Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. Depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures.
Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
Breaks in bones.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Fractures of the femur.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
Bleeding into the SUBARACHNOID SPACE due to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Minor hemorrhages may be asymptomatic; moderate to severe hemorrhages may be associated with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION and VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL.
A game whose object is to sink a ball into each of 9 or 18 successive holes on a golf course using as few strokes as possible.
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Accumulation of blood in the EPIDURAL SPACE between the SKULL and the DURA MATER, often as a result of bleeding from the MENINGEAL ARTERIES associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. Epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features may include HEADACHE; VOMITING; HEMIPARESIS; and impaired mental function.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.
The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. It receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the DURA MATER. Near the lower back of the CRANIUM, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as one of the TRANSVERSE SINUSES.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Fractures of the lower jaw.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.
Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

Traumatic basilar artery occlusion caused by a fracture of the clivus--case report. (1/10)

A 56-year-old man presented with a rare traumatic basilar artery occlusion caused by a fracture of the clivus. He fell from the height of 2 meters and immediately fell into a coma. Head computed tomography (CT) revealed an open depressed fracture, an acute epidural hematoma 1 cm thick in the left middle frontal fossa, and a longitudinal fracture of the clivus. Emergency removal of the hematoma was performed with cranioplasty. Head CT 8 hours 50 minutes after injury showed infarctions in the brain stem, cerebellum, and occipital lobes. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the basilar artery in the middle part of the clivus. The patient died after 3 days. Autopsy revealed that the basilar artery was trapped in the clivus fracture site. Vertebrobasilar artery occlusion due to trapping in a clivus fracture has a very poor prognosis. Diagnosis is difficult and generally only confirmed at autopsy. Cerebral angiography is recommended in a patient in a deep coma without massive brain contusion at the early stage of head injury to identify the possibility of vertebrobasilar artery occlusion in a clivus fracture.  (+info)

Concomitant fracture of bilateral occipital condyle and inferior clivus: what is the mechanism of injury? (2/10)

With the routine use of multi-slice high resolution computed tomography, increasing number of occipital condyle fractures have been reported in the last decade. The authors report a very rare case of bilateral occipital condyle fracture complicated by the fracture of the inferior clivus and discuss the possible mechanisms of injury.  (+info)

Bilateral traumatic abducens nerve palsy associated with skull base fracture--case report. (3/10)

A 29-year-old man presented with skull base fractures involving the bilateral petrous bones and clivus to the posterior clinoid process manifesting as bilateral abducens nerves palsy. Conservative treatment resulted in residual bilateral abducens nerves palsy. Posterolateral impact probably resulted in strain-stress in the neighborhood of the foramen lacerum, resulting in a clivus fracture of the posterior clinoid process and bilateral petrous bone fractures. Chalasia of Gruber's ligament then exerted mechanical pressure on the bilateral abducens nerves.  (+info)

A multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for blunt cerebrovascular injury. (4/10)

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Traumatic aneurysm of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery-case report-. (5/10)

A 23-year-old male was admitted after a motor vehicle accident with acute epidural hematoma, diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the basal cistern, and fractures at the anterior cranial base. Angiography revealed an aneurysm of the right supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA). His consciousness suddenly worsened on the 23rd day. Expansion of the SAH in the basal cistern and two hump aneurysms were detected. He underwent endovascular embolization of these aneurysms and the right ICA with Guglielmi detachable coil. Traumatic aneurysms are difficult to diagnose in the early period after injury and are associated with a high mortality. Endovascular treatments for traumatic aneurysms have lower mortality rate, and can be performed under local anesthesia.  (+info)

Proptosis caused by partially thrombosed orbital varix of the superior orbital vein associated with traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula--case report. (6/10)

A 49-year-old female presented with proptosis and slight chemosis with diplopia on the right. The patient had a past history of skull base fracture occurring one year before the onset of the symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a partially thrombosed varicose aneurysm (varix) of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). Carotid angiography showed a pseudoaneurysm in the right cavernous sinus, associated with slow flow carotid-cavernous sinus fistula via the SOV. Proptosis was due to the direct mass effect of the thrombosed varix of the SOV. The thrombosed varix was removed after right carotid artery trapping with external carotid artery-middle cerebral artery (M(2)) high flow bypass. The symptoms subsided after the surgery.  (+info)

Basilar skull fracture: outcome of acute care without antibiotic prophylaxis in a Nigerian neurosurgical unit. (7/10)

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Endoscopic management of a traumatic meningo-encephalocele through a planum sphenoidale defect: case report. (8/10)

A 37-year-old man involved in a motor vehicle accident was admitted to our hospital with disturbed consciousness. Computed tomography (CT) showed an acute, right-sided epidural hematoma and pneumocephalus. Emergency evacuation of the acute epidural hematoma was carried out, and his condition gradually recovered. However, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea continued despite conservative treatment. Three-dimensional reconstructed CT revealed a bone defect, which was approximately 20 mm in size, in the planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae, and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a traumatic meningo-encephalocele through the defect, with CSF collection in the sphenoid sinus. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery was performed. The 9-mm diameter dural defect was clearly visualized in the sphenoid sinus and was reconstructed with a combination of suturing and overlay with abdominal fascia, and absorbable polyglycolic acid felt. The CSF leakage from a traumatic meningo-encephalocele through the planum sphenoidale was successfully repaired by endoscopic endonasal surgery. Thorough preoperative evaluation of the feasibilities of the endoscopic and transcranial approaches should be based on the preoperative identification of the fistula, the bone defect, and vital structures.  (+info)

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

A depressed skull fracture is a type of skull fracture where a piece of the skull bone is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain. This type of fracture can potentially cause damage to the underlying brain tissue and may require surgical intervention for proper treatment and to reduce the risk of complications such as infection or increased intracranial pressure. Depressed skull fractures are often caused by high-force trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from significant height.

A basilar skull fracture is a type of skull fracture that involves the base of the skull. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening injury, as it can cause damage to the brainstem and cranial nerves. A basilar skull fracture may occur as a result of a severe head trauma, such as from a fall, car accident, or violent assault.

In a basilar skull fracture, the bones that form the base of the skull (the occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and temporal bones) are broken. This type of fracture can be difficult to diagnose on a routine skull X-ray, and may require further imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI to confirm the diagnosis.

Symptoms of a basilar skull fracture may include:

* Battle's sign: a bruise behind the ear
* Raccoon eyes: bruising around the eyes
* Clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears (cerebrospinal fluid)
* Hearing loss
* Facial paralysis
* Difficulty swallowing
* Changes in level of consciousness

If you suspect that someone has a basilar skull fracture, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. This type of injury requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications such as infection or brain swelling.

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a condition characterized by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the inner ear into the external auditory canal of the ear. CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is normally contained within the subarachnoid space, which is a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

CSF otorrhea can occur as a result of a head injury, skull base fracture, or surgical procedure involving the ear or surrounding structures. It can also be caused by congenital defects or tumors in the area. CSF otorrhea is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, as it can lead to meningitis or other complications if left untreated.

Diagnosis of CSF otorrhea typically involves a physical examination and testing of any fluid draining from the ear for beta-2 transferrin, a protein that is present in CSF but not in other bodily fluids. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to help identify the underlying cause of the CSF leak. Treatment may involve bed rest, hydration, and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the site of the CSF leak.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Penetrating head injuries are a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. This can result in damage to specific areas of the brain, depending on the location and trajectory of the penetrating object. Penetrating head injuries can be caused by various objects, such as bullets, knives, or sharp debris from accidents. They are often severe and require immediate medical attention, as they can lead to significant neurological deficits, disability, or even death.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

A traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a type of bleeding within the subarachnoid space – the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain – which results from a head injury. This condition is typically caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the brain due to trauma, leading to the accumulation of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain.

The buildup of blood in the subarachnoid space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges (the membranes covering the brain), and vasospasms (constriction of blood vessels), which may further compromise blood flow to the brain. Symptoms of tSAH can include sudden onset of severe headache, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and management of this condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Golf" is not a medical term. It is a sport that involves hitting a small ball with various clubs into a series of holes on a course, typically in as few strokes as possible. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Osteoporotic fractures are breaks or cracks in bones that occur as a result of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis causes bones to lose density and strength, making them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor injuries or falls.

The most common types of osteoporotic fractures are:

1. Hip fractures: These occur when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks, often due to a fall. Hip fractures can be serious and may require surgery and hospitalization.
2. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the bones in the spine (vertebrae) collapse, causing height loss, back pain, and deformity. They are often caused by everyday activities, such as bending or lifting.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones in the wrist break, often due to a fall. Wrist fractures are common in older adults with osteoporosis.
4. Other fractures: Osteoporotic fractures can also occur in other bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and humerus (upper arm bone).

Prevention is key in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This includes getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.

Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

A traumatic brain hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs within the brain or in the spaces surrounding the brain as a result of trauma or injury. This condition can range from mild to severe, and it is often a medical emergency.

Trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the leakage of blood into the brain tissue or the spaces surrounding the brain. The buildup of blood puts pressure on the delicate tissues of the brain, which can cause damage and result in various symptoms.

There are several types of traumatic brain hemorrhages, including:

1. Epidural hematoma: This occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the tough outer covering of the brain. It is often caused by a skull fracture that damages an artery or vein.
2. Subdural hematoma: In this type, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the next inner covering of the brain, called the arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by venous injuries but can also result from arterial damage.
3. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: This refers to bleeding within the brain tissue itself, often due to the rupture of small blood vessels.
4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the innermost covering of the brain, called the pia mater. This type of hemorrhage is commonly caused by an aneurysm or a head injury.

Symptoms of a traumatic brain hemorrhage may include:

* Sudden severe headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Confusion or disorientation
* Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
* Balance problems or difficulty walking
* Slurred speech or difficulty communicating
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs

Immediate medical attention is necessary if a traumatic brain hemorrhage is suspected. Treatment may involve surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and stop the bleeding, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for a traumatic brain hemorrhage depends on various factors, including the location and severity of the bleed, the patient's age and overall health, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used by healthcare professionals to assess the level of consciousness and neurological response in a person who has suffered a brain injury or illness. It evaluates three aspects of a patient's responsiveness: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The scores from these three categories are then added together to provide an overall GCS score, which can range from 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) to 15 (indicating a normal level of consciousness). This scale helps medical professionals to quickly and consistently communicate the severity of a patient's condition and monitor their progress over time.

The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Stress fractures are defined as small cracks or severe bruising in bones that occur from repetitive stress or overuse. They most commonly occur in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs and feet, but can also occur in the arms, hips, and back. Stress fractures differ from regular fractures because they typically do not result from a single, traumatic event. Instead, they are caused by repeated stress on the bone that results in microscopic damage over time. Athletes, military personnel, and individuals who engage in high-impact activities or have weak bones (osteoporosis) are at increased risk of developing stress fractures. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected bone.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

An epidural cranial hematoma is a specific type of hematoma, which is defined as an abnormal accumulation of blood in a restricted space, occurring between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the skull in the cranial region. This condition is often caused by trauma or head injury, which results in the rupture of blood vessels, allowing blood to collect in the epidural space. The accumulation of blood can compress the brain tissue and cause various neurological symptoms, potentially leading to serious complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

An ulna fracture is a break in the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm and functions to support the elbow joint and assist in rotation and movement of the forearm. Ulna fractures can occur at various points along the bone, including the shaft, near the wrist, or at the elbow end of the bone. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to realign and stabilize the fractured bone.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is a type of bone injury in which the bone breaks and penetrates through the skin, creating an open wound. This condition exposes the fractured bone to the external environment, increasing the risk of infection and complicating the healing process. Open fractures can result from high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falls from significant heights, or industrial incidents. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper treatment and prevention of infection.

The Superior Sagittal Sinus is a medical term that refers to a venous sinus (a channel for blood flow) located in the superior part (highest portion) of the sagittal suture, which is the line along the top of the skull where the two parietal bones join in the middle. It runs from front to back, starting at the frontal bone and ending at the occipital bone, and it receives blood from veins that drain the cerebral hemispheres (the right and left halves of the brain).

The Superior Sagittal Sinus is an important structure in the circulatory system of the brain as it plays a critical role in draining venous blood from the cranial cavity. It also contains valveless venous channels that allow for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the intracranial and extracranial compartments.

It is worth noting that any damage to this structure, such as through trauma or infection, can lead to serious neurological complications, including increased intracranial pressure, seizures, and even death.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a condition where the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, leaks through the nasal cavity. This occurs due to a defect or opening in the skull base or the thin bone that separates the brain from the nasal cavity, known as the cribriform plate.

CSF rhinorrhea can result from trauma, surgery, or spontaneously due to increased pressure in the brain. It is important to diagnose and treat this condition promptly because it increases the risk of meningitis, an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Treatment options include bed rest, hydration, stool softeners, and sometimes surgical repair of the defect.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

A mandibular fracture is a break or crack in the lower jaw (mandible) bone. It can occur at any point along the mandible, but common sites include the condyle (the rounded end near the ear), the angle (the curved part of the jaw), and the symphysis (the area where the two halves of the jaw meet in the front). Mandibular fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as a direct blow to the face or a fall. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty chewing or speaking, and malocclusion (misalignment) of the teeth. Treatment usually involves immobilization with wires or screws to allow the bone to heal properly.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Traffic accidents are incidents that occur when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an animal, or a stationary object, resulting in damage or injury. These accidents can be caused by various factors such as driver error, distracted driving, drunk driving, speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Traffic accidents can range from minor fender benders to severe crashes that result in serious injuries or fatalities. They are a significant public health concern and cause a substantial burden on healthcare systems, emergency services, and society as a whole.

A compression fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when there is a collapse of a vertebra in the spine. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Compression fractures are often caused by weakened bones due to osteoporosis, but they can also result from trauma or tumors that weaken the bone.

In a compression fracture, the front part (anterior) of the vertebra collapses, while the back part (posterior) remains intact, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease. This can lead to pain, deformity, and decreased mobility. In severe cases, multiple compression fractures can result in a condition called kyphosis, which is an abnormal curvature of the spine that leads to a hunchback appearance.

Compression fractures are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may include pain medication, bracing, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

An intra-articular fracture is a type of fracture that involves the joint surface or articular cartilage of a bone. These types of fractures can occur in any joint, but they are most commonly seen in the weight-bearing joints such as the knee, ankle, and wrist.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from significant heights, or by low-energy trauma, such as a simple fall in older adults with osteoporosis.

These types of fractures are often complex and may involve displacement or depression of the joint surface, which can increase the risk of developing post-traumatic arthritis. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and minimize long-term complications. Treatment options for intra-articular fractures may include surgical fixation with plates, screws, or pins, as well as joint replacement in some cases.

A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that causes the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed. It's caused by various types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The infection can develop quickly, over a few hours or days, and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also be present.

Bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and even death if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect bacterial meningitis. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

A Colles' fracture is a specific type of fracture in the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm, which is the larger of the two bones in the lower arm. This type of fracture occurs when the wrist is forcefully bent backward (dorsiflexion), often as a result of falling onto an outstretched hand.

In a Colles' fracture, the distal end of the radius bone breaks and is displaced downward and angulated backward, resulting in a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity. This type of fracture is more common in older individuals, particularly women with osteoporosis, but can also occur in younger people as a result of high-energy trauma.

Colles' fractures are typically treated with immobilization using a cast or splint to hold the bones in proper alignment while they heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the fracture, particularly if there is significant displacement or instability of the bone fragments.

Bony callus is a medical term that refers to the specialized tissue that forms in response to a bone fracture. It is a crucial part of the natural healing process, as it helps to stabilize and protect the broken bone while it mends.

When a bone is fractured, the body responds by initiating an inflammatory response, which triggers the production of various cells and signaling molecules that promote healing. As part of this process, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to produce new bone tissue at the site of the fracture. This tissue is initially soft and pliable, allowing it to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone.

Over time, this soft callus gradually hardens and calcifies, forming a bony callus that helps to stabilize the fracture and provide additional support as the bone heals. The bony callus is typically composed of a mixture of woven bone (which is less organized than normal bone) and more structured lamellar bone (which is similar in structure to normal bone).

As the bone continues to heal, the bony callus may be gradually remodeled and reshaped by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down and remove excess or unwanted bone tissue. This process helps to restore the bone's original shape and strength, allowing it to function normally again.

It is worth noting that excessive bony callus formation can sometimes lead to complications, such as stiffness, pain, or decreased range of motion in the affected limb. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reduce the size of the bony callus and promote proper healing.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures that occur in close proximity to a prosthetic joint, such as those found in total hip or knee replacements. These types of fractures typically occur as a result of low-energy trauma, and can be caused by a variety of factors including osteoporosis, bone weakness, or loosening of the prosthetic implant.

Periprosthetic fractures are classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis, as well as the stability of the implant. Treatment options for periprosthetic fractures may include non-surgical management, such as immobilization with a brace or cast, or surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty.

The management of periprosthetic fractures can be complex and requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, bone quality, and functional needs. As such, these types of fractures are typically managed by orthopedic surgeons with experience in joint replacement surgery and fracture care.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Wrist injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the structures of the wrist, including bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related impacts, or repetitive stress. Common types of wrist injuries include fractures (such as scaphoid fracture), sprains (like ligament tears), strains (involving muscles or tendons), dislocations, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, limited mobility, and in severe cases, deformity or numbness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. Facial fractures often ... Other race car drivers like Stanley Smith and Rick Carelli also survived a basilar skull fracture. To prevent basilar skull ... Serious cases usually result in death Basilar skull fractures include breaks in the posterior skull base or anterior skull base ... A basilar skull fracture is a break of a bone in the base of the skull. Symptoms may include bruising behind the ears, bruising ...
Earnhardt suffered a fatal basilar skull fracture. The death overshadowed Waltrip's first win, which came in his 463rd Cup ...
The injuries included a basilar skull fracture. The police said they would take the allegations seriously and investigate ...
At-large entries R Indy 500 Rookie ^ Brayton died on May 17 after sustaining a basilar skull fracture in a crash, and Ongais ... Brayton was killed instantly of basilar skull fracture. The fatal incident cast a pall over the Speedway, and the entire racing ... Drinan suffered a concussion, fractures in his left hip and foot, and a bruised left lung, and was ruled out for qualifying. ...
Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. Linear skull fractures are breaks in the bone that transverse the ... Basilar skull fractures are linear fractures that occur in the floor of the cranial vault (skull base), which require more ... A compound elevated skull fracture is a rare type of skull fracture where the fractured bone is elevated above the intact outer ... The term skull fracture typically means fractures to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are ...
Irwin likely died instantly of a basilar skull fracture. While the cause of the crash is widely believed to be a stuck throttle ... all caused by basilar skull fractures finally convincing NASCAR to implement stricter safety measures. The second practice ...
... is often the result of basilar skull fracture. Hemotympanum refers to the presence of blood in the middle ear, ... sense of fullness in the ear hearing loss A basal skull fracture is a fracture in one of the bones at the base of the skull. ... Skull fractures usually heal on their own[citation needed], but they can also cause several complications. Cerebrospinal fluid ... Treatment may include corticosteroids, antibiotics, or surgery.[citation needed] . It may also be secondary to fractures of the ...
Irwin likely died instantly of a basilar skull fracture. He was 30 years old, and died less than a month before his 31st ...
His cause of death was a basilar skull fracture. Earnhardt finished 12th, and Schrader finished 13th, both 1 lap down. NASCAR's ... the season-opening Daytona 500 for the first time and split coverage of the first half of the season with cable partner FX. NBC ...
Earnhardt was the fourth NASCAR driver killed by a basilar skull fracture during an eight-month span, following Adam Petty in ... He also sustained a fatal basilar skull fracture on impact. Less than two hours after the accident, NASCAR president Mike ... causing the fatal basilar skull fracture. This led to speculation that Earnhardt would have survived if his seat belt had not ... American stock car racing driver and team owner Dale Earnhardt was killed instantly due to a basilar skull fracture in a final- ...
Basilar skull fracture Raccoon eyes Black eye Naumann, Hans Heinz; Jan Helms (1998). Head and neck surgery. Thieme. p. 154. ... Battle's sign takes at least one day to appear after the initial traumatic basilar skull fracture, similar to raccoon eyes. It ... is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull. These fractures may be associated with underlying brain ... Battle's sign may be confused with a spreading hematoma from a fracture of the mandibular condyle, which is a less serious ...
CSF rhinorrhoea may be a sign of a basilar skull fracture. Other signs of a basilar skull fracture include CSF otorrhoea ( ... then radiographs or CT scans may be used to look for a basilar skull fracture. Measures of CSF components, such as glucose, ... It is typically caused by a basilar skull fracture, which presents complications such as infection. It may be diagnosed using ... congenital problems with bones of the skull, or inflammation that damages the bones of the skull. If a patient has clear, ...
He suffered a basilar skull fracture, damaged his carotid artery and sinus. He recovered and returned to race the entire 2000 ...
Probably hit in the head that resulted in a basilar skull fracture. It was later discovered she was infected with a smallpox- ...
Petty's death was caused by a basilar skull fracture from the ensuing impact. Cup Series driver Kenny Irwin Jr. also died under ...
"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ... The use of antibiotics to prevent meningitis in those with a CSF leak due to a skull fracture is of unclear benefit. Long-term ... An untreated CSF leak can result in coma or death as late stage findings as the brainstem herniates through the skull base or ... A loss of CSF greater than its rate of production leads to a decreased volume inside the skull known as intracranial ...
While antibiotics are frequently used in an attempt to prevent meningitis in those with a basilar skull fracture there is not ... The most common cause of recurrent meningitis is a skull fracture, particularly fractures that affect the base of the skull or ... "Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ... Direct contamination of the cerebrospinal fluid may arise from indwelling devices, skull fractures, or infections of the ...
Though Horton was not seriously injured, Smith suffered a near-fatal basilar skull fracture; he would eventually recover. The ...
was pronounced dead at 5:16 pm due to a basilar skull fracture. In the aftermath, many disgruntled fans sent death threats to ...
Lyman died about an hour later, and the cause of death was a basilar skull fracture. The Little Brown Stein trophy for the ...
Smith hit the wall almost head-on, suffering a basilar skull fracture and massive blood loss; his driver's suit, which was ...
On February 18, 2001, Earnhardt died in a sudden last-lap crash during the Daytona 500 due to a basilar skull fracture. His ... An autopsy conducted on February 19, 2001, concluded that Earnhardt sustained a fatal basilar skull fracture. Four days later, ...
She was pronounced dead at a nearby hospital with Basilar skull fracture suffered from the fall. Early reports indicated that ...
Arteriovenous fistulas involving the marginal sinus have been described - often following basilar skull fractures. The marginal ... The marginal sinus is a dural venous sinus surrounding the margin of the foramen magnum inside the skull, accommodated by the ... It communicates with the basilar venous plexus anteriorly, and the occipital sinus posteriorly (the posterior union of the left ...
They reduce the likelihood of head or neck injuries, including the often fatal basilar skull fracture, in the event of a crash ... Earnhardt was the fourth NASCAR driver killed by basilar skull fractures in an eight-month span, following Adam Petty in May ... In 1999, CART driver Gonzalo Rodríguez was killed after suffering a basilar skull fracture in a crash. At the same time, ... Notable race car drivers who died from basilar skull fractures include: Formula 1 driver Roland Ratzenberger in the 1994 San ...
Alexander's death, caused by a basilar skull fracture sustained in the impact, was the sixth in two years. Other high-profile ... He died from a basilar skull fracture, the fifth driver death from rapid-deceleration head-and-neck movements in 17 months, ...
The direct cause of death was a basilar skull fracture caused by rapid head movement to the right. Williams, in the live ... Also, at the time, basilar skull fractures were the subject of developing research by Jim Downing and Bob Hubbard into a head ... would also die from crashes that caused basilar skull fractures. Research into head and neck restraints would lead to the ... death was among the catalysts that led to increased funding by the automakers to continue research into basilar skull fractures ...
Fracture of an occipital condyle may occur in isolation, or as part of a more extended basilar skull fracture. Isolated condyle ... Type II: Occipital basilar skull fracture extending into the condyle, resulting from direct trauma. The craniocervical junction ... Bilateral condyle fractures (e.g. as part of an atlanto-occipital dislocation or the "occipital ring fracture") are rare, but ... Bloom AI, Neeman Z, Slasky BS, Floman Y, Milgrom M, Rivkind A, Bar-Ziv J (March 1997). "Fracture of the occipital condyles and ...
Trauma to the occiput can cause a fracture of the base of the skull, called a basilar skull fracture. The basion-dens line as ... basilar part (basioccipital). The occipital bone is part of the endocranium, the most basal portion of the skull. In ... The petrous-basilar suture joins the side edge of the basilar part of the occipital bone to the petrous-part of the temporal ... The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life ...
He had suffered three individually fatal injuries: a basilar skull fracture, which was named as the official cause of death; ...
Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. Facial fractures often ... Other race car drivers like Stanley Smith and Rick Carelli also survived a basilar skull fracture. To prevent basilar skull ... Serious cases usually result in death Basilar skull fractures include breaks in the posterior skull base or anterior skull base ... A basilar skull fracture is a break of a bone in the base of the skull. Symptoms may include bruising behind the ears, bruising ...
If there is a fracture or break in the cranial or skull bones, it is called a skull fracture. ... it is a basilar skull fracture or basal skull fracture. It is also known as depressed skull fracture and linear skull fracture ... Basilar skull fracture. If there is a fracture or break in the cranial or skull bones, it is called a skull fracture. When the ... While analyzing skull fractures, it is seen that 19-221% of all skull fractures happen to be basilar skull fractures. ...
... and protected inside the skull. Furthermore, the fascia and muscles of the scalp provide additional cushioning to the brain. ... of all skull fractures, and basilar skull fractures constitute 19-21% of all skull fractures. Depressed fractures are ... Basilar skull fracture. In essence, a basilar fracture is a linear fracture at the base of the skull. It is usually associated ... Linear fractures are either vault fractures or skull base fractures.Vault fractures and depressed fractures can be either ...
The skull is formed by the fusion of several flat bones held together by the cranial sutures. Each of the flat bones consists ... Basilar skull fractures. Basilar skull fractures (BSFs) are the most serious and involve a linear break in the bone at the base ... Ping-pong skull fractures. The ping-pong skull fracture (see the image below) is akin to a greenstick fracture of the long ... Radiographs are suboptimal in detecting basilar skull fractures. However, although fractures at the skull vertex may be missed ...
A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward ...
Basilar skull fracture. S pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, group A β-hemolytic streptococci ...
Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on ... Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on ... Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on ... Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on ...
Skull fracture *Basilar skull fracture. *Blowout fracture - a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit ... Spinal fracture *Cervical fracture *Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture. *Fracture of C2, including Hangmans fracture ... Arm fracture *Humerus fracture (fracture of upper arm) *Supracondylar fracture. *Holstein-Lewis fracture - a fracture of the ... a) closed fracture (b) open fracture (c) transverse fracture (d) spiral fracture (e) comminuted fracture (f) impacted fracture ...
Categories: Skull Fracture, Basilar Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Pediatric Basilar Skull Fracture Mechanisms and Trends From 2007 to 2018.. Magit A, Stramiello JA, Good R, Nation J ... Pediatric basilar skull fractures from multi-level falls: A systematic review and retrospective analysis.. Barba P, Stramiello ... Outcomes of isolated basilar skull fracture: readmission, meningitis, and cerebrospinal fluid leak.. McCutcheon BA, Orosco RK, ...
... meant to us that he died of a basilar skull fracture, or a transected aorta. At autopsy he was found to have a basilar skull ... Famous race car driver deaths from cervical spine and basilar skull fractures.. *Dale Earnhardt. Dale Earnhardts death had a ... Petty was killed instantly due to a basilar skull fracture. It is highly likely that Adam would have survived this crash had he ... Ratzenberger had several lethal injuries, including a transection of the aorta and a basilar skull fracture. Accident Video. ...
Analysis of carotid artery injury in patients with basilar skull fractures. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the ... Skull base : official journal of North American Skull Base Society ... [et al.], 12 2, 58 ... Skull base : official journal of North American Skull Base Society ... [et al.], 12 3, 173 ... Skull base : official journal of North American Skull Base Society ... [et al.], 12 2, 71 ...
Basilar skull fracture involving the carotid canal (which May also didnt have, at least not as far as we know). ... P.S. - a "hanging" results from a fracture to the odontoid or posterior process of the Axis (2nd vertebra), you cant fracture ... tethered to the spine and make a big loop around the atlas before entering the skull and joining together to form the basilar ... As has been pointed out, given how rare basilar artery strokes are in young people, even a high relative risk of such a stroke ...
The bulk modulus of brain tissue is roughly five to... , traumatic brain injuries, Particle Accelerators and Skull Fractures , ... Why Most Traumatic Brain Injuries are Not Caused by Linear Acceleration but Skull Fractures are , Injury statistics have found ... at maximum for the brain are illustrated together with the maximum von Mises stress for the skull bone. Parts of the figure are ... basilar skull fracture, and facial fracture. Different types of helmets exist today, which are recognized as preventing head ...
... the doctors suspected a possible basilar skull fracture.. Drew was conscious and very aware of what was going on and told his ...
Dagi TF, Meyer FB, Poletti CA (1983). The incidence andprevention of meningitis after basilar skull fracture. Am JEmerg Med 1: ... Hofman PA, Nelemans P, Kemerink GJ, Wilmink JT(2000).Value of radiological diagnosis of skull fracture in themanagement of mild ... Role of prophylactic antibiotics in open andbasilar fractures of the skull: a randomized study. Injury23:377-380. ... Lloyd DA, Carty H, Patterson M, Butcher CK, Roe D(1997). Predictive value of skull radiography for intracranialinjury in ...
Fracture in proximity to internal carotid or vertebral artery. *Basilar skull fracture involving the carotid canal. ... Cervical spine fracture patterns: subluxation, fractures extending into the transverse foramen, fractures of the C1-C3 ...
... basilar, ping-pong ball, and growing. Seventy-five percent of pediatric skull fractures are linear fractures, or simple cracks ... Two types of skull fractures are unique to the pediatric trauma victim. The "ping-pong ball" fracture is a dent in the skull; ... Another unique skull fracture in children is the growing fracture, also known as a leptomeningeal cyst. This type of fracture ... A LeFort II fracture is a pyramidal fracture, including fractures of the midface, maxilla, and nose. With a LeFort II fracture ...
A petrous apex cholesterol granuloma usually develops after trauma to the skull. The trauma causes the capillaries found within ... Basilar Skull and Temporal Bone Fractures. Neurotology Resources. *Neurotology Overview. *Glossary. *Physicians Audiology ...
Clinical Relevance of Skull + Cervical Spine flashcards from Megan Scotcher's university of leicester class online, or in ... What is another name for a burst fracture of C1, and how is it caused? ... Membranous areas of unfused skull of an infant, to allow flexibility during passage through birth canal, and to allow for brain ... 3 - Head & Neck - Osteology + Clinical Relevance of Skull + Cervical Spine Flashcards Preview ESA4 , 3 - Head & Neck - ...
Basilar Skull and Temporal Bone Fractures. Neurotology Resources. *Neurotology Overview. *Glossary. *Physicians Audiology ...
Sustained a basilar skull fracture * Sustained significant oral trauma Brought to you by Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA ( ...
Basilar (BAZ-uh-ler) skull fractures, the most severe type, involve breaks in the bones near the base of the skull, including ... There are four main types of skull fractures:. *With linear skull fractures, which are the most common, there is a break in the ... Severe skull fractures can be life-threatening medical emergencies, but most linear skull fractures dont require treatment. ... Children with basilar skull fractures require extra care because more problems - such as hearing loss, decreased sense of smell ...
Suspected nasal Fx*Suspected basilar skull Fx*Deviated septum or other obstruction*Cardiac or resp arrest*Unresponsive pt ... Jaw Fx, oral inj or recent oral surgery*Significant angioedema*Obesity*Arthritis preventing head placement ... Tracheal inj or Laryngeal Fx*Epiglotitis*Pt doesnt want to be intubated ...
The third type is a basilar fracture. This type of skull fracture happens at the brains base and can result in cerebral spinal ... Fractured skull: Skull fractures can be linear, which is a straight line that doesnt require surgical treatment. The second ... Epidural hematoma: Blood clots that form inside the skull but outside the dura and brain are usually caused by a torn artery. ... type is a depressed fracture of the skull, which may require a craniotomy if pressure increases in the brain. ...
... external ear canals are examined for the presence of blood or CSF which may indicate the presence of basilar skull fractures. ... Survey radiographs of the skull and spine are recommended in all brain trauma patients to rule out vertebral fractures and to ... Computed tomography (CT) is far more accurate at identifying skull fractures and bone fragments in the parenchyma. It can also ... Head trauma patients often have nasal turbinate fractures and in severe cases there can be fractures of the cribriform plate. ...
... brain and skull injury claims from Florida car and motorcycle accidents, falling merchandise and more. You wont believe your ... you may get a basilar skull fracture.. Not all basilar skull fractures require surgery. However, people with a basilar skull ... Basilar Skull Fracture Settlement Amounts. A basilar skull fracture is a break of a bone in the base of the skull. If you get ... A basilar skull fracture as seen on CT. The diagram below shows bones that may be involved in a basilar skull fracture:. Bones ...
Johns Hopkins Medicine explains different skull fractures. Knowing which skull fracture they have could help accident victims ... Even if they feel fine, they could have injuries such as skull fractures. ... Basilar skull fracture. The most severe fracture, basilar skull fractures damage the bone at the bottom of the skull. ... Linear skull fracture. The most common skull fracture, linear fractures break but do not shift the bone. Linear skull fracture ...
Howard Fletcher of basilar meningitis due to fracture of base of skull by block of wood striking him on head. Survived 4 days. ... J. W. Taylor of cellulitis the result of compound fracture of right ulna from fall of 30 feet. Lived one week. Age 58 yrs. Nov ...
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  • Before I get into settlement values, I want to talk about the different types of skull fractures. (justinziegler.net)
  • In this article, we will present what are the types of skull fractures? (drcetinisik.com)
  • The most common types of skull fractures are in which the bones break linearly without moving from their position, and they need to be monitored in the hospital for several days, after which the patient can return to daily activities. (drcetinisik.com)
  • A basilar skull fracture occurs in about 12% of people with a severe head injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are almost exclusively observed when the carotid canal is fractured, although only a minority of carotid canal fractures result in vascular injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the base of the skull is involved in a head injury, it is a basilar skull fracture or basal skull fracture . (targetwoman.com)
  • This linear fracture is rare and occurs in only 4% of patients with severe head injury. (targetwoman.com)
  • There may be a traumatic brain injury when the skull is fractured. (targetwoman.com)
  • The area of the brain injured and the severity of injury is diagnosed by examining the fracture. (targetwoman.com)
  • If bruising or dislocation develops within 24 hours after a head injury, it also indicates a basilar skull fracture. (targetwoman.com)
  • Uncomplicated skull fractures themselves rarely produce neurologic deficit, but the associated intracranial injury may have serious neurologic sequelae. (medscape.com)
  • Skull fractures may occur with no associated neurologic damage, and conversely, fatal injury to membranes, blood vessels, and brain may occur without overlying fracture. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, cerebral edema associated with skull fractures is a common and frequently fatal complication of head injury and may develop within minutes or hours of injury. (medscape.com)
  • Skull radiography has been supplanted by CT in characterizing skull fractures in the setting of acute traumatic brain injury, though it may be useful in limited circumstances, such as radiopaque foreign bodies. (medscape.com)
  • In children, radiographs of the skull are known to have a low predictive value in determining intracranial injury. (medscape.com)
  • The causative forces and fracture pattern, type, extent, and position are important in assessing the sustained injury. (medscape.com)
  • It can be hard to know if the skull is fractured or depressed (dented in) at the site of injury. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [1] A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress , or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis , osteopenia , bone cancer , or osteogenesis imperfecta , where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture . (wikipedia.org)
  • Depressed skull fractures are sometimes treated with surgery to repair the damaged part of the bone and prevent further injury to the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • A doctor should always be notified if someone has headaches, dizziness, confusion, or any symptoms of a skull fracture following a blow or injury to the skull. (childrensmn.org)
  • However, other head injuries can be serious, like a skull fracture, concussion, or traumatic brain injury . (justinziegler.net)
  • An open (or penetrating) head injury is when you are hit with an object that breaks the skull and goes into the brain. (justinziegler.net)
  • The primary damages are those that occur at the moment of the injury and include scalp lacerations, skull fractures, contusions and lacerations of the brain, diffuse axonal injury, and the intracranial hemorrhages. (medscape.com)
  • A closed head injury occurs when there is no open wound to the skull or penetration of the brain - rather this injury is caused by violent movement or blunt trauma. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • This injury involves fragments of the skull pushing on the brain. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • This is an extremely serious injury that involves a fracture of the bones at the base of the skull. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • Skull fractures are fractures that occur due to injury to the bones in the head. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Symptoms change according to the severity of the injury that caused the skull fractures. (drcetinisik.com)
  • The battle sign can be mistaken for an extended hematoma from a mandibular condyle fracture, a less severe injury. (scopeheal.com)
  • In general, treatment after a skull fracture depends on the type of injury. (scopeheal.com)
  • The management of soft tissue and hard tissue injury is by reduction, fixation and immobilization of fractures, management of pain and administration of antibiotics. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Most skull fractures are rarely serious on their own but suggest that severe injury to the brain may also be present. (medictests.com)
  • When trauma to the head is harsh enough that the skull breaks, it's known as an open head injury. (hoskinsandturco.com)
  • Head injury' is an umbrella term used to describe a multitude of injuries that can happen to the brain, skull and scalp, as well as the tissue and blood vessels in the head. (comparecompensationclaims.com)
  • Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) - the tearing of the brains' connecting nerve fibres which can occur when the brain is injured as it moves inside the skull. (comparecompensationclaims.com)
  • Basilar skull fracture was defined as physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture without basilar skull fracture on computed tomography (CT), or basilar skull fracture on CT regardless of physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. (wustl.edu)
  • Results Of 42,958 patients, 558 (1.3%) had physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture, basilar skull fractures on CT, or both. (wustl.edu)
  • Of the 363 (91.7%) CT-imaged patients with physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture, 104 (28.7%) had basilar skull fracture on CT. (wustl.edu)
  • Of 266 patients with basilar skull fracture on CT, 104 (39.1%) also had physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. (wustl.edu)
  • Conclusion Approximately 1% of children with blunt head trauma have physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture or basilar skull fracture on CT. (wustl.edu)
  • The latter increases the risk of acute adverse outcomes more than physical examination signs of basilar skull fracture. (wustl.edu)
  • A basilar skull fracture is a break of a bone in the base of the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is defined as a fracture of one or more of the temporal, occipital, sphenoid, frontal or ethmoid bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The temporal bone fracture is encountered in 75% of all basilar skull fractures and may be longitudinal, transverse or mixed, depending on the course of the fracture line in relation to the longitudinal axis of the pyramid. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also an indication of a fracture of the frontal bone or the base of the skull i.e. sphenoid or temporal bone or of the ethmoid bones (bones that support the nose and sinuses). (targetwoman.com)
  • CSF otorrhea and bruising over the mastoids commonly known as 'battle sign' is an indication of a fracture of the petrous temporal bone. (targetwoman.com)
  • A skull fracture is a break in the skull bone and generally occurs as a result of direct impact. (medscape.com)
  • The skull vault is composed of cancellous bone, the diploe, which is sandwiched between the inner and outer tables and consists of the lamina externa (1.5 mm) and the lamina interna (0.5 mm). (medscape.com)
  • Linear fractures, the most common skull fractures, involve a break in the bone but no displacement, and generally no intervention is required. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral skull radiograph in a child shows a long, linear fracture extending from the midline in the occipital region across the occipital bone into the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • A transverse temporal bone fracture is shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • Most surgeons prefer to elevate depressed skull fractures if the depressed segment is more than 5 mm below the inner table of adjacent bone. (medscape.com)
  • A simple fracture is a break in the bone without damage to the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A linear skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A compound fracture involves a break in, or loss of, skin and splintering of the bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx , F x , or # ) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a comminuted fracture . (wikipedia.org)
  • Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal, or malunion, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • One form of malunion is the malrotation of a bone, which is especially common after femoral and tibial fractures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stages in Fracture Repair: The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture hematoma . (wikipedia.org)
  • Maximum principal strain (Green-Lagrange) at maximum for the brain are illustrated together with the maximum von Mises stress for the skull bone. (researchgate.net)
  • With linear skull fractures, which are the most common, there is a break in the bone but the bone doesn't move. (childrensmn.org)
  • With depressed skull fractures, part of the bone breaks and is pushed inward toward the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • In young children the possibility exists of developing a growing skull fracture especially if the fracture occurs in the parietal bone . (justinziegler.net)
  • The most common skull fracture, linear fractures break but do not shift the bone. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • The most severe fracture, basilar skull fractures damage the bone at the bottom of the skull. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • This is a flat bone located in the very back of your skull. (healthline.com)
  • A fracture refers to any type of break in a bone. (healthline.com)
  • A linear fracture in a cranial bone means there's a break in the bone, but the bone itself hasn't moved. (healthline.com)
  • This type involves a break in one of the bones near the base of your skull, such as the sphenoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • Common symptoms include a sloped forehead, extra bone within skull sutures, and an enlarged skull. (healthline.com)
  • People with this condition are more prone to fractures because the affected bone is usually weaker. (healthline.com)
  • The battle sign is prominent when there is a fracture of the temporal stone bone. (scopeheal.com)
  • Battle's sign is a bruise that appears after a person breaks a bone at the base of their skull. (jberrywriting.com)
  • Linear fracture - the skull is fractured in a line but the bone is not displaced. (hoskinsandturco.com)
  • Skull fractures - a break in the cranial bone caused by great force. (comparecompensationclaims.com)
  • Falls, injuries caused by penetrating external objects like knives, hammers or axe or gunshot wounds may result in skull fractures. (targetwoman.com)
  • Skull fractures may occur with head injuries . (medlineplus.gov)
  • 269 patients (51.2%) had intracranial injuries other than basilar skull fracture on CT. (wustl.edu)
  • He suffered a broken neck, skull fracture and a number of other chest and abdominal injuries. (parathyroid.com)
  • Most head injuries are small because our skull is firm and guards the brain. (justinziegler.net)
  • Even if they feel fine, they could have injuries such as skull fractures. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Several injuries and health conditions can impact your cranial bones, including fractures and congenital conditions. (healthline.com)
  • A great variety of injuries may affect the scalp, skull, and brain. (medscape.com)
  • these injuries result from direct impact to the head (eg, scalp laceration and contusion, skull fracture, epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, brain contusion). (medscape.com)
  • Crushing head injuries are relatively rare and are caused when a massive weight crushes the stationary head and results in comminuted fractures of the calvarium, facial skeleton, and skull base, with fracture contusions and fracture lacerations of the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Head injuries vary between brain concussion, intracranial hematoma, or skull fractures. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Most skull fractures are due to severe trauma to the head, such as falling from a high altitude, exposure to a car accident, physical assault, and sports injuries, as these injuries may lead to many fractures in the head, as the patient may suffer skull fractures as well as fractures in the jaw. (drcetinisik.com)
  • He was an English surgeon who initially described ecchymosis in 17 patients who had head injuries with fractures at the back of the skull base. (scopeheal.com)
  • Basilar skull fractures are present in only 4% of patients with severe head injuries. (scopeheal.com)
  • In multiple studies, the battle sign was associated with a positive predictive value of 66% for intracranial injuries and 100% skull base fractures. (scopeheal.com)
  • However, a severe impact or blow can cause the skull to break. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A severe impact or hit to the skull - such as from a car accident or fall - can cause skull fractures and may also injure the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • Basilar (BAZ-uh-ler) skull fractures, the most severe type, involve breaks in the bones near the base of the skull, including the ones around the ears, eyes, and nasal cavity. (childrensmn.org)
  • Severe skull fractures can be life-threatening medical emergencies, but most linear skull fractures don't require treatment. (childrensmn.org)
  • However, more severe fractures may require surgery. (healthline.com)
  • When a depressed skull fracture occurs, it is usually an open fracture, generally requiring surgery as soon as possible. (scopeheal.com)
  • If there is a fracture or break in the cranial or skull bones, it is called a skull fracture. (targetwoman.com)
  • Linear skull fractures tend to be less serious than a depressed skull fracture , or a compound fracture . (justinziegler.net)
  • Thus, all things equal, the full settlement value for pain and suffering of a linear skull fracture isn't as high as a depressed or compound fracture. (justinziegler.net)
  • This fracture occurs at specific points on the skull base. (targetwoman.com)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurs in 10-30% of skull base fractures and most often presents with rhinorrhea (80% of cases) in the setting of frontobasal fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Immediate complications - occurs at the time of the fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • A diastatic fracture occurs along one of the sutures of your skull, making it wider than usual. (healthline.com)
  • Impacts strong enough to result in skull fractures lead to many potentially fatal complications that are reviewed in other sections. (medictests.com)
  • The skull is formed by the fusion of several flat bones held together by the cranial sutures. (medscape.com)
  • The fracture is more radiolucent than the other sutures, has no serration along its edges, and is blind ending. (medscape.com)
  • The cranium, the part of the skull above and behind the face, includes eight bones that come together at special joints called sutures (SOO-churs). (childrensmn.org)
  • A diastatic (dy-uh-STAT-ik) skull fracture is a breakage at the sutures, the joints between the bones of the head, that widens the space between the sutures. (childrensmn.org)
  • Sutures are the joints of the skull. (justinziegler.net)
  • Some infants are born with a condition called craniosynostosis , which involves the premature closing of skull sutures. (healthline.com)
  • They are the fractures that occur along the suture connection (the sutures are the place where the cranial bones join each other and which fuse in childhood), and these fractures are often found in newborns. (drcetinisik.com)
  • To engelske neurologer forholder sig til diagnosen 'concussion' (hjernerystelse') og foreslÃ¥r en ny mÃ¥de at diagnosticere skader efter slag mod hovedet. (videnomsmerter.dk)
  • Test results have shown that 10 times more force is required to fracture a cadaveric skull with overlaying scalp than the one without. (medscape.com)
  • These fractures may be associated with wounds in the scalp, where the fractured part collapsed due to trauma. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Adults with simple linear fractures who are neurologically intact do not require any intervention and may even be discharged home safely and asked to return if symptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Infants with simple linear fractures should be admitted for overnight observation regardless of neurological status. (medscape.com)
  • Much of the time, skull fractures are simple linear fractures that don't need treatment. (childrensmn.org)
  • The bones in your skull can be divided into the cranial bones, which form your cranium, and facial bones, which make up your face. (healthline.com)
  • Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • These fractures can lead to meningitis, damage to cerebral blood vessels, and damage to cranial nerves. (medictests.com)
  • Patients with basilar skull fractures are especially likely to get meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basilar skull fractures sometimes leads to meningitis in some patients. (targetwoman.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced MRI or CT may be helpful if posttraumatic infection is clinically suspected in patients with risk factors such as skull base fractures. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic dural sinus thrombosis is most commonly seen in patients with skull fractures that extend to a dural venous sinus or the jugular foramen. (medscape.com)
  • Linear skull fracture patients could require medical observation before returning to their routine without medical treatment. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • If the fracture tears a portion of the covering of the brain, patients may also experience clear fluid drainage from their ears or nose. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Patients with this type of fracture must be carefully observed for signs of internal bleeding. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • Patients often suffer from bruising around the eyes or ears due to skull base fractures and usually need intensive care. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Patients with linear fractures who do not have neurological deficiencies and who have a GCS of 14 or more can be safely discharged home after a period of observation in the emergency room. (scopeheal.com)
  • The optic nerve is compressed by the broken skull bones, causing irregularities in vision. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bones may be broken around the foramen magnum, the hole in the base of the skull through which the brain stem exits and becomes the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A skull fracture (FRAK-chur) is a break or crack in one of the bones of the skull, also called the cranium (CRAY-nee-um). (childrensmn.org)
  • The human skull is made up of two parts and 22 small bones. (childrensmn.org)
  • These are the bones that crack or break when someone has a skull fracture. (childrensmn.org)
  • Diastatic skull fractures happen along the skull's suture lines, found between head bones that merge during childhood. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Skull fractures include fractures of the cranial bones and facial bones, and they often occur as a result of strong trauma to the head. (drcetinisik.com)
  • skull fracture It is a fracture in one of the cranial and facial bones. (drcetinisik.com)
  • A skull fracture may occur when the skull is hit with a strong force that leads to a crack or a fracture in the bones of the head, which may cause brain damage with bleeding and fractures in the skull, depending on the severity of the force. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Separation of skull bones at an anatomic suture line. (medictests.com)
  • Basilar skull fractures are divided into anterior fossa, middle fossa and posterior fossa fractures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidural hematoma: Blood clots that form inside the skull but outside the dura and brain are usually caused by a torn artery. (autoaccident.com)
  • Because the dura is attached to the skull, differential movement between the skull and the brain may strain and tear bridging veins to the point of failure and cause bleeding into the subdural space. (medscape.com)
  • It is also known as depressed skull fracture and linear skull fracture . (targetwoman.com)
  • Basilar skull fracture can be called a linear fracture at the base of the skull. (targetwoman.com)
  • Skull radiograph in a man shows a linear temporoparietal fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Fractures of the skull can be classified as linear or depressed. (medscape.com)
  • Linear fractures are either vault fractures or skull base fractures.Vault fractures and depressed fractures can be either closed or open (clean or dirty/contaminated). (medscape.com)
  • A study of 66 skull fractures in children (mean age, 5.9 yr) supported previous evidence that routine skull radiographs are of little benefit in cases of minor head trauma and that additional CT scans are not indicated in symptomatic children with linear fractures. (medscape.com)
  • If a linear skull fracture meets one of those two criteria, this increases the full settlement value. (justinziegler.net)
  • What is the Settlement Value of a Child's Linear Skull Fracture? (justinziegler.net)
  • In general, most skull fractures are linear and more common in children. (scopeheal.com)
  • The initial evaluation is with a non-contrast CT scan, although linear or undisplaced fractures may not be detectable, requiring additional imaging. (scopeheal.com)
  • Children with linear fractures should be admitted overnight regardless of the absence/presence of neurological deficits. (scopeheal.com)
  • Multiple linear fractures that radiate from the point of impact. (medictests.com)
  • The brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), enclosed in meningeal covering, and protected inside the skull. (medscape.com)
  • These fractures can cause leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • Serious cases usually result in death Basilar skull fractures include breaks in the posterior skull base or anterior skull base. (wikipedia.org)
  • If bleeding from the ears or nose is not due to a cut or a direct blow, it may be an indication of a fracture of the base of the skull. (targetwoman.com)
  • The skull vault is comparatively thinner than the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • It spans the width of your skull and forms a large part of the base of your skull. (healthline.com)
  • The brain communicates with the spinal cord through the foramen magnum at the base of the skull. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Emergency management of oromaxillofacial trauma with anterior cranial base fracture. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Oromaxillofacial trauma with cranial base fracture is a case that is quite commonly found in the ER of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. (ugm.ac.id)
  • In conclusion, the emergency management of oromaxillofacial trauma with cranial base fracture is promptly and rapidly carried out with minimal intervention. (ugm.ac.id)
  • A simple line-like fracture extending towards the base of the skull. (medictests.com)
  • A fracture at the base of the skull. (medictests.com)
  • The unsupported head will rotate at some point where it joins the cervical spine, and the rotational movement of the head will create differential movement of the brain and skull because of the different rigidities of the 2 structures. (medscape.com)
  • Non-displaced fractures usually heal without intervention. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infants and children with open depressed fractures require surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • This type of fracture may require surgical intervention to correct the deformity in the shape of the skull. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Skull fractures can range in severity, with some needing no intervention and others requiring surgery. (comparecompensationclaims.com)
  • Rhinorrhea and bruising around the eyes (raccoon eyes) are noticed with anterior cranial fossa fractures. (targetwoman.com)
  • Individuals with basilar fractures may have eye and ear bruising. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • These fractures can lead to a sensation of facial 'mobility' with palpation and diffuse bruising over the face. (medictests.com)
  • Nosebleeds, pain, bruising, difficulty working the jaw, difficulty breathing through the nose, and swelling can be expected depending on the severity of a facial fracture. (hoskinsandturco.com)
  • Depending on the location of the fracture, clinical signs and symptoms differ. (drcetinisik.com)
  • And the most important symptoms and signs that appear after the fracture. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as compartment syndrome . (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Complications of fractures may be classified into three broad groups, depending upon their time of occurrence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early complications - occurring in the initial few days after the fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Late complications - occurring a long time after the fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • The same complications as skull fractures exist. (medictests.com)
  • Or resort to surgery immediately, depending on the severity of the fracture. (drcetinisik.com)
  • Pediatric Basilar Skull Fracture Mechanisms and Trends From 2007 to 2018. (rchsd.org)
  • It can also occur when the skull hits a solid object with considerable force. (targetwoman.com)
  • Subdural haematoma - a serious condition caused by trauma to the head in which blood collects between the brain's surface and the skull. (comparecompensationclaims.com)
  • All LeFort fractures are a contraindication to airway access via the nose, and all have a significant risk of airway compromise. (medictests.com)
  • CT scan is the criterion standard modality for aiding in the diagnosis of skull fractures. (medscape.com)
  • CSF drains out through the ears or nose, when the skull is fractured and the Meninges or the covering of the brain is torn. (targetwoman.com)
  • The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. (medscape.com)
  • Other sites at risk for fracture are the cribriform plate, the roof of orbits in the anterior cranial fossa, and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa. (medscape.com)
  • The skull is thickened at the glabella, external occipital protuberance, mastoid processes, and external angular process and is joined by 3 arches on either side. (medscape.com)
  • Generally, these fractures are of little clinical significance unless they involve a vascular channel, a venous sinus groove, or a suture. (medscape.com)
  • However, in contrast to accidental head trauma, where radiographs have largely been replaced by CT, skull radiographs are still often performed as part of the skeletal survey in evaluation of suspected nonaccidental trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Study objective We describe presentations and outcomes of children with basilar skull fractures in the emergency department (ED) after blunt head trauma. (wustl.edu)
  • This can lead to flattening on one side of the back of the skull. (healthline.com)
  • [ 1 ] Although these layers play a protective role, meningeal attachments to the interior of the skull may limit the movement of the brain, transmitting shearing forces on the brain. (medscape.com)
  • The skull provides good protection for the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The brain can also be affected by bleeding under the skull. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Your skull provides structure to your head and face while also protecting your brain . (healthline.com)
  • When the head is violently moved, the acceleration and deceleration forces cause the brain to move, bounce, and rotate within the skull. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • In this type of fracture, the brain is not penetrated. (doctorspracticinglaw.com)
  • A skull fracture is one of the most dangerous fractures in adults because this fracture may cause bleeding within the brain. (drcetinisik.com)