The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. Depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
A type of fibrous joint between bones of the head.
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.
Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)
Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Either of a pair of bones that form the prominent part of the CHEEK and contribute to the ORBIT on each side of the SKULL.
The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.
An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).
Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The force applied by the masticatory muscles in dental occlusion.
The facial skeleton, consisting of bones situated between the cranial base and the mandibular region. While some consider the facial bones to comprise the hyoid (HYOID BONE), palatine (HARD PALATE), and zygomatic (ZYGOMA) bones, MANDIBLE, and MAXILLA, others include also the lacrimal and nasal bones, inferior nasal concha, and vomer but exclude the hyoid bone. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p113)
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
Validation of the sex of an individual by means of the bones of the SKELETON. It is most commonly based on the appearance of the PELVIS; SKULL; STERNUM; and/or long bones.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)
Nonexpendable apparatus used during surgical procedures. They are differentiated from SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, usually hand-held and used in the immediate operative field.
The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.
The large hole at the base of the skull through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Locomotor behavior not involving a steering reaction, but in which there may be a turning random in direction. It includes orthokinesis, the rate of movement and klinokinesis, the amount of turning, which are related to the intensity of stimulation.
The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.
A light and spongy (pneumatized) bone that lies between the orbital part of FRONTAL BONE and the anterior of SPHENOID BONE. Ethmoid bone separates the ORBIT from the ETHMOID SINUS. It consists of a horizontal plate, a perpendicular plate, and two lateral labyrinths.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.
The condition characterized by uneven or irregular shape of the head often in parallelogram shape with a flat spot on the back or one side of the head. It can either result from the premature CRANIAL SUTURE closure (CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS) or from external forces (NONSYNOSTOTIC PLAGIOCEPHALY).
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
The study of early forms of life through fossil remains.
One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.
The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
The comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
The posterior part of the temporal bone. It is a projection of the petrous bone.
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Large, long-tailed reptiles, including caimans, of the order Loricata.
Autosomal dominant CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS with shallow ORBITS; EXOPHTHALMOS; and maxillary hypoplasia.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
The anteriorly located rigid section of the PALATE.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Brain tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur.
Increase in the mass of bone per unit volume.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Measurements of the height, weight, length, area, etc., of the human and animal body or its parts.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.
The rigid framework of connected bones that gives form to the body, protects and supports its soft organs and tissues, and provides attachments for MUSCLES.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Diseases of BONES.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
Bodies preserved either by the ancient Egyptian technique or due to chance under favorable climatic conditions.
*Medical Definition:* 'Lizards' are not typically defined in the field of medicine, as they are a type of reptile and not a medical condition or healthcare-related concept; however, certain lizard species such as the Gila monster and beaded lizards possess venomous bites, which can lead to medical emergencies like envenomation requiring medical attention.
Air-filled spaces located within the bones around the NASAL CAVITY. They are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated NASAL MUCOSA. Each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ETHMOID SINUS; the FRONTAL SINUS; the MAXILLARY SINUS; and the SPHENOID SINUS.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Either one of the two small elongated rectangular bones that together form the bridge of the nose.
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
Intraoperative computer-assisted 3D navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3D anatomy. The pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery.
Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.
The point of articulation between the OCCIPITAL BONE and the CERVICAL ATLAS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a term that has a medical definition. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in various fields such as entertainment, politics, sports, science, and arts. If you have any medical or health-related terms you would like me to define, please let me know!
The period of history before 500 of the common era.

Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. (1/2390)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone resorption by acting directly on osteoblasts/stromal cells and then indirectly to increase differentiation and function of osteoclasts. PTH acting on osteoblasts/stromal cells increases collagenase gene transcription and synthesis. To assess the role of collagenase in the bone resorptive actions of PTH, we used mice homozygous (r/r) for a targeted mutation (r) in Col1a1 that are resistant to collagenase cleavage of type I collagen. Human PTH(1-34) was injected subcutaneously over the hemicalvariae in wild-type (+/+) or r/r mice four times daily for three days. Osteoclast numbers, the size of the bone marrow spaces and periosteal proliferation were increased in calvariae from PTH-treated +/+ mice, whereas in r/r mice, PTH-induced bone resorption responses were minimal. The r/r mice were not resistant to other skeletal effects of PTH because abundant interstitial collagenase mRNA was detected in the calvarial periosteum of PTH-treated, but not vehicle-treated, r/r and +/+ mice. Calcemic responses, 0.5-10 hours after intraperitoneal injection of PTH, were blunted in r/r mice versus +/+ mice. Thus, collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is necessary for PTH induction of osteoclastic bone resorption.  (+info)

Lipoma of the corpus callosum. (2/2390)

Lipoma of the corpus callosum is a rare congenital condition, often asymptomatic, but which may present as epilepsy, hemiplegia, dementia, or headaches. This paper reviews the condition and reports the only two cases which are known to the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London. The second case demonstrated the value of computerised axial tomography (EMI scan) in making the diagnosis and showing associated anomalies.  (+info)

Ocular development and involution in the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus laurenti. (3/2390)

The anatomy and development of the eye of Proteus anguinus are described. The relationships between organogenesis of the eye in embryos and larva and its involution in the young and the adult are discussed. The availability (in breeding cultures) of a significant number of Proteus embryos (which are normally rare) allowed experimental analysis of the effects of light, xenoplastic differentiation and thyroid hormones on the development of the eye. The results of this study suggest that development and involution of the eye of Proteus are controlled by genetic factors which are not greatly influenced by environment, and one can, therefore, consider the microphthalmy of Proteus as a relict characteristic which is the result of a specific development with disturbance of the normal ontogenic process.  (+info)

Neural crest can form cartilages normally derived from mesoderm during development of the avian head skeleton. (4/2390)

The lateral wall of the avian braincase, which is indicative of the primitive amniote condition, is formed from mesoderm. In contrast, mammals have replaced this portion of their head skeleton with a nonhomologous bone of neural crest origin. Features that characterize the local developmental environment may have enabled a neural crest-derived skeletal element to be integrated into a mesodermal region of the braincase during the course of evolution. The lateral wall of the braincase lies along a boundary in the head that separates neural crest from mesoderm, and also, neural crest cells migrate through this region on their way to the first visceral arch. Differences in the availability of one skeletogenic population versus the other may determine the final composition of the lateral wall of the braincase. Using the quail-chick chimeric system, this investigation tests if populations of neural crest, when augmented and expanded within populations of mesoderm, will give rise to the lateral wall of the braincase. Results demonstrate that neural crest can produce cartilages that are morphologically indistinguishable from elements normally generated by mesoderm. These findings (1) indicate that neural crest can respond to the same cues that both promote skeletogenesis and enable proper patterning in mesoderm, (2) challenge hypotheses on the nature of the boundary between neural crest and mesoderm in the head, and (3) suggest that changes in the allocation of migrating cells could have enabled a neural crest-derived skeletal element to replace a mesodermal portion of the braincase during evolution.  (+info)

Intrameatal aneurysm successfully treated by meatal loop trapping--case report. (5/2390)

A 77-year-old female presented with a rare intrameatal aneurysm manifesting as sudden onset of headache, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Meatal loop trapping was performed. After surgery, the patient's functions recovered almost completely, probably because of the preservation of the 7th and 8th cranial nerves and the presence of effective collaterals in the area supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.  (+info)

New evidence from Le Moustier 1: computer-assisted reconstruction and morphometry of the skull. (6/2390)

In this study, we present a new computerized reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal skull and discuss its significance for Neanderthal growth and variability. Because of the precarious state of preservation of the original material, we applied entirely noninvasive methods of fossil reconstruction and morphometry, using a combination of computed tomography, computer graphics, and stereolithography. After electronic restoration, the isolated original pieces were recomposed on the computer screen using external and internal anatomical clues to position the bone fragments and mirror images to complete missing parts. The inferred effects of general compressive deformation that occurred during fossilization were corrected by virtual decompression of the skull. The resulting new reconstruction of the Le Moustier 1 skull shows morphologic features close to the typical Neanderthal adult state. Residual asymmetry of skeletal parts can be traced to in vivo skeletal modification: the left mandibular joint shows signs of a healed condylar fracture, and the anatomy of the occipital region suggests mild plagiocephaly. Using micro-CT analysis, the left incus could be recovered from the matrix filling of the middle ear cavity. Its morphometric dimensions are similar to those of the La Ferrassie III incus. The morphometric characteristics of the inner ear deviate substantially from the condition reported as typical for Neanderthals and fall within the range of modern human variability.  (+info)

Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. (7/2390)

The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio.  (+info)

CT examination of the head of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica). (8/2390)

We carried out a computerised tomographic (CT) examination to elucidate the modifications in the head related to orbital enlargement in the Baikal seal. Transverse CT images showed that (1) the external frontal contours and the frontal sinuses are compressed medially and ventrally by the orbital enlargement; (2) the caudal part of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx are compacted ventrally; and (3) the cranial cavity is displaced caudally. The neurocranium is obviously separated from the facial part in the transverse plane at the caudal region of the orbit. The disposition of the mandible, zygomatic arch, temporal bone, and the masseter, temporal, digastric and pterygoid muscles is changed by the enlarged orbit in the 3-dimensional reorganisation of the head in this species. It is suggested that adaptation for the Lake Baikal environment primarily resulted in orbital enlargement, and that the altered orbital design may subsequently have influenced the form and function of the masticatory and respiratory system.  (+info)

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.

Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

A depressed skull fracture is a type of skull fracture where a piece of the skull bone is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain. This type of fracture can potentially cause damage to the underlying brain tissue and may require surgical intervention for proper treatment and to reduce the risk of complications such as infection or increased intracranial pressure. Depressed skull fractures are often caused by high-force trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from significant height.

The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.

Cranial sutures are the fibrous joints that connect and hold together the bones of the skull (cranium) in humans and other animals. These sutures provide flexibility for the skull during childbirth and growth, allowing the skull to expand as the brain grows in size, especially during infancy and early childhood.

There are several cranial sutures in the human skull, including:

1. The sagittal suture, which runs along the midline of the skull, connecting the two parietal bones.
2. The coronal suture, which connects the frontal bone to the two parietal bones.
3. The lambdoid suture, which connects the occipital bone to the two parietal bones.
4. The squamosal suture, which connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone.
5. The frontosphenoidal and sphenoethmoidal sutures, which connect the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa.

These sutures are typically made up of a specialized type of connective tissue called Sharpey's fibers, which interdigitate with each other to form a strong yet flexible joint. Over time, as the skull bones fully fuse together, these sutures become less prominent and eventually ossify (turn into bone). In some cases, abnormalities in cranial suture development or fusion can lead to medical conditions such as craniosynostosis.

Craniosynostosis is a medical condition that affects the skull of a developing fetus or infant. It is characterized by the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous sutures between the bones of the skull (cranial sutures). These sutures typically remain open during infancy to allow for the growth and development of the brain.

When a suture closes too early, it can restrict the growth of the surrounding bones and cause an abnormal shape of the head. The severity of craniosynostosis can vary depending on the number of sutures involved and the extent of the premature closure. In some cases, craniosynostosis can also lead to increased pressure on the brain, which can cause a range of neurological symptoms.

There are several types of craniosynostoses, including:

1. Sagittal synostosis: This is the most common type and involves the premature closure of the sagittal suture, which runs from front to back along the top of the head. This can cause the skull to grow long and narrow, a condition known as scaphocephaly.
2. Coronal synostosis: This type involves the premature closure of one or both of the coronal sutures, which run from the temples to the front of the head. When one suture is affected, it can cause the forehead to bulge and the eye socket on that side to sink in (anterior plagiocephaly). When both sutures are affected, it can cause a flattened appearance of the forehead and a prominent back of the head (brachycephaly).
3. Metopic synostosis: This type involves the premature closure of the metopic suture, which runs from the top of the forehead to the bridge of the nose. It can cause a triangular shape of the forehead and a prominent ridge along the midline of the skull (trigonocephaly).
4. Lambdoid synostosis: This is the least common type and involves the premature closure of the lambdoid suture, which runs along the back of the head. It can cause an asymmetrical appearance of the head and face, as well as possible neurological symptoms.

In some cases, multiple sutures may be affected, leading to more complex craniofacial abnormalities. Treatment for craniosynostosis typically involves surgery to release the fused suture(s) and reshape the skull. The timing of the surgery depends on the type and severity of the condition but is usually performed within the first year of life. Early intervention can help prevent further complications, such as increased intracranial pressure and developmental delays.

The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.

Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous period. They first appeared approximately 230 million years ago and went extinct around 65 million years ago.

Dinosaurs are characterized by their upright stance, with legs positioned directly under their bodies, and a wide range of body sizes and shapes. Some dinosaurs were enormous, such as the long-necked sauropods that could reach lengths of over 100 feet, while others were small and agile.

Dinosaurs are classified into two main groups: the saurischians (lizard-hipped) and the ornithischians (bird-hipped). The saurischians include both the large carnivorous theropods, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, and the long-necked sauropods. The ornithischians were primarily herbivores and included a diverse array of species, such as the armored ankylosaurs and the horned ceratopsians.

Despite their extinction, dinosaurs have left a lasting impact on our planet and continue to be a source of fascination for people of all ages. The study of dinosaurs, known as paleontology, has shed light on many aspects of Earth's history and the evolution of life on our planet.

A basilar skull fracture is a type of skull fracture that involves the base of the skull. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening injury, as it can cause damage to the brainstem and cranial nerves. A basilar skull fracture may occur as a result of a severe head trauma, such as from a fall, car accident, or violent assault.

In a basilar skull fracture, the bones that form the base of the skull (the occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and temporal bones) are broken. This type of fracture can be difficult to diagnose on a routine skull X-ray, and may require further imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI to confirm the diagnosis.

Symptoms of a basilar skull fracture may include:

* Battle's sign: a bruise behind the ear
* Raccoon eyes: bruising around the eyes
* Clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears (cerebrospinal fluid)
* Hearing loss
* Facial paralysis
* Difficulty swallowing
* Changes in level of consciousness

If you suspect that someone has a basilar skull fracture, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. This type of injury requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications such as infection or brain swelling.

In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.

Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.

A chordoma is a rare, slow-growing tumor that typically develops in the bones of the spine or skull. These tumors originate from remnants of the notochord, a structure that forms during embryonic development and eventually becomes part of the spinal cord. Chordomas are usually low-grade malignancies but can be aggressive and locally invasive, potentially causing pain, neurological symptoms, or structural damage to the spine or skull. Treatment typically involves surgical resection, often combined with radiation therapy.

The zygoma is the scientific name for the cheekbone. It is a part of the facial skeleton that forms the prominence of the cheek and houses the maxillary sinus, one of the pairs of paranasal sinuses. The zygomatic bone, also known as the malar bone, contributes to the formation of the zygoma.

Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.

The sphenoid bone is a complex, irregularly shaped bone located in the middle cranial fossa and forms part of the base of the skull. It articulates with several other bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, palatine, and zygomatic bones. The sphenoid bone has two main parts: the body and the wings.

The body of the sphenoid bone is roughly cuboid in shape and contains several important structures, such as the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, and the sphenoid sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the bone. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally from the body and form part of the skull's lateral walls. They contain the superior orbital fissure, through which important nerves and blood vessels pass between the cranial cavity and the orbit of the eye.

The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone are thin, blade-like structures that extend anteriorly from the body and form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. They contain the optic canal, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery between the brain and the orbit of the eye.

Overall, the sphenoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting several important structures within the skull, including the pituitary gland, optic nerves, and ophthalmic arteries.

The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.

The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.

The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a condition where the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, leaks through the nasal cavity. This occurs due to a defect or opening in the skull base or the thin bone that separates the brain from the nasal cavity, known as the cribriform plate.

CSF rhinorrhea can result from trauma, surgery, or spontaneously due to increased pressure in the brain. It is important to diagnose and treat this condition promptly because it increases the risk of meningitis, an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Treatment options include bed rest, hydration, stool softeners, and sometimes surgical repair of the defect.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Bite force refers to the amount of force or pressure that can be exerted by the teeth and jaw when biting down or clenching together. It is a measure of an individual's maximum biting strength, typically expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or newtons (N). Bite force is an important factor in various biological and medical contexts, including oral health, nutrition, and the study of animal behavior and evolution.

In humans, bite force can vary widely depending on factors such as age, sex, muscle strength, and dental health. On average, a healthy adult human male may have a maximum bite force of around 150-200 pounds (670-890 newtons), while an adult female may have a bite force of around 100-130 pounds (445-578 newtons). However, these values can vary significantly from person to person.

Abnormalities in bite force can be indicative of various medical conditions or injuries, such as temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), muscle weakness, or neurological disorders affecting the facial muscles. Assessing and measuring bite force may also be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of dental treatments or appliances, such as dentures or orthodontic devices.

The facial bones, also known as the facial skeleton, are a series of bones that make up the framework of the face. They include:

1. Frontal bone: This bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets.
2. Nasal bones: These two thin bones form the bridge of the nose.
3. Maxilla bones: These are the largest bones in the facial skeleton, forming the upper jaw, the bottom of the eye sockets, and the sides of the nose. They also contain the upper teeth.
4. Zygomatic bones (cheekbones): These bones form the cheekbones and the outer part of the eye sockets.
5. Palatine bones: These bones form the back part of the roof of the mouth, the side walls of the nasal cavity, and contribute to the formation of the eye socket.
6. Inferior nasal conchae: These are thin, curved bones that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and help to filter and humidify air as it passes through the nose.
7. Lacrimal bones: These are the smallest bones in the skull, located at the inner corner of the eye socket, and help to form the tear duct.
8. Mandible (lower jaw): This is the only bone in the facial skeleton that can move. It holds the lower teeth and forms the chin.

These bones work together to protect vital structures such as the eyes, brain, and nasal passages, while also providing attachment points for muscles that control chewing, expression, and other facial movements.

The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

"Sex determination by skeleton," also known as "osteological sex estimation," is the process of determining the biological sex of an individual based on the analysis of their skeletal remains. This can be particularly useful in forensic anthropology and archaeology, where the identification of an individual's sex can provide important information about their identity and help to establish the demographic profile of a population.

The determination of sex from the skeleton is typically based on several characteristics that differ between males and females due to sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and shape that result from genetic and hormonal factors. These characteristics can include:

1. Pelvic bones: The female pelvis is generally wider and more shallow than the male pelvis, with a broader and more rounded pubic arch and a larger sciatic notch.
2. Skull: The male skull tends to be larger and heavier, with a prominent brow ridge, larger mastoid processes, and a squared-off jawline.
3. Long bones: Male long bones are generally longer and heavier than female long bones, with larger diameters and more robust shafts.
4. Other features: Differences in the size and shape of other skeletal elements, such as the clavicle, ribs, and vertebrae, can also provide clues to an individual's sex.

It is important to note that while osteological sex estimation can provide a reliable indication of an individual's biological sex in most cases, it is not always 100% accurate. Factors such as age, ancestry, and health status can affect the expression of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton, making it difficult to determine sex with certainty in some cases.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

Dentition refers to the development, arrangement, and appearance of teeth in the dental arch. It includes the number, type, size, and shape of teeth, as well as their alignment and relationship with each other and the surrounding structures in the oral cavity. Dentition can be classified into two main types: deciduous (primary) dentition and permanent (secondary) dentition. Deciduous dentition consists of 20 temporary teeth that erupt during infancy and childhood, while permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and last for a lifetime, excluding the wisdom teeth which may or may not erupt. Abnormalities in dentition can indicate various dental and systemic conditions, making it an essential aspect of oral health assessment and diagnosis.

Anatomic models are three-dimensional representations of body structures used for educational, training, or demonstration purposes. They can be made from various materials such as plastic, wax, or rubber and may depict the entire body or specific regions, organs, or systems. These models can be used to provide a visual aid for understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology, and can be particularly useful in situations where actual human specimens are not available or practical to use. They may also be used for surgical planning and rehearsal, as well as in medical research and product development.

A meningioma is a type of slow-growing tumor that forms on the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It's usually benign, meaning it doesn't spread to other parts of the body, but it can still cause serious problems if it grows and presses on nearby tissues.

Meningiomas most commonly occur in adults, and are more common in women than men. They can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including headaches, seizures, vision or hearing problems, memory loss, and changes in personality or behavior. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms at all and are discovered only during imaging tests for other conditions.

Treatment options for meningiomas include monitoring with regular imaging scans, surgery to remove the tumor, and radiation therapy to shrink or kill the tumor cells. The best treatment approach depends on factors such as the size and location of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and their personal preferences.

Surgical equipment refers to the specialized tools and instruments used by medical professionals during surgical procedures. These devices are designed to assist in various aspects of surgery, such as cutting, grasping, retraction, clamping, and suturing. Surgical equipment can be categorized into several types based on their function and use:

1. Cutting instruments: These include scalpels, scissors, and surgical blades designed to cut through tissues with precision and minimal trauma.

2. Grasping forceps: Forceps are used to hold, manipulate, or retrieve tissue, organs, or other surgical tools. Examples include Babcock forceps, Kelly forceps, and Allis tissue forceps.

3. Retractors: These devices help to expose deeper structures by holding open body cavities or tissues during surgery. Common retractors include Weitlaner retractors, Army-Navy retractors, and self-retaining retractors like the Bookwalter system.

4. Clamps: Used for occluding blood vessels, controlling bleeding, or approximating tissue edges before suturing. Examples of clamps are hemostats, bulldog clips, and Satinsky clamps.

5. Suction devices: These tools help remove fluids, debris, and smoke from the surgical site, improving visibility for the surgeon. Examples include Yankauer suctions and Frazier tip suctions.

6. Needle holders: Specialized forceps designed to hold suture needles securely during the process of suturing or approximating tissue edges.

7. Surgical staplers: Devices that place linear staple lines in tissues, used for quick and efficient closure of surgical incisions or anastomoses (joining two structures together).

8. Cautery devices: Electrosurgical units that use heat generated by electrical current to cut tissue and coagulate bleeding vessels.

9. Implants and prosthetics: Devices used to replace or reinforce damaged body parts, such as artificial joints, heart valves, or orthopedic implants.

10. Monitoring and navigation equipment: Advanced tools that provide real-time feedback on patient physiology, surgical site anatomy, or instrument positioning during minimally invasive procedures.

These are just a few examples of the diverse range of instruments and devices used in modern surgery. The choice of tools depends on various factors, including the type of procedure, patient characteristics, and surgeon preference.

The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.

The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.

In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.

The foramen magnum is the largest opening in the human skull, located at the base of the skull, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain. It is a crucial structure for the transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. The foramen magnum also provides passage for blood vessels that supply the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

In the context of physiology and medicine, "kinesis" refers to a type of movement or motion that is spontaneous and not under the direct control of willful thought. It is a broad term that can encompass various forms of involuntary movements in the body, including muscle contractions, heartbeats, and peristalsis (the wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system).

It's worth noting that "kinesis" is also a term used in the field of psychology to refer to an individual's range of motion or mobility, but this usage is less common in medical contexts.

Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.

The ethmoid bone is a paired, thin, and lightweight bone that forms part of the skull's anterior cranial fossa and contributes to the formation of the orbit and nasal cavity. It is located between the frontal bone above and the maxilla and palatine bones below. The ethmoid bone has several important features:

1. Cribriform plate: This is the horizontal, sieve-like portion that forms part of the anterior cranial fossa and serves as the roof of the nasal cavity. It contains small openings (foramina) through which olfactory nerves pass.
2. Perpendicular plate: The perpendicular plate is a vertical structure that projects downward from the cribriform plate, forming part of the nasal septum and separating the left and right nasal cavities.
3. Superior and middle nasal conchae: These are curved bony projections within the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that help to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air.
4. Lacrimal bone: The ethmoid bone articulates with the lacrimal bone, forming part of the medial wall of the orbit.
5. Frontal process: This is a thin, vertical plate that articulates with the frontal bone above the orbit.
6. Sphenoidal process: The sphenoidal process connects the ethmoid bone to the sphenoid bone posteriorly.

The ethmoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting the brain and providing structural support for the eyes, as well as facilitating respiration by warming, humidifying, and filtering incoming air.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

Penetrating head injuries are a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. This can result in damage to specific areas of the brain, depending on the location and trajectory of the penetrating object. Penetrating head injuries can be caused by various objects, such as bullets, knives, or sharp debris from accidents. They are often severe and require immediate medical attention, as they can lead to significant neurological deficits, disability, or even death.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.

In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.

Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.

Plagiocephaly is a term used to describe an asymmetrical head shape, where the back of one side of the head is flattened while the opposite front side bulges out. This condition often results from external factors that consistently apply pressure to a baby's soft, developing skull during early infancy. Prolonged periods of time spent lying on their backs or spending time in car seats, swings, and bouncers can contribute to this deformation.

There are two main types of plagiocephaly:

1. Positional Plagiocephaly: This is the most common type and results from external factors causing a baby's head to develop an asymmetrical shape. It can be managed with repositioning techniques, physical therapy, or helmet therapy in severe cases.
2. Craniosynostosis-related Plagiocephaly: This is a more serious condition caused by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures (the fibrous joints between the skull bones). The early closure of these sutures restricts the growth of the skull, leading to an abnormal head shape. Immediate medical attention and surgical intervention may be required for this type of plagiocephaly.

It is essential to differentiate between positional plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis-related plagiocephaly since the latter requires more urgent medical treatment. Parents should consult their healthcare provider if they notice any signs of an abnormal head shape in their baby for proper evaluation and management.

Osteoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that is made up of mature bone tissue. It usually grows slowly over a period of years and is most commonly found in the skull or jaw, although it can occur in other bones of the body as well. Osteomas are typically small, but they can grow to be several centimeters in size. They may cause symptoms if they press on nearby tissues or structures, such as nerves or blood vessels. In some cases, osteomas may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during routine imaging studies. Treatment for osteoma is typically not necessary unless it is causing problems or growing rapidly. If treatment is needed, it may involve surgical removal of the tumor.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

Paleontology is not a medical field, but rather it is a branch of earth sciences and biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life forms through the examination of plant and animal fossils, including those of extinct organisms. It involves various disciplines such as stratigraphy, geochronology, and systematics to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

However, I understand that you are looking for information related to a non-medical topic, so here is some additional context:

Paleontology can be divided into several subdisciplines, including vertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals with backbones), invertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals without backbones), paleobotany (the study of fossil plants), micropaleontology (the study of microscopic fossils), and taphonomy (the study of the processes that occur after an organism's death, leading to its preservation as a fossil).

Paleontologists use various techniques to study fossils, including comparative anatomy, histology (the study of tissue structure), and geochemistry. They also rely on other scientific fields such as genetics, physics, and chemistry to help them interpret the data they collect from fossils.

Through their research, paleontologists can learn about the morphology, behavior, ecology, and evolutionary relationships of extinct organisms, providing valuable insights into the history of life on Earth.

The sphenoid sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the sphenoid bone, which is one of the bones that make up the skull base. These sinuses are located deep inside the skull, behind the eyes and nasal cavity. They are paired and separated by a thin bony septum, and each one opens into the corresponding nasal cavity through a small opening called the sphenoethmoidal recess. The sphenoid sinuses vary greatly in size and shape between individuals. They develop during childhood and continue to grow until early adulthood. The function of the sphenoid sinuses, like other paranasal sinuses, is not entirely clear, but they may contribute to reducing the weight of the skull, resonating voice during speech, and insulating the brain from trauma.

Paleopathology is the study of ancient diseases and injuries as recorded in bones, mummies, and other archaeological remains. It is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from pathology, epidemiology, anthropology, and archaeology to understand the health and disease patterns of past populations. The findings of paleopathology can provide valuable insights into the evolution of diseases, the effectiveness of ancient medical practices, and the impact of environmental and social factors on human health over time. Examples of conditions that may be studied in paleopathology include infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis or leprosy), nutritional deficiencies, trauma, cancer, and genetic disorders.

Comparative anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that deals with the study and comparison of the structures and functions of different species, including humans. It involves the examination of similarities and differences in the anatomy of various organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships and adaptations. This field helps scientists to understand the development and function of body structures, as well as the evolutionary history of different species. By comparing and contrasting the anatomy of different organisms, researchers can gain insights into the functions and workings of various bodily systems and how they have evolved over time.

Acrocephalosyndactyly is a genetic disorder that affects the development of the skull and limbs. The term comes from the Greek words "acros," meaning extremity, "cephale," meaning head, and "syndactylia," meaning webbed or fused fingers or toes.

There are several types of acrocephalosyndactyly, but the most common is Type 1, also known as Apert syndrome. People with Apert syndrome have a characteristic appearance, including a high, prominent forehead (acrocephaly), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), and underdeveloped upper jaw and midface (maxillary hypoplasia). They also have webbed or fused fingers and toes (syndactyly) and may have other skeletal abnormalities.

Acrocephalosyndactyly is caused by a mutation in the FGFR2 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the development of bones and tissues. The mutation leads to overactive signaling of the FGFR2 protein, which can cause abnormal bone growth and fusion.

Treatment for acrocephalosyndactyly typically involves a team of specialists, including geneticists, orthopedic surgeons, craniofacial surgeons, and other healthcare professionals. Surgery may be necessary to correct skeletal abnormalities, improve function, and enhance appearance. Speech therapy, occupational therapy, and other supportive care may also be recommended.

Craniofacial abnormalities refer to a group of birth defects that affect the development of the skull and face. These abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may involve differences in the shape and structure of the head, face, and jaws, as well as issues with the formation of facial features such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Craniofacial abnormalities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common examples of craniofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull bones), and hemifacial microsomia (underdevelopment of one side of the face).

Treatment for craniofacial abnormalities may involve a team of healthcare professionals, including plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthodontists, speech therapists, and other specialists. Treatment options may include surgery, bracing, therapy, and other interventions to help improve function and appearance.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

The mastoid is a term used in anatomy and refers to the bony prominence located at the base of the skull, posterior to the ear. More specifically, it's part of the temporal bone, one of the bones that forms the side and base of the skull. The mastoid process provides attachment for various muscles involved in chewing and moving the head.

In a medical context, "mastoid" can also refer to conditions or procedures related to this area. For example, mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid process, while a mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the mastoid process.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

A tooth is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (upper and lower) of many vertebrates and used for biting and chewing food. In humans, a typical tooth has a crown, one or more roots, and three layers: the enamel (the outermost layer, hardest substance in the body), the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel), and the pulp (the innermost layer, containing nerves and blood vessels). Teeth are essential for proper nutrition, speech, and aesthetics. There are different types of teeth, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, each designed for specific functions in the mouth.

Meningeal neoplasms, also known as malignant meningitis or leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, refer to cancerous tumors that originate in the meninges, which are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can arise primarily from the meningeal cells themselves, although they more commonly result from the spread (metastasis) of cancer cells from other parts of the body, such as breast, lung, or melanoma.

Meningeal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including headaches, nausea and vomiting, mental status changes, seizures, and focal neurological deficits. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid obtained through a spinal tap. Treatment options may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. The prognosis for patients with meningeal neoplasms is generally poor, with a median survival time of several months to a year.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

Masticatory muscles are a group of skeletal muscles responsible for the mastication (chewing) process in humans and other animals. They include:

1. Masseter muscle: This is the primary muscle for chewing and is located on the sides of the face, running from the lower jawbone (mandible) to the cheekbone (zygomatic arch). It helps close the mouth and elevate the mandible during chewing.

2. Temporalis muscle: This muscle is situated in the temporal region of the skull, covering the temple area. It assists in closing the jaw, retracting the mandible, and moving it sideways during chewing.

3. Medial pterygoid muscle: Located deep within the cheek, near the angle of the lower jaw, this muscle helps move the mandible forward and grind food during chewing. It also contributes to closing the mouth.

4. Lateral pterygoid muscle: Found inside the ramus (the vertical part) of the mandible, this muscle has two heads - superior and inferior. The superior head helps open the mouth by pulling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) downwards, while the inferior head assists in moving the mandible sideways during chewing.

These muscles work together to enable efficient chewing and food breakdown, preparing it for swallowing and digestion.

Alligators and crocodiles are large, semi-aquatic reptiles belonging to the order Crocodylia. They are characterized by a long, broad snout, powerful tail, and sharp teeth designed for grabbing and holding onto prey. Alligators and crocodiles are similar in appearance but can be distinguished by their snouts: alligators have a wider, U-shaped snout, while crocodiles have a more V-shaped snout.

Alligators (family Alligatoridae) are native to the United States and China, with two living species: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). They prefer freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) are found in tropical regions around the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. There are 14 species of crocodiles, including the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Crocodiles can tolerate both freshwater and saltwater environments.

Both alligators and crocodiles are apex predators, feeding on a variety of animals such as fish, birds, and mammals. They are known for their powerful bite force and have been reported to take down large prey, including deer and cattle. Alligators and crocodiles play an important role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems by controlling populations of other animals and helping to keep waterways clean.

While alligators and crocodiles are often feared due to their size and predatory nature, they are also threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Several species are considered endangered or vulnerable, and conservation efforts are underway to protect them and their habitats.

Craniofacial dysostosis is a term used to describe a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the development of the skull and face. These conditions are characterized by cranial and facial abnormalities, including a misshapen head, wide-set eyes, a beaked nose, and underdeveloped jaws.

The most common type of craniofacial dysostosis is Crouzon syndrome, which is caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Other types include Apert syndrome (caused by mutations in the FGFR2 or FGFR3 gene), Pfeiffer syndrome (caused by mutations in the FGFR1 or FGFR2 gene), and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (caused by mutations in the TWIST1 gene).

These conditions can vary in severity, but they often cause complications such as breathing difficulties, vision problems, hearing loss, and developmental delays. Treatment typically involves a team of specialists, including craniofacial surgeons, orthodontists, ophthalmologists, and audiologists, and may include surgery to correct the structural abnormalities and improve function.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

The hard palate is the anterior, bony part of the roof of the mouth, forming a vertical partition between the oral and nasal cavities. It is composed of the maxilla and palatine bones, and provides attachment for the muscles of the soft palate, which functions in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. The hard palate also contains taste buds that contribute to our ability to taste food.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

An Encephalocele is a type of neural tube defect that occurs when the bones of the skull do not close completely during fetal development. This results in a sac-like protrusion of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull. The sac may be visible on the scalp, forehead, or back of the head, and can vary in size. Encephaloceles can cause a range of symptoms, including developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, vision problems, and seizures, depending on the severity and location of the defect. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the encephalocele soon after birth to prevent further damage to the brain and improve outcomes.

Hyperostosis is a medical term that refers to an excessive growth or abnormal thickening of bone tissue. It can occur as a result of various conditions, such as inflammation, injury, or genetic disorders. The extra bone growth can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, hyperostosis can also lead to deformities and other complications.

There are several types of hyperostosis, including:

1. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH): This is a condition that affects the spine, causing calcification and stiffening of the ligaments and bone spurs to form along the edges of the vertebrae. It is often asymptomatic but can cause pain and stiffness in some cases.
2. Flat bone hyperostosis: This type of hyperostosis affects the flat bones of the body, such as the skull, ribs, and pelvis. It can be caused by various conditions, including Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, and certain types of cancer.
3. Focal hyperostosis: This refers to localized areas of bone overgrowth that can occur in response to injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples include heterotopic ossification (the formation of bone in soft tissues) and Freiberg's infarction (a condition that affects the joint surface of the metatarsal bones in the foot).
4. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: This is a benign condition that causes thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone in the skull. It is more common in women and often asymptomatic but can cause headaches and other symptoms in some cases.

Treatment for hyperostosis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary. However, if the condition causes pain or limits mobility, various treatments may be recommended, such as medication, physical therapy, or surgery.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a condition characterized by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the inner ear into the external auditory canal of the ear. CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is normally contained within the subarachnoid space, which is a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

CSF otorrhea can occur as a result of a head injury, skull base fracture, or surgical procedure involving the ear or surrounding structures. It can also be caused by congenital defects or tumors in the area. CSF otorrhea is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, as it can lead to meningitis or other complications if left untreated.

Diagnosis of CSF otorrhea typically involves a physical examination and testing of any fluid draining from the ear for beta-2 transferrin, a protein that is present in CSF but not in other bodily fluids. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to help identify the underlying cause of the CSF leak. Treatment may involve bed rest, hydration, and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the site of the CSF leak.

"Body weights and measures" is a general term that refers to the various methods used to quantify an individual's physical characteristics, particularly those related to health and fitness. This can include:

1. Body weight: The total amount of weight that a person's body possesses, typically measured in pounds or kilograms.
2. Height: The vertical distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head, usually measured in inches or centimeters.
3. Blood pressure: The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
4. Body mass index (BMI): A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and height, calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared.
5. Waist circumference: The distance around the narrowest part of the waist, typically measured at the level of the belly button.
6. Hip circumference: The distance around the widest part of the hips, usually measured at the level of the greatest protrusion of the buttocks.
7. Blood glucose levels: The concentration of glucose in the blood, typically measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
8. Cholesterol levels: The amount of cholesterol present in the blood, usually measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

These and other body weights and measures are commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess an individual's health status, identify potential health risks, and guide treatment decisions.

Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic disorder of the bone characterized by abnormal turnover and remodeling of the bone. In this condition, the bone becomes enlarged, thickened, and deformed due to excessive and disorganized bone formation and resorption.

The process begins when the bone-remodeling cycle is disrupted, leading to an imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone). In Paget's disease, osteoclasts become overactive and increase bone resorption, followed by an overzealous response from osteoblasts, which attempt to repair the damage but do so in a disorganized manner.

The affected bones can become weakened, prone to fractures, and may cause pain, deformities, or other complications such as arthritis, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms if the skull or spine is involved. The exact cause of Paget's disease remains unknown, but it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications associated with osteitis deformans. Treatment options include medications to slow down bone turnover, pain management, and orthopedic interventions when necessary.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

Cranial sinuses are a part of the venous system in the human head. They are air-filled spaces located within the skull and are named according to their location. The cranial sinuses include:

1. Superior sagittal sinus: It runs along the top of the brain, inside the skull, and drains blood from the scalp and the veins of the brain.
2. Inferior sagittal sinus: It runs along the bottom of the brain and drains into the straight sinus.
3. Straight sinus: It is located at the back of the brain and receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein.
4. Occipital sinuses: They are located at the back of the head and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
5. Cavernous sinuses: They are located on each side of the brain, near the temple, and receive blood from the eye and surrounding areas.
6. Sphenoparietal sinus: It is a small sinus that drains blood from the front part of the brain into the cavernous sinus.
7. Petrosquamosal sinuses: They are located near the ear and drain blood from the scalp and skull.

The cranial sinuses play an essential role in draining blood from the brain and protecting it from injury.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

The maxilla is a paired bone that forms the upper jaw in vertebrates. In humans, it is a major bone in the face and plays several important roles in the craniofacial complex. Each maxilla consists of a body and four processes: frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar process, and palatine process.

The maxillae contribute to the formation of the eye sockets (orbits), nasal cavity, and the hard palate of the mouth. They also contain the upper teeth sockets (alveoli) and help form the lower part of the orbit and the cheekbones (zygomatic arches).

Here's a quick rundown of its key functions:

1. Supports the upper teeth and forms the upper jaw.
2. Contributes to the formation of the eye sockets, nasal cavity, and hard palate.
3. Helps shape the lower part of the orbit and cheekbones.
4. Partakes in the creation of important sinuses, such as the maxillary sinus, which is located within the body of the maxilla.

A skeleton is not a medical condition or term, but rather an anatomical structure. Medically, the skeletal system refers to the body's organic framework that provides support and shape to the body, protects vital organs, and enables motion through attachment to muscles. The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones in an adult, which are categorized into axial (80 bones) and appendicular (126 bones) skeletons.

The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribcage. The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower extremities (limbs), shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.

In summary, a skeleton is the collective term for all bones in an organism's body that provide structure, support, protection, and mobility.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

The meninges are the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. They consist of three layers: the dura mater (the outermost, toughest layer), the arachnoid mater (middle layer), and the pia mater (the innermost, delicate layer). These membranes provide protection and support to the central nervous system, and contain blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove waste products. Inflammation or infection of the meninges is called meningitis, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

In the field of medicine and particularly in forensic pathology, mummies are human or animal bodies that have been preserved naturally or intentionally after death, through processes such as desiccation (drying), freezing, or exposure to chemicals like salt or smoke. The study of mummies, known as mummy science or mummy studies, can provide valuable insights into various aspects including the biological characteristics, health conditions, dietary habits, and cultural practices of past civilizations.

I apologize for any confusion, but "lizards" is not a term used in medical definition. Lizards are a group of scaled reptiles constituting the order Squamata, characterized by having skin covered with overlapping scales, external ears, and movable eyelids. They are found worldwide in a variety of habitats, ranging from desert to tropical environments. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. These sinuses help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They also contribute to our voice resonance and provide a slight cushioning effect for the skull. The openings of the paranasal sinuses lead directly into the nasal cavity, allowing mucus produced in the sinuses to drain into the nose. Infections or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses can result in conditions such as sinusitis.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

The nasal bones are a pair of small, thin bones located in the upper part of the face, specifically in the middle of the nose. They articulate with each other at the nasal bridge and with the frontal bone above, the maxillae (upper jaw bones) on either side, and the septal cartilage inside the nose. The main function of the nasal bones is to form the bridge of the nose and protect the nasal cavity. Any damage to these bones can result in a fracture or broken nose.

The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.

In medical terms, "beak" is not a term that is used as a general definition or diagnosis. However, there are some specific medical contexts where the term "beak" is used:

1. In forensic medicine, "beak" refers to the pointed end of a broken bone, which can occur when a bone is fractured in a certain way.
2. In respiratory medicine, "beaked nose" is a colloquial term used to describe a nose with a sharply pointed tip.
3. In maxillofacial surgery, "beak deformity" is a rare condition where the upper jaw protrudes excessively, giving the appearance of a bird's beak.
4. In veterinary medicine, "beak trimming" refers to the practice of trimming the beaks of birds to prevent them from injuring themselves or others.

It's important to note that these are very specific medical contexts and may not be relevant to your search for a general medical definition of "beak."

Neuronavigation is a surgical technique that uses imaging technology, such as MRI or CT scans, to create a 3D map of the patient's brain in real-time during surgery. This allows surgeons to accurately locate and navigate to specific areas of the brain with greater precision and less invasiveness, improving surgical outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

The neuronavigation system typically consists of a computer workstation, tracking systems, and instruments that are equipped with sensors. The system is able to track the position and orientation of these instruments relative to the patient's brain, allowing the surgeon to visualize the location of the instruments on the 3D map in real-time.

Neuronavigation has become an essential tool in many neurosurgical procedures, including tumor resection, functional neurosurgery, and deep brain stimulation. It enables surgeons to perform more complex surgeries with increased safety and efficacy, ultimately improving the quality of care for patients undergoing these procedures.

Reconstructive surgical procedures are a type of surgery aimed at restoring the form and function of body parts that are defective or damaged due to various reasons such as congenital abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors, or disease. These procedures can involve the transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another, manipulation of bones, muscles, and tendons, or use of prosthetic materials to reconstruct the affected area. The goal is to improve both the physical appearance and functionality of the body part, thereby enhancing the patient's quality of life. Examples include breast reconstruction after mastectomy, cleft lip and palate repair, and treatment of severe burns.

The Atlanto-Occipital Joint, also known as the AO joint or the craniocervical joint, is the articulation between the occiput (the base of the skull) and the atlas (the first cervical vertebra). This joint allows for movements such as nodding your head "yes" and tilting your head from side to side. It is a crucial joint in maintaining the alignment and stability of the head and neck.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Famous Persons" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to individuals who are widely known and recognized in the public sphere due to their achievements, contributions, or notoriety in various fields such as entertainment, politics, science, sports, and arts. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

I'm not a medical professional, but the term "History, Ancient" is not a medical term per se. However, in a broader context, it could refer to the study of ancient medical practices, theories, and beliefs that existed in civilizations prior to the Middle Ages or Classical Antiquity. This might include the examination of ancient texts, artifacts, and archaeological evidence to understand how illnesses were treated and viewed in these historical periods. It forms an essential part of the evolution of medical knowledge and practices over time.

An African elephant skull in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History A vulture skull King cobra skull Craniometry Crystal skull ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal skulls and Human skulls. Look up skull in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Skull ... Human skull base (in German) Human Skulls / Anthropological Skulls / Comparison of Skulls of Vertebrates (PDF; 502 kB) Portal: ... GateWay Community College) Bird Skull Collection Bird skull database with very large collection of skulls (Agricultural ...
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"White Skull". Metal Storm. Retrieved 3 March 2012. "White Skull - Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 3 March 2012. "White Skull". ... White Skull 1992 - Save the Planet "White Skull". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 3 March 2012. "White Skull". Encyclopaedia ... White Skull is an Italian power/heavy metal band formed in 1988. They became known in the US with their 1999 release Tales from ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to White Skull. Official website Myspace page (Pages using the EasyTimeline extension, Use ...
Nesta then joined Skull Fist on guitar which saw the release of the first Skull Fist album Head of the Pack. It was released ... Skull Fist is a Canadian heavy metal band formed in Toronto. Skull Fist was founded in 2006 by guitarist/singer Zach Slaughter ... Skull Fist is also featured in the soundtrack of horror/comedy New Zealand film, Deathgasm. Skull Fist is currently working on ... Media related to Skull Fist at Wikimedia Commons Skull Fist at AllMusic (Pages using the EasyTimeline extension, Articles with ...
... on Discogs Live Skull on Facebook Live Skull on Bandcamp page Live Skull recording of Corpse on Tellus Audio ... Live Skull (1988, Atavistic/Jettisoundz) Live Skull Live (1989, Videophile) Untitled on Bang Zoom Issue #6 cassette (1983, Bang ... Live Skull is a post-punk/experimental rock band from New York City, formed in 1982. In an overview of their abrasive no wave- ... Live Skull's earliest lineup included Julie Hair on vocals and Dan Braun (formerly of Spinal Root Gang and Circus Mort) on ...
... Revisited. Dusted Review. "Skull Orchard". jonlangford.de. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Hank Small. "Skull Orchard ... Brunner, Rob (27 March 1998). "Skull Orchard". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Skull Orchard review. - www. ... Skull Orchard Skull Orchard Revisted All songs written by Jon Langford. Jon Langford and the Burlington Welsh Male Chorus. ... Skull Orchard is the debut solo album by Jon Langford, recorded in August 1997 and released on January 20, 1998 by Sugar Free ...
... may refer to: Skull Bearers (Shannara), fictional creatures in the Shannara series of epic fantasy novels ... in Hindu culture This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Skull Bearers. If an internal link led you ... Kapalika means "Bearer of the Skull bowl" ...
When the composer's skull was finally restored to the remainder of his skeleton, the substitute skull was not removed. Thus ... For a time, the skull sat on a piano at the Vienna Society for Friends and Music. After Rosenbaum's death in 1829 the skull ... At some point in the ensuing decade, Peter gave up his skull collection and let Rosenbaum have, among others, the Haydn skull. ... in Haydn's skull was indeed "fully developed". In September, the skull was installed in Peter's collection at his home, where ...
... claiming to be a former member of Old Skull. "P.J." stated that he was re-forming Old Skull as a jazz fusion band without the ... and persuaded them to sign Old Skull to a record deal. In 1989, Restless Records released Old Skull's debut album, Get Outta ... Old Skull was an American punk rock novelty band that formed in Madison, Wisconsin in the late 1980s. The band was started by ... In August 2005, the Toulon brothers, now in their mid-20s, reunited Old Skull for a one time show at CBGB's as an opening act ...
Giacomo Gonnella as Peter Skull Heads at IMDb Skull Heads at AllMovie (Articles to be expanded from June 2018, All articles to ... The "Skull Heads" are born of witchcraft to protect the dead from violation. Leaving after a tour of the castle, the film crew ... The Skull Heads resurrect the bodies of Carver and Lisbeth as zombies and have them go after the thieves. Carver and Lisbeth ... Skull Heads (also known as Devious) is a 2009 drama/horror film written, produced and directed by Charles Band and distributed ...
ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. "Lescharts.com - Iggy Pop - Skull Ring". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 17, 2021. Skull Ring at Discogs ( ... released on Skull Ring EP) - 2:56 "Ready to Run" (featuring The Trolls; released on Skull Ring EP) - 3:02 Iggy Pop - lead ... "Reviews for Skull Ring by Iggy Pop - Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved May 7, 2016. Deming, Mark. "Skull Ring - Iggy Pop , ... Skull Ring is the fourteenth studio album by American rock singer Iggy Pop, released in November 2003. Every track on the album ...
Also, the unrelated Marvel character Skull the Slayer (James Scully) briefly used the alias "Blazing Skull". The Blazing Skull ... in honor of the Skull Men), taking the name "the Blazing Skull". As time passes and he continues to master the Skull Men's ... The Blazing Skull fell into obscurity after the 1940s, and was revived in the 1990s. The Blazing Skull should not be confused ... There he meets the Skull Men, a strange race with burning skulls for heads. They inform him he has been chosen by the forces of ...
This skull is very similar to the Mitchell-Hedges skull, although it is less detailed and does not have a movable lower jaw. ... Crystal skulls are human skull hardstone carvings made of clear or milky white quartz (also called "rock crystal"), claimed to ... As it was hypothesized that the Crystal Skull was a replica of an actual human skull, the conclusion was that it could not have ... The largest of the three skulls sold by Eugène Boban to Alphonse Pinart (sometimes called the Paris Skull), about 10 cm (4 in) ...
Skull inherited the property of the "Foundry and factory machines of Matthew Skull", founded in Rijeka in 1878 and quickly ... Skull rejected these proposals, and with the surrender of Italy in World War II, a group of citizens issued a Liburnia ... Nevio Skull (23 December 1903 - 3 May 1945) was a Fiuman Italian businessman and politician from Rijeka (now Croatia). From his ... After 1943 Skull was approached by emissaries of the Yugoslav Partisans, who attempted to convince him to support the ...
... South side North side East side Detail of a row of skulls Skull that is said to have belonged to Stevan Sinđelić " ... As of 2023, 58 skulls remain embedded in Skull Tower's walls. The one that is said to belong to Sinđelić is enclosed in a glass ... Upon being viewed by the sultan, the skulls were then returned to Niš, where the Ottomans built Skull Tower as a warning to ... Skull Tower was constructed on the road from Istanbul to Belgrade. It was built of sand and limestone. The structure is 4.5 ...
An X-ray-like vision of the head's exposed upper and lower jaw accounts for its misinterpretation as a skull. The painting was ... Basquiat's use of heads and skulls are deeply rooted in his identity as a Black American and are evocative of African masks. " ... When it was purchased some months later, the word "Skull" was added to the title and has accompanied the painting ever since, ... in which a skull implies death." List of paintings by Jean-Michel Basquiat 1981 in art "Basquiat's In This Case, a head above ...
The skull does not belong to an enemy, and indeed the identity of the skull's original owner is not considered significant. ... Skulls used as containers can be distinguished from plain skulls by exhibiting cut-marks from flesh removal and working to ... his skull was made into a drinking cup. In 19th century Britain, the poet Lord Byron used a skull his gardener had found at ... the Chinese ambassadors drank blood from the skull cup with the Xiongnu chiefs. In India and Tibet, the skull cup is known as a ...
In 1968 the Australian Broadcasting Commission made an award-winning documentary about the skull called The Talgai Skull. Smith ... In 1896 the skull was sent to Sydney where it was examined by the trustees of the Australian Museum. The museum was interested ... The Talgai Skull was discovered in 1886 on Talgai Homestead, as the first fossil evidence of early human occupation in the area ... The Talgai Skull is a human fossil found on the Talgai Station, near Allora, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It ...
One of its founders was Frank Norris who wrote the ritual and ceremonies for Skull & Keys. In 1912, Skull & Keys built its ... No "Running" of the Skull and Keys Society at the University of California this year. ... "Skull and Keys Running; Annual ... Berkeley; April 2, 1920 ... annual Running of the Skull and Keys ... "No Public Pranks This Semester by "Skull and Keys."". The ... In 1882, Skull & Keys was founded as a senior society for members of Theta Nu Epsilon. Many of the fraternity's members had an ...
The Bolinao Skull is considered to be a one-of-a-kind find due to its gold dental decorations that resemble fish scales. This ... The Bolinao Skull dates back to the 14th and 15th century A.D. and was likely one of the historic inhabitants of Pangasinan, ... The Bolinao Skull is now on display at the Pang-ulo Exhibit, on the fourth floor of the National Museum of Anthropology, a ... The Bolinao Skull was discovered during an excavation led by archaeologists from the National Museum of the Philippines. Its ...
... from Vanuatu. Overmodelled skull, Vanuatu. Skull in the musée du quai Branly. Skull of the musée ... An overmodelled skull is a skull covered with various materials to reconstruct the appearance of a human head. This technique ... Skulls can be embellished with pigments, jewellery etc. Sometimes, skulls of animals are also over-modelled. ... p.382 Skull Papua New Guinean art Plastered human skulls Alain Nicolas, Art papou, Nouvelles Éditions Scala, Paris, 2000 & ...
The Starchild skull is part of a malformed human skull of a child who likely died as a result of congenital hydrocephalus. It ... A dentist who examined the upper right maxilla found with the skull determined that the skull was that of a child aged 4.5 to 5 ... Pye claimed to have obtained the skull from Ray and Melanie Young of El Paso, Texas, in February 1999, stating that the skull ... The back of the skull is flattened.[citation needed] The skull consists of calcium hydroxyapatite, the normal material of ...
25.967 Hofmeyr skull find site The Hofmeyr Skull is a specimen of a 36,000-year-old anatomically modern human skull that was ... No other bones or archaeological artifacts were found in the vicinity at the time of the skull's discovery. The skull is one of ... Grine then led a detailed study of the skull. It was not possible to date the skull using traditional radiocarbon dating, as ... The endocast of the Late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr // Hofmeyr: a Late Pleistocene human skull from South Africa, ...
... review]". Q: 127. January 2014. "[Skull Worship review]". Uncut: 79. January 2014. Skull Worship at Discogs (list ... "Reviews for Skull Worship by The Warlocks - Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved May 29, 2016. Deming, Mark. "Skull Worship - The ... Skull Worship review]". Mojo: 98. February 2014. Horton, Matthew (November 22, 2013). "The Warlocks - 'Skull Worship' , NME.com ... Skull Worship is the sixth studio album by American psychedelic rock band the Warlocks, released in 2013 by record label Zap ...
... also saw some sporting success in the 1890s, although the last Ladies' Cup was taken in 1891. The club was joined by top ... SK Ull eventually evolved from a skiing club to a social club in a skiing setting, using the old cabin for member meetings, ... SK Ull has been credited as being the second-oldest skiing club in the world, after Christiania SK. The club founders were a ... Members of SK Ull were later instrumental in moving this prestigious contest to the hill Holmenkollbakken. Club members also ...
"Skull Mountain At Six Flags Great Adventure". www.greatadventurehistory.com. Retrieved February 10, 2017. "Skull Mountain". ... Skull Mountain was opened in 1996 and is one of three roller coasters at the park with a 44-inch (1,100 mm) height requirement ... Skull Mountain is an enclosed roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Designed and ... On hot summer days, the park turns on the ride's exterior waterfall, which falls from the exterior skull's eyes. It pours down ...
The Aztecs carved skulls in monoliths of lava, and made masks of obsidian and jade. Furthermore, the skull motif was used in ... Lord Shiva has been depicted as carrying skull. Goddess Chamunda is described as wearing a garland of severed heads or skulls ( ... Skull art is found in various cultures of the world. Indigenous Mexican art celebrates the skeleton and uses it as a regular ... Using skull art was Posada's way to make a connection with the popular audience. Reproduced on box lids is his most famous ...
Skull is the fourth album by the British thrash metal band Evile, released on 27 May 2013 in Europe via Earache Records and in ... "Evile - Skull". Lords of Metal. "EVILE: New Album Title, Cover Artwork Unveiled". Blabbermouth.net. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 27 ...
... was developed by Creative Edge Software and published by Ubi Soft. Reception Skull Caps garnered mixed reception ... "Review: Skull Caps". Power Unlimited (in Dutch). No. 60. VNU Media. December 1998. "Test: Skull Caps". PC Action [de] (in ... Skull Caps is a 1998 real-time strategy video game developed by Creative Edge Software and published by Ubi Soft for Microsoft ... "Játékbemutató: Skull Caps". GameStar (in German). No. 18. March 1999. p. 144. 1990s portal United Kingdom portal Video games ...
An African elephant skull in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History A vulture skull King cobra skull Craniometry Crystal skull ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Animal skulls and Human skulls. Look up skull in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Skull ... Human skull base (in German) Human Skulls / Anthropological Skulls / Comparison of Skulls of Vertebrates (PDF; 502 kB) Portal: ... GateWay Community College) Bird Skull Collection Bird skull database with very large collection of skulls (Agricultural ...
7-million-year-old fossil skull represents the earliest known member of the human evolutionary family or an ancient ape. ... A 3.8-million-year-old skull reveals the face of Lucys possible ancestors By Bruce Bower. August 28, 2019. ... Also, the position of the spinal cord opening in the skulls base indicates that this individual didnt regularly hold its head ... As in gorillas today, the heavy brow ridge of Sahelanthropus worked with other skull elements to anchor powerful chewing ...
... the smooth pyramidal or cone-shaped bone projection at the base of the skull on each side of the head just below and behind the ... mastoid process, the smooth pyramidal or cone-shaped bone projection at the base of the skull on each side of the head just ...
Skull Kid was such a huge pain in the ass in the Legend of Zelda: Majoras Mask that we werent too happy to see his, er, face ... Skull Kid was such a huge pain in the ass in the Legend of Zelda: Majoras Mask that we werent too happy to see his, er, face ...
https://www.mediafire.com/file/nz1m3lecyyeulcv/Harley_Davidson_skull_%255Bwww.blogovector.com%255D.zip/file. .header { position ...
skull crossbones remix+324534 blue Filesize. 94 k. Safe for Work?. Yes. Download. SVG (Vector) PNG (Bitmap) Small Medium Large ... Skull and crossbones. by liftarn - uploaded on October 17, 2020, 9:39 am ...
million year old\ Homo erectus skull from Ethiopia does not prove evolution ... Skull wars. A recent skull find in Africa made many think that it somehow proved evolution.. by Carl Wieland ... This recent skull discovery has been made in Africa, and the skull is dated (using the usual evolutionary assumptions) at one ... So what is the new fuss all about? Shouldnt it be a case of, Yawn, just another Homo erectus skull has been found? The ...
A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... The skull provides good protection for the brain. However, a severe impact or blow can cause the skull to break. It may be ... A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward ...
P07914 Skull and Pomegranate 1954. Etching with aquatint 3 3/8 × 5 (85 × 125) on paper 5 1/2 × 7 1/2 (140 × 190), printed by ...
Pictures Kong: Skull Island (2017) - Movie still no 12 ...
... directions and info on Giant Cattle Skull in Odessa, Texas. ... Giant Cattle Skull This giant longhorn cattle skull is attached ... Odessa, Texas: Giant Cattle Skull. Impressive longhorn cattle skull mounted on the front of a boot store, overlooking its ... Visitor Tips and News About Giant Cattle Skull. Reports and tips from RoadsideAmerica.com visitors and Roadside America mobile ...
While odd, police do not believe the skull was the result of a crime. Instead, they told ABC News affiliate KVUE-TV that they ... Human Skull Donated to Texas Goodwill Store. Police are trying to find the person who donated it. ... The Travis County Medical Examiners office has determined the skull is from an adult who likely died two years ago, according ... Other information about the skull, including sex or race, wasnt released.. Although unusual, the donation has not fazed ...
Disclosure: Walyou is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com ...
Vampiric Skull Statue. Life-Sized. Aged Details. Esoteric Symbols. 4.72 W x 5.67 H x 7.87 D. Made of Quality Resin. ... Skull The omaga skull is pretty cool fits right in my room. ... This skull is so awesome. I love the designs on it, and the ... ":"Omega Skull","public_title":null,"options":["Default Title"],"price":3499,"weight":765,"compare_at_price":4599,"inventory_ ...
New York, 1989, p. 357, discusses skull paintings.. Mark Rosenthal in Regarding Warhol: Sixty Artists, Fifty Years. Exh. cat., ... p. 41 (color), discusses Skull series.. Neil Printz and Sally King-Nero, ed. The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonné. Vol. 4, ...
Use small plastic skulls as molds for spooky candle holders this Halloween. ... Use small plastic skulls as molds for spooky candle holders this Halloween. ...
Done on making first skull of a zombie.This skull is being used as a base of every other character as it is done with the most ... Done on making first skull of a zombie.This skull is being used as a base of every other character as it is done with the most ... work done on a higly detailed skull.second version will not be detailed as this as it is going to be used in a low end version ...
... soft skull, taqwacore, the five percenters, writer ... Tag / soft skull September 22, 2009. by Edward Champion The Bat ...
... by Albertocubatas https://shirt.woot.com/offers/geisha-skull $19.00 In Stock Apparel & Accessories $19.00 USD ...
EDIT/UPDATE--- (9/14/2019) Rebalanced game-play, fixed mapping issues (fixed sharp corners, secret is more obvious, messed with brightness levels), boss battle unlocks a door that ends the game, instead of ending it right when he dies. Not enough of a update to play again, but its an improvement of the previous version, improving somebodys first play-through of the wad. If you have already downloaded it, but havent played it, I recommend switching to the newer version. ---INTRODUCTION--- Hello doom players and makers! This is my 1st wad map that I created, with some help from my brother carter. I was inspired and interested in making doom wads when I saw the user Suitepee and other people playing and streaming carters (formerly carter1027) wads, since his maps were new-ish and needed work. I have fun making maps and I hope people play them, despite still being a noob and needing to work on wad making skills. By no means am I going to be popular or really good, or even close to it. (Important ...
Chimpanzee skull. Goat skull. Bones Edit The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, ... Human skull from the front. Side bones of skull. The human skull is the bone structure that forms the head in the human ... A Centrosaurus skull. Scheme of Spinosaurus skull. The fenestrae (from Latin, meaning windows) are openings in the skull. ... Cuckoo skull. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrimal fossa (present in some reptiles). The skull has a ...
John P. is a former CEO, former TV Show Host, and the Founder and Wizard behind Texas Metal Works. You can find him on Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. Feel free to send shoutouts, insults, and praise. Or Money. Money is good. ...
Skull and Bones is almost entirely set at sea, so what is there to explore other than just water? We spoke to Ubisoft to find ... Skull and Bones massive open world is beautiful, and youll want to explore just for the sake of seeing its many sights. But ... Skull and Bones world has been designed as a living space that changes as frequently as the tides. Some characters wont stay ... "When you connect to Skull and Bones, the first thing to do is to look at your map and see where the trade routes are, where the ...
A popular Pushead graphic, Flaming Skull, on a stylish thermal. ... Flaming Skull Thermal (BLK/CHAR). Shop/Apparel Details. https ... www.metallica.com/store/flaming-skull-thermal-blk-char/GGFSTHERMAL.html Well do the layering for you! ...
Skull and Bones, Ubisofts long-in-development pirate game, finally has an official release date. ... In Skull and Bones players will captain their own pirate ships. Accept contracts, gather resources, and sail the high seas ... Skull and Bones was officially announced in 2017, though began development years before that. Based on the naval combat in ... Its been a long time coming but Skull and Bones is about to cross into our waters. Ubisoft also announced another Ubisoft ...
Typical procedure in an encephalocele case is to cut off the part of the brain outside of the skull and then close the skull. ... So they had one thing they could do: Put Bentleys brain back in his skull. In order to prepare, they used a 3D model of his ... Sierra Yoder told ABC News that Bentley was diagnosed in utero with encephalocele, a neural tube defect that keeps the skull ... Baby born with brain pushed through skull alive, thriving despite doctors predictions. ...
There is a lot of skull paraphernalia out there these days, but these rings are the most exciting Ive seen so far. He has made ... Hiroshi Kure is a Japanese sculptor with a passion for skulls and resin composites that look like natural materials. ... There is a lot of skull paraphernalia out there these days, but these rings are the most exciting Ive seen so far. He has made ... Even if you dont like skulls, check out his site. He has used the same resin material and texture to create other interesting ...
The bones of his skull fused together too early.. Kamlesh Patel, MD, Plastic Surgeon at Washington University at St. Louis ... Traditionally, surgery to correct the problem involved an incision from ear to ear, inserting a metal device into the skull ... Doctor Patel used endoscopic repair to separate the skull bones. "Its smaller incisions, more targeted. You know, were ... Childrens Hospital says, "And if the skulls not growing, then it has an impact on the brain." ...
The Australian sauropod skull points to the importance of citizen scientists and reveals links with dinosaurs in South America ... A 95-million-year-old skull found at the Winton formation in Queensland is the most complete sauropod skull fossil in Australia ... is known from a very well-preserved skull, but little else. Anns skull now allows palaeontologists to see their close ... The skull belonged to a Diamantinasaurus matildae and is the fourth specimen of the species found in the Winton area, 1350km ...
Dead comet with skull face to hurtle by Earth on Halloween A massive space rock that will shave by Earth on Halloween looks ... Dead comet with skull face to hurtle by Earth on Halloween A massive space rock that will shave by Earth on Halloween looks ... like a dead comet with a skull face, NASA said after gaining a closer look at the spooky space object. ... like a dead comet with a skull face, NASA said after gaining a closer look at the spooky space object. ...

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