in the Chilean Patagonia fjords. This compound does not inhibit Protein Phosphatases and also does not elicit the symptoms described for Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). The data showed here, give evidence of metabolic transformation of 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) into Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1, Methyl-Okadaic acid) in intoxicated patients. This metabolic transformation is responsible for the diarrheic symptoms and the intoxication syndrome showed by patients that consumed contaminated shellfish, which showed only the presence of 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1. Patients fecal bacterial analysis for the presence of enteropathogens was negative and the mouse bioassay for DSP, performed as described for regulatory testing, was also negative. The HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS analysis showed only the presence of DTX-3 as the only compound associated to DSP toxins in the contaminated shellfish samples. No other DSP toxins were found in the shellfish sample extracts. However, the patient fecal samples showed DTX-1 as the only DSP toxins detected in fecal. Moreover, the patient fecal samples did not show DTX-3. Since 7-O-acyl-derivative dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) was the only compound associated to DSP toxins detected in the shellfish samples, an explanation for the diarrheic symptoms in the intoxicated patients would be the metabolic transformation of DTX-3 into DTX-1. This transformation should occur in the stomach of the poisoned patients after consuming 7-O-acyl-derivatives dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-3) contaminated bivalves.  (+info)

Occurrence of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in Hiroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, during 1993-2004 and its PSP profiles. (4/61)

To assess levels of shellfish intoxication by the paralytic shellfish poison (PSP)-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, potential health risks to human shellfish consumers and the possible need for regulatory intervention, yearly variations of maximum cell density of this species were examined from 1993 to 2004 in Kure Bay and Kaita Bay, which are located within Hiroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The seawater temperature was determined concomitantly. In Kure Bay, maximum concentrations of 1,400 and 1,300 cells/mL at 0 and 5 m depths were observed on 21 and 24 April 1997. In Kaita Bay, remarkably high concentrations above 1,000 cells/mL of A. tamarense were observed in two out of three years investigated. These facts suggest that the environment in both bays is favorable for the propagation of A. tamarense. The temperature range at which the natural population of A. tamarense blooms was generally from 12 to 16 degrees C. Four strains (ATKR-94, -95, -97 and -01) from Kure Bay and one strain (ATKT-97) from Kaita Bay were established. The strain ATKR-94, cultured in modified SW-2 medium at 15 degrees C for 15 days, showed a specific toxicity of 33.8 x 10(-6) MU/cell. The toxins in all five strains exist almost exclusively as beta-epimers (C2 (PX2 or GTX8), GTX3, dcGTX3 and GTX4), which accounted for 54.9 to 73.0 mol% of the total. The corresponding a-epimers (C1 (PX1 or epi-GTX8), GTX2, dcGTX2 and GTX1) accounted for 6.0 to 28.9 mol%. The toxin profiles of ATKR-97 and ATKT-97 were characterized by unusually high proportions of low-potency sulfocarbamoyl toxin, which comprised 62.4 and 68.2 mol%, respectively, of total toxins. In the toxic bivalves, the low-toxicity sulfocarbamoyl components, major components of A. tamarense, were present in amounts of only a few percent, suggesting that in vivo conversion of PSP occurs after ingestion. A comparison of the toxin profiles of the causative dinoflagellate and contaminated bivalves showed that PSP components exist in the bivalves in the form of alpha-epimers, presumably owing to accumulation or storage of the toxins.  (+info)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with consumption of raw shellfish--three states, 2006. (5/61)

During May 20-July 31, 2006, New York City, New York state, Oregon, and Washington health departments reported a total of 177 cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, of which 122 have been associated with 17 clusters. A cluster has been defined as a group of two or more ill persons who were linked to the same shellfish source (e.g., shared a meal at the same restaurant or obtained shellfish from the same seafood market). Certain clusters were associated with restaurants, certain clusters with seafood markets, and certain clusters with recreational harvesting. Three patients were hospitalized; no fatalities have been reported. No demographic (e.g., age, sex, or race) or medical history (e.g., predisposing conditions) information is yet available regarding affected persons.  (+info)

Vibrio vulnificus. Hazard on the half shell. (6/61)

Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely invasive gram-negative bacillus that causes bacteremia and shock. It should be suspected in any patient who is immunocompromised or has liver disease or hemochromatosis. Reduced gastric acidity may also increase the risk of infection if a patient presents with a history of ingesting raw shellfish (especially oysters) or trauma in brackish waters and skin lesions. Patients most commonly present with one of three clinical syndromes: primary septicemia, wound infection, or gastroenteritis. Treatment includes aggressive wound debridement, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. Rapidly diagnosing and promptly initiating therapy are critical because V vulnificus infection is rapidly progressive and mortality approaches 100% if septic shock occurs.  (+info)

Domoic acid toxicologic pathology: a review. (7/61)

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Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning. (8/61)

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Medical definitions typically focus on the potential risks or reactions related to a substance, rather than providing a general definition. In the context of medicine, shellfish are often defined by the allergens they contain, rather than as a culinary category.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI), shellfish are divided into two categories: crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans include shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish. Mollusks include clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid.

Shellfish allergies are one of the most common food allergies, and they can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Therefore, in a medical context, it's essential to be specific about which types of shellfish may pose a risk to an individual.

Shellfish poisoning refers to illnesses caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated with harmful toxins produced by certain types of microscopic algae. These toxins can accumulate in various species of shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific type of toxin involved.

There are several types of shellfish poisoning, each caused by different groups of algal toxins:

1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP): Caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, and Pyrodinium bahamense. Symptoms include tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by weakness, difficulty swallowing, and potentially paralysis and respiratory failure in severe cases.
2. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP): Caused by domoic acid produced by diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, memory loss, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
3. Diarrheal Shellfish Poisoning (DSP): Caused by okadaic acid and its derivatives produced by dinoflagellates such as Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally chills and fever.
4. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP): Caused by brevetoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Karenia brevis. Symptoms include reversible neurological symptoms like tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as respiratory irritation, coughing, and chest tightness in severe cases.
5. Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP): Caused by azaspiracids produced by dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

It is essential to note that shellfish contaminated with these toxins may not show visible signs of spoilage or illness-causing bacteria; therefore, it is crucial to avoid consuming them during harmful algal blooms (HABs) or red tide events. Public health authorities often issue warnings and close shellfish beds when HABs are detected in the water. Always check local advisories before consuming shellfish, especially if you have harvested them yourself. Cooking does not destroy these toxins, so they remain harmful even after cooking.

Marine toxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain marine organisms, including algae, bacteria, and various marine animals such as shellfish, jellyfish, and snails. These toxins can cause a range of illnesses and symptoms in humans who consume contaminated seafood or come into direct contact with the toxin-producing organisms. Some of the most well-known marine toxins include:

1. Saxitoxin: Produced by certain types of algae, saxitoxin can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of PSP include tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by muscle weakness, paralysis, and in severe cases, respiratory failure.
2. Domoic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, domoic acid can cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of ASP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, headache, and memory loss.
3. Okadaic acid: Produced by certain types of algae, okadaic acid can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Symptoms of DSP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
4. Ciguatoxin: Produced by certain types of dinoflagellates, ciguatoxin can cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans who consume contaminated fish. Symptoms of CFP include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and neurological symptoms such as tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as reversal of hot and cold sensations.
5. Tetrodotoxin: Found in certain types of pufferfish, tetrodotoxin can cause a severe form of food poisoning known as pufferfish poisoning or fugu poisoning. Symptoms of tetrodotoxin poisoning include numbness of the lips and tongue, difficulty speaking, muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure.

Prevention measures for these types of seafood poisoning include avoiding consumption of fish and shellfish that are known to be associated with these toxins, as well as cooking and preparing seafood properly before eating it. Additionally, monitoring programs have been established in many countries to monitor the levels of these toxins in seafood and issue warnings when necessary.

Ostreidae is a family of marine bivalve mollusks, commonly known as oysters. These are characterized by a laterally compressed, asymmetrical shell with a rough, scaly or barnacle-encrusted exterior and a smooth, often highly colored interior. The shells are held together by a hinge ligament and the animals use a powerful adductor muscle to close the shell.

Oysters are filter feeders, using their gills to extract plankton and organic particles from the water. They are important ecologically, as they help to filter and clean the water in which they live. Some species are also economically important as a source of food for humans, with the meat being eaten both raw and cooked in various dishes.

It's worth noting that Ostreidae is just one family within the larger grouping of oysters, known as the superfamily Ostreoidea. Other families within this superfamily include the pearl oysters (Pteriidae) and the saddle oysters (Anomiidae).

Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.

Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.

Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.

A Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is a rapid growth or accumulation of toxic or harmful algae in aquatic environments, which can cause harm to humans, animals, and the environment. These algae produce toxins that can contaminate water supplies, shellfish, and other seafood, leading to illness or even death if ingested. HABs can also result in oxygen depletion in the water, creating "dead zones" where fish and other marine life cannot survive. They are often caused by nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, and other human activities that increase the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oxocins" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It seems like it might be a mistake or a typo. If you have more context or information about where this term came from, I may be able to provide a more accurate and helpful response.

Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin that inhibits the sodium channels in nerve cells, leading to paralysis and potentially death. It is produced by certain species of marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria, and can accumulate in shellfish that feed on these organisms. Saxitoxin poisoning, also known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), is a serious medical condition that can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and paralysis of the mouth and extremities, as well as respiratory failure and death in severe cases. It is important to note that saxitoxin is not used as a therapeutic agent in medicine and is considered a harmful substance.

Dinoflagellida is a large group of mostly marine planktonic protists, many of which are bioluminescent. Some dinoflagellates are responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as "red tides," which can produce toxins that affect marine life and human health.

Dinoflagellates are characterized by two flagella, or whip-like structures, that they use for movement. They have complex cell structures, including a unique structure called the nucleomorph, which is the remnant of a former endosymbiotic event where another eukaryotic cell was engulfed and became part of the dinoflagellate's cell.

Dinoflagellates are important contributors to the marine food chain, serving as both primary producers and consumers. Some species form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, such as corals, providing them with nutrients in exchange for protection and other benefits.

Medical definitions typically do not include general food items like seafood. However, I can provide you with a general definition:

Seafood is a category of food that comes from aquatic animals (both saltwater and freshwater) including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is an essential source of protein, vitamins, and minerals in many diets around the world. Some common examples of seafood are salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, oysters, and squid.

If you're looking for a medical aspect related to seafood, it is worth noting that some people may have allergies to certain types of seafood, which can cause mild to severe reactions. In such cases, avoiding the specific allergen is crucial to prevent adverse health effects.

"Mytilus edulis" is not a medical term, but a scientific name for a species. It refers to the Common Blue Mussel, which is a type of marine mussel that is widely distributed in the coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean, from Norway to Morocco, and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Alaska to California.

While not directly related to medical terminology, Mytilus edulis may be mentioned in a medical context due to its potential use as a food source or in research studies. For example, mussels like Mytilus edulis are often used in nutritional studies and may be recommended as part of a healthy diet due to their high protein and mineral content. Additionally, these mussels can accumulate environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and pollutants, which could have implications for human health if consumed.

Therefore, while "Mytilus edulis" is not a medical term per se, it may still be relevant to the fields of nutrition, toxicology, and environmental health.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that often causes vomiting and diarrhea. It is a common cause of gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. This infection is often referred to as the "stomach flu," although it is not related to the influenza virus.

Norovirus spreads easily from person to person, through contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after exposure and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, fever, and headache.

The Norwalk virus is named after Norwalk, Ohio, where an outbreak of the illness occurred in 1968. It was first identified during an investigation into an outbreak of gastroenteritis among school children. The virus was later renamed norovirus in 2002 to reflect its broader range of hosts and clinical manifestations.

It's important to note that while Norwalk virus is a common cause of viral gastroenteritis, there are many other viruses, bacteria, and parasites that can also cause similar symptoms. If you suspect you have norovirus or any other foodborne illness, it's important to seek medical attention and avoid preparing food for others until your symptoms have resolved.

"Mytilus" is not a medical term itself, but it is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks commonly known as mussels. While there are no direct medical applications or definitions associated with "Mytilus," it's worth noting that various species of mussels have been used in scientific research and can have implications for human health.

For instance, mussels can serve as bioindicators of environmental pollution and contamination since they filter water to feed and may accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) within their tissues. This information is valuable in monitoring the health of aquatic ecosystems and potential human exposure through seafood consumption.

Moreover, mussels produce byssal threads, which are strong, adhesive proteins used to attach themselves to surfaces. These proteins have been studied for their potential applications in biomaterials science, wound healing, and tissue engineering. However, these uses are still primarily within the realm of research and not yet widely adopted as medical treatments or interventions.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the causative agent of hepatitis A, a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Picornaviridae family and Hepatovirus genus. The virus primarily spreads through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. After entering the body, HAV infects hepatocytes in the liver, leading to liver damage and associated symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea. The immune system eventually clears the infection, providing lifelong immunity against future HAV infections. Preventive measures include vaccination and practicing good hygiene to prevent transmission.

RNA phages are a type of bacteriophage, which is a virus that infects bacteria. Unlike most other bacteriophages, RNA phages have an RNA genome instead of a DNA genome. These viruses infect and replicate within bacteria that have an RNA genome or those that can incorporate RNA into their replication cycle.

RNA phages are relatively simple in structure, consisting of an icosahedral capsid (protein shell) containing the single-stranded RNA genome. The genome may be either positive-sense (+) or negative-sense (-), depending on whether it can serve directly as messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation or if it must first be transcribed into a complementary RNA strand before translation.

Examples of well-known RNA phages include the MS2, Qβ, and φ6 phages. These viruses have been extensively studied as model systems to understand fundamental principles of RNA biology, virus replication strategies, and host-pathogen interactions. They also have potential applications in biotechnology, such as in the development of RNA-based vaccines and gene therapy vectors.

Hepatovirus is a genus of viruses in the Picornaviridae family, and it's most notably represented by the Human Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). These viruses are non-enveloped, with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They primarily infect hepatocytes, causing liver inflammation and disease, such as hepatitis. Transmission of hepatoviruses typically occurs through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. The virus causes an acute infection that does not usually become chronic, and recovery is usually complete within a few weeks. Immunity after infection is solid and lifelong.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

'Crassostrea' is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks that are commonly known as oysters. Members of this genus are characterized by their rough, calcified shells and their ability to filter water for food. They are often found in estuarine or intertidal habitats and are important both economically, as a source of food, and ecologically, as they provide habitat and feeding grounds for many other marine organisms.

Some examples of oyster species that belong to the genus Crassostrea include:

* The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), which is found on the Atlantic coast of North America and is an important commercial and ecological species.
* The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), which is native to Asia but has been widely introduced around the world for aquaculture purposes. It is now one of the most commonly farmed oysters in the world.
* The European flat oyster (Crassostrea angulata), which is found in Europe and North Africa, and is an important commercial species.

It's worth noting that there are other genera of oysters as well, such as Ostrea, Saccostrea, Magallana, etc. Each genus has its own characteristics and some have different ecological roles than Crassostrea.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in brackish waters and marine environments. They can be found on the surface of shellfish such as oysters, shrimps, and crabs. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a significant cause of foodborne illness, particularly in regions where the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is common. The bacterium produces two types of heat-labile enterotoxins known as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), which can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.

The illness caused by "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is usually self-limiting and lasts for 2-5 days. However, in some cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can be severe and may require hospitalization. Proper cooking and handling of seafood can help prevent "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" infections.

Mollusca is not a medical term per se, but a major group of invertebrate animals that includes snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. However, medically, some mollusks can be relevant as they can act as vectors for various diseases, such as schistosomiasis (transmitted by freshwater snails) and fascioliasis (transmitted by aquatic snails). Therefore, a medical definition might describe Mollusca as a phylum of mostly marine invertebrates that can sometimes play a role in the transmission of certain infectious diseases.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

"Pyrans" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of heterocyclic compounds containing a six-membered ring with one oxygen atom and five carbon atoms. The name "pyran" comes from the fact that it contains a pyroline unit (two double-bonded carbons) and a ketone group (a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen).

While pyrans are not directly related to medical definitions, some of their derivatives have been studied for potential medicinal applications. For example, certain pyran derivatives have shown anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities in laboratory experiments. However, more research is needed before these compounds can be considered as potential therapeutic agents.

Vibrio infections are a group of bacterial illnesses caused by various species of the Vibrio genus, which are gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria naturally inhabit warm marine and brackish waters and can be found in higher concentrations during warmer months. The most common types of Vibrio infections are:

1. Vibrio vulnificus: This species is responsible for causing severe wound infections and primary septicemia, often following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe complications from Vibrio vulnificus infections.
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This species is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection typically occurs after consuming raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
3. Vibrio cholerae: This species is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that can lead to rapid dehydration and even death if left untreated. Cholera is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Vibrio alginolyticus: This species can cause wound infections and ear infections (otitis externa) following exposure to contaminated seawater. It is less commonly associated with gastroenteritis than Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Prevention measures for Vibrio infections include cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of raw and cooked seafood, practicing good hygiene, and covering wounds when exposed to seawater. People with weakened immune systems should avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and take extra precautions when handling or swimming in seawater.

Cardiidae is a family of marine bivalve mollusks commonly known as cockles or heart clams. The name Cardiidae comes from the Greek word "kardia" which means heart, referring to the shell shape of many species in this family that resembles a heart.

Members of this family have two equal-sized shells, or valves, that are typically rounded and convex in shape. They have a distinctive set of muscle scars on the inside of the shell called "pallial lines" which are used to identify different species. Cardiids are filter feeders, using their gills to extract food particles from the water.

Cardiidae species can be found in a variety of habitats, including sandy and muddy seafloors, and some live in shallow waters while others can be found at depths of several thousand meters. Some well-known cardiid genera include Cardium, Cerastoderma, and Laevicardium.

"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Alveolata is a group of predominantly unicellular eukaryotes that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans (such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria), and ciliates. This grouping is based on the presence of unique organelles called alveoli, which are membrane-bound sacs or vesicles located just beneath the cell membrane. These alveoli provide structural support and may also be involved in various cellular processes such as osmoregulation, nutrient uptake, and attachment to surfaces.

The medical significance of Alveolata lies primarily within the Apicomplexa, which contains many important parasites that infect humans and animals. These include Plasmodium spp., which cause malaria; Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis; and Cryptosporidium parvum, which is responsible for cryptosporidiosis. Understanding the biology and behavior of these parasites at the cellular level can provide valuable insights into their pathogenesis, transmission, and potential treatment strategies.

Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.

Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.

Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.

There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.

"Vibrio vulnificus" is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in warm coastal waters. It can cause severe human illness in individuals who consume contaminated seafood or have open wounds that come into contact with seawater. The resulting infections can lead to septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with antibiotics and medical attention.

People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe illness from Vibrio vulnificus infections. It is important for individuals who fall into these high-risk categories to take precautions when handling raw seafood or swimming in warm coastal waters.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Medical definitions of "fish products" generally refer to any food or supplement that is derived from fish or aquatic animals. This can include:

1. Fresh, frozen, or canned fish such as salmon, tuna, cod, and sardines.
2. Fish oils, which are often used as dietary supplements for their omega-3 fatty acid content.
3. Processed fish products like surimi (imitation crab meat), fish sticks, and fish sauce.

It's important to note that the nutritional content and potential health benefits or risks of fish products can vary widely depending on the specific type of fish, how it was caught or farmed, and how it was processed and prepared.

An enterovirus is a type of virus that primarily infects the gastrointestinal tract. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer enteroviruses such as EV-D68 and EV-A71. These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person, or by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus.

While many people infected with enteroviruses may not experience any symptoms, some may develop mild to severe illnesses such as hand, foot and mouth disease, herpangina, meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis (in case of poliovirus). Infection can occur in people of all ages, but young children are more susceptible to infection and severe illness.

Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently with soap and water, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks with someone who is ill. There are also vaccines available to prevent poliovirus infection.

A "Food Inspection" is not a medical term per se, but rather it falls under the purview of public health and food safety. It refers to the process of examining, testing, and evaluating food products, production processes, and establishments to ensure they comply with regulatory standards, guidelines, and laws established to protect consumers from foodborne illnesses, allergens, chemical contaminants, and other potential hazards.

The inspection can be carried out by governmental agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), or local health departments, at various stages of food production, processing, distribution, and retail sale. The primary goal is to minimize the risk of contamination, ensure proper labeling, and maintain the overall safety and integrity of the food supply chain.

While not a medical definition, it's important to note that food inspections play a crucial role in preventing foodborne illnesses, which can lead to significant health complications for vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Aphanizomenon is a genus of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be found in various bodies of water, including freshwater and brackish environments. The name Aphanizomenon comes from the Greek words "aphanes" meaning hidden and "zomen" meaning animal life, which refers to the fact that this organism can form dormant structures called akinetes that are difficult to see with the naked eye.

One species of Aphanizomenon, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, is known to produce a range of bioactive compounds, including proteins, polysaccharides, and pigments. This species has been studied for its potential health benefits, and some proponents claim that it can be used as a dietary supplement or nutritional supplement. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and more research is needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

It's also worth noting that cyanobacteria like Aphanizomenon can produce harmful toxins known as cyanotoxins, which can pose a risk to human health if ingested or otherwise exposed to them. Therefore, it's important to exercise caution when consuming products derived from cyanobacteria and to consult with a healthcare professional before doing so.

Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.

Eutrophication is the process of excessive nutrient enrichment in bodies of water, which can lead to a rapid growth of aquatic plants and algae. This overgrowth can result in decreased levels of oxygen in the water, harming or even killing fish and other aquatic life. The primary cause of eutrophication is the addition of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, from human activities such as agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater discharge, and air pollution.

In advanced stages, eutrophication can lead to a shift in the dominant species in the aquatic ecosystem, favoring those that are better adapted to the high-nutrient conditions. This can result in a loss of biodiversity and changes in water quality, making it difficult for many organisms to survive.

Eutrophication is a significant global environmental problem, affecting both freshwater and marine ecosystems. It can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs), which can produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. In addition, eutrophication can impact water use for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry, making it a critical issue for public health and economic development.

Ciguatera poisoning is a type of foodborne illness that is caused by consuming seafood (such as fish) that contains ciguatoxins. These toxins are produced by certain types of microalgae that can accumulate in larger marine animals and become concentrated in the flesh of fish.

Ciguatera poisoning is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and neurological symptoms such as tingling or numbness in the lips, tongue, and other parts of the body. In severe cases, it can also cause heart problems, seizures, and even coma.

The severity of ciguatera poisoning can vary widely depending on the amount and type of toxin consumed, as well as individual susceptibility. There is no specific antidote for ciguatera poisoning, and treatment typically involves supportive care such as fluid replacement, pain management, and monitoring for complications.

Prevention measures include avoiding consumption of fish known to carry a high risk of ciguatoxins, particularly larger predatory reef fish such as barracuda, grouper, moray eel, and red snapper. Cooking or freezing the fish does not destroy the toxin, so it is important to choose fish carefully when dining in areas where ciguatera poisoning is common.

Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.

Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.

Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Oligohymenophorea is a class within the phylum Ciliophora, which includes protozoans commonly known as ciliates. This group is characterized by having a complex ciliary structure called an undulating membrane and a reduced number of oral primordia (hence the name "oligo" meaning few and "hymenophorea" referring to the oral apparatus).

Members of Oligohymenophorea are diverse, ranging from free-living species found in various aquatic environments to parasitic forms that infect animals. Some well-known examples include Tetrahymena, Paramecium, and Ichthyophthirius (the causative agent of "white spot" disease in freshwater fish).

It's important to note that the classification of ciliates has undergone significant revisions in recent years due to advances in molecular biology and ultrastructural studies. As a result, some sources may use different names or classifications for this group.

Diatoms are a major group of microscopic algae (single-celled organisms) that are widely distributed in both marine and freshwater environments. They are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis.

Diatoms have unique cell walls made of biogenic silica, which gives them a glass-like appearance. These cell walls often have intricate patterns and structures, making diatoms an important group in the study of nanotechnology and materials science. Additionally, diatomaceous earth, a sedimentary rock formed from fossilized diatom shells, has various industrial uses such as filtration, abrasives, and insecticides.

Diatoms are also significant in the Earth's carbon cycle, contributing to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through their photosynthetic activities. They play a crucial role in the ocean's biological pump, which helps regulate the global climate by transporting carbon from the surface ocean to the deep sea.

Poison Control Centers are specialized organizations that provide immediate, free, and expert advice and treatment recommendations for exposure to potentially harmful substances, also known as poisons. They are staffed by trained healthcare professionals, including medical toxicologists, nurses, pharmacists, and poison information providers. These centers manage a wide range of poisoning cases, from accidental ingestions in children to intentional overdoses and chemical exposures in adults. They offer 24/7 emergency hotline services to the public, healthcare providers, and first responders for poison-related emergencies and provide valuable resources for poison prevention and education. The primary goal of Poison Control Centers is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with poison exposures and promote overall public health and safety.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sea Lions" are not a medical term or condition. Sea lions are marine mammals belonging to the family Otariidae, which also includes fur seals. They are characterized by their external ear flaps, robust bodies, and strong foreflippers which they use for movement both in water and on land.

If you're looking for medical definitions or information, I'd be happy to help with that as well. Could you please clarify your question?

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Lions" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Lions are large, carnivorous mammals that are part of the Felidae family, specifically Panthera leo. If you have any questions about lions or if there's another term you meant to ask about, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Paralytic shellfish ... Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs ... poisoning (PSP) Cyanotoxin Gonyaulax Silver, Mary Wilcox (2006), "Protecting Ourselves from Shellfish Poisoning", American ... such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic ...
Amnesic shellfish poisoning Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Harmful algal blooms (see "toxins") ... Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is one of the four recognized syndromes of shellfish poisoning, which share some common ... "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning - Southeast Alaska, May-June 2011". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-12. Toxicity, Shellfish (CS1 ... "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning". www.whoi.edu. Retrieved 2022-05-12. Cusick, Kathleen D.; Sayler, Gary S. (2013-03-27). "An ...
Amnesic shellfish poisoning Diarrheal shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning Ciguatera fish poisoning Zhang, Fan; Xu ... common food poisoning seafood allergy paralytic shellfish poisoning ciguatera fish poisoning pesticide poisoning alcohol ... Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by the consumption of brevetoxins, which are marine toxins produced by the ... "Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning". www.whoi.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-13. (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) Harmful algal blooms ... the others being paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and amnesic shellfish poisoning.[citation needed ... Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is one of the four recognized symptom types of shellfish poisoning, ... Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Archived 2014-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (Articles with short description, Short description ...
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) Harmful algal ... Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is an illness caused by consumption of shellfish that contain the marine biotoxin called ... Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Domoic acid and Pseudo-nitzschia references at Fisheries ... Todd, E. C. D. (1993). "Domoic Acid and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning: A Review". Journal of Food Protection. 56 (1): 69-83. doi: ...
"Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning". Washington State Department of Health. 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. "Paralytic Shellfish ... Eating contaminated shellfish, raw or cooked, can be fatal. Some other kinds of algal blooms make the seawater appear red, but ... The quahog is the official shellfish of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The species has also been introduced and is farmed on ... Filter-feeding shellfish are affected, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. The toxin affects the human central nervous system ...
These include amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and paralytic ... However, improper harvesting of shellfish can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans ... Potent toxins are accumulated in shellfish that feed on the algae. If the shellfish are consumed, various types of poisoning ... Other animals that eat exposed shellfish are susceptible to the neurotoxin, which may lead to neurotoxic shellfish poisoning ...
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. Fleming LE. Last updated: May 7, 2008 (accessed: May 8, 2012)[8] Yuen CW, Ng MH (April 2002). " ... Chapter 2. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). Rome, 2004(accessed: May 6, 2012)[4][permanent dead link] Salfate O, Vazquez J ... García C, del Carmen Bravo M, Lagos M, Lagos N (February 2004). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning: post-mortem analysis of tissue ... Cheng HS, Chua SO, Hung JS, Yip KK (April 1991). "Creatine kinase MB elevation in paralytic shellfish poisoning". Chest. 99 (4 ...
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). PSP has been reported for a number of years in ... Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Maine: monitoring a monster. Journal of Shellfish Research, 7:643-652. Yautomo T, Murata M, ... Diarrehetic shellfish poisons (DSP) have also been identified as a potential problem, however, they have not yet been reported ... Diarrehetic shellfish poisoning. In: Seafood Toxins (ed. EP Ragelis). American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. pp. 207-214. ...
Shellfish poisonings have been known about in Florida since the 1880s, although the cause was not identified as K. brevis until ... Also, around one million dollars has been spent annually on public health due to shellfish poisoning from 1987 to 1992. A major ... resulting in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP). In humans, the characteristic symptoms of NSP include Paresthesia (tingling ... "Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning". Marine Drugs. 6 (3): 431-455. doi:10.3390/md20080021. PMC 2579735. PMID 19005578. Nicolaou KC ...
The toxins responsible for most shellfish and fish poisonings, including ciguatera and scombroid poisoning, are heat-resistant ... Poisoning - fish and shellfish US National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Swift A, Swift T (1993). "Ciguatera". J ... There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning which can result in humans, sea mammals and seabirds from the ingestion of ... Watkins, S. M.; Reich, A.; Fleming, L. E.; Hammond, R. (2008). "Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning". Marine Drugs. 6 (3): 431-455. ...
Worldwide the limits for toxins in shellfish which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning is set at 80 μg per 100 g of meat. ... which is known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). From eating shellfish, under which mussels, clams, whelks and scallops, ... "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Fact Sheet." Accessed on March 12, 2017 Sullivan, John J.; Iwaoka, Wayne T.; Liston, John (1983 ... One of them is sensory and motor paralysis, known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), which results from ingestion of ...
Journal of Shellfish Research. 23 (3): 927-930. "Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning". Harmful Algae. Woods Hole Oceanographic ... Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) was first reported in eastern Canada in 1987. It is caused by the substance domoic acid found ... Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is primarily caused by the consumption of bivalves that have accumulated toxins by feeding ... Shellfish have formed part of the human diet since prehistoric times, a fact evidenced by the remains of mollusc shells found ...
Hans P. Egmond; M. E. van Apeldoorn & G. J. A. Speijers (2004). "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)". Marine Biotoxins. FAO ... is the best known of several related neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Both are absorbed through the ... Poisoning with Z. aeneus can be fatal; one man in Timor-Leste died hours after consuming the crab, having received a dose ... Occasional outbreaks of crab poisoning resulting in 12 fatalities on Negros Island, Philippines. The toxin content in the whole ...
"FlowCytobot Prevents Shellfish Poisoning". Marine Science Today. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2018-11-25. "Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER ... ocean life over time and to prevent shellfish poisoning. Her inventions and research in phytoplankton ecology has ...
Due to amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and its major threat to human health, fisheries are required to close when domoic acid ... Domoic acid can cause Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) in humans that eat them. ASP is only a concern when algae in the ... "Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) :: Washington State Department of Health". www.doh.wa.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-07. "Harmful ... The toxin causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) and so the coast was closed for shellfishing while a domoic acid monitoring ...
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) , Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-11. "Summary Report, 2007 Natural Resources ...
Population explosion of organisms that can kill marine life Paralytic shellfish poisoning - Syndrome of shellfish poisoning ... "Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)" (PDF). Fish Dept. Sabah Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2021. ... The human illness associated with ingestion of harmful levels of saxitoxin is known as paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP, ... 1] Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning [2] Neil Edwards. The Chemical Laboratories. School of Chemistry, Physics & Environmental ...
... shellfish, and humans. PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) is one example of a toxin that is produced by dinoflagellates that ... "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: A Case Series". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15 (4): 378-381. doi:10.5811/westjem. ... resulting in shifts in red tide phenomenon and paralytic shellfish poisoning. It is unknown as to how many species of ... and lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning, for example. Many mixotrophic and some heterotrophic dinoflagellates are known to ...
... a series of food poisoning outbreaks in Japan lead to the discovery of a new type of shellfish poisoning. Named for the most ... and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. One of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, ... followed by the gills for certain shellfish. The symptoms for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning include intense diarrhea and ... Yasumoto, T.; Oshima, Y.; Yamaguchi, M. (1978). "Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku district". Bull ...
Fleming, Lora E. "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 10 February 2017. v t e ( ... Mouse units are measured by a mouse bioassay, and are commonly used in the shellfish industry when describing relative ...
These illnesses include paralytic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and ... They are capable of poisoning various species of marine life such as many fish and shellfish, and affecting the nervous system ... Rodrigue, D.C.; Etzel, R.A.; Hall, S; Blake, P.A. (April 1990). "Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala". American ... Saxitoxins and Gonyautoxins are deadly neurotoxins which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. Saxitoxin B1 has a lethal ...
"Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) from Domoic Acid , Washington State Department of Health". doh.wa.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-01. ... Carbonate ions (CO32-) are essential in marine calcifying organisms, like plankton and shellfish, as they are required to ... which are known to produce a neurotoxin called domoic acid that can accumulate inside the bodies of certain shellfish. If ...
Alaska Sea Grant Program (13 August 2015). "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska Facts and Discussion". College of Fisheries ... ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7. RaLonde, Raymond (October 1996). "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: The Alaska Problem" (PDF). Alaska's ... Gessner, Brad (October 1996). "Epidemiology of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Alaska" (PDF). Alaska's Maritime ... "Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning". Marine Drugs. 6 (2): 308-348. doi:10.3390/md6020308. PMC 2525492. ...
Alaska Sea Grant Program (13 August 2015). "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning in Alaska Facts and Discussion". College of Fisheries ... Gessner, Brad (October 1996). "Epidemiology of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Outbreaks in Alaska" (PDF). Alaska's Maritime ... "Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: The Alaska Problem" (PDF). Alaska's Maritime Resources. Marine Advisory Board, the University of ... that bioaccumulate in the clams and other bivalve mollusks and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) when the clams are ...
Therefore, if poisoning occurs, it is advised to go quickly to a hospital. Cooking or freezing affected fish or shellfish ... "Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Domoic Acid, and Pseudo-nitzschia". International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae ISSHA. ... Domoic acid (DA) is a kainic acid-type neurotoxin that causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). It is produced by algae and ... Kumar KP, Kumar SP, Nair GA (May 2009). "Risk assessment of the amnesic shellfish poison, domoic acid, on animals and humans". ...
... is subject to paralytic shellfish poisoning. They retain biotoxins longer than other clams, so care should ... "Shellfish Foraging Guide to Port Susan and South Skagit Bay" (PDF). Pacific Shellfish Institute. December 2014. "Purple varnish ... "SAVORY CLAMS". Penn Cove Shellfish. Retrieved 2020-04-22. "Shellfish Identification :: Washington State Department of Health". ...
"Fathoming the Science Behind Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning #tbt , Bowdoin News Archive". Retrieved 2019-11-12. CBC Radio (2019 ...
An example of algal toxins working their way into humans is the case of shellfish poisoning. Biotoxins created during algal ... Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic, and diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning. Other marine animals can be vectors for such ... 2011) "Bivalve shellfish aquaculture and eutrophication", in Shellfish Aquaculture and the Environment. Ed. Sandra E. Shumway. ... commercial fishing and shellfish losses, recreational fishing losses (reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish), and ...
The first cases of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) due to D. acuta were recorded in 1972 in Peru, but were reported to the ... The clinical symptom is called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The main chemical toxins were identified in 2006 as okadaic acid ... and shellfish from Norway". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 17 (11): 1423-1433. doi:10.1021/tx049870a. PMID 15540940. Suzuki, ... It is a mildest form of seafood poisoning, indicated by severe diarrhoea. The first toxins isolated from the species were ...
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) Diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) Paralytic shellfish ... Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs ... poisoning (PSP) Cyanotoxin Gonyaulax Silver, Mary Wilcox (2006), "Protecting Ourselves from Shellfish Poisoning", American ... such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic ...
Domoic acid poisoning, also known as amnesic shellfish poisoning, is a rare condition that can cause mild to severe illness, ... Amnesic shellfish poisoning occurs when people eat shellfish that contains high levels of domoic acid. Symptoms usually occur ... To reduce your risk of getting amnesic shellfish poisoning, avoid eating shellfish with high levels of domoic acid. Public ... Division of Communicable Disease Control , Pages , Domoic-Acid-and-Amnesic-Shellfish-Poisoning ...
This includes, but is not limited to, finfish and shellfish. ... or seafood poisoning, occurs as a result of human consumption ... Amnestic shellfish poisoning (domoic acid poisoning). Amnestic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is a potentially serious poisoning ... Shellfish Poisoning. The bulk of shellfish "poisonings" are likely infectious in nature, with hepatitis A, Norwalk virus, and ... Diarrheal shellfish poisoning. Most cases of diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) result from eating toxic bivalve mollusks such ...
Shellfish poisoning becoming less predictable, say researchers in Alaskan Indigenous communities CBC News. Posted: Wednesday, ...
Three suspected cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning were reported in Alaska this week, according to the states Department ... Tags: Alaska, clams, paralytic shellfish poisoning, shellfish. Print:. Email this postTweet this postLike this postShare this ... Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Strikes Three in Alaska. By News Desk on April 14, 2012. ... Early signs of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) often include tingling of the lips and tongue. Symptoms may progress to ...
Amnesic shellfish Poisoning (ASP) is a potentially deadly illness caused by the toxin domoic acid. Domoic acid is produced by ... What are the scenarios that one should be concerned for amnesic shellfish poisoning?. Patients who report a history of recent ... Since then, every year scores of sea lion deaths are attributed to amnestic shellfish poisoning. This past year, record numbers ... In 1987, there was a major outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning from the consumption of contaminated mussels resulting in ...
ICD-10 code T61.784S for Other shellfish poisoning, undetermined, sequela is a medical classification as listed by WHO under ... ICD-10-CM Code for Other shellfish poisoning, undetermined, sequela T61.784S ICD-10 code T61.784S for Other shellfish poisoning ... Other shellfish poisoning, undetermined, sequela T61. Excludes1: allergic reaction to food, such as:. anaphylactic reaction or ... undetermined, sequela is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - Injury, poisoning and certain other ...
What is toxic shellfish poisoning?. When shellfish eat algae that are toxic, they can become unsafe to eat. The toxins can ... Types of shellfish poisoning. There are 4 main types of poisoning in New Zealand. ... How toxins build up in shellfish. Shellfish with 2 shells (bivalve shellfish), like mussels or oysters, can filter up to 10 to ... Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Safe limit: Less than 20mg/kg. Symptoms of ASP. Symptoms usually appear within 24 hours of ...
Taylor M, McIntyre L, Ritson M, Stone J, Bronson R, Bitzikos O, Outbreak of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning associated with ... Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is an acute gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of bivalve mollusks that have ... Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning, Washington, USA, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19(8):1314-1316. doi:10.3201/ ... dinoflagellates and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin levels detected in mussels collected during 2011 from Sequim Bay State ...
Saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, a toxic syndrome that affects humans who consume contaminated shellfish. Other ... The algal poisons can accumulate in marine organisms that feed by filtering large volumes of water, for example, shellfish such ... If these shellfish are collected while they are significantly contaminated by red-tide toxins, they can poison the human beings ... If the mice develop diagnostic symptoms of poisoning, this is an indication of contamination of the shellfish by a marine toxin ...
York Post reports that city health officials are investigating an outbreak of food poisoning caused by contaminated shellfish. ... Home , Foodborne Illness Outbreaks , Shellfish-sickness outbreak. Shellfish-sickness outbreak. By Food Poisoning Lawyer on June ... Food Poisoning at Central Connecticut State University * Inspection Report released on Carniceria Guanajuato after 55 sickened ... Carl Campanile of the New York Post reports that city health officials are investigating an outbreak of food poisoning caused ...
Alaska state and local health officials are warning of dangerously high levels of toxins in shellfish, after a person died of ... Person Dies From Shellfish Poisoning In Unalaska, Marking First PSP Death In State Since 2010 KUCB , By Hope McKenney ... There have also been more than 100 non-fatal cases of shellfish poisoning. ... NewsIliuliuk Family and Health ServicesIFHSALASKA SEA GRANTKing coveUNALASKA BAYpublic healthpspparalytic shellfish poisoning ...
With Declining Orcas and Salmon, Why Do We Allow the Shellfish Industry to Poison Our Coastal Waters With Herbicides and ... The shellfish industry finds that aquatic grasses are a hindrance to their non-native shellfish operations and thus have ... the profound degradation of the coastal environment caused by the large regional shellfish industry.. A shellfish industry that ... As will be described below, there is good reason to believe that the degradation of our coastal ecology by the shellfish ...
Fish and Shellfish Poisoning - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer ... See also Shellfish poisoning Shellfish poisoning Certain types of fresh or frozen fish or shellfish may contain toxins that can ... Shellfish poisoning Shellfish poisoning in the US can occur from June to October, especially on the Pacific and New England ... Ciguatera poisoning Ciguatera poisoning may result from eating any of the more than 400 species of fish from the tropical reefs ...
The most common type of fish poisoning in travelers is ciguatera fish poisoning. ... various species of fish and shellfish contain toxins, even if well cooked. ...
Brevetoxin ELISA Kit (Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning). $425.00. *Format: 96-well microtiter plate (12 test strips of 8 wells) ...
shellfish poisoning. Character actors - the great faces? May 10, 2015 admin 0 ...
This includes, but is not limited to, finfish and shellfish. ... or seafood poisoning, occurs as a result of human consumption ... Paralytic shellfish poisoning. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is not only the most common form of shellfish poisoning, but ... Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is the least common of the shellfish poisonings. The ... Amnestic shellfish poisoning (domoic acid poisoning). Amnestic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is a potentially serious poisoning, ...
... 70(4). Meyers, H. F. and Hilliard, D. K. "Shellfish poisoning episode in ... Title : Shellfish poisoning episode in False Pass, Alaska Personal Author(s) : Meyers, H. F.;Hilliard, D. K.; Published Date : ... Shellfish importation into the United States Cite CITE. Title : Shellfish importation into the United States Personal Author(s ... Shellfish importation into the United States Cite CITE. Title : Shellfish importation into the United States Personal Author(s ...
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is one of the four recognized [[syndrome]]s of [[shellfish poisoning]], which are primarily ... Because of the [[memory loss]] problem, the term [[amnesia,amnesic]] shellfish poisoning (ASP) is used to refer to this ... shellfish poison and other known toxins. On December 12, 1987, a team of scientists was assembled at the National Research ... Domoic acid poisoning may also have caused a 1961 invasion of thousands of frantic seabirds in Santa Cruz, California. Director ...
... Pacific oysters and king ... www.documentation.eauetbiodiversite.fr/notice/paralytic-shellfish-poison-accumulation-yields-and-feeding-time-activity-in-the- ... individually in shellfish at the end of the contamination period and (ii) in A. minutum cultures to estimate cellular toxin ...
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poison ELISA Test Kit for Seafood and Aquatic Products. Order No.: ME17ERBrochure-Meat, Eggs and Seafood ...
... Posted in: Government Agencies, Local Food, Nutrition & Public ... is closed to recreational shellfish harvesting until further notice because of unsafe levels of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP ... California warns against eating some shellfish on Central Coast. Posted in: California, Government Agencies, Local Food, ... A survey of about 2,700 British adults has found that while 71 percent of them said they were concerned about food poisoning, ...
paralytic shellfish poisoning.. pycnocline. A horizontal boundary layer in the water column at which water density changes ... paralytic shellfish poisoning. A serious illness affecting organisms with higher nervous systems (vertebrates) caused by eating ... shellfish which have themselves consumed toxin-producing micro-organisms (usually certain phytoplankton species) and have ...
Detection and identification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Florida pufferfish responsible for incidents of ... Detection and identification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Florida pufferfish responsible for incidents of ... Detection and identification of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Florida pufferfish responsible for incidents of ...
Using Lab Tests to Help Alaska Solve a Case of Shellfish Poisoning. ... Using Lab Tests to Help Alaska Solve a Case of Shellfish Poisoning ... Since 2002, CDC has worked with the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) and the National Poison Data System ... To protect individuals from HAB toxins, Alaska urges residents who eat shellfish to only buy commercially sold shellfish, which ...
Paralytic shellfish poisoning. *Periodic paralysis. *Focal nerve injury. *Polio or other viruses ...
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning P Parental generation in a breeding programme E Hanging ratio (fishing net) ...
Food poisoning through marine toxins is rare. Marine... ... Eating the seafood may result in food poisoning. The seafood ... Paralytic shellfish poisoning. *This type is caused by a dinoflagellate, although not the same one that causes ciguatera ... Amnesic shellfish poisoning. *This type is caused by toxins produced by a salt-water plant. ... Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. *This type is caused by a type of dinoflagellate. ...
d Consider shellfish poisoning.. e Consider organic phosphate insecticide poisoning.. f Consider Muscaria species of mushrooms. ... j Consider organic mercury poisoning.. k Consider triorthocresyl phosphate.. l Consider scombroid poisoning. Examine foods for ... g Consider tetraodon (puffer) fish poisoning.. h Consider ciguatera fish poisoning.. i Consider chlorinated hydrocarbon ... Shellfish toxin(d). Gastroenteritis, nervousness,blurred vision, chest pain,cyanosis, twitching, convulsions.. Organic ...
  • Also, the toxin can remain in shellfish long after the algae bloom is over. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Amnesic shellfish Poisoning (ASP) is a potentially deadly illness caused by the toxin domoic acid. (calpoison.org)
  • It depends on the species of shellfish and the species of algae producing the toxin. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • In the United States, sporadic DSP-like illnesses have been recorded on the East Coast since 1980, coinciding with detection of toxin-producing dinoflagellates in shellfish beds ( 2 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • If the mice develop diagnostic symptoms of poisoning, this is an indication of contamination of the shellfish by a marine toxin. (jrank.org)
  • Tetrodotoxin poisoning is most common in Japan, due to eating the puffer fish (fugu), which naturally contains this toxin in certain organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment== ===Medical Therapy=== People poisoned with very high doses of the toxin or displaying risk factors such as old age and [[renal failure]] can die. (wikidoc.org)
  • Ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) was performed concurrently to quantify paralytic phycotoxins both (i) individually in shellfish at the end of the contamination period and (ii) in A. minutum cultures to estimate cellular toxin concentration. (eauetbiodiversite.fr)
  • A serious illness affecting organisms with higher nervous systems (vertebrates) caused by eating shellfish which have themselves consumed toxin-producing micro-organisms (usually certain phytoplankton species) and have bioaccumulated the toxins. (marlin.ac.uk)
  • Marine toxin poisoning occurs most often in the summer. (peacehealth.org)
  • There are no specific treatments for marine toxin poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
  • A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. (wikipedia.org)
  • This activity is banned in the state of California (and restricted elsewhere) between May and October because the toxin responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning is more prevalent during those months. (howstuffworks.com)
  • This involves monitoring the presence of naturally occurring phytoplankton toxins in Irish shellfish and analysing seawater for the presence of toxin producing phytoplankton. (marine.ie)
  • The complex toxin profile of Irish shellfish checks year round vigilance on the part of the industry and monitoring agencies, and regular testing should be integrated into the producers routine quality control procedures. (marine.ie)
  • But increasingly , those shellfish harbor the toxin that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, the illness that made Clough sick. (readersupportednews.org)
  • State environmental health officials say the sheer length of its coast makes monitoring shellfish for the toxin that causes PSP impossible. (readersupportednews.org)
  • Domoic acid poisoning, also known as amnesic shellfish poisoning, is a rare condition that can cause mild to severe illness, and very rarely, death in humans. (ca.gov)
  • Amnesic shellfish poisoning occurs when people eat shellfish that contains high levels of domoic acid. (ca.gov)
  • To reduce your risk of getting amnesic shellfish poisoning, avoid eating shellfish with high levels of domoic acid. (ca.gov)
  • In 1987, there was a major outbreak of amnesic shellfish poisoning from the consumption of contaminated mussels resulting in over a hundred human cases with several deaths. (calpoison.org)
  • Today there is strict monitoring of the ocean and commercial shellfish producers to ensure the risk of amnesic shellfish poisoning is minimized, but recreational fishing may place consumers at risk on a much smaller scale. (calpoison.org)
  • What are the scenarios that one should be concerned for amnesic shellfish poisoning? (calpoison.org)
  • What can be done in the preparation of food contaminated with domoic acid to prevent the development of amnesic shellfish poisoning? (calpoison.org)
  • Diatoms in the genus Nitzchia synthesize domoic acid, a chemical responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. (jrank.org)
  • Paralytic, diarrhetic, and amnesic shellfish poisoning all have the capability of making large numbers of people ill and can cause death in cases of extreme exposure or sensitivity. (jrank.org)
  • Return to Amnesic shellfish poisoning . (wikidoc.org)
  • a well-known causeof amnesic shellfish poisoning. (rug.nl)
  • Fleming, Lora E. 'Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning. (howstuffworks.com)
  • For patient education resources, see Food Poisoning , Ciguatera Fish Poisoning , and Shellfish Poisoning . (medscape.com)
  • Ciguatera poisoning is the most common nonbacterial fish-borne poisoning in the United States, with most of the cases being reported in Florida and Hawaii. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] Ciguatera poisoning is endemic in warm waters, spans the globe, and is generally observed between latitudes within 35° of the equator. (medscape.com)
  • Prevalence of ciguatera poisoning is likely underestimated due to lack of recognition of symptoms by clinicians. (medscape.com)
  • The onset of gastrointestinal (GI) and neurologic symptoms after the consumption of fish are the hallmarks of ciguatera poisoning. (medscape.com)
  • [ 10 ] Although ciguatera poisoning may rarely require intensive medical care, no fatalities in the United States have been documented. (medscape.com)
  • Ciguatera poisoning may result from eating any of the more than 400 species of fish from the tropical reefs of Florida, the West Indies, or the Pacific. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This type is caused by a dinoflagellate, although not the same one that causes ciguatera poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
  • Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a human poisoning occurring after the consumption of fish or more rarely, shellfish containing CTXs. (lu.se)
  • Toxic algae of the species Gymnodinium catenatum , Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium pacificum commonly cause PSP toxicity in New Zealand shellfish. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • Because of the risks of poisoning associated with eating marine shellfish, many countries routinely monitor the toxicity of these foods using various sorts of assays. (jrank.org)
  • Shellfish toxicity can vary by beach, harvest, and mussel bed, and Spelsberg said it's important for people to understand that the toxins cannot be eliminated. (kucb.org)
  • Cooking or freezing affected fish or shellfish tissue does not lessen the toxicity. (wikidoc.org)
  • Although toxicity can result from inhalational, dermal, or oral exposure, the most common route of exposure is by oral ingestion of contaminated shellfish. (cdc.gov)
  • Advances in Monitoring and Toxicity Assessment of Brevetoxins in Molluscan Shellfish. (cdc.gov)
  • The programme is designed to detect toxicity in shellfish growing areas before shellfish are harvested to prevent the placement of toxic shellfish on the market. (marine.ie)
  • We provide scientific advice to the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) , Sea-Fisheries Protection Authority (SFPA) and industry on matters relating to shellfish toxicity and harmful algal blooms. (marine.ie)
  • The main toxicity that affects Irish shellfish are from a group of phytoplankton called the dinoflagellates. (marine.ie)
  • General Principles of Poisoning Poisoning is contact with a substance that results in toxicity. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the state of Alaska's news release, locally harvested shellfish - including clams, mussels, oysters, geoducks and scallops - can contain paralytic shellfish poison. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Mussels and other shellfish are continuously monitored, and commercial fishers are required to present samples of their catches regularly. (calpoison.org)
  • Shellfish with 2 shells (bivalve shellfish), like mussels or oysters, can filter up to 10 to 12 litres of water an hour. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • The algal poisons can accumulate in marine organisms that feed by filtering large volumes of water, for example, shellfish such as clams, oysters, and mussels. (jrank.org)
  • Alaska state and local health officials are warning of dangerously high levels of toxins in shellfish, after a person died of paralytic shellfish poisoning from mussels and snails in Unalaska. (kucb.org)
  • Symptoms usually occur within 30 minutes to 24 hours after eating shellfish with high levels of domoic acid. (ca.gov)
  • Domoic acid is produced by the diatom pseudo-nitzschia, an algae species, and shellfish that eat this algae bioaccumulate domoic acid. (calpoison.org)
  • Since the last outbreak, authorities established a safety limit on domoic acid levels in shellfish. (calpoison.org)
  • Since the establishment of safe levels, there have been no major outbreaks of domoic acid poisoning reported in humans. (calpoison.org)
  • In addition, some humans who ate shellfish contaminated by domoic acid were made ill. (jrank.org)
  • Domoic acid poisoning may also have caused a 1961 invasion of thousands of frantic seabirds in Santa Cruz, California. (wikidoc.org)
  • Levels of domoic acid 10 times the "action level" in certain shellfish along the Central Coast spurred California officials to issue a public warning against eating rock crabs and bivalve shellfish caught in the area. (germz.ca)
  • 20 milligram per kilogram of domoic acids which cause amnesia (Amnesic Shellfish Poison - ASP). (marine.ie)
  • As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic algae, such as cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other biochemicals synthesized by dinoflagellates are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, another toxic syndrome. (jrank.org)
  • 2. Dinoflagellates poisoning, shellfish poisoning, Red tide. (elte.hu)
  • A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. (chemspider.com)
  • On April 29, 1996, three cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning occurred among chefs in California who shared contaminated fugu (puffer fish) brought from Japan by a co-worker as a prepackaged, ready-to-eat product. (cdc.gov)
  • A presumptive diagnosis of tetrodotoxin poisoning in all three men was based on clinical presentation in the ED and the history of recent consumption of fugu. (cdc.gov)
  • Different types of shellfish poisoning have different symptoms. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • They reported consuming multiple types of shellfish," Vasudha Reddy of the Health Department's Bureau of Communicable Diseases said in a letter to doctors. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Spoiled shrimp can cause serious food poisoning, as is the case with other types of shellfish. (gracefullplate.com)
  • Poli MA, Musser SM, Dickey RW, Eilers PP, Hall S. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida. (cdc.gov)
  • This cluster resulted in closure of harvest areas and a recall of commercial shellfish product. (cdc.gov)
  • The good news is that precautions taken during the raising and harvesting of commercial shellfish make them safe to eat any time of the year. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning, a toxic syndrome that affects humans who consume contaminated shellfish. (jrank.org)
  • Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning is a gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of bivalves contaminated with dinophysistoxins. (cdc.gov)
  • Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is an acute gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of bivalve mollusks that have accumulated okadaic acid (OA) or related dinophysistoxins through filter feeding. (cdc.gov)
  • fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). (chemspider.com)
  • Seafood-borne illness, or seafood poisoning, occurs as a result of human consumption of food harvested from the sea. (medscape.com)
  • These toxins can cause serious illness if you eat the shellfish. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • We report an illness cluster in the United States in which toxins were confirmed in shellfish from a commercial harvest area, leading to product recall. (cdc.gov)
  • Interviews were conducted to characterize the illness, determine the location of harvest, and describe preparation of the shellfish meal. (cdc.gov)
  • What is toxic shellfish poisoning? (mpi.govt.nz)
  • When shellfish eat algae that are toxic, they can become unsafe to eat. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • If these algae are toxic, then the toxins can build up in the shellfish and make them poisonous. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • Marine animals can also be poisoned by toxic chemicals synthesized during blooms. (jrank.org)
  • These small animals were eaten by small fish, which also accumulated the toxic chemical and then poisoned fish-eating cormorants and pelicans that died in large numbers. (jrank.org)
  • These are the types of marine toxic poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
  • The bad news is that once a shellfish becomes toxic, no amount of heat during cooking will destroy the bacteria. (howstuffworks.com)
  • She had eaten a single clam containing a naturally occurring poison a thousand times more toxic than sarin gas. (readersupportednews.org)
  • Years later, as a teenager, Stokes saw toxic shellfish poisoning up close again, when a man was medevaced to a clinic she was working in with a severe case of PSP. (readersupportednews.org)
  • Carl Campanile of the New York Post reports that city health officials are investigating an outbreak of food poisoning caused by contaminated shellfish. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Historical Perspective== ASP was first discovered when, in late 1987, a serious outbreak of [[food poisoning]] occurred in eastern Canada. (wikidoc.org)
  • for example, one case of botulism or chemical poisoning constitutes an outbreak. (fda.gov)
  • The region established a monitoring program in2008 following a 1994 outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning that resultedin the death of three children due to the species Pyrodinium bahamense. (rug.nl)
  • If these shellfish are collected while they are significantly contaminated by red-tide toxins, they can poison the human beings who eat them. (jrank.org)
  • The shellfish were cooked, and the person developed symptoms some four hours after eating. (kucb.org)
  • Two other people ate smaller amounts of the same shellfish but never developed symptoms, according to state health officials. (kucb.org)
  • Certain types of fresh or frozen fish or shellfish may contain toxins that can cause a variety of symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The diagnosis is based on the history of consuming a reef fish (not shellfish) and the appropriate time course of symptoms, as well as the exclusion of other explanatory causes. (medscape.com)
  • It usually causes symptoms within a few minutes to 4 hours of eating the shellfish. (peacehealth.org)
  • What Are Symptoms Of Shellfish Poisoning? (gracefullplate.com)
  • If you've clicked on this article because you think you might have eaten bad shrimp, you need to know the symptoms of shellfish poisoning. (gracefullplate.com)
  • These are similar to the symptoms of general food poisoning. (gracefullplate.com)
  • Symptoms vary, but certain common syndromes may suggest particular classes of poisons. (merckmanuals.com)
  • During 2010, the Washington Department of Health (WDOH) and FDA Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory (FDA-GCSL, Dauphin Island, AL) initiated a pilot program to gather baseline monitoring data on Dinophysis species abundance and associated DSP toxins in shellfish from 18 growing areas ( Figure 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A shellfish industry that has turned our coastal zones into industrial-scale farming operations for growing non-native shellfish species. (blogspot.com)
  • A shellfish industry that is spraying pesticides and herbicides over our coastal zone, killing native species such as burrowing shrimp, and denuding the coastal zone of grasses that serve as nurseries for young Chinook salmon and help feed our shorebirds. (blogspot.com)
  • The closure includes all species of shellfish. (germz.ca)
  • The type of saxitoxin the dinoflagellate consumes determines what type of shellfish poisoning you'll receive at your lofty position atop the food chain. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Despite the effectiveness of shellfish monitoring programs in humans, the effects of algae blooms are still witnessed in ocean mammals. (calpoison.org)
  • These shellfish filter out phytoplankton (microscopic algae) and other particles as a food source. (mpi.govt.nz)
  • Toxinsproduced by algae can bioaccumulate in filter feeders and be transferred up thefood chain to result in diarrhetic or paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans. (rug.nl)
  • poisons may enter the body through any means - typically inhalation , ingestion , or skin absorption . (wikipedia.org)
  • [17] [18] Biotoxins can be classified by their mechanism of delivery as poisons (passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin), toxungens (actively transferred to the target's surface by spitting, spraying, or smearing), or venoms (delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action). (wikipedia.org)
  • Fecal bacteria have been used as an indicator of the possible presence of pathogens in surface waters and the risk of disease, based on epidemiological evidence of gastrointestinal disorders from ingestion of contaminated surface water or raw shellfish. (americanboating.org)
  • This includes, but is not limited to, finfish and shellfish. (medscape.com)
  • In 2002, shellfish beds in Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, were briefly closed because Dinophysis spp. (cdc.gov)
  • Quartermaster Harbor on Vashon-Maury Island in the Puget Sound is closed to recreational shellfish harvesting until further notice because of unsafe levels of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP). (germz.ca)
  • It comprises over 50% of all reported cases of seafood poisoning in the United States, with 90% of the US cases being reported in Florida and Hawaii. (medscape.com)
  • On July 2, 2013, the Philippines' Event-Based Surveillance & Response Unit received Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) report from Tarangnan, Western Samar. (who.int)
  • For example, the EPA regulates drinking water and enforces certain limitations on exposure to contaminants like lead, 11 while the HHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program is dedicated to eliminating the public health problem of childhood lead poisoning through blood lead testing and surveillance, linking exposed children to recommended services, and targeted population-based interventions. (hhs.gov)
  • Public health warnings regarding contaminated shellfish can be found on the California Department of Fish and Wildlife website . (ca.gov)
  • The bacteria may produce a chemical (histamine) that results in the food poisoning. (peacehealth.org)
  • Histamine food poisoning from gram-negative bacteria in fin-fish products is also common, and Morganella morganii and M psychrotolerans are particularly strong histamine producers. (medscape.com)
  • We run a biotoxin monitoring programme to ensure that shellfish are not placed on the market, when toxins are present. (marine.ie)
  • Poisoning by viral and bacterial contamination of seafood, as well as marine envenomations, are not covered here. (medscape.com)
  • Marine toxins can also affect local ecosystems by poisoning animals. (jrank.org)
  • Food poisoning through marine toxins is rare. (peacehealth.org)
  • Regulation EC No 853/2004 governs the total amount of marine biotoxins that may be present in shellfish for the protection of consumers. (marine.ie)
  • Proceedings from the past nine Irish Shellfish Safety Scientific Workshops are now available to download in our Publications section under Marine Environment & Health Series section. (marine.ie)
  • For that reason, coastal states in the lower 48 have developed statewide systems to keep their recreational and subsistence harvesters safe from paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP. (readersupportednews.org)
  • We describe a cluster of DSP illnesses that occurred in 2011 in which shellfish from the implicated harvest area exceeded the FDA regulatory guidance level for DSP toxins. (cdc.gov)
  • Clam specimens were collected and assayed for lethal potency as paralytic shellfish poison (PSP). (ntou.edu.tw)
  • High levels of algal toxins that can cause PSP have also been found recently in shellfish from other Alaska communities. (kucb.org)
  • 800 microgram per kilogram of the algal toxins that cause paralysis (Paralytic Shellfish Poison - PSP). (marine.ie)
  • Commercially grown shellfish is tested and considered safe. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • So long as your shellfish has been commercially harvested and no advisories have been issued by state governments or the U.S. Department of Health, you should rest easy knowing your shellfish is safe to enjoy. (howstuffworks.com)
  • People have long associated shellfish poisoning with red tides, even though researchers don't fully understand the connection between the two. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Because of this, you should definitely not harvest your own shellfish during months with an 'R' in them, especially along the Pacific Coast. (howstuffworks.com)
  • On September 21, 2023, the Washington State Department of Health issued the first beach closure in Pierce County due to high levels of Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP). (healthybay.org)
  • As will be described below, there is good reason to believe that the degradation of our coastal ecology by the shellfish industry has undermined the Chinook salmon population and thus harmed the food source of the Orcas. (blogspot.com)
  • So we have the shellfish industry destroying critical habitat for Chinook salmon, the key food source of Orcas. (blogspot.com)
  • A survey of about 2,700 British adults has found that while 71 percent of them said they were concerned about food poisoning, 36 percent would still eat a burger that wasn't completely cooked. (germz.ca)
  • Eating the seafood may result in food poisoning . (peacehealth.org)
  • Food poisoning incidents due to ingesting cultured purple clam Soletellina diphos occurred in South Taiwan in January 1986. (ntou.edu.tw)
  • These tiny life forms are the perfect food for shellfish: delicious, nutritious and, most importantly, tiny enough to be filtered between shells. (howstuffworks.com)
  • If you're noticing an ammonia-like smell, that's because bacteria has started to grow on the shrimp, and eating it will probably result in food poisoning. (gracefullplate.com)
  • How Long Does It Take To Get Food Poisoning From Shrimp? (gracefullplate.com)
  • You'll know whether you have food poisoning from bad shrimp within 24 to 48 hours of eating the shrimp. (gracefullplate.com)
  • Shellfish from their beaches are regularly tested for toxins and, when necessary, authorities close the beaches to fishing. (readersupportednews.org)
  • Please seek medical care if you suspect that you have amnesic fish poisoning. (ca.gov)
  • Stunningly, two members of the governor's Orcas taskforce, Department of Fish & Wildlife Director Phil Anderson and State Representative Brian Blake, pushed through approvals to allow the shellfish industry to kill Willapa Bay eelgrasses with the herbicide imazamox from 2011 to 2014. (blogspot.com)
  • Do not eat fish or shellfish sold as bait. (peacehealth.org)
  • Since then, every year scores of sea lion deaths are attributed to amnestic shellfish poisoning. (calpoison.org)