Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid movements of the eye and low voltage fast pattern EEG. It is usually associated with dreaming.
Conditions characterized by disturbances of usual sleep patterns or behaviors. Sleep disorders may be divided into three major categories: DYSSOMNIAS (i.e. disorders characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia), PARASOMNIAS (abnormal sleep behaviors), and sleep disorders secondary to medical or psychiatric disorders. (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187)
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.
Simultaneous and continuous monitoring of several parameters during sleep to study normal and abnormal sleep. The study includes monitoring of brain waves, to assess sleep stages, and other physiological variables such as breathing, eye movements, and blood oxygen levels which exhibit a disrupted pattern with sleep disturbances.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
G-protein-coupled NEUROPEPTIDE RECEPTORS that have specificity for OREXINS and play a role in appetite control, and sleep-wake cycles. Two principle receptor types exist, each having a specificity for OREXIN A and OREXIN B peptide subtypes.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Cell surface receptors that bind specific neuropeptides with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Many neuropeptides are also hormones outside of the nervous system.
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
'Benzoxazoles' are heterocyclic organic compounds, consisting of a benzene ring fused to an oxazole ring, which have been studied for their potential pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects.
Agents that are used to stimulate appetite. These drugs are frequently used to treat anorexia associated with cancer and AIDS.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

Fatal familial insomnia: a new Austrian family. (1/1096)

We present clinical, pathological and molecular features of the first Austrian family with fatal familial insomnia. Detailed clinical data are available in five patients and autopsy in four patients. Age at onset of disease ranged between 20 and 60 years, and disease duration between 8 and 20 months. Severe loss of weight was an early symptom in all five patients. Four patients developed insomnia and/or autonomic dysfunction, and all five patients developed motor abnormalities. Analysis of the prion protein (PrP) gene revealed the codon 178 point mutation and methionine homozygosity at position 129. In all brains, neuropathology showed widespread cortical astrogliosis, widespread brainstem nuclei and tract degeneration, and olivary 'pseudohypertrophy' with vacuolated neurons, in addition to neuropathological features described previously, such as thalamic and olivary degeneration. Western blotting of one brain and immunocytochemistry in four brains revealed quantitative and regional dissociation between PrP(res)(the protease resistant form of PrP) deposition and histopathology. In the cerebellar cortex of one patient, PrP(res) deposits were prominent in the molecular layer and displayed a peculiar patchy and strip-like pattern with perpendicular orientation to the surface. In another patient, a single vacuolated neuron in the inferior olivary nuclei contained prominent intravacuolar granular PrP(res) deposits, resembling changes of brainstem neurons in bovine spongiform encephalopathy.  (+info)

Ethanol as a hypnotic in insomniacs: self administration and effects on sleep and mood. (2/1096)

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of low ethanol doses on sleep and mood and to assess its reinforcing effects used as a hypnotic. Twenty healthy adults, aged 21-45 yrs, all moderate social drinkers, were studied: eleven subjects had insomnia and nine were normal sleepers, as documented by clinical polysomnography. On two sampling nights each, ethanol (0.5 g/kg) or placebo was administered before sleep in color-coded cups presented in three doses (0.2, 0.2, and 0.1 g/kg) separated by 15 min. On three subsequent nights subjects chose their preferred presleep beverage (0.2 g/kg ethanol or placebo) based on cup color and were given an opportunity for 3 additional refills (0.2 g/kg each) of the chosen beverage at 15 min intervals, yielding a total possible dose of 0.8 g/kg. Insomniacs chose ethanol 67% of nights and normals 22%. Insomniacs chose significantly more ethanol refills than normals for an average nightly dose of 0.45 g/kg and normals took significantly more placebo refills. On the sampling nights 0.5 g/kg ethanol reduced REM sleep for both groups for the 8-hr sleep period and in insomniacs increased stage 3-4 sleep and reduced stage 1 sleep during the first half of the night to the level seen in the normals. Other sleep variables were not altered in either group or halves of the night. Presleep improvements in the Profile of Mood States tension and concentration factors were also associated with ethanol administration. Thus, acutely, both sleep and mood effects appear to be associated with the reinforcing effects of ethanol as a hypnotic for insomniacs.  (+info)

Prevalence of insomnia: a survey of the enrollees at five managed care organizations. (3/1096)

The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with insomnia among enrollees of managed care organizations (MCOs). A survey was distributed either by mail or during a clinic visit to 7,500 enrollees of five MCOs in the United States. The survey included a sleep questionnaire, demographic questions, and questions about medical encounters and prescription drug use. Three levels of insomnia (none; level I--difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep; level II--insomnia with daytime dysfunction) were defined from the responses. Comorbidities were determined by proxy from prescription drug use reported by respondents. A total of 3,447 survey responses were received, yielding a response rate of 46%. Level I and level II insomnia was reported by 13.5% and 32.5% of the respondents, respectively. Level II insomnia increased with decreasing education, income, and age and was more prevalent in women and non-Caucasians. Insomnia was significantly correlated with all daytime sleepiness and most nighttime disturbances factors. Fifty-two percent of all respondents reported at least one comorbid condition. Respondents with multiple comorbidities reported level II insomnia more frequently than those with no comorbidities. Only 0.9% of clinic visitors were seeing a physician specifically for sleep problems. Of those with level I and level II insomnia, only 5.5% and 11.6%, respectively, were taking prescription medications specifically for sleep problems; 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively, were taking over-the-counter medications for sleep. Insomnia occurs in MCO enrollees at rates comparable to those found in the general population. However, few patients with insomnia are actually being treated for their condition. Proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of insomnia are warranted.  (+info)

Insomnia. (4/1096)

Insomnia is a common complaint with potentially significant medical and psychologic complications. In some cases insomnia presents as a symptom of another underlying medical, psychiatric or environmental condition. In these cases, management of insomnia depends on accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of the underlying condition. In other cases, insomnia is a primary disorder requiring direct treatment. Pharmacologic treatments include nonprescription medications, sedating tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and related drugs. Behavior management methods that may be administered in the office setting include stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy and sleep hygiene education. Although prescription medications and behavior therapy have similar short-term efficacy, behavior interventions are recommended as the first line of treatment for primary insomnia because of their greater safety and long-term efficacy.  (+info)

Insomnia: assessment and management in primary care. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Insomnia. (5/1096)

Patients with insomnia may experience one or more of the following problems: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, waking up too early in the morning and nonrefreshing sleep. In addition, daytime consequences such as fatigue, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating and irritability are often present. Approximately 10 percent of adults experience persistent insomnia, although most patients do not mention it during routine office visits. Asking sleep-related questions during the general review of systems and asking patients with sleep complaints to keep a sleep diary are helpful approaches in detecting insomnia. Behavior and pharmacologic therapies are used in treating insomnia. Behavior approaches take a few weeks to improve sleep but continue to provide relief even after training sessions have ended. Hypnotic medications are safe and effective in inducing, maintaining and consolidating sleep. Effective treatment of insomnia may improve the quality of life for many patients.  (+info)

Sleep and serotonin: an unfinished story. (6/1096)

Serotonin (5-HT) was first believed to be a true neuromodulator of sleep because the destruction of 5-HT neurons of the raphe system or the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine induced a severe insomnia which could be reversed by restoring 5-HT synthesis. However the demonstration that the electrical activity of 5-HT perikarya and the release of 5-HT are increased during waking and decreased during sleep was in direct contradiction to this hypothesis. More recent experiments suggest that the release of 5-HT during waking may initiate a cascade of genomic events in some hypnogenic neurons located in the preoptic area. Thus, when 5-HT is released during waking, it leads to an homeostatic regulation of slow-wave sleep.  (+info)

Chronic insomnia: a practical review. (7/1096)

Insomnia has numerous, often concurrent etiologies, including medical conditions, medications, psychiatric disorders and poor sleep hygiene. In the elderly, insomnia is complex and often difficult to relieve because the physiologic parameters of sleep normally change with age. In most cases, however, a practical management approach is to first consider depression, medications, or both, as potential causes. Sleep apnea also should be considered in the differential assessment. Regardless of the cause of insomnia, most patients benefit from behavioral approaches that focus on good sleep habits. Exposure to bright light at appropriate times can help realign the circadian rhythm in patients whose sleep-wake cycle has shifted to undesirable times. Periodic limb movements during sleep are very common in the elderly and may merit treatment if the movements cause frequent arousals from sleep. When medication is deemed necessary for relief of insomnia, a low-dose sedating antidepressant or a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic may offer advantages over traditional sedative-hypnotics. Longterm use of long-acting benzodiazepines should, in particular, be avoided. Melatonin may be helpful when insomnia is related to shift work and jet lag; however, its use remains controversial.  (+info)

Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and apheresis: analysis of adverse events in 94 normal donors. (8/1096)

Adverse events were analyzed in 94 normal donors who underwent PBSC harvest with G-CSF. The median dose of G-CSF was 9.7 microg/kg/day (range, 2.0-16.7), and the duration of administration was 4-6 days. Frequent symptoms were bone pain (71%), general fatigue (33%), headache (28%), insomnia (14%), anorexia (11%), nausea and/or vomiting (11%). One donor (1%) developed grade 3 toxicity bone pain (WHO criteria). WBC counts and ANC increased during G-CSF administration. After leukapheresis, three donors (3%) developed grade 3 toxicity neutropenia. Platelet counts decreased after leukapheresis. Three donors (3%) developed grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The means of both ALP and LDH increased approximately 1.9-fold compared with pretreatment levels. In one pediatric donor (1%), ALP was elevated to the grade 3 toxicity level. From multivariate analysis, the incidence of bone pain increased when G-CSF was given at a dose of 8.8 microg/kg/day or more, headaches were frequent in donors younger than 35 years, and the incidence of nausea and/or vomiting was high in female donors. The peak levels of WBC counts and ANC and post-treatment level of LDH increased in correspondence with the escalation of G-CSF dose. All adverse events normalized on follow-up evaluation. In conclusion, although PBSC harvest for normal donors is acceptable, care must be taken for all donors in terms of their sex and age as well as the G-CSF dose. We recommend less than 8.8 microg/kg/day as the G-CSF dose for PBSC mobilization in normal donors.  (+info)

Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders are a category of sleep disorders that involve difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep throughout the night. This category includes:

1. Insomnia disorder: A persistent difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening, despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, which causes clinically significant distress or impairment.
2. Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions), hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid, dream-like experiences that occur while falling asleep) and sleep paralysis (temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up).
3. Breathing-related sleep disorders: A group of disorders that involve abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, which can lead to difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: A group of disorders that involve a misalignment between the individual's internal circadian rhythm and the external environment, leading to difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep at desired times.
5. Parasomnias: A group of disorders that involve abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder, which can disrupt sleep initiation and maintenance.

These disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, daytime functioning, and overall health, and should be evaluated and managed by a healthcare professional with expertise in sleep medicine.

Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.

Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.

REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:

1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.

Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that occurs when the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing or shallow breaths. These episodes, known as apneas or hypopneas, can last for 10 seconds or longer and may occur multiple times throughout the night, disrupting normal sleep patterns and causing oxygen levels in the blood to drop.

The obstruction in OSA is typically caused by the relaxation of the muscles in the back of the throat during sleep, which allows the soft tissues to collapse and block the airway. This can result in snoring, choking, gasping for air, or awakening from sleep with a start.

Contributing factors to OSA may include obesity, large neck circumference, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of sedatives or muscle relaxants. Untreated OSA can lead to serious health consequences such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cognitive impairment. Treatment options for OSA include lifestyle changes, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, and surgery.

Sleep apnea syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal breathing patterns during sleep. These patterns can result in repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or shallow breaths (hypopneas), causing interruptions in sleep and decreased oxygen supply to the body. There are three main types of sleep apnea syndromes:

1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common form, caused by the collapse or obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, often due to relaxation of the muscles in the throat and tongue.

2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type is less common and results from the brain's failure to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It can be associated with conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or certain medications.

3. Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: In some cases, a person may experience both obstructive and central sleep apnea symptoms, known as complex or mixed sleep apnea.

Symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, morning headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes. Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography) to monitor breathing patterns, heart rate, brain activity, and other physiological factors during sleep. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, or even surgery in severe cases.

Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.

The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.

Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.

Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.

Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.

Orexin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions, including wakefulness, energy balance, and reward processing. There are two subtypes of orexin receptors: OX1R (orexin-1 receptor) and OX2R (orexin-2 receptor). These receptors bind to the neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, which are synthesized in a small group of neurons located in the hypothalamus. Activation of these receptors leads to increased wakefulness, appetite stimulation, and reward-seeking behavior, among other effects. Dysregulation of the orexin system has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, where a loss of orexin-producing neurons results in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Neuropeptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to neuropeptides, which are small signaling molecules made up of short chains of amino acids. These receptors play an important role in the nervous system by mediating the effects of neuropeptides on various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, pain perception, and hormone release.

Neuropeptide receptors are typically composed of seven transmembrane domains and are classified into several families based on their structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptide receptor families include the opioid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors.

When a neuropeptide binds to its specific receptor, it activates a signaling pathway within the cell that leads to various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme function. Overall, the activation of neuropeptide receptors helps to regulate many important functions in the body, including mood, appetite, and pain sensation.

Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.

Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.

There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.

Benzoxazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring fused to an oxazole ring. The term "benzoxazoles" generally refers to the parent compound, but it can also refer to its derivatives that contain various functional groups attached to the benzene and/or oxazole rings.

Benzoxazoles have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry, as they are used in the synthesis of several drugs with anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties. They also have potential uses in materials science, such as in the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs).

It is worth noting that benzoxazoles themselves are not used in medical treatments or therapies. Instead, their derivatives with specific functional groups and structures are designed and synthesized to have therapeutic effects on various diseases and conditions.

Appetite stimulants are medications or substances that increase the desire to eat or improve appetite. They work by affecting brain chemicals, hormones, or other systems involved in regulating hunger and fullness. Some commonly used appetite stimulants include:

1. Megestrol acetate: a synthetic progestin hormone that is often prescribed for cancer-related weight loss and anorexia. It works by stimulating appetite and promoting weight gain.
2. Dronabinol: a synthetic form of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. It is approved for treating AIDS-related anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Dronabinol can increase appetite and promote weight gain.
3. Corticosteroids: medications that mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. They can help improve appetite, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects.
4. Cyproheptadine: an antihistamine medication that can also stimulate appetite. It is sometimes used off-label to treat appetite loss in various conditions, such as cancer or HIV/AIDS.
5. Ghrelin agonists: these are medications that mimic the effects of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach that increases hunger and appetite. Currently, there are no FDA-approved ghrelin agonists for appetite stimulation, but research is ongoing.

It's important to note that while appetite stimulants can help improve food intake in some individuals, they may not be effective for everyone, and their use should be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or supplement.

The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:

1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.

... for sleep initiation and maintenance disorders. Intranasal orexin is able to increase cognition in primates, especially under ... National Sleep Foundation Orexin receptor antagonists: A new class of sleeping pill, National Sleep Foundation Orexin peptides ... Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, Rogers W, Lin X, Qiu X, de Jong PJ, Nishino S, Mignot E (August 1999). "The sleep disorder ... Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA (March 2015). "Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the ...
It is also implicated in the generation and maintenance of REM sleep. Recent research has discovered that the pedunculopontine ... Jankovic, Joseph (2015). "Gait disorders". In Jankovic, Joseph (ed.). Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics. ... While once thought important to the initiation of movement, recent research suggests a role in providing sensory feedback to ...
... sleep initiation and maintenance disorders MeSH C10.886.425.800.800.400 - insomnia, fatal familial MeSH C10.886.659.618 - ... sleep disorders, circadian rhythm MeSH C10.886.425.200.500 - jet lag syndrome MeSH C10.886.425.800 - sleep disorders, intrinsic ... rem sleep behavior disorder MeSH C10.886.659.633.800 - sleep paralysis MeSH C10.886.659.634 - restless legs syndrome MeSH ... sleep bruxism MeSH C10.886.659.700 - sleep-wake transition disorders MeSH C10.900.250.300 - carotid artery injuries MeSH ...
... has been shown to be an effective treatment for sleep initiation insomnia but might not be effective for sleep maintenance or ... Psychiatric mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder, are intertwined with sleep disorders ... This is evident in the high rate of comorbidity with psychiatric disorders and insomnia and other sleep disorders. Most people ... Patients who have undergone CBT-I spend more time in sleep stages three and four (also known as slow-wave sleep, delta sleep or ...
In the United States a sleep disorder specialist can be a registered respiratory therapist with the sleep disorder specialist ... Respiratory therapists provide a vital role in both medicine and nursing such as the initiation and maintenance of mechanical ... sleep disorders testing and therapeutic intervention along with a diagnosis of sleep-related disease such as Obstructive Sleep ... and sleep-disorder diagnosticians in sleep-clinics, they also serve as clinical providers in cardiology clinics and cath-labs, ...
... sleep initiation and maintenance disorders MeSH F03.870.664 - parasomnias MeSH F03.870.664.627 - nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia ... sleep disorders, circadian rhythm MeSH F03.870.400.200.500 - jet lag syndrome MeSH F03.870.400.800 - sleep disorders, intrinsic ... sleep bruxism MeSH F03.870.664.700 - sleep-wake transition disorders MeSH F03.875.300 - conversion disorder MeSH F03.875.450 - ... rem sleep behavior disorder MeSH F03.870.664.633.800 - sleep paralysis MeSH F03.870.664.634 - restless legs syndrome MeSH ...
October 2007). "Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study". The International Journal of ... The maintenance of antidepressant efficacy was demonstrated in a relapse prevention study. One meta-analysis found agomelatine ... doctors have to run laboratory tests to check that the liver is working properly at the initiation of the treatment and then ... October 2007). "Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study". The International Journal of ...
It is leading to the discovery of environmental stressors that dictate initiation of specific neurological disorders and ... Neural targets that control thermogenesis, behavior, sleep, and mood can be affected by pro-inflammatory cytokines which are ... Several studies have shown that regulation of stem cell maintenance and the subsequent fate determinations are quite complex. ... Examples of these disorders include Asperger syndrome, traumatic brain injury, communication, speech and language disorders, ...
"Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with opioid use disorders in long-term maintenance on buprenorphine-naloxone: A case ... many have begun to call for different means of treatment initiation. Some providers have begun to use the Bernese method, also ... For opioid use disorder, it is typically started when withdrawal symptoms have begun and for the first two days of treatment ... Central sleep apnea has also been reported as a side effect of long-term buprenorphine use. The most severe side effect ...
... is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia where sleep initiation or sleep maintenance are prominent symptoms. ... Long-term users of hypnotic drugs for sleep disorders develop only partial tolerance to adverse effects on driving, with users ... Touitou Y (July 2007). "[Sleep disorders and hypnotic agents: medical, social and economical impact]". Annales Pharmaceutiques ... The study did not consider the effectiveness of the drugs on sleep. It causes similar alterations on EEG readings and sleep ...
Medications to control GI and sleep disturbances are often prescribed. Therapies, including physical, occupational, and vision ... "ICD-10 Coordination and Maintenance Committee Meeting" (PDF). Cdc. Retrieved 22 June 2021. "Initial treatment of epilepsy". ... which was recognized by the Loulou Foundation providing Company Making a Difference Award for initiation of the Phase 2 ARCADE ... CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the gene CDKL5. The symptoms of CDD ...
... significantly improves sleep maintenance in primary insomnia". Sleep. 31 (12): 1663-1671. doi:10.1093/sleep/31.12.1663. PMC ... Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Biology of bipolar disorder, Serotonin ... Medrihan L, Sagi Y, Inde Z, Krupa O, Daniels C, Peyrache A, Greengard P (August 2017). "Initiation of Behavioral Response to ... Several studies have seen links between the -1438G/A polymorphism and mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder and major ...
These levels of processing can be illustrated by maintenance and elaborate rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal is a shallow form ... For that to happen, NMDA receptor, which influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of ... Recent findings in studies focusing on patients with post traumatic stress disorder demonstrate that amino acid transmitters, ... while low levels of acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep aided in consolidation of memories. However, encoding can occur on ...
... trouble sleeping, acne, fluid retention, headaches, nausea, and other symptoms associated with this disorder have recently been ... and maintenance of these cells, may play a role in causing PMDD symptoms. This is because the result of this polymorphism ... These symptoms should occur during the week before menses and remit after initiation of menses. In order to meet criteria for ... such as major depressive disorder, panic disorder, persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia), or a personality disorder- ...
... contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. Without normal salivary function the ... Production is estimated at 1500ml per day and researchers generally accept that during sleep the amount drops significantly. In ... Saliva also performs a lubricating function, wetting food and permitting the initiation of swallowing, and protecting the oral ... Myers, Eugene N.; Ferris, Robert L. (2007). Salivary Gland Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191. ISBN ...
The beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine have implications for initiation of smoking and maintenance of tobacco dependence ... Nicotine reduces the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and total sleep time in healthy ... Little MA, Ebbert JO (2016). "The safety of treatments for tobacco use disorder". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 15 (3): 333-41 ... sleep onset latency, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 2 sleep time. Depressive non-smokers experience mood and sleep ...
A full list of which genes cause which diseases can be seen in the reference "Human Hox gene disorders" by Quinonez. Rinn JL, ... PRC2 has been shown in many experiments to be necessary for the proper formation of organs, starting with the maintenance of ... Thus, PRC2 is not only essential to the initiation of differentiation in development, but also for maintaining heterochromatin ... sleep abnormalities, and distinctive features. Angelman Syndrome, caused by loss of UBE3A expression in the maternal allele. ...
The maintenance and repair of human tooth enamel is one of the primary concerns of dentistry.[citation needed] In humans, ... Celiac disease, a disorder characterized by an auto-immune response to gluten, also commonly results in demineralization of the ... Furthermore, tooth morphology dictates that the most common site for the initiation of dental caries is in the deep grooves, ... occurring most during overnight sleep. Because enamel is vulnerable to demineralization, prevention of tooth decay is the best ...
"Dihydrocodeine for detoxification and maintenance treatment in individuals with opiate use disorders". The Cochrane Database of ... Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea, muscle aches, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, agitation, and a low mood. Addiction and ... The CDC gives specific recommendations for prescribers regarding initiation of opioids, clinically appropriate use of opioids, ... Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and ...
Caffeine has been linked to the aggravation and maintenance of anxiety disorders, and the initiation of panic or anxiety ... are individuals who are prone to caffeine's anxiogenic effects whilst others are susceptible to its caffeine-induced sleep ... Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder. The ... Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder. ...
The symptoms of a manic episode include high mood, low sleep, and reduced inhibition, while the symptoms of a depressive ... The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene plays a role in the growth, differentiation, and maintenance of neurons. ... binding sites for bromodomain-containing proteins and other chromatin-remodeling proteins that promote transcription initiation ... Bipolar disorder has been found to be comorbid with several other disorders. Anxiety disorder comorbidity with bipolar disorder ...
Nicotine may have a profound impact on sleep. The effects on sleep vary after being intoxicated, during withdrawal, and from ... Schneider S, Diehl K (May 2016). "Vaping as a Catalyst for Smoking? An Initial Model on the Initiation of Electronic Cigarette ... Risks of exposing the developing brain to nicotine include mood disorders and permanent lowering of impulse control. The rise ... Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing ...
Sleep deprivation worsens almost all seizure disorders, so concurrent obstructive sleep apnea caused or worsened by androgen ... This may be useful for transgender men prior to initiation of testosterone therapy. In those who have not yet started or ... Gorton RN, Jamie Buth MD (May 2005). Medical therapy and health maintenance for transgender men: A guide for health care ... and may cause headaches and worsen seizure disorders. Symptoms of OSA are noisy sleeping (snoring), excessive daytime ...
... subjective sleep and emotional experiences in patients with major depressive disorder: a 24-wk randomized, controlled, double- ... In addition, antidepressant drugs tend to lose efficacy throughout long-term maintenance therapy. According to data from the ... peaking in the months after initiation, and moving back towards baseline during the year after treatment was stopped. These ... Panic disorder is treated relatively well with medications compared to other disorders. Several classes of antidepressants have ...
Hel convinces him to lead the initiation of Ragnarok by bringing about a mass exodus of dead souls; basically compelling him to ... Ernie had a premonition about a dark enchantress whom he'd often have visions of whenever he slept or was awake killing other ... Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Character pop, ... Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders, Fictional characters with spirit possession or body swapping abilities, ...
Rites of passage may also include initiation into groups not tied to a formal stage of life such as a fraternity. Arnold van ... Fiske, A. P.; Haslam, N. Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder a Pathology of the Human Disposition to Perform Socially Meaningful ... While most Functionalists sought to link ritual to the maintenance of social order, South African functionalist anthropologist ... sleeping, working, and praying or with proper moral dispositions and spiritual aptitudes, aimed at developing virtues that are ...
... and sleep disorders. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders after migraine and stroke, affecting around 50 ... The initiation can be performed using outpatient clinics rather than requiring a stay in hospital. Often, no initial fast is ... Next, the protein levels are set to allow for growth and body maintenance, and are around 1 g protein for each kg of body ... and sleep disorders. As of 2022 there is no clinical evidence that a ketogenic diet is effective to treat cancer. Medicine ...
These include subjective and objective measures of sleep maintenance, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency. Conversely, very ... "Sleep Disorder (Sedative-Hypnotic) Drug Information - U.S. FDA". Food and Drug Administration. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August ... low-dose doxepin shows relatively weak effects on sleep initiation and does not significantly separate from placebo on this ... Doxepin is used as a pill to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and chronic hives, and for short-term help ...
"Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep , National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Archived from ... Connections between the cortex and the basal ganglia control muscle tone, posture and movement initiation, and are referred to ... and the flocculonodular lobe in the maintenance of balance although debate exists as to its cognitive, behavioural and motor ... bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, ...
They also note more preliminary evidence showing that dietary ω-3 can ease symptoms in several psychiatric disorders. Besides ... and childhood sleep apnea due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy (see {{slink,Acquired non-inflammatory myopathy,Diet and Trauma ... Four families of enzymes initiate or contribute to the initiation of the catalysis of fatty acids to eicosanoids: ... are used clinically as maintenance treatment for allergen-induced asthma and rhinitis; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug- ...
Learn about sleep disorders, treatments, and good sleep habits. ... Getting a good sleep is vital to your health, but many ... Sleep Disorders (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (National ... The symptoms of sleep disorders depend on the specific disorder. Some signs that you may have a sleep disorder include that:. * ... What are sleep disorders?. Sleep disorders are conditions that disturb your normal sleep patterns. There are more than 80 ...
Disorders of sleep initiation and maintenance. Parent-based sleep (PBS) interventions are effective in randomised controlled ... Strategies to improve sleep disorders. Sleep apnoea. Sleep-related breathing disruptions in children with epilepsy are common ... Nocturnal seizures can interrupt sleep while a number of factors, including antiepileptics and sleep disorders that cause sleep ... Behavioral parent training to address sleep disturbances in young children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot trial. Sleep ...
... and fatigue at 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment could sho … ... Targeting anxiety or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment or sleep difficulty, anxiety, ... Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / psychology * Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / virology ... Sleep difficulty or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment predicted a slower time to remission. In non-remitters at 8 ...
SR melatonin resulted in statistically significant decreases in sleep latency and WASO. No clear effects on seizures were ... Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / complications * Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / etiology* ... DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.005 Abstract Objective: Insomnia, especially maintenance insomnia, is widely prevalent in epilepsy ... Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study Sleep Med. 2015 May;16(5):637- ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders. 1. 2020. 957. 0.100. Why? Socioeconomic Factors. 2. 2016. 7670. 0.100. Why? ... Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. 2. 2018. 301. 0.270. Why? Patient Acceptance of Health Care. 1. 2018. 2954 ... Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3. 2018. 1914. 0.210. Why? ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Symbol. Object Name. Qualifiers. Evidence. Notes. Source. PubMed Reference(s). RGD ... sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc.). (From Thorpy, Sleep Disorders Medicine, 1994, p187). ... Intrinsic Sleep Disorder; Post-Traumatic Hypersomnia; Posttraumatic Hypersomnia; Posttraumatic Hypersomnias; Sleep State ... associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., ...
sleep 780.50. *. with apnea - see Apnea, sleep. *. initiation or maintenance (see also Insomnia) 780.52. *. nonorganic origin ... Home > 2012 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Mental Disorders 290-319 > Neurotic Disorders, Personality Disorders, And Other ... initiation or maintenance (see also Insomnia) 780.52. *. nonorganic origin (transient) 307.41. *. persistent 307.42. ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM F51.9 Sleep disorder not due to a substance or known physiological condition, unspecified ...
... for sleep initiation and maintenance disorders. Intranasal orexin is able to increase cognition in primates, especially under ... National Sleep Foundation Orexin receptor antagonists: A new class of sleeping pill, National Sleep Foundation Orexin peptides ... Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, Rogers W, Lin X, Qiu X, de Jong PJ, Nishino S, Mignot E (August 1999). "The sleep disorder ... Nixon JP, Mavanji V, Butterick TA, Billington CJ, Kotz CM, Teske JA (March 2015). "Sleep disorders, obesity, and aging: the ...
Conditions: Fibromyalgia; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders. International Trials:. Germany:. Supporting Effect of ... Conditions: Depression; Depressive Disorder; Major Depressive Disorder. Double Blind Trial of Duloxetine in Chronic Fatigue ... Conditions: Major Depressive Disorder; Fibromyalgia; Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain; Generalized Anxiety Disorder ... Efficacy of TMS in Chronic Idiopathic Pain Disorders. Conditions: Fibromyalgia; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Burning Mouth ...
It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate ... It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. ... psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309) ... Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (Insomnia) 04/01/2005 - "Evidence for the efficacy of trazodone in treating insomnia ...
initiation or maintenance (see also Insomnia) 780.52. *. nonorganic origin (transient) 307.41. *. persistent 307.42. ... Short description: Circadian rhym sleep NEC.. *ICD-9-CM 327.39 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a ... 2015/16 ICD-10-CM G47.29 Other circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Approximate Synonyms. *Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, ... cycle - see Disorder, sleep, circadian rhythm. *. schedule - see Disorder, sleep, circadian rhythm ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders This medication may be prescribed for other uses. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for ...
Sleep Initiation And Maintenance Disorders. How long have you been taking it?. Choose one ...
Depressive Disorder. *Epilepsies, Partial. *Psychotic Disorders. *Sleep Initiation And Maintenance Disorders. *Status ... Special precaution is encouraged for those with underlying breathing disorders such as COPD or sleep apnea. ... Ativan is a prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of anxiety, anxiety disorders, and anxiety associated with ... Risk increases with higher dosage and longer duration of therapy, those with personality disorders, and for those with a ...
Sleep, REM. *Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders. *Sleep. *Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ... Sleep disturbances are common in major depressive disorder. In previous open-label trials, nefazodone improved sleep continuity ... Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder.. Publication , Journal ... "Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder." Biol Psychiatry 44, ...
Get detailed information about the causes and management of the major sleep disorders in this summary for clinicians. ... sleep apnea, hypersomnias, parasomnias, and problems with circadian rhythm) are common in people with cancer. ... In view of these findings, melatonin replacement therapy may be beneficial in the initiation and maintenance of sleep in older ... Disorders of the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm sleep disorders).. *Dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or ...
"depressive disorder" * "depression" "anxiety" * "dyssomnias" * "sleep initiation and maintenance disorders" "insomnia" * "sleep ... Disorder at baseline 20‒74 (n/a) Job insecurity (1-item, above vs. below median) Major depressive disorder (MINI) 4711 2389/ ... General anxiety disorder (MINI) OR 1.10 (0.75-1.62) Quesnel-Vallee et al, 2010 (USA) 1992-1994 U.S. National Longitudinal ... General anxiety disorder (MINI) OR 2.16 (1.47-3.18) Unpredictable work hours (1-item, above vs. below median Major depressive ...
... encompasses a spectrum of disorders with implications in many fields of medicine. In its most recognizable and ubiquitous form ... Multiple Sleep Latency and Maintenance of Wakefulness Tests. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) measures the length of time ... 28] After initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, IL-6 levels were noted to decrease. This may ... Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is defined as a chronic respiratory sleep disorder ...
Raising Awareness of Sleep as a Healthy Behavior - ... strategies for improving sleep initiation and sleep maintenance ... How Much Sleep is Needed and Are We There?. The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation ... Sleep disorders and sleep deprivation: an unmet public health problem. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Sleep Medicine ... Knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians toward sleep and sleep disorders. Sleep Breath 2002;6(3):103-9. CrossRef ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders. *Sleep. *Self Report. *Risk Factors. *ROC Curve ... Two nights of polysomnography, 2 w of sleep diaries, questionnaires focused on sleep, medical, psychological, and health ... RESULTS: Consistent with previous studies using objective total sleep duration, individuals with insomnia and short sleep ... 6 h or sleep duration ≥ 6 h, using both objective and subjective measures of total sleep duration. METHODS: Using a cross- ...
Impact of sleep disorders on depression and patient-perceived health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis. White, E. K ... and disordered eating. Walker, D. C., White, E. K. & Srinivasan, V. J., Aug 2018, In: International Journal of Eating Disorders ... White, E. K., Mooney, J. & Warren, C. S., Mar 4 2019, In: Eating Disorders. 27, 2, p. 137-151 15 p.. Research output: ... Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity and underlying vulnerabilities: Using network analysis to conceptualize ...
In individuals with Huntingtons disease (HD), sleep disturbances constitute an additional burden that may exacerbate disease ... what is not known about sleep and circadian rhythms in HD. ... A good nights sleep is essential for everyone. ... Difficulties with sleep initiation and maintenance that lead not only to decreased sleep efficiency, but also to progressive ... Sleep and Circadian Disorder in Huntingtons Disease Journal of Huntingtons Disease, Volume 12, Issue 2 Guest Editor: Jenny ...
He was also provided behavioral strategies to improve his initiation and maintenance insomnia. At a 2-week follow-up ... Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. *Psychopharmacology. *Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective Disorders. *Sleep. *Tardive ... Sleep. 2014;37(2):343-349. 10.5665/sleep.3410 PubMed. 3. Bossini L, Coluccia A, Casolaro I, et al. Off-label trazodone ... He was started on trazodone 50 mg, and at 1-week follow-up, he was sleeping for 8 hours per night. At that time, his ...
Sleep 100% * Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 67% * Actigraphy 43% * Psychological Generalization 42% ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 98% * Metabolic Syndrome 86% * Sleep 73% * Confidence Intervals 56% ... Phenotypes of obstructive sleep apnea in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. González, K. A., Tarraf, W., ... Actigraphic sleep patterns and cognitive decline in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Agudelo, C., Tarraf, ... Association of sleep duration and insomnia with metabolic syndrome and its components in the Womens Health Initiative. Peila, ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 38% * Anxiety 26% * Depression 24% * Linear Models 19% ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 75% * conditioning 74% * Smith-Magenis Syndrome 73% ... Agar, G., Oliver, C. & Richards, C., Mar 2023, In: Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 21, 3, p. 254-272 19 p.. Research output: ... Functional tics: Expanding the phenotypes of functional movement disorders?. Cavanna, A. E., Purpura, G., Riva, A., Nacinovich ... Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 100% Powered by Pure, Scopus & Elsevier Fingerprint Engine™ © 2023 Elsevier B.V ... improve in response to interdisciplinary functional restoration for chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders?. ... improve in response to interdisciplinary functional restoration for chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders ...
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders 100% * Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 97% * Neuroimaging 86% ... Bronleigh, M., Baumann, O. & Stapleton, P. B., Oct 2022, In: Eating and Weight Disorders: studies on anorexia, bulimia and ... Mothers depressive state distorts the ratings of depression they give for their sons with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. ... Mindfulness as a factor in the relationship between insecure attachment style, neurotic personality and disordered eating ...
  • Insomnia, especially maintenance insomnia, is widely prevalent in epilepsy. (nih.gov)
  • It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. (curehunter.com)
  • Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P: Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. (cancer.gov)
  • Cancer patients are at great risk of developing insomnia and disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. (cancer.gov)
  • Insomnia, the most common sleep disturbance in this population, is most often secondary to physical and/or psychological factors related to cancer and/or cancer treatment. (cancer.gov)
  • METHODS: This paper reports combined results of three identical, multisite, randomized, double-blind, 8-week, acute-phase trials comparing nefazodone (n = 64) with fluoxetine (n = 61) in outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder and insomnia. (duke.edu)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Objective but Not Subjective Short Sleep Duration Associated with Increased Risk for Hypertension in Individuals with Insomnia. (duke.edu)
  • 64.7%) meeting current diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder (MAge = 46.2 y, SDAge = 13.7 y) participated in this study at two large university medical centers. (duke.edu)
  • 6 h compared to persons with insomnia with a sleep duration ≥ 6 h, measured both objectively and subjectively. (duke.edu)
  • 6 h were associated with a 3.59 increased risk of reporting hypertension as a current medical problem as compared to individuals with insomnia with sleep duration ≥ 6 h. (duke.edu)
  • This research supports emerging evidence that insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of comorbid hypertension. (duke.edu)
  • He was also provided behavioral strategies to improve his initiation and maintenance insomnia. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Does patient-reported insomnia improve in response to interdisciplinary functional restoration for chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders? (unthsc.edu)
  • Objective: Primary insomnia and insomnia related to mental disorders are the two most common DSM-IV insomnia diagnoses, but distinguishing between them is difficult in clinical practice. (psu.edu)
  • This analysis was performed to identify clinical factors used by sleep specialists to distinguish primary insomnia from insomnia related to mental disorders. (psu.edu)
  • Results: Sleep specialists rated a psychiatric disorder as a stronger factor for insomnia related to mental disorders and rated negative conditioning and sleep hygiene as stronger factors for primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
  • However, a psychiatric disorder was rated as a contributing factor for 77% of patients who received a first diagnosis of primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
  • Conclusions: While neither deep hygiene nor negative conditioning is a diagnostic criterion in DSM-IV, these results support the face validity of these clinical factors distinguishing between primary insomnia and insomnia related to mental disorders. (psu.edu)
  • The use of a psychiatric disorder as an inclusion criterion for insomnia related to mental disorders and an exclusion criterion for primary insomnia reinforces a categorical distinction between the two diagnoses, but the contribution of psychiatric symptoms in primary insomnia appears to be a clinically relevant one. (psu.edu)
  • These findings suggest the need for studies on the validity of negative conditioning and sleep hygiene in the etiology of primary insomnia, as well as on the significance of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, in primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
  • Among 43 patients with psychological disorders, 51.16% were female, 62.79% developed anxiety 32.56% developed insomnia and 20.93% developed depression. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alcohol consumption can affect the quality and duration of sleep, suppress REM sleep, and worsen the symptoms of sleep apnea and insomnia. (paho.org)
  • A condition of underestimation of sleep is classified as paradoxical insomnia or sleep state misperception. (whocc.org.cn)
  • The most commonly reported sleep-related symptoms are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Insomnia can be a disorder, even if it exists in the context of other disorders, or can be a symptom of other disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder. (duke.edu)
  • BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are common in major depressive disorder. (duke.edu)
  • Mr A was started on fluoxetine 10 mg for unspecified depressive disorder ( DSM-5 criteria) and increased to 20 mg after a week. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc. (mcw.edu)
  • Sleep-related breathing disorders (sleep apnea). (cancer.gov)
  • The spectrum itself (in order of increasing significance) includes primary snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAH). (medscape.com)
  • In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the apnea is accompanied by observed ventilatory effort (ie, a chest rise/fall). (medscape.com)
  • The image below details an algorithm for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) treatment algorithm. (medscape.com)
  • Go to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) , Childhood Sleep Apnea , Surgical Approach to Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Home Sleep Monitoring , Oral Appliances in Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Upper Airway Evaluation in Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , and Sleep-Disordered Breathing and CPAP for more information of these topics. (medscape.com)
  • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) consists of multiple episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation (defined as a period of. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Targeting anxiety or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment or sleep difficulty, anxiety, and fatigue at 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment could shorten time to depression remission in this model. (nih.gov)
  • Ativan is a prescription medication used to treat anxiety disorders, symptoms of anxiety, and anxiety associated with depression. (rxwiki.com)
  • This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (curehunter.com)
  • Circadian rhythm disorders - problems with the sleep-wake cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Short description: Circadian rhym sleep NEC. (icd9data.com)
  • 7 ] The sleep-wake cycle is dictated by an inherent biological clock or circadian rhythm. (cancer.gov)
  • Disruptions in individual sleep patterns can disrupt the circadian rhythm and impair the sleep cycle. (cancer.gov)
  • This special issue of the Journal of Huntington's Disease (JHD) reviews what is, and perhaps more importantly, what is not known about sleep and circadian rhythms in HD. (iospress.com)
  • In fact, the reversibility of the deleterious effects of short-term disturbances of both sleep and circadian rhythms in healthy individuals is a testament to the robust pathways and homeostatic mechanisms that underpin the survival of our species. (iospress.com)
  • There is emerging awareness that both sleep and circadian rhythms abnormalities are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. (iospress.com)
  • The critical question for the HD field is whether or not chronically disturbed sleep and/or circadian rhythms, that are so detrimental to the neurologically normal population, have a greater impact on people whose brains are rendered vulnerable by HD. (iospress.com)
  • Prof. Morton continues: "It is clear from the articles in this special Issue that sleep and circadian dysfunction in HD patients is an understudied, indeed neglected, field. (iospress.com)
  • In " Sleep Disorders and Circadian Disruption in Huntington's Disease ," Sandra Saade-Lemus, MD, and Aleksandar Videnovic, MD, both of the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, point out that despite evidence of sleep and circadian abnormalities, sleep alterations are underreported by patients and underrecognized by health professionals. (iospress.com)
  • Treatment of sleep and circadian disturbances in HD represents a big unmet need in HD. (iospress.com)
  • Noninvasive and low cost circadian-based therapies such as light therapy may be promising for the management of sleep-wake disturbances in HD," concludes Dr. Videnovic. (iospress.com)
  • During each of these periods, participants' sleep was continuously monitored with a wrist actigraph, and participants completed a wide spectrum of questionnaires. (berklee.edu)
  • Understanding and managing seizures and related sleep disturbance is therefore an important and treatable intervention target that could potentially improve children's sleep, but also their learning, mood, behaviour, seizures and parental quality of life. (bmj.com)
  • Disordered sleep can cause emotional disturbance, memory difficulty, poor motor skills, decreased work efficiency, and increased risk of traffic accidents. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The primary outcomes were sleep onset latency and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) measured on polysomnography. (nih.gov)
  • 3 , 4 ] Physical illness, pain, hospitalization, drugs and other treatments for cancer, and the psychological impact of a malignant disease may disrupt the sleeping patterns of people with cancer. (cancer.gov)
  • Prevalence, demographics, and psychological associations of sleep disruption in patients with cancer: University of Rochester Cancer Center-Community Clinical Oncology Program. (cancer.gov)
  • Positive Sleep State Misperception Mimicking Hypersomnia. (whocc.org.cn)
  • Here we report a middle-aged woman with positive sleep state misperception who presented excessive sleepiness mimicking hypersomnia. (whocc.org.cn)
  • Slow, rolling eye movements, which characterize quiet wakefulness and early stage N1 sleep, disappear in deeper sleep stages. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Children and adolescents who get insufficient sleep have impaired behavior, mood, and performance (9). (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical evaluations of sleep quality were significantly improved with nefazodone compared with fluoxetine. (duke.edu)
  • Insufficient sleep, unlike other health risk factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity, has historically received much less attention in the public health and clinical settings. (cdc.gov)
  • There is growing evidence from both clinical and animal model studies that sleep changes occur early in the clinical course of the disease. (iospress.com)
  • NREM, also referred to as slow-wave sleep, is divided into four stages of progressively deepening sleep based on electroencephalogram findings. (cancer.gov)
  • The stages of sleep occur in a repeated pattern or cycle of NREM followed by REM, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes. (cancer.gov)
  • Dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals (parasomnias). (cancer.gov)
  • Modification of addictive behaviours involves progression through five stages of change - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • NREM sleep consists of 3 stages (N1 to N3) in increasing depth of sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These EEG tracings show characteristic theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes during stages 1 (N1), 2 (N2), and 3 (N3) NREM sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 7 hours of sleep per night) and poor sleep quality are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance, which may lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension (1). (cdc.gov)
  • However, overestimation of sleep, so called positive sleep state misperception has not been clearly described. (whocc.org.cn)
  • are abnormal sleep-related events (eg, night terrors, sleepwalking). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In individuals with Huntington's disease (HD), sleep disturbances constitute an additional burden that may exacerbate disease outcomes and impact patients' quality of life. (iospress.com)
  • The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation indicates that the average basal sleep needs of adults is approximately 7 to 8 hours per night, and the optimal sleep duration for adolescents is 9 hours per night (1). (cdc.gov)
  • The public health burden of sleep deprivation is enormous. (cdc.gov)
  • In previous open-label trials, nefazodone improved sleep continuity and increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while not affecting stage 3/4 sleep or REM latency: in contrast, fluoxetine suppressed REM sleep. (duke.edu)
  • One major consequence of insufficient sleep is daytime sleepiness, which reduces alertness and causes slow reaction time, leading to occupational and medical errors, workplace injuries, impaired driving, and motor vehicle accidents (1). (cdc.gov)
  • We also know that if he sleeps badly his seizures may be worse and so at least this way we all get a good night's sleep. (bmj.com)
  • Amsterdam, the Netherlands - A good night's sleep is essential for everyone. (iospress.com)
  • What are the symptoms of sleep disorders? (medlineplus.gov)
  • The symptoms of sleep disorders depend on the specific disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sleep dysfunction in normal people is taken seriously, and it is recognized that it exacerbates a range of cognitive symptoms, including deficits in executive function, memory consolidation, attention, and processing speed, as well as affective features such as impulsivity and emotional liability. (iospress.com)
  • Notably, most if not all these symptoms are present in HD at some stage in the course of the disease, yet the impact of sleep dysfunction on HD patient symptoms is rarely considered. (iospress.com)
  • Difficulties with sleep initiation and maintenance that lead not only to decreased sleep efficiency, but also to progressive deterioration of normal sleep architecture are recognized as symptoms of HD. (iospress.com)
  • Mr A returned 2 weeks later and reported no improvement in anxiety symptoms and a recurrence of his irritability, but he continued to sleep well. (psychiatrist.com)
  • American Academy of Sleep Medicine: The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic & Coding Manual. (cancer.gov)
  • Disorders of excessive somnolence (hypersomnias). (cancer.gov)
  • So when you don't get enough quality sleep, it does more than just make you feel tired. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epilepsy-specific quality of life is not determined solely by seizures, but rather by factors such as a child's learning, mental health, sleep and social support. (bmj.com)
  • Antiepileptic drugs, as well as other non-pharmacological epilepsy interventions can all affect sleep quality. (bmj.com)
  • Sleep is an essential component of health, and its timing, duration, and quality are critical determinants of health (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Guest Editor of this special issue Jenny Morton, PhD, ScD, Professor of Neurobiology, University of Cambridge, says: "Good quality sleep and healthy diurnal rhythms are fundamental to human health and wellness, although for the most part we greatly underappreciate the role they play in our lives. (iospress.com)
  • the aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between Burnout, use of hypnotics and sleep quality among medical students. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied among pre-clerkship students of the course. (bvsalud.org)
  • there was an association between BS, use of hypnotics and poor sleep quality among pre-clerkship medical students. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Effects of Music Relaxation on Sleep Quality and Emotional Measure" by Boaz Bloch M. D., Alon Reshef M. D. et al. (berklee.edu)
  • people may perceive this stage as high-quality sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Melatonin decreased sleep latency (mean difference, MD, of 11.4 min and p = 0.02) and WASO (MD of 22 min and p = 0.04) as compared to placebo. (nih.gov)
  • Additionally, slow-wave sleep duration and rapid eye movement (REM) latency were increased with melatonin and REM sleep duration was decreased. (nih.gov)
  • SR melatonin resulted in statistically significant decreases in sleep latency and WASO. (nih.gov)
  • Fluoxetine, but not nefazodone, prolonged REM latency and suppressed REM sleep. (duke.edu)
  • Results showed an improvement in sleep latency and sleep efficiency after the music relaxation was played. (berklee.edu)
  • The amount of sleep you need depends on several factors, including your age, lifestyle, health, and whether you have been getting enough sleep recently. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nocturnal seizures can interrupt sleep while a number of factors, including antiepileptics and sleep disorders that cause sleep fragmentation, can worsen seizures. (bmj.com)
  • Time-updated factors also were analyzed at time of antidepressant (AD) initiation/adjustment and 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment. (nih.gov)
  • There are substantial public health investments in all areas related to sleep, from obesity and other chronic conditions to motor vehicle accidents. (cdc.gov)
  • Sleep difficulty or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment predicted a slower time to remission. (nih.gov)
  • In non-remitters at 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment, sleep difficulty, anxiety, and fatigue each predicted a slower time to remission. (nih.gov)
  • Adults who sleep fewer than 7 hours per night have greater difficulty concentrating, remembering, and performing other daily activities than those who sleep 7 to 9 hours a night (4). (cdc.gov)
  • Advil PM Liqui-Gels treats headaches, minor aches and pain, and difficulty sleeping due to minor pain. (rxwiki.com)
  • Advil PM Liqui-Gels is an over the counter medication used to treat headaches, minor aches and pain, and difficulty sleeping due to minor pain. (rxwiki.com)
  • is difficulty falling or staying asleep, early awakening, or a sensation of unrefreshing sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were gathered at baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8. (duke.edu)
  • Strong evidence exists that among adults insufficient sleep has a significant effect on numerous health conditions, including chronic disease development and incidence (1). (cdc.gov)
  • The relationship between sleep and seizure disorders is a particularly vicious cycle. (bmj.com)
  • Poorer sleep may trigger worse seizure control and vice versa. (bmj.com)
  • There are a number of seizure disorders almost exclusively associated with sleep. (bmj.com)
  • We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to identify the effects of melatonin on sleep and seizure control in children with epilepsy. (nih.gov)
  • The secondary outcomes included seizure frequency, epileptiform spike density per hour of sleep on electroencephalogram (EEG), and reaction time (RT) measures on psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). (nih.gov)
  • Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (insomnias). (cancer.gov)
  • Other types of sleep studies may check how quickly you fall asleep during daytime naps or whether you are able to stay awake and alert during the day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Poor sleep adversely affects daytime mood and performance. (cancer.gov)
  • However, more than 35% of adults report getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep during a 24-hour period (3,4), and almost 70% of high school students report getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep on an average weeknight (5). (cdc.gov)
  • Among adults, the reasons for sleep loss appear to be related mainly to lifestyle, work schedules (shift work and long hours), or sleep disorders (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Insufficient sleep has major health consequences in adults, adolescents, and young children. (cdc.gov)
  • NREM sleep constitutes about 75 to 80% of total sleep time in adults. (msdmanuals.com)