Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A skull fracture characterized by inward depression of a fragment or section of cranial bone, often compressing the underlying dura mater and brain. Depressed cranial fractures which feature open skin wounds that communicate with skull fragments are referred to as compound depressed skull fractures.
Fractures which extend through the base of the SKULL, usually involving the PETROUS BONE. Battle's sign (characterized by skin discoloration due to extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue behind the ear and over the mastoid process), CRANIAL NEUROPATHIES, TRAUMATIC; CAROTID-CAVERNOUS SINUS FISTULA; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA are relatively frequent sequelae of this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p876)
The SKELETON of the HEAD including the FACIAL BONES and the bones enclosing the BRAIN.
Breaks in bones.
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Fractures of the femur.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Head injuries which feature compromise of the skull and dura mater. These may result from gunshot wounds (WOUNDS, GUNSHOT), stab wounds (WOUNDS, STAB), and other forms of trauma.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
Bleeding into the SUBARACHNOID SPACE due to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Minor hemorrhages may be asymptomatic; moderate to severe hemorrhages may be associated with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION and VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL.
A game whose object is to sink a ball into each of 9 or 18 successive holes on a golf course using as few strokes as possible.
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Accumulation of blood in the EPIDURAL SPACE between the SKULL and the DURA MATER, often as a result of bleeding from the MENINGEAL ARTERIES associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. Epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features may include HEADACHE; VOMITING; HEMIPARESIS; and impaired mental function.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
Fractures in which there is an external wound communicating with the break of the bone.
The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. It receives blood from a vein in the nasal cavity, runs backwards, and gradually increases in size as blood drains from veins of the brain and the DURA MATER. Near the lower back of the CRANIUM, the superior sagittal sinus deviates to one side (usually the right) and continues on as one of the TRANSVERSE SINUSES.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the rib bones, which can occur at any location along the rib's length, often caused by direct trauma or severe coughing, and may result in pain, difficulty breathing, and increased risk of complications such as pneumonia.
Fractures of the lower jaw.
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.
Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.

Surgical repair of a depressed fracture in a green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas. (1/13)

Sea turtles are considered to be endangered species. A depressed fracture of a 35 kg green sea turtle was treated surgically. Isoflurane was used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Slow induction of and slow recovery from anesthesia was remarkable. After the operation, there was an improvement of general status, but head tilt and weakness of the left limbs persisted. As the turtle did not eat, force feeding using stomach tube was performed. The turtle died at about 6 months after the surgery.  (+info)

Traumatic basilar artery occlusion caused by a fracture of the clivus--case report. (2/13)

A 56-year-old man presented with a rare traumatic basilar artery occlusion caused by a fracture of the clivus. He fell from the height of 2 meters and immediately fell into a coma. Head computed tomography (CT) revealed an open depressed fracture, an acute epidural hematoma 1 cm thick in the left middle frontal fossa, and a longitudinal fracture of the clivus. Emergency removal of the hematoma was performed with cranioplasty. Head CT 8 hours 50 minutes after injury showed infarctions in the brain stem, cerebellum, and occipital lobes. Cerebral angiography revealed occlusion of the basilar artery in the middle part of the clivus. The patient died after 3 days. Autopsy revealed that the basilar artery was trapped in the clivus fracture site. Vertebrobasilar artery occlusion due to trapping in a clivus fracture has a very poor prognosis. Diagnosis is difficult and generally only confirmed at autopsy. Cerebral angiography is recommended in a patient in a deep coma without massive brain contusion at the early stage of head injury to identify the possibility of vertebrobasilar artery occlusion in a clivus fracture.  (+info)

A 5-year study of the outcome of surgically treated depressed skull fractures. (3/13)

BACKGROUND: Many changes and improvement have taken place in the management of head injured patients in the last 20 years. There have been few recent studies analysing the overall outcomes including early complications of depressed skull fractures. The aim of our study was, therefore, to examine the factors influencing the surgical outcome of patients with depressed skull fractures. METHODS: We reviewed case notes of 73 consecutive surgically treated depressed skull fractures during the period from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1998 admitted to the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool. RESULTS: There was a male preponderance of 9:1. Alleged assault was the most common cause of depressed skull fractures followed by road traffic accidents. Postoperative infection rate was 8.2%. More than 80% of patients received prophylactic antibiotics. We failed to show any statistically significant association between the use of antibiotics and reduction of the rate of infection. However, prevalence of infection was significantly associated with brain contusion, low GCS score and dural tear (P < 0.05). Prevalence of early post-traumatic epilepsy was 12.3%. No patients received prophylactic anticonvulsants. There was no significant association between dural tear and prevalence of post-traumatic epilepsy. Mortality rate was 1.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric populations have better outcome; 7 out of 10 patients in this series progressed to full recovery. Use of prophylactic antibiotics did not reduce the infection rate. Presence of dural tear was not associated with an increase risk of post-traumatic epilepsy.  (+info)

Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Tangential views or computed tomography in suspected depressed skull fracture. (4/13)

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether CT scans are better than tangential skull radiographs at detecting depressed skull fractures. No papers answering this question were found using the reported search.  (+info)

Antibiotics in compound depressed skull fractures. (5/13)

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether antibiotics reduce the incidence of meningitis in patients with compound depressed skull fracture. Altogether 198 papers were found using the reported search, of which one presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of this best paper are tabulated. A clinical bottom line is stated.  (+info)

The skull and cervical spine radiographs of Tutankhamen: a critical appraisal. (6/13)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tutankhamen, the last pharaoh of the XVIIIth dynasty, died unexpectedly at approximately age 18 years. A cause of death has never been established, but theories that the young king was murdered by a blow to the head have been proposed based on skull radiographs obtained by a team from the University of Liverpool in 1968. We recently had the opportunity to evaluate the skull and cervical spine radiographs of Tutankhamen. The purpose of this study was to report our critical appraisal of the radiographs of Tutankhamen regarding the findings alleged to indicate traumatic death. METHODS: Copies of lateral, anteroposterior, and submental vertex skull radiographs of Tutankhamen were reviewed with special attention to the claims of a depressed skull fracture, intracranial bone fragments, and calcified membrane of a posterior fossa subdural hematoma. A phantom skull was radiographed to reproduce the appearance of the floor of the posterior fossa in the lateral projection. RESULTS: The skull radiographs of Tutankhamen show only postmortem artifacts that are explainable by an understanding of the methods of mummy preservation used at the time of his death. Some findings also relate to trauma inflicted by an autopsy performed in 1925. The alleged calcified membrane of a posterior fossa subdural hematoma is easily reproduced with a skull phantom. CONCLUSION: Our critical review of the skull and cervical spine radiographs of Tutankhamen does not support proposed theories of a traumatic or homicidal death.  (+info)

An unusual case of a compound depressed skull fracture after an assault with a stiletto heel. (7/13)

Compound depressed skull fractures occur commonly from assault with various sharp and blunt objects. The use of a stiletto heeled shoe as an offensive weapon has not been reported before as a cause of such an injury. However unusual the history of assault, a clear picture of the mechanism of the injury is vital. Patients with scalp lacerations following a direct blow to the head must be evaluated thoroughly. Early investigation and treatment are necessary to reduce the risk of complications, as illustrated by this case.  (+info)

Comparison of accidental and nonaccidental traumatic head injury in children on noncontrast computed tomography. (8/13)

OBJECTIVE: Mixed-density convexity subdural hematoma and interhemispheric subdural hematoma suggest nonaccidental head injury. The purpose of this retrospective observational study is to investigate subdural hematoma on noncontrast computed tomography in infants with nonaccidental head injury and to compare these findings in infants with accidental head trauma for whom the date of injury was known. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two blinded, independent observers retrospectively reviewed computed tomography scans with subdural hematoma performed on the day of presentation on 9 infant victims of nonaccidental head injury (mean age: 6.8 months; range: 1-25 months) and on 38 infants (mean age: 4.8 months; range: newborn to 34 months) with accidental head trauma (birth-related: 19; short fall: 17; motor vehicle accident: 2). RESULTS: Homogeneous hyperdense subdural hematoma was significantly more common in children with accidental head trauma (28 of 38 [74%]; nonaccidental head trauma: 3 of 9 [33%]), whereas mixed-density subdural hematoma was significantly more common in cases of nonaccidental head injury (6 of 9 [67%]; accidental head trauma: 7 of 38 [18%]). Twenty-two (79%) subdural hematomas were homogeneously hyperdense on noncontrast computed tomography performed within two days of accidental head trauma, one (4%) was homogeneous and isodense compared to brain tissue, one (4%) was homogeneous and hypodense, and four (14%) were mixed-density. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of interhemispheric subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, calvarial fracture, brain contusion, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Homogeneous hyperdense subdural hematoma is more frequent in cases of accidental head trauma; mixed-density subdural hematoma is more frequent in cases of nonaccidental head injury but may be observed within 48 hours of accidental head trauma. Interhemispheric subdural hematoma is not specific for inflicted head injury.  (+info)

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

A depressed skull fracture is a type of skull fracture where a piece of the skull bone is pushed inward (depressed) toward the brain. This type of fracture can potentially cause damage to the underlying brain tissue and may require surgical intervention for proper treatment and to reduce the risk of complications such as infection or increased intracranial pressure. Depressed skull fractures are often caused by high-force trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from significant height.

A basilar skull fracture is a type of skull fracture that involves the base of the skull. It is a serious and potentially life-threatening injury, as it can cause damage to the brainstem and cranial nerves. A basilar skull fracture may occur as a result of a severe head trauma, such as from a fall, car accident, or violent assault.

In a basilar skull fracture, the bones that form the base of the skull (the occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and temporal bones) are broken. This type of fracture can be difficult to diagnose on a routine skull X-ray, and may require further imaging studies such as a CT scan or MRI to confirm the diagnosis.

Symptoms of a basilar skull fracture may include:

* Battle's sign: a bruise behind the ear
* Raccoon eyes: bruising around the eyes
* Clear fluid leaking from the nose or ears (cerebrospinal fluid)
* Hearing loss
* Facial paralysis
* Difficulty swallowing
* Changes in level of consciousness

If you suspect that someone has a basilar skull fracture, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. This type of injury requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications such as infection or brain swelling.

The skull is the bony structure that encloses and protects the brain, the eyes, and the ears. It is composed of two main parts: the cranium, which contains the brain, and the facial bones. The cranium is made up of several fused flat bones, while the facial bones include the upper jaw (maxilla), lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones, nose bones, and eye sockets (orbits).

The skull also provides attachment points for various muscles that control chewing, moving the head, and facial expressions. Additionally, it contains openings for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord to pass through. The skull's primary function is to protect the delicate and vital structures within it from injury and trauma.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a condition characterized by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the inner ear into the external auditory canal of the ear. CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is normally contained within the subarachnoid space, which is a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

CSF otorrhea can occur as a result of a head injury, skull base fracture, or surgical procedure involving the ear or surrounding structures. It can also be caused by congenital defects or tumors in the area. CSF otorrhea is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, as it can lead to meningitis or other complications if left untreated.

Diagnosis of CSF otorrhea typically involves a physical examination and testing of any fluid draining from the ear for beta-2 transferrin, a protein that is present in CSF but not in other bodily fluids. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to help identify the underlying cause of the CSF leak. Treatment may involve bed rest, hydration, and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the site of the CSF leak.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Penetrating head injuries are a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. This can result in damage to specific areas of the brain, depending on the location and trajectory of the penetrating object. Penetrating head injuries can be caused by various objects, such as bullets, knives, or sharp debris from accidents. They are often severe and require immediate medical attention, as they can lead to significant neurological deficits, disability, or even death.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

A traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a type of bleeding within the subarachnoid space – the area between the brain and the thin tissues that cover the brain – which results from a head injury. This condition is typically caused by the rupture of small blood vessels in the brain due to trauma, leading to the accumulation of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain.

The buildup of blood in the subarachnoid space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges (the membranes covering the brain), and vasospasms (constriction of blood vessels), which may further compromise blood flow to the brain. Symptoms of tSAH can include sudden onset of severe headache, nausea, vomiting, altered mental status, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and management of this condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Golf" is not a medical term. It is a sport that involves hitting a small ball with various clubs into a series of holes on a course, typically in as few strokes as possible. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Osteoporotic fractures are breaks or cracks in bones that occur as a result of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis causes bones to lose density and strength, making them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor injuries or falls.

The most common types of osteoporotic fractures are:

1. Hip fractures: These occur when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks, often due to a fall. Hip fractures can be serious and may require surgery and hospitalization.
2. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the bones in the spine (vertebrae) collapse, causing height loss, back pain, and deformity. They are often caused by everyday activities, such as bending or lifting.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones in the wrist break, often due to a fall. Wrist fractures are common in older adults with osteoporosis.
4. Other fractures: Osteoporotic fractures can also occur in other bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and humerus (upper arm bone).

Prevention is key in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This includes getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.

Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

A traumatic brain hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs within the brain or in the spaces surrounding the brain as a result of trauma or injury. This condition can range from mild to severe, and it is often a medical emergency.

Trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the leakage of blood into the brain tissue or the spaces surrounding the brain. The buildup of blood puts pressure on the delicate tissues of the brain, which can cause damage and result in various symptoms.

There are several types of traumatic brain hemorrhages, including:

1. Epidural hematoma: This occurs when blood accumulates between the skull and the dura mater, the tough outer covering of the brain. It is often caused by a skull fracture that damages an artery or vein.
2. Subdural hematoma: In this type, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the next inner covering of the brain, called the arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by venous injuries but can also result from arterial damage.
3. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: This refers to bleeding within the brain tissue itself, often due to the rupture of small blood vessels.
4. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the innermost covering of the brain, called the pia mater. This type of hemorrhage is commonly caused by an aneurysm or a head injury.

Symptoms of a traumatic brain hemorrhage may include:

* Sudden severe headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Confusion or disorientation
* Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
* Balance problems or difficulty walking
* Slurred speech or difficulty communicating
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arms, or legs

Immediate medical attention is necessary if a traumatic brain hemorrhage is suspected. Treatment may involve surgery to relieve pressure on the brain and stop the bleeding, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The prognosis for a traumatic brain hemorrhage depends on various factors, including the location and severity of the bleed, the patient's age and overall health, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used by healthcare professionals to assess the level of consciousness and neurological response in a person who has suffered a brain injury or illness. It evaluates three aspects of a patient's responsiveness: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The scores from these three categories are then added together to provide an overall GCS score, which can range from 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) to 15 (indicating a normal level of consciousness). This scale helps medical professionals to quickly and consistently communicate the severity of a patient's condition and monitor their progress over time.

The scalp is the anatomical region located at the upper part of the human head, covering the skull except for the face and the ears. It is made up of several layers: the skin, the connective tissue, the galea aponeurotica (a strong, flat, tendinous sheet), loose areolar tissue, and the periosteum (the highly vascularized innermost layer that attaches directly to the skull bones). The scalp has a rich blood supply and is home to numerous sensory receptors, including those for touch, pain, and temperature. It also contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

Stress fractures are defined as small cracks or severe bruising in bones that occur from repetitive stress or overuse. They most commonly occur in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs and feet, but can also occur in the arms, hips, and back. Stress fractures differ from regular fractures because they typically do not result from a single, traumatic event. Instead, they are caused by repeated stress on the bone that results in microscopic damage over time. Athletes, military personnel, and individuals who engage in high-impact activities or have weak bones (osteoporosis) are at increased risk of developing stress fractures. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected bone.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

An epidural cranial hematoma is a specific type of hematoma, which is defined as an abnormal accumulation of blood in a restricted space, occurring between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the skull in the cranial region. This condition is often caused by trauma or head injury, which results in the rupture of blood vessels, allowing blood to collect in the epidural space. The accumulation of blood can compress the brain tissue and cause various neurological symptoms, potentially leading to serious complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

An ulna fracture is a break in the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. The ulna is located on the pinky finger side of the forearm and functions to support the elbow joint and assist in rotation and movement of the forearm. Ulna fractures can occur at various points along the bone, including the shaft, near the wrist, or at the elbow end of the bone. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment typically involves immobilization with a cast or splint, followed by rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to realign and stabilize the fractured bone.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is a type of bone injury in which the bone breaks and penetrates through the skin, creating an open wound. This condition exposes the fractured bone to the external environment, increasing the risk of infection and complicating the healing process. Open fractures can result from high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falls from significant heights, or industrial incidents. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper treatment and prevention of infection.

The Superior Sagittal Sinus is a medical term that refers to a venous sinus (a channel for blood flow) located in the superior part (highest portion) of the sagittal suture, which is the line along the top of the skull where the two parietal bones join in the middle. It runs from front to back, starting at the frontal bone and ending at the occipital bone, and it receives blood from veins that drain the cerebral hemispheres (the right and left halves of the brain).

The Superior Sagittal Sinus is an important structure in the circulatory system of the brain as it plays a critical role in draining venous blood from the cranial cavity. It also contains valveless venous channels that allow for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the intracranial and extracranial compartments.

It is worth noting that any damage to this structure, such as through trauma or infection, can lead to serious neurological complications, including increased intracranial pressure, seizures, and even death.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a condition where the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, leaks through the nasal cavity. This occurs due to a defect or opening in the skull base or the thin bone that separates the brain from the nasal cavity, known as the cribriform plate.

CSF rhinorrhea can result from trauma, surgery, or spontaneously due to increased pressure in the brain. It is important to diagnose and treat this condition promptly because it increases the risk of meningitis, an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Treatment options include bed rest, hydration, stool softeners, and sometimes surgical repair of the defect.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

"Trauma severity indices" refer to various scoring systems used by healthcare professionals to evaluate the severity of injuries in trauma patients. These tools help standardize the assessment and communication of injury severity among different members of the healthcare team, allowing for more effective and consistent treatment planning, resource allocation, and prognosis estimation.

There are several commonly used trauma severity indices, including:

1. Injury Severity Score (ISS): ISS is an anatomical scoring system that evaluates the severity of injuries based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The body is divided into six regions, and the square of the highest AIS score in each region is summed to calculate the ISS. Scores range from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries.
2. New Injury Severity Score (NISS): NISS is a modification of the ISS that focuses on the three most severely injured body regions, regardless of their anatomical location. The three highest AIS scores are squared and summed to calculate the NISS. This scoring system tends to correlate better with mortality than the ISS in some studies.
3. Revised Trauma Score (RTS): RTS is a physiological scoring system that evaluates the patient's respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological status upon arrival at the hospital. It uses variables such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate to calculate a score between 0 and 7.84, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.
4. Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): TRISS is a combined anatomical and physiological scoring system that estimates the probability of survival based on ISS or NISS, RTS, age, and mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). It uses logistic regression equations to calculate the predicted probability of survival.
5. Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS): PTS is a physiological scoring system specifically designed for children under 14 years old. It evaluates six variables, including respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, capillary refill time, GCS, and temperature to calculate a score between -6 and +12, with lower scores indicating more severe injuries.

These scoring systems help healthcare professionals assess the severity of trauma, predict outcomes, allocate resources, and compare patient populations in research settings. However, they should not replace clinical judgment or individualized care for each patient.

Rib fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones that make up the rib cage, which is the protective structure around the lungs and heart. Rib fractures can result from direct trauma to the chest, such as from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or physical assault. They can also occur from indirect forces, such as during coughing fits in people with weakened bones (osteoporosis).

Rib fractures are painful and can make breathing difficult, particularly when taking deep breaths or coughing. In some cases, rib fractures may lead to complications like punctured lungs (pneumothorax) or collapsed lungs (atelectasis), especially if multiple ribs are broken in several places.

It is essential to seek medical attention for suspected rib fractures, as proper diagnosis and management can help prevent further complications and promote healing. Treatment typically involves pain management, breathing exercises, and, in some cases, immobilization or surgery.

A mandibular fracture is a break or crack in the lower jaw (mandible) bone. It can occur at any point along the mandible, but common sites include the condyle (the rounded end near the ear), the angle (the curved part of the jaw), and the symphysis (the area where the two halves of the jaw meet in the front). Mandibular fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as a direct blow to the face or a fall. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, difficulty chewing or speaking, and malocclusion (misalignment) of the teeth. Treatment usually involves immobilization with wires or screws to allow the bone to heal properly.

A brain injury is defined as damage to the brain that occurs following an external force or trauma, such as a blow to the head, a fall, or a motor vehicle accident. Brain injuries can also result from internal conditions, such as lack of oxygen or a stroke. There are two main types of brain injuries: traumatic and acquired.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force that results in the brain moving within the skull or the skull being fractured. Mild TBIs may result in temporary symptoms such as headaches, confusion, and memory loss, while severe TBIs can cause long-term complications, including physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) is any injury to the brain that occurs after birth and is not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. ABIs are often caused by medical conditions such as strokes, tumors, anoxia (lack of oxygen), or infections.

Both TBIs and ABIs can range from mild to severe and may result in a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can impact a person's ability to perform daily activities and function independently. Treatment for brain injuries typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical management, rehabilitation, and supportive care.

Multiple trauma, also known as polytrauma, is a medical term used to describe severe injuries to the body that are sustained in more than one place or region. It often involves damage to multiple organ systems and can be caused by various incidents such as traffic accidents, falls from significant heights, high-energy collisions, or violent acts.

The injuries sustained in multiple trauma may include fractures, head injuries, internal bleeding, chest and abdominal injuries, and soft tissue injuries. These injuries can lead to a complex medical situation requiring immediate and ongoing care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including emergency physicians, trauma surgeons, critical care specialists, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, and mental health providers.

Multiple trauma is a serious condition that can result in long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

An accidental fall is an unplanned, unexpected event in which a person suddenly and involuntarily comes to rest on the ground or other lower level, excluding intentional changes in position (e.g., jumping to catch a ball) and landings that are part of a planned activity (e.g., diving into a pool). Accidental falls can occur for various reasons, such as environmental hazards, muscle weakness, balance problems, visual impairment, or certain medical conditions. They are a significant health concern, particularly among older adults, as they can lead to serious injuries, loss of independence, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality.

A tooth fracture is a dental health condition characterized by a break or crack in the tooth structure. It can occur in different parts of the tooth, including the crown (the visible part), root, or filling. Tooth fractures can result from various factors such as trauma, biting or chewing on hard objects, grinding or clenching teeth, and having large, old amalgam fillings that weaken the tooth structure over time. Depending on the severity and location of the fracture, it may cause pain, sensitivity, or affect the tooth's functionality and appearance. Treatment options for tooth fractures vary from simple bonding to root canal treatment or even extraction in severe cases. Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and management of tooth fractures.

The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is a medical scoring system used to assess the severity of trauma in patients with multiple injuries. It's based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), which classifies each injury by body region on a scale from 1 (minor) to 6 (maximum severity).

The ISS is calculated by summing the squares of the highest AIS score in each of the three most severely injured body regions. The possible ISS ranges from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating more severe injuries. An ISS over 15 is generally considered a significant injury, and an ISS over 25 is associated with a high risk of mortality. It's important to note that the ISS has limitations, as it doesn't consider the number or type of injuries within each body region, only the most severe one.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Traffic accidents are incidents that occur when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian, an animal, or a stationary object, resulting in damage or injury. These accidents can be caused by various factors such as driver error, distracted driving, drunk driving, speeding, reckless driving, poor road conditions, and adverse weather conditions. Traffic accidents can range from minor fender benders to severe crashes that result in serious injuries or fatalities. They are a significant public health concern and cause a substantial burden on healthcare systems, emergency services, and society as a whole.

A compression fracture is a type of bone fracture that occurs when there is a collapse of a vertebra in the spine. This type of fracture is most commonly seen in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. Compression fractures are often caused by weakened bones due to osteoporosis, but they can also result from trauma or tumors that weaken the bone.

In a compression fracture, the front part (anterior) of the vertebra collapses, while the back part (posterior) remains intact, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease. This can lead to pain, deformity, and decreased mobility. In severe cases, multiple compression fractures can result in a condition called kyphosis, which is an abnormal curvature of the spine that leads to a hunchback appearance.

Compression fractures are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment may include pain medication, bracing, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgery. Preventive measures such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking medications to prevent or treat osteoporosis can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

An intra-articular fracture is a type of fracture that involves the joint surface or articular cartilage of a bone. These types of fractures can occur in any joint, but they are most commonly seen in the weight-bearing joints such as the knee, ankle, and wrist.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by high-energy trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or falls from significant heights, or by low-energy trauma, such as a simple fall in older adults with osteoporosis.

These types of fractures are often complex and may involve displacement or depression of the joint surface, which can increase the risk of developing post-traumatic arthritis. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and minimize long-term complications. Treatment options for intra-articular fractures may include surgical fixation with plates, screws, or pins, as well as joint replacement in some cases.

A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.

Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection that causes the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord to become inflamed. It's caused by various types of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The infection can develop quickly, over a few hours or days, and is considered a medical emergency. Symptoms may include sudden high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sensitivity to light. In some cases, a rash may also be present.

Bacterial meningitis can lead to serious complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, and even death if not treated promptly with appropriate antibiotics and supportive care. It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you suspect bacterial meningitis. Vaccines are available to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

Child abuse is a broad term that refers to any form of physical, emotional, or sexual mistreatment or neglect that causes harm to a child's health, development, or dignity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse includes:

1. Physical abuse: Non-accidental injuries caused by hitting, kicking, shaking, burning, or otherwise harming a child's body.
2. Sexual abuse: Any sexual activity involving a child, such as touching or non-touching behaviors, exploitation, or exposure to pornographic material.
3. Emotional abuse: Behaviors that harm a child's emotional well-being and self-esteem, such as constant criticism, humiliation, threats, or rejection.
4. Neglect: Failure to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, and emotional support.

Child abuse can have serious short-term and long-term consequences for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of children. It is a violation of their fundamental human rights and a public health concern that requires prevention, early detection, and intervention.

A Colles' fracture is a specific type of fracture in the distal end of the radius bone in the forearm, which is the larger of the two bones in the lower arm. This type of fracture occurs when the wrist is forcefully bent backward (dorsiflexion), often as a result of falling onto an outstretched hand.

In a Colles' fracture, the distal end of the radius bone breaks and is displaced downward and angulated backward, resulting in a characteristic "dinner fork" deformity. This type of fracture is more common in older individuals, particularly women with osteoporosis, but can also occur in younger people as a result of high-energy trauma.

Colles' fractures are typically treated with immobilization using a cast or splint to hold the bones in proper alignment while they heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the fracture, particularly if there is significant displacement or instability of the bone fragments.

Bony callus is a medical term that refers to the specialized tissue that forms in response to a bone fracture. It is a crucial part of the natural healing process, as it helps to stabilize and protect the broken bone while it mends.

When a bone is fractured, the body responds by initiating an inflammatory response, which triggers the production of various cells and signaling molecules that promote healing. As part of this process, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to produce new bone tissue at the site of the fracture. This tissue is initially soft and pliable, allowing it to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone.

Over time, this soft callus gradually hardens and calcifies, forming a bony callus that helps to stabilize the fracture and provide additional support as the bone heals. The bony callus is typically composed of a mixture of woven bone (which is less organized than normal bone) and more structured lamellar bone (which is similar in structure to normal bone).

As the bone continues to heal, the bony callus may be gradually remodeled and reshaped by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down and remove excess or unwanted bone tissue. This process helps to restore the bone's original shape and strength, allowing it to function normally again.

It is worth noting that excessive bony callus formation can sometimes lead to complications, such as stiffness, pain, or decreased range of motion in the affected limb. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reduce the size of the bony callus and promote proper healing.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures that occur in close proximity to a prosthetic joint, such as those found in total hip or knee replacements. These types of fractures typically occur as a result of low-energy trauma, and can be caused by a variety of factors including osteoporosis, bone weakness, or loosening of the prosthetic implant.

Periprosthetic fractures are classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis, as well as the stability of the implant. Treatment options for periprosthetic fractures may include non-surgical management, such as immobilization with a brace or cast, or surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty.

The management of periprosthetic fractures can be complex and requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, bone quality, and functional needs. As such, these types of fractures are typically managed by orthopedic surgeons with experience in joint replacement surgery and fracture care.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Wrist injuries refer to damages or traumas affecting the structures of the wrist, including bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as falls, accidents, sports-related impacts, or repetitive stress. Common types of wrist injuries include fractures (such as scaphoid fracture), sprains (like ligament tears), strains (involving muscles or tendons), dislocations, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, limited mobility, and in severe cases, deformity or numbness. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to ensure optimal recovery and prevent long-term complications.

Surgical casts are medical devices used to immobilize and protect injured body parts, typically fractured or broken bones, during the healing process. They are usually made of plaster or fiberglass materials that harden when wet and conform to the shape of the affected area once applied. The purpose of a surgical cast is to restrict movement and provide stability to the injured site, allowing for proper alignment and healing of the bones.

The casting process involves first aligning the broken bone fragments into their correct positions, often through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once aligned, the cast material is applied in layers, with each layer being allowed to dry before adding the next. This creates a rigid structure that encases and supports the injured area. The cast must be kept dry during the healing process to prevent it from becoming weakened or damaged.

Surgical casts come in various shapes and sizes depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may also include additional components such as padding, Velcro straps, or window openings to allow for regular monitoring of the skin and underlying tissue. In some cases, removable splints or functional braces may be used instead of traditional casts, providing similar support while allowing for limited movement and easier adjustments.

It is essential to follow proper care instructions when wearing a surgical cast, including elevating the injured limb, avoiding excessive weight-bearing, and monitoring for signs of complications such as swelling, numbness, or infection. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are necessary to ensure proper healing and adjust the cast if needed.

In complex depressed fractures, the dura mater is torn. Depressed skull fractures may require surgery to lift the bones off the ... A compound elevated skull fracture is a rare type of skull fracture where the fractured bone is elevated above the intact outer ... The term skull fracture typically means fractures to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are ... similarly to a depressed skull fracture.[citation needed] Diastatic fractures can occur with different types of fractures and ...
Čech underwent surgery for a depressed skull fracture. Initially unaware of the seriousness of the injury, the doctors later ... in line with medical advice on the time needed for complete recovery from the skull fracture. In an interview, Čech said that ... "Keeper Cech has surgery on skull". BBC Sport. 15 October 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 16 ... He has a weaker skull as a result of being a triplet. Čech married Martina Dolejšová (now Čechová) (born 1982), also of Czech ...
Krapina 34.7 shows evidence of a significant depressed parietal skull fracture. It would have resulted in significant pain, ... Additionally, breakage patterns and blow marks on skull fragments specify perimortem skull fracturing for removing the brain. ... When it was first discovered the skull was not complete. It was missing the left side of its skull. The cranium is said to be ... The initial fracture would require to bones to be set back into place, and would have limited the use of the arm for a few ...
Snyder required surgery to repair a depressed skull fracture and was comatose. Six days after the accident on October 5, 2003 ...
Snyder required surgery to repair a depressed skull fracture and was comatose. Six days later on October 5, he lapsed into ...
Ancient Roman doctors were capable of performing neurosurgery on depressed skull fractures. Celsus believed that this surgery ... They were used to treat bone fractures. In this procedure, the wound was filled with black ointment, then a linen rag filled ... They would also cut off broken parts of the skull, or even drill through to the brain. Another kind of forceps, called ... The primary purpose of a drill was to remove large diseased portions of skulls. For example, drills were used to remove weapons ...
These measurements are also used if concomitant depressed skull fracture is a possibility. Usual management is mainly ... In some cases it may be an indication of a linear skull fracture or be at risk of an infection leading to osteomyelitis or ... In time the swelling hardens (calcification) leaving a relatively softer centre so that it appears as a 'depressed fracture'. ... A cephalohaematoma is a hemorrhage of blood between the skull and the periosteum at any age, including a newborn baby secondary ...
During the Roman Empire, doctors and surgeons performed neurosurgery on depressed skull fractures. Simple forms of neurosurgery ... skull fractures, etc.) Spinal cord trauma Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves Tumors of the spine, spinal cord and ... skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. ... The other global organisations being the World Academy of Neurological Surgery (WANS) and the World Federation of Skull Base ...
She suffered a fractured skull, perforated lung and internal injuries; she died of her injuries at Grant Hospital later that ... Bishop later said that Bacon appeared to be depressed before her death. Bishop stated, "She wanted to get back into the ...
It turns out that Linley has a depressed skull fracture and craniotomy surgery is required. Cockrill demands that this be done ...
The most likely cause is a severe head injury, such as a depressed skull fracture. He and Sophia lived apart for a few months, ...
... a dural tear is likely in case of a depressed skull fracture. A burr hole is made through the normal skull near the fractured ... Following dural repair, skull deficit is treated by using moulded tantalum plates or acrylic inlays, three to six months after ... Underlying dura is separated carefully from the overlying depressed bone fragments. The dura that is now visible is carefully ... The whole extent of the dural tear is exposed by removing the overlying skull. The ragged edges of the tear are excised. ...
During Manly's round 12 loss against Newcastle, Saddler was rushed to hospital with a depressed skull fracture. On 6 October ... "Manly rookie rushed to hospital with skull fracture: Casualty Ward". www.foxsports.com.au. 30 May 2021. "Sea Eagles farewell ...
In addition, she had a non-depressed linear skull fracture which was then in the process of healing. Plaintiff demonstrated ... Flood negligently treated plaintiff's leg fracture, that proper treatment of that fracture or the bruises on plaintiff's back ... and that such procedure would have revealed the fracture of her skull. Defendants negligently failed to take such X-rays, and ... and that such procedure would have revealed the fracture of her skull. Defendants negligently failed to take such X-rays, and ...
Some patients may have linear or depressed skull fractures. If intracranial hemorrhage occurs, a hematoma within the skull can ... The skull can be fractured, but not necessarily. A penetrating head injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and breaches ... Basilar skull fractures, those that occur at the base of the skull, are associated with Battle's sign, a subcutaneous bleed ... but be hit by the moving skull (both are contrecoup injuries). Specific problems after head injury can include Skull fracture ...
In the film, Stephen Maturin saves his life by performing brain surgery after he sustains a depressed skull fracture. Thomas ...
The cause of death was declared to be "Open head injury with depressed skull fracture, leading to cardiopulmonary arrest". ... described severe and depressed skull fractures, oval in overall shape, on the right side of Bhutto's head. He apparently saw no ... "Pakistan: Fractured skull killed Bhutto". CNN. 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 28 ... fracturing her skull." The Ministry further added, in contradiction of the official hospital account, that Bhutto suffered no ...
... obstetric depressed skull fractures in a cohort of 68 neonates". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192 (1): 165- ... Complications include lacerations, skin markings, external eye trauma, intracranial injury, facial nerve injury, skull fracture ...
ÄŒech underwent surgery for a depressed skull fracture and was told that he would miss a year of playing football. ÄŒech resumed ... However, a recent study found that male students who sustained a sports-related concussion or sports-related fracture ... now wearing a rugby helmet to protect his weakened skull. According to Downs and Abwender in their 2002 article " ... "Academic outcomes following adolescent sport-related concussion or fracture injury: A prospective cohort study". PLOS ONE. 14 ( ...
Verna Manie was taken to hospital and treated for two depressed skull fractures and a fractured spine. In the hours after his ... In the other bedroom, Susan Ackland was found alive, but died in hospital later that day from a compound fracture of the skull ... On another bed in the room was the boy, Phillip Cadd, lying unconscious from a fractured skull. He was taken to Adelaide ...
... of the individuals exhibited healed depressed skull fractures. Anastasia Papathanasiou, Clark Spencer Larsen and Lynette Norr ... Some individuals show multiple fractures, mostly nonlethal. Both Dimini and Sesklo had walls and strongpoints. Similar basic ... noted that "All fractures are small, circular, and well healed at the time of death, and are found in adult males and females ...
He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital, resulting in a permanent ...
It was later revealed that Sheppard had suffered a depressed fracture of the skull in the game, effectively ending his ...
The brass knuckles also managed to fracture a naked skull with one hit and cause a depressed skull fracture in three hits. The ... Rashad Evans was able to easily crush the trachea and fracture the skull of a ballistic gel torso with only his elbow and knee ... The zhua tore apart a gel head in three strikes (causing a depressed fracture in every bone in the face), while the halberd ... The tematlatl was tested on skulls, and only three of the five skulls were hit. Further analysis showed some of the hits were ...
During their honeymoon in Spain, Bardèche had a car accident that left him with a permanent depressed skull fracture on the ...
During his second tenure in Japan, he is credited with performing the first craniectomy for a depressed skull fracture in Japan ...
ÄŒech underwent surgery for a depressed skull fracture and is expected to be out for six months, while Cudicini was treated and ... Rigg suffered a double fracture of the jaw after being punched by Cotterill. 16 January 2007 - In the FA Cup third round ...
During a November 9, 2012, game against the Syracuse Crunch, he suffered a depressed skull fracture following a hip check by ... suffered a depressed skull fracture that forced his retirement from the game in 2013. He then joined the Columbus Blue Jackets ... "VIDEO: Near-fatal skull fracture jeopardizes Blake Geoffrion's NHL dream". Hamilton Spectator. November 12, 2012. Retrieved ... During the 2012-13 season, Geoffrion suffered a fractured skull which ultimately put an end to his professional hockey career. ...
... due to a depressed fracture found on the skull. CT scans are the most common radiological technique used in modern archaeology ... A depression fracture noted on the skull from X-rays taken 30 years previously was found to be a post-mortem injury rather than ... He was also able to determine the perseveration of soft tissues around the nose and mouth as well as details within the skull ... This gives a greater indication of the length of fractures found on the remains. Together with axial imaging it can create a ...
Kingston suffered a career-threatening depressed fracture of his skull. The injury meant that he missed the rest of the league ...
The skull is formed by the fusion of several flat bones held together by the cranial sutures. Each of the flat bones consists ... Depressed compound skull fractures account for 42-66% of all fractures in children and for 9% of all fractures in children ... Depressed skull fractures. A fracture is clinically significant and requires elevation when a fragment of bone is depressed ... Ping-pong skull fractures. The ping-pong skull fracture (see the image below) is akin to a greenstick fracture of the long ...
Trephining a depressed skull fracture. Two openings made in the skull. Male patient, antero-lateral view. ... HOME » Anatomia Collection » The principles of surgery. » Trephining a depressed skull fracture ...
Treatment of Traumatic Depressed Compound Skull Fractures. Shao, Xuefei; Wang, Qifu; Shen, Jun; More ... The Trends of Pediatric Facial Fractures Due to Violence in a Level One Trauma Population. Wainwright, DArcy J.; Moffitt, ... Use of Unsintered Hydroxyapatite and Poly-l-lactic Acid Composite Sheets for Management of Orbital Wall Fracture. Tsumiyama, ... Intraoperative Computed Tomography Scan for Orbital Fracture Reconstruction. Nazimi, Abd Jabar; Khoo, Soo Ching; Nabil, Syed; ...
A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ... A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward ... A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. ...
In complex depressed fractures, the dura mater is torn. Depressed skull fractures may require surgery to lift the bones off the ... A compound elevated skull fracture is a rare type of skull fracture where the fractured bone is elevated above the intact outer ... The term skull fracture typically means fractures to the neurocranium, while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are ... similarly to a depressed skull fracture.[citation needed] Diastatic fractures can occur with different types of fractures and ...
... and protected inside the skull. Furthermore, the fascia and muscles of the scalp provide additional cushioning to the brain. ... of all skull fractures, and basilar skull fractures constitute 19-21% of all skull fractures. Depressed fractures are ... Linear fractures are either vault fractures or skull base fractures.Vault fractures and depressed fractures can be either ... Depressed skull fracture. Depressed skull fractures, as shown in the image below, result from a high-energy direct blow to a ...
The death certificate stated the cause of death as a depressed skull fracture. An autopsy and toxicology was not performed. ...
Categories: Skull Fracture, Depressed Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
She had healed depressed skull fractures that indicated she likely saw combat. ... and that I had seen hundreds of reports of a full weapon set with a male skull or pelvis and none with a full weapons set and ...
ICD-10 code S02.19 for Other fracture of base of skull is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -Injuries ... The progress note states "there is a slightly depressed nasal bone o... [ Read More ] ... Other fracture of base of skull Fracture of anterior fossa of base of skull. Fracture of ethmoid sinus. Fracture of frontal ... Fracture of middle fossa of base of skull. Fracture of posterior fossa of base of skull. Fracture of sphenoid. Fracture of ...
Some are minor while some are major like a depressed skull fracture. This occurs when a piece of bone digs into the brain which ... Skull Fractures. Fractures can develop from any part of the skull. Linear fracture is the most common type which appears as ... Serious injuries, internal bleeding, as well as head or brain injuries such as skull fractures from falling or struck by hard ... This classification of head injury comes in two types: skull fractures and penetrating injuries. ...
... depressed fractures will often require surgical intervention for cosmesis and reduction in the incidence of post-traumatic ... skull fractures * base of skull fractures * occipital condyle fracture *Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital ... Case 9: skull bone fracture and mimicsCase 9: skull bone fracture and mimics ... Skull fractures are best imaged with CT of the brain. Not only is CT sensitive to the detection fractures but it is also able ...
LADDER FELL ON PATIENT NON DEPRESSED SKULL FX L FRONTAL BONE. Disposition: Treated and transferred to another hospital ... DX: NASAL FX, FACE/R FOOT CONT, DENTAL AVULSION.. Disposition: Treated and released or examined and released without treatment ...
... or skull, which supports your face and protects your brain. Well go over each of these bones and where theyre located. Well ... There are several types of skull fracture that can affect cranial bones, such as:. *Depressed. This refers to a fracture that ... Symptoms of skull fractures. (n.d.).. https://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/conditions/skull-fractures/symptoms/. ... In many cases, skull fractures arent as painful as they sound, and they often heal on their own without surgery. However, more ...
... but most linear skull fractures dont require treatment. Depressed skull fractures are sometimes treated with surgery to repair ... There are four main types of skull fractures:. *With linear skull fractures, which are the most common, there is a break in the ... A skull fracture (FRAK-chur) is a break or crack in one of the bones of the skull, also called the cranium (CRAY-nee-um). ... With depressed skull fractures, part of the bone breaks and is pushed inward toward the brain. ...
... doctors and surgeons performed neurosurgery on depressed skull fractures.[11][12] Simple forms of neurosurgery were performed ... skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache.[10] During the Roman Empire, ... Trepanned skull from Edinburgh. Ancient edit The Incas appear to have practiced a procedure known as trepanation since before ... Frank Henderson Mayfield - invented the Mayfield skull clamp.. *B. K. Misra - First neurosurgeon in the world to perform image- ...
Jones was rushed to the childrens hospital unconscious, with multiple broken bones, including a depressed skull fracture. The ...
A brain injury, or depressed or open skull fracture. *Paralysis. Call Me Now!. Call me now at (888) 594-3577 to find out for ...
Cain however had a depressed skull fracture on the right side of her head which ran in a horizontal fashion. State Farm ...
depressed skull fracture - a fracture occurring when pieces of broken skull press into the tissues of the brain. ... penetrating skull fracture - a brain injury in which an object pierces the skull and injures brain tissue. ... CT Scan - a series of X-rays taken at different levels of the brain that allows the direct visualization of the skull and ... contrecoup - a contusion caused by the shaking of the brain back and forth within the confines of the skull. A bruising of ...
The "ping-pong ball" fracture is a dent in the skull; the segment is depressed but no fracture lines are evident on x-ray. The ... Depressed fractures cause disruption of the integrity of the skull. The depth of the depressed segment correlates with the ... Another unique skull fracture in children is the growing fracture, also known as a leptomeningeal cyst. This type of fracture ... A LeFort II fracture is a pyramidal fracture, including fractures of the midface, maxilla, and nose. With a LeFort II fracture ...
... from a depressed fracture of her skull. She had been hit eight times with the hammer and had bruises on her hands where she had ...
... and several depressed skull fractures, with varying degrees of associated brain injury. There were various contusional injuries ... Anyone who has spent an hour picking skull fragments out of the contused frontal lobes of a teenage rugby player is entitled to ... Hospital tackle-fractured C3 vertebra, with posterior ligamentous disruption and cervical cord contusion, in a teenage rugby ... Fractures, dislocations, ligamentous disruptions, and dental and maxillofacial injuries are common. Some need protracted ...
One of the victims had a depressed skull fracture and intracranial bleeding, while the second victim suffered a laceration on ... his scalp that required staples and a linear skull fracture.. If convicted, Ravensborg faces a potential maximum penalty of ten ...
... while also minimising the chance of a depressed skull fracture, although cyclists who get away with superficial injuries such ... A helmet is] certainly offering protection to the outer part of the head, scalp, the skull and to some degree the brain as well ...
Head CT is sufficient to detect acute hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and evidence of traumatic injuries such as skull fractures. ... A non-contrast head CT should be performed in all patients with depressed level of consciousness, to evaluate for structural ...
Head CT is sufficient to detect acute hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and evidence of traumatic injuries such as skull fractures. ... A non-contrast head CT should be performed in all patients with depressed level of consciousness, to evaluate for structural ...
... skull, or brain. However, not all head trauma is associated with TBI. Source for information on Traumatic Brain Injury: Gale ... A depressed skull fracture occurs when fragments of the broken skull sink down from the skull surface and press against the ... In a penetrating skull fracture, bone fragments enter brain tissue. Either of these types of skull fracture can cause bruising ... When the skull cracks or breaks, the resulting skull fracture can cause a contusion, or an area of bruising of brain tissue ...
A propeller hit her head and left her with damage to her skull. After emergency surgery, surgeons were able to 3D print her new ... pieces of skull and shes making an amazing recovery ... had a broken eye socket and a depressed fracture on her skull, ... A Propeller Sliced Through My Girls Skull. A day on the water left brave Izzy fighting for life - by Lizzy Dimopoulos ... In theatre for five and a half hours, surgeons removed a third of her skull. So pulverised, itd later need to be replaced with ...
  • A skull fracture is a break in the skull bone and generally occurs as a result of direct impact. (medscape.com)
  • The skull vault is composed of cancellous bone, the diploe, which is sandwiched between the inner and outer tables and consists of the lamina externa (1.5 mm) and the lamina interna (0.5 mm). (medscape.com)
  • Linear fractures, the most common skull fractures, involve a break in the bone but no displacement, and generally no intervention is required. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral skull radiograph in a child shows a long, linear fracture extending from the midline in the occipital region across the occipital bone into the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • A simple fracture is a break in the bone without damage to the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A linear skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A depressed skull fracture is a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A compound fracture involves a break in, or loss of, skin and splintering of the bone. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • While an uncomplicated skull fracture can occur without associated physical or neurological damage and is in itself usually not clinically significant, a fracture in healthy bone indicates that a substantial amount of force has been applied and increases the possibility of associated injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depressed fractures are usually comminuted, with broken portions of bone displaced inward-and may require surgical intervention to repair underlying tissue damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linear skull fractures are breaks in the bone that transverse the full thickness of the skull from the outer to inner table. (wikipedia.org)
  • In young children, although rare, the possibility exists of developing a growing skull fracture especially if the fracture occurs in the parietal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • A growing skull fracture (GSF) also known as a craniocerebral erosion or leptomeningeal cyst due to the usual development of a cystic mass filled with cerebrospinal fluid is a rare complication of head injury usually associated with linear skull fractures of the parietal bone in children under 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • A transverse temporal bone fracture is shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • Most surgeons prefer to elevate depressed skull fractures if the depressed segment is more than 5 mm below the inner table of adjacent bone. (medscape.com)
  • When the OP notes does not mention any specific external cause factor along with Nasal bone fracture can we bill S02.2xxa and X58.XXXA together? (aapc.com)
  • The progress note states "there is a slightly depressed nasal bone o. (aapc.com)
  • Fractures of the skull, as with fractures of any bone, occur when biomechanical stresses exceed the bone's tolerance. (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is essential that a bone algorithm is used if undisplaced fractures are to be visualized. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Fractures will appear as discontinuities in the bone and may or may not be displaced. (radiopaedia.org)
  • This is a flat bone located in the very back of your skull. (healthline.com)
  • A fracture refers to any type of break in a bone. (healthline.com)
  • A linear fracture in a cranial bone means there's a break in the bone, but the bone itself hasn't moved. (healthline.com)
  • This type involves a break in one of the bones near the base of your skull, such as the sphenoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • Common symptoms include a sloped forehead, extra bone within skull sutures, and an enlarged skull. (healthline.com)
  • People with this condition are more prone to fractures because the affected bone is usually weaker. (healthline.com)
  • With linear skull fractures, which are the most common, there is a break in the bone but the bone doesn't move. (childrensmn.org)
  • With depressed skull fractures, part of the bone breaks and is pushed inward toward the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • Depressed skull fractures are sometimes treated with surgery to repair the damaged part of the bone and prevent further injury to the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • In a penetrating skull fracture, bone fragments enter brain tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A skull fracture occurs when the bone of the skull cracks or breaks. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • A skull fracture is a break in a bone surrounding the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes, pieces of the fractured skull bone press inward and damage the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common skull fracture, linear fractures break but do not shift the bone. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • The most severe fracture, basilar skull fractures damage the bone at the bottom of the skull. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • The most common type of work-related skull fracture was a depressed (broken bone pushed inward) skull fracture (64.0% in 2010 and 54.2% in 2011). (cdc.gov)
  • Some of these problems result from a direct impact to a particular portion of the skull or brain: a skull fracture occurs when the bone of the skull cracks or breaks, and in a depressed skull fracture pieces of broken skull press into the brain. (brainfoundation.org.au)
  • Simple fracture: bone is broken but surrounding skin is unharmed. (meshbesher.com)
  • Linear fracture: break in the bone but no splintering or distortion of the bone. (meshbesher.com)
  • Depressed fracture: bone is pushed in toward the brain. (meshbesher.com)
  • Compound fracture: skin is punctured, cranial bone is splintered. (meshbesher.com)
  • The skull vault is comparatively thinner than the base of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • Basilar fractures are in the bones at the base of the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • Basilar (BAZ-uh-ler) skull fractures, the most severe type, involve breaks in the bones near the base of the skull, including the ones around the ears, eyes, and nasal cavity. (childrensmn.org)
  • Some fractures, especially those at the back and bottom (base) of the skull, tear the meninges, the layers of tissue that cover the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The base of the skull was the most common location of the fracture (62.3% in 2010 and 55.0% in 2011). (cdc.gov)
  • Basilar skull fractures are linear fractures that occur in the floor of the cranial vault (skull base), which require more force to cause than other areas of the neurocranium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Children with basilar skull fractures require extra care because more problems - such as hearing loss, decreased sense of smell, and facial weakness - can follow a fracture. (childrensmn.org)
  • Individuals with basilar fractures may have eye and ear bruising. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • The external ear canals are examined for the presence of blood or CSF which may indicate the presence of basilar skull fractures. (vin.com)
  • When a diastatic fracture occurs in adults it usually affects the lambdoidal suture as this suture does not fully fuse in adults until about the age of 60. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the trauma, diastatic fracture occurs with the collapse of the surrounding head bones. (wikipedia.org)
  • A diastatic fracture occurs along one of the sutures of your skull, making it wider than usual. (healthline.com)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid leak occurs in 10-30% of skull base fractures and most often presents with rhinorrhea (80% of cases) in the setting of frontobasal fracture. (medscape.com)
  • This type of open head injury occurs if the object penetrates the skull and impairs the brain. (odglawgroup.com)
  • A depressed skull fracture occurs when fragments of the broken skull sink down from the skull surface and press against the surface of the brain. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A closed head injury occurs when an object does not break through the skull. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • A penetrating head injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • A depressed skull fracture occurs when pieces of the broken skull press into the tissue of the brain. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • Head CT is sufficient to detect acute hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, and evidence of traumatic injuries such as skull fractures. (wikidoc.org)
  • Even if they feel fine, they could have injuries such as skull fractures. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Test results have shown that 10 times more force is required to fracture a cadaveric skull with overlaying scalp than the one without. (medscape.com)
  • One of the victims had a depressed skull fracture and intracranial bleeding, while the second victim suffered a laceration on his scalp that required staples and a linear skull fracture. (justice.gov)
  • A helmet is] certainly offering protection to the outer part of the head, scalp, the skull and to some degree the brain as well. (smh.com.au)
  • By definition, TBI requires that there be a head injury, or any physical assault to the head leading to injury of the scalp, skull, or brain. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The toddler had abrasions, contusions and lacerations to the scalp, a depressed skull fracture and a fractured left forearm," the press release stated. (lawandcrime.com)
  • Adults with simple linear fractures who are neurologically intact do not require any intervention and may even be discharged home safely and asked to return if symptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Infants with simple linear fractures should be admitted for overnight observation regardless of neurological status. (medscape.com)
  • Much of the time, skull fractures are simple linear fractures that don't need treatment. (childrensmn.org)
  • Skull fractures may occur with no associated neurologic damage, and conversely, fatal injury to membranes, blood vessels, and brain may occur without overlying fracture. (medscape.com)
  • When the skull cracks or breaks, the resulting skull fracture can cause a contusion, or an area of bruising of brain tissue associated with swelling and blood leaking from broken blood vessels. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Others problems result from indirect mechanisms - the stretching and tearing of blood vessels or white matter fibres, the "bouncing" of the brain against the inside of the skull, or the secondary swelling of the brain due to injury-related chemical changes. (brainfoundation.org.au)
  • While most childhood head injuries are external or superficial in nature, internal head injuries (those that may involve the blood vessels, skull or brain and result in bleeding or bruising of the brain) are still a very real risk. (meshbesher.com)
  • A fracture in conjunction with an overlying laceration that tears the epidermis and the meninges, or runs through the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear structures, bringing the outside environment into contact with the cranial cavity is called a compound fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compound fractures can either be clean or contaminated. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Compound depressed skull fractures occur when there is a laceration over the fracture, putting the internal cranial cavity in contact with the outside environment, increasing the risk of contamination and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Open (compound) fracture will usually require debridement to reduce the risk of subsequent infection 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Either of these types of skull fracture can cause bruising of the brain tissue, called a contusion. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A contusion can also occur in response to shaking of the brain within the confines of the skull, an injury called "countrecoup. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • The skull is formed by the fusion of several flat bones held together by the cranial sutures. (medscape.com)
  • The fracture is more radiolucent than the other sutures, has no serration along its edges, and is blind ending. (medscape.com)
  • Diastatic fractures widen the sutures of the skull and usually affect children under three. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diastatic fractures occur when the fracture line transverses one or more sutures of the skull causing a widening of the suture. (wikipedia.org)
  • While this type of fracture is usually seen in infants and young children as the sutures are not yet fused it can also occur in adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Diastatic fractures can occur with different types of fractures and it is also possible for diastasis of the cranial sutures to occur without a concomitant fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • They need to be distinguished from normal sutures , which have corticated margins that fractures lack. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Some infants are born with a condition called craniosynostosis , which involves the premature closing of skull sutures. (healthline.com)
  • The cranium, the part of the skull above and behind the face, includes eight bones that come together at special joints called sutures (SOO-churs). (childrensmn.org)
  • A diastatic (dy-uh-STAT-ik) skull fracture is a breakage at the sutures, the joints between the bones of the head, that widens the space between the sutures. (childrensmn.org)
  • Infants and children with open depressed fractures require surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, depressed fractures will often require surgical intervention for cosmesis and reduction in the incidence of post-traumatic epilepsy 1 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • In infants who have a skull fracture, the meninges surrounding the brain occasionally protrude through and become trapped by the fracture, forming a fluid-filled sac called a growing fracture or leptomeningeal cyst. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Anyone who has spent an hour picking skull fragments out of the contused frontal lobes of a teenage rugby player is entitled to an opinion on the safety of youth rugby. (bmj.com)
  • Because of the location of these prominences and the position of the brain within the skull, the frontal lobes (behind the forehead) and temporal lobes (underlying the temples) are most susceptible to this type of diffuse damage. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Donavan La Bella suffers from a depressed skull fracture in his frontal lobe, which impairs his ability to control his impulses and reduces his cog-nitive functioning. (columbialawreview.org)
  • A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • With a depressed fracture, the force of the accident depresses a portion of the skull. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Depressed skull fractures may require surgery to lift the bones off the brain if they are pressing on it by making burr holes on the adjacent normal skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • The role of surgery is limited in the management of skull fractures. (medscape.com)
  • QUOTE="thomas7331, post: 506776, member: 5404"] After the surgery you'll need to use the subsequent care code for the fracture instead of the active care code. (aapc.com)
  • Please help, I need help in coding the surgery for the fracture repair. (aapc.com)
  • In many cases, skull fractures aren't as painful as they sound, and they often heal on their own without surgery. (healthline.com)
  • However, more severe fractures may require surgery. (healthline.com)
  • These fellowships include pediatric neurosurgery , trauma/neurocritical care, functional and stereotactic surgery, surgical neuro- oncology , radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • When she reached the road, a couple saw her and the man ran to phone for an ambulance, and she was taken to Leeds Infirmary for emergency surgery, including relieving pressure on her brain from a depressed fracture of her skull. (execulink.com)
  • La Bella spent the next several weeks in and out of the hos-pital, undergoing facial reconstruction surgery to repair the crack in his skull. (columbialawreview.org)
  • This patient has had 3 rhinoplasty's and now the doctor wants to fix the nasal fracture. (aapc.com)
  • Hello there, I have a patient with closed nasal fracture. (aapc.com)
  • For her new patient visit, the correct diagnosis would be S02.200A (fracture of nasal bones initi. (aapc.com)
  • There were at least another 19 nasal fractures in 2010 and 22 in 2011 that were not included in the data analysis in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • Inclusion of these nasal fractures raises the total number of skull fractures in Michigan to 133 in 2010 and 142 in 2011. (cdc.gov)
  • Skull fractures may occur with head injuries . (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, coup-contrecoup injury may occur in a rear-end collision, with high speed stops, or with violent shaking of a baby, because the brain and skull are of different densities, and therefore travel at different speeds. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Skull fractures can occur with or without brain damage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In complex depressed fractures, the dura mater is torn. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidural hematoma: Blood clots that form inside the skull but outside the dura and brain are usually caused by a torn artery. (autoaccident.com)
  • Linear fracture is the most common type which appears as cracks or breaks in the skull. (odglawgroup.com)
  • A skull fracture is a fracture or break in the skull (cranial) bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The fracture involves the entire thickness of the skull. (medscape.com)
  • Skull fractures, if closed and undisplaced, rarely need any direct management, with treatment being aimed at any associated injury (e.g. extradural hematoma). (radiopaedia.org)
  • Uncomplicated skull fractures themselves rarely produce neurologic deficit, but the associated intracranial injury may have serious neurologic sequelae. (medscape.com)
  • There were two deaths, four or five serious spinal fractures (two with serious neurological sequelae), and several depressed skull fractures, with varying degrees of associated brain injury. (bmj.com)
  • Almost invariably, if the fracture involves a paranasal sinus , middle ear or mastoid air cells , then they will contain some blood, which is a helpful clue to the presence of an underlying fracture. (radiopaedia.org)
  • [9] During the Middle Ages in Al-Andalus from 936 to 1013 AD, Al-Zahrawi performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus , subdural effusions and headache. (wikipedia.org)
  • Skull radiograph in a man shows a linear temporoparietal fracture. (medscape.com)
  • Linear fractures are the most common, and usually require no intervention for the fracture itself. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Linear skull fractures are usually of little clinical significance unless they parallel in close proximity or transverse a suture, or they involve a venous sinus groove or vascular channel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fractures of the skull can be classified as linear or depressed. (medscape.com)
  • Linear fractures are either vault fractures or skull base fractures.Vault fractures and depressed fractures can be either closed or open (clean or dirty/contaminated). (medscape.com)
  • A study of 66 skull fractures in children (mean age, 5.9 yr) supported previous evidence that routine skull radiographs are of little benefit in cases of minor head trauma and that additional CT scans are not indicated in symptomatic children with linear fractures. (medscape.com)
  • Severe skull fractures can be life-threatening medical emergencies, but most linear skull fractures don't require treatment. (childrensmn.org)
  • Linear skull fracture patients could require medical observation before returning to their routine without medical treatment. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Computed tomography is used to diagnose skull fractures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To confirm a skull fracture, doctors use computed tomography (CT). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In addition, cerebral edema associated with skull fractures is a common and frequently fatal complication of head injury and may develop within minutes or hours of injury. (medscape.com)
  • A brief evaluation of abrasions and/or lacerations over the head is performed for evidence of decompressed or open skull fractures. (vin.com)
  • According to postmortem findings, Dube suffered a depressed skull fracture while Moyo suffered head injuries, a deformed left skull, multiple skull fractures and lacerations from several blows to the head. (nehandaradio.com)
  • Generally, these fractures are of little clinical significance unless they involve a vascular channel, a venous sinus groove, or a suture. (medscape.com)
  • Not only is CT sensitive to the detection fractures but it is also able to exquisitely characterize their extent and allow for surgical planning. (radiopaedia.org)
  • A severe impact or hit to the skull - such as from a car accident or fall - can cause skull fractures and may also injure the brain. (childrensmn.org)
  • Some skull fractures injure arteries and veins, which then bleed into the spaces around brain tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A fracture indicates that substantial force has been applied to the head and is likely to have damaged the cranial contents. (medscape.com)
  • A depressed skull fracture is a type of fracture usually resulting from blunt force trauma, such as getting struck with a hammer, rock or getting kicked in the head. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most adult diastatic fractures are caused by severe head injuries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus they are rare, occurring as the only fracture in only 4% of severe head injury patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, in contrast to accidental head trauma, where radiographs have largely been replaced by CT, skull radiographs are still often performed as part of the skeletal survey in evaluation of suspected nonaccidental trauma. (medscape.com)
  • It has been generally accepted that skull radiographs and head CT are complementary examinations, since fractures in the plane of the transaxial CT image may not be apparent on the head CT examination. (medscape.com)
  • Open head injuries happen if an object punctures or ruptures the skull. (odglawgroup.com)
  • This classification of head injury comes in two types: skull fractures and penetrating injuries. (odglawgroup.com)
  • Closed head injuries manifest if the brain punches the inside of the skull. (odglawgroup.com)
  • Your skull provides structure to your head and face while also protecting your brain . (healthline.com)
  • Cain however had a depressed skull fracture on the right side of her head which ran in a horizontal fashion. (justia.com)
  • A non-contrast head CT should be performed in all patients with depressed level of consciousness, to evaluate for structural lesions. (wikidoc.org)
  • Closed head injury refers to TBI in which the head is hit by or strikes an object without breaking the skull. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In a penetrating head injury, an object such as a bullet fractures the skull and enters brain tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Diffuse brain damage associated with closed head injury may result from back-and-forth movement of the brain against the inside of the bony skull. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In people with a skull fracture, brain damage may be more severe than in people with a head injury but no fracture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Doctors suspect a skull fracture based on circumstances, symptoms, and results of a physical examination in people who have had a head injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • X-rays of the skull are rarely helpful in people who have had a head injury. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diastatic skull fractures happen along the skull's suture lines, found between head bones that merge during childhood. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • Paribaha Mukhopadhyay, one of the doctors attacked, suffered a depressed skull fracture when a brick hurled by the protesters hit his head, and Dr. Yash Tejkwani suffered a rib fracture and spine injury. (ifmsa.org)
  • With four main categories of skull fracture, a physician should check your child carefully if you suspect a head injury. (meshbesher.com)
  • Results: In paper I, we found that the most common cause of TBI was assault, while depressed skull fracture (DSF) and epidural hematoma (EDH) were the leading injuries. (uib.no)
  • Several injuries and health conditions can impact your cranial bones, including fractures and congenital conditions. (healthline.com)
  • CT scan is the criterion standard modality for aiding in the diagnosis of skull fractures. (medscape.com)
  • The bones in your skull can be divided into the cranial bones, which form your cranium, and facial bones, which make up your face. (healthline.com)
  • A skull fracture (FRAK-chur) is a break or crack in one of the bones of the skull, also called the cranium (CRAY-nee-um). (childrensmn.org)
  • The human skull is made up of two parts and 22 small bones. (childrensmn.org)
  • These are the bones that crack or break when someone has a skull fracture. (childrensmn.org)
  • Jones was rushed to the children's hospital unconscious, with multiple broken bones, including a depressed skull fracture. (adventistreview.org)
  • I had both side of my jaw broken along with multiple other bones in my face, a depressed skull fracture, and hanging injuries including broken hyoid, broken tracheal cartilage, nerves sheared out of my left vocal cord and so on and so forth). (bikeforums.net)
  • Often, if skull bones break but remain in place, the brain is not damaged. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Skull thickness is not uniform, and therefore, the impact of forces required to cause a fracture depends on the site of the impact. (medscape.com)
  • The pattern of fracturing depends on the location, direction and kinetic properties of the impact as well as intrinsic features of the skull 2-4 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • The diploe does not form where the skull is covered with muscles, leaving the vault thin and prone to fracture. (medscape.com)
  • A doctor should always be notified if someone has headaches, dizziness, confusion, or any symptoms of a skull fracture following a blow or injury to the skull. (childrensmn.org)
  • Symptoms may include pain, symptoms of brain damage, and, in certain fractures, fluid leaking from the nose or ears or bruises behind the ears or around the eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Skull radiography has been supplanted by CT in characterizing skull fractures in the setting of acute traumatic brain injury, though it may be useful in limited circumstances, such as radiopaque foreign bodies. (medscape.com)
  • Scans showed that Izzy had a broken eye socket and a depressed fracture on her skull, causing a bleed on her brain. (thatslife.com.au)
  • The girl was later airlifted to UNC Medical Center with a broken right leg and a depressed skull fracture, but is doing OK, Godwin said. (abc11.com)
  • The skull is thick at the glabella, the external occipital protuberance, the mastoid processes, and the external angular process. (medscape.com)
  • Helical CT scan is helpful in occipital condylar fractures, but 3-dimensional reconstruction usually is not necessary. (medscape.com)
  • The skull is thickened at the glabella, external occipital protuberance, mastoid processes, and external angular process and is joined by 3 arches on either side. (medscape.com)
  • The impact of the collision causes the soft, gelatinous brain tissue to jar against bony prominences on the inside of the skull. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Diffuse axonal injury, or shear injury, may follow contrecoup injury even if there is no damage to the skull or obvious bleeding into the brain tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Depressed skull fractures present a high risk of increased pressure on the brain, or a hemorrhage to the brain that crushes the delicate tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • It crushes the delicate tissue, similarly to a depressed skull fracture. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a fracture is identified, a careful search for adjacent soft tissue injury should be undertaken. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Diagram of the skull vault shows the location of various collections of fluid and/or blood. (medscape.com)
  • Facial fractures are also discussed separately. (radiopaedia.org)
  • This leads to an unusually shaped skull and can sometimes affect facial features. (healthline.com)
  • Other sites at risk for fracture are the cribriform plate, the roof of orbits in the anterior cranial fossa, and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior cranial fossa. (medscape.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced MRI or CT may be helpful if posttraumatic infection is clinically suspected in patients with risk factors such as skull base fractures. (medscape.com)
  • If a fracture breaks the skin, bacteria may enter the skull through the fracture, causing infection and severe brain damage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Depressed skull fractures may expose the brain to the environment and foreign material, leading to infection or the formation of abscesses (collections of pus) within the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Blood may collect in the sinuses, which may also be fractured. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Skull fractures are common in the setting of both closed traumatic brain injury and penetrating brain injury . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from sudden impact of an external force to the skull. (oshmanlaw.com)
  • The brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), enclosed in meningeal covering, and protected inside the skull. (medscape.com)
  • If the fracture tears a portion of the covering of the brain, patients may also experience clear fluid drainage from their ears or nose. (hofeldandschaffner.com)
  • These types of fractures are called depressed fractures. (msdmanuals.com)