Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Sleep
Sleep, REM
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Polysomnography
Bipolar Disorder
Wakefulness
Orexin Receptors
Encyclopedias as Topic
Receptors, Neuropeptide
Neuropeptides
Benzoxazoles
Appetite Stimulants
Fatal familial insomnia: a new Austrian family. (1/1096)
We present clinical, pathological and molecular features of the first Austrian family with fatal familial insomnia. Detailed clinical data are available in five patients and autopsy in four patients. Age at onset of disease ranged between 20 and 60 years, and disease duration between 8 and 20 months. Severe loss of weight was an early symptom in all five patients. Four patients developed insomnia and/or autonomic dysfunction, and all five patients developed motor abnormalities. Analysis of the prion protein (PrP) gene revealed the codon 178 point mutation and methionine homozygosity at position 129. In all brains, neuropathology showed widespread cortical astrogliosis, widespread brainstem nuclei and tract degeneration, and olivary 'pseudohypertrophy' with vacuolated neurons, in addition to neuropathological features described previously, such as thalamic and olivary degeneration. Western blotting of one brain and immunocytochemistry in four brains revealed quantitative and regional dissociation between PrP(res)(the protease resistant form of PrP) deposition and histopathology. In the cerebellar cortex of one patient, PrP(res) deposits were prominent in the molecular layer and displayed a peculiar patchy and strip-like pattern with perpendicular orientation to the surface. In another patient, a single vacuolated neuron in the inferior olivary nuclei contained prominent intravacuolar granular PrP(res) deposits, resembling changes of brainstem neurons in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. (+info)Ethanol as a hypnotic in insomniacs: self administration and effects on sleep and mood. (2/1096)
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of low ethanol doses on sleep and mood and to assess its reinforcing effects used as a hypnotic. Twenty healthy adults, aged 21-45 yrs, all moderate social drinkers, were studied: eleven subjects had insomnia and nine were normal sleepers, as documented by clinical polysomnography. On two sampling nights each, ethanol (0.5 g/kg) or placebo was administered before sleep in color-coded cups presented in three doses (0.2, 0.2, and 0.1 g/kg) separated by 15 min. On three subsequent nights subjects chose their preferred presleep beverage (0.2 g/kg ethanol or placebo) based on cup color and were given an opportunity for 3 additional refills (0.2 g/kg each) of the chosen beverage at 15 min intervals, yielding a total possible dose of 0.8 g/kg. Insomniacs chose ethanol 67% of nights and normals 22%. Insomniacs chose significantly more ethanol refills than normals for an average nightly dose of 0.45 g/kg and normals took significantly more placebo refills. On the sampling nights 0.5 g/kg ethanol reduced REM sleep for both groups for the 8-hr sleep period and in insomniacs increased stage 3-4 sleep and reduced stage 1 sleep during the first half of the night to the level seen in the normals. Other sleep variables were not altered in either group or halves of the night. Presleep improvements in the Profile of Mood States tension and concentration factors were also associated with ethanol administration. Thus, acutely, both sleep and mood effects appear to be associated with the reinforcing effects of ethanol as a hypnotic for insomniacs. (+info)Prevalence of insomnia: a survey of the enrollees at five managed care organizations. (3/1096)
The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with insomnia among enrollees of managed care organizations (MCOs). A survey was distributed either by mail or during a clinic visit to 7,500 enrollees of five MCOs in the United States. The survey included a sleep questionnaire, demographic questions, and questions about medical encounters and prescription drug use. Three levels of insomnia (none; level I--difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep; level II--insomnia with daytime dysfunction) were defined from the responses. Comorbidities were determined by proxy from prescription drug use reported by respondents. A total of 3,447 survey responses were received, yielding a response rate of 46%. Level I and level II insomnia was reported by 13.5% and 32.5% of the respondents, respectively. Level II insomnia increased with decreasing education, income, and age and was more prevalent in women and non-Caucasians. Insomnia was significantly correlated with all daytime sleepiness and most nighttime disturbances factors. Fifty-two percent of all respondents reported at least one comorbid condition. Respondents with multiple comorbidities reported level II insomnia more frequently than those with no comorbidities. Only 0.9% of clinic visitors were seeing a physician specifically for sleep problems. Of those with level I and level II insomnia, only 5.5% and 11.6%, respectively, were taking prescription medications specifically for sleep problems; 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively, were taking over-the-counter medications for sleep. Insomnia occurs in MCO enrollees at rates comparable to those found in the general population. However, few patients with insomnia are actually being treated for their condition. Proper evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of insomnia are warranted. (+info)Insomnia. (4/1096)
Insomnia is a common complaint with potentially significant medical and psychologic complications. In some cases insomnia presents as a symptom of another underlying medical, psychiatric or environmental condition. In these cases, management of insomnia depends on accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of the underlying condition. In other cases, insomnia is a primary disorder requiring direct treatment. Pharmacologic treatments include nonprescription medications, sedating tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and related drugs. Behavior management methods that may be administered in the office setting include stimulus control therapy, sleep restriction therapy and sleep hygiene education. Although prescription medications and behavior therapy have similar short-term efficacy, behavior interventions are recommended as the first line of treatment for primary insomnia because of their greater safety and long-term efficacy. (+info)Insomnia: assessment and management in primary care. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Insomnia. (5/1096)
Patients with insomnia may experience one or more of the following problems: difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, waking up too early in the morning and nonrefreshing sleep. In addition, daytime consequences such as fatigue, lack of energy, difficulty concentrating and irritability are often present. Approximately 10 percent of adults experience persistent insomnia, although most patients do not mention it during routine office visits. Asking sleep-related questions during the general review of systems and asking patients with sleep complaints to keep a sleep diary are helpful approaches in detecting insomnia. Behavior and pharmacologic therapies are used in treating insomnia. Behavior approaches take a few weeks to improve sleep but continue to provide relief even after training sessions have ended. Hypnotic medications are safe and effective in inducing, maintaining and consolidating sleep. Effective treatment of insomnia may improve the quality of life for many patients. (+info)Sleep and serotonin: an unfinished story. (6/1096)
Serotonin (5-HT) was first believed to be a true neuromodulator of sleep because the destruction of 5-HT neurons of the raphe system or the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine induced a severe insomnia which could be reversed by restoring 5-HT synthesis. However the demonstration that the electrical activity of 5-HT perikarya and the release of 5-HT are increased during waking and decreased during sleep was in direct contradiction to this hypothesis. More recent experiments suggest that the release of 5-HT during waking may initiate a cascade of genomic events in some hypnogenic neurons located in the preoptic area. Thus, when 5-HT is released during waking, it leads to an homeostatic regulation of slow-wave sleep. (+info)Chronic insomnia: a practical review. (7/1096)
Insomnia has numerous, often concurrent etiologies, including medical conditions, medications, psychiatric disorders and poor sleep hygiene. In the elderly, insomnia is complex and often difficult to relieve because the physiologic parameters of sleep normally change with age. In most cases, however, a practical management approach is to first consider depression, medications, or both, as potential causes. Sleep apnea also should be considered in the differential assessment. Regardless of the cause of insomnia, most patients benefit from behavioral approaches that focus on good sleep habits. Exposure to bright light at appropriate times can help realign the circadian rhythm in patients whose sleep-wake cycle has shifted to undesirable times. Periodic limb movements during sleep are very common in the elderly and may merit treatment if the movements cause frequent arousals from sleep. When medication is deemed necessary for relief of insomnia, a low-dose sedating antidepressant or a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic may offer advantages over traditional sedative-hypnotics. Longterm use of long-acting benzodiazepines should, in particular, be avoided. Melatonin may be helpful when insomnia is related to shift work and jet lag; however, its use remains controversial. (+info)Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and apheresis: analysis of adverse events in 94 normal donors. (8/1096)
Adverse events were analyzed in 94 normal donors who underwent PBSC harvest with G-CSF. The median dose of G-CSF was 9.7 microg/kg/day (range, 2.0-16.7), and the duration of administration was 4-6 days. Frequent symptoms were bone pain (71%), general fatigue (33%), headache (28%), insomnia (14%), anorexia (11%), nausea and/or vomiting (11%). One donor (1%) developed grade 3 toxicity bone pain (WHO criteria). WBC counts and ANC increased during G-CSF administration. After leukapheresis, three donors (3%) developed grade 3 toxicity neutropenia. Platelet counts decreased after leukapheresis. Three donors (3%) developed grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The means of both ALP and LDH increased approximately 1.9-fold compared with pretreatment levels. In one pediatric donor (1%), ALP was elevated to the grade 3 toxicity level. From multivariate analysis, the incidence of bone pain increased when G-CSF was given at a dose of 8.8 microg/kg/day or more, headaches were frequent in donors younger than 35 years, and the incidence of nausea and/or vomiting was high in female donors. The peak levels of WBC counts and ANC and post-treatment level of LDH increased in correspondence with the escalation of G-CSF dose. All adverse events normalized on follow-up evaluation. In conclusion, although PBSC harvest for normal donors is acceptable, care must be taken for all donors in terms of their sex and age as well as the G-CSF dose. We recommend less than 8.8 microg/kg/day as the G-CSF dose for PBSC mobilization in normal donors. (+info)Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders are a category of sleep disorders that involve difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep throughout the night. This category includes:
1. Insomnia disorder: A persistent difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening, despite adequate opportunity and circumstances for sleep, which causes clinically significant distress or impairment.
2. Narcolepsy: A chronic neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by strong emotions), hypnagogic hallucinations (vivid, dream-like experiences that occur while falling asleep) and sleep paralysis (temporary inability to move or speak while falling asleep or waking up).
3. Breathing-related sleep disorders: A group of disorders that involve abnormal breathing patterns during sleep, such as obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea, which can lead to difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: A group of disorders that involve a misalignment between the individual's internal circadian rhythm and the external environment, leading to difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep at desired times.
5. Parasomnias: A group of disorders that involve abnormal behaviors or experiences during sleep, such as sleepwalking, night terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder, which can disrupt sleep initiation and maintenance.
These disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, daytime functioning, and overall health, and should be evaluated and managed by a healthcare professional with expertise in sleep medicine.
Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.
Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.
REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.
Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. They can include problems with falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, medical conditions, or substance abuse.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) recognizes over 80 distinct sleep disorders, which are categorized into the following major groups:
1. Insomnia - difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
2. Sleep-related breathing disorders - abnormal breathing during sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea.
3. Central disorders of hypersomnolence - excessive daytime sleepiness, including narcolepsy.
4. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders - disruption of the internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
5. Parasomnias - abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking or night terrors.
6. Sleep-related movement disorders - repetitive movements during sleep such as restless legs syndrome.
7. Isolated symptoms and normal variants - brief and occasional symptoms that do not warrant a specific diagnosis.
Sleep disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, productivity, and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a sleep disorder, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or a sleep specialist for proper evaluation and treatment.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that occurs when the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing or shallow breaths. These episodes, known as apneas or hypopneas, can last for 10 seconds or longer and may occur multiple times throughout the night, disrupting normal sleep patterns and causing oxygen levels in the blood to drop.
The obstruction in OSA is typically caused by the relaxation of the muscles in the back of the throat during sleep, which allows the soft tissues to collapse and block the airway. This can result in snoring, choking, gasping for air, or awakening from sleep with a start.
Contributing factors to OSA may include obesity, large neck circumference, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of sedatives or muscle relaxants. Untreated OSA can lead to serious health consequences such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cognitive impairment. Treatment options for OSA include lifestyle changes, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, and surgery.
Sleep apnea syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal breathing patterns during sleep. These patterns can result in repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or shallow breaths (hypopneas), causing interruptions in sleep and decreased oxygen supply to the body. There are three main types of sleep apnea syndromes:
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common form, caused by the collapse or obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, often due to relaxation of the muscles in the throat and tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type is less common and results from the brain's failure to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It can be associated with conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or certain medications.
3. Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: In some cases, a person may experience both obstructive and central sleep apnea symptoms, known as complex or mixed sleep apnea.
Symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, morning headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes. Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography) to monitor breathing patterns, heart rate, brain activity, and other physiological factors during sleep. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, or even surgery in severe cases.
Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.
The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.
Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:
* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.
Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.
Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.
Orexin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions, including wakefulness, energy balance, and reward processing. There are two subtypes of orexin receptors: OX1R (orexin-1 receptor) and OX2R (orexin-2 receptor). These receptors bind to the neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, which are synthesized in a small group of neurons located in the hypothalamus. Activation of these receptors leads to increased wakefulness, appetite stimulation, and reward-seeking behavior, among other effects. Dysregulation of the orexin system has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, where a loss of orexin-producing neurons results in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Neuropeptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to neuropeptides, which are small signaling molecules made up of short chains of amino acids. These receptors play an important role in the nervous system by mediating the effects of neuropeptides on various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, pain perception, and hormone release.
Neuropeptide receptors are typically composed of seven transmembrane domains and are classified into several families based on their structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptide receptor families include the opioid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors.
When a neuropeptide binds to its specific receptor, it activates a signaling pathway within the cell that leads to various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme function. Overall, the activation of neuropeptide receptors helps to regulate many important functions in the body, including mood, appetite, and pain sensation.
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.
Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.
There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.
Benzoxazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring fused to an oxazole ring. The term "benzoxazoles" generally refers to the parent compound, but it can also refer to its derivatives that contain various functional groups attached to the benzene and/or oxazole rings.
Benzoxazoles have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical industry, as they are used in the synthesis of several drugs with anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral properties. They also have potential uses in materials science, such as in the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs).
It is worth noting that benzoxazoles themselves are not used in medical treatments or therapies. Instead, their derivatives with specific functional groups and structures are designed and synthesized to have therapeutic effects on various diseases and conditions.
Appetite stimulants are medications or substances that increase the desire to eat or improve appetite. They work by affecting brain chemicals, hormones, or other systems involved in regulating hunger and fullness. Some commonly used appetite stimulants include:
1. Megestrol acetate: a synthetic progestin hormone that is often prescribed for cancer-related weight loss and anorexia. It works by stimulating appetite and promoting weight gain.
2. Dronabinol: a synthetic form of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. It is approved for treating AIDS-related anorexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Dronabinol can increase appetite and promote weight gain.
3. Corticosteroids: medications that mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. They can help improve appetite, but their long-term use is associated with significant side effects.
4. Cyproheptadine: an antihistamine medication that can also stimulate appetite. It is sometimes used off-label to treat appetite loss in various conditions, such as cancer or HIV/AIDS.
5. Ghrelin agonists: these are medications that mimic the effects of ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach that increases hunger and appetite. Currently, there are no FDA-approved ghrelin agonists for appetite stimulation, but research is ongoing.
It's important to note that while appetite stimulants can help improve food intake in some individuals, they may not be effective for everyone, and their use should be carefully monitored due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new medication or supplement.
The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:
1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.
Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.
Orexin
Pedunculopontine nucleus
List of MeSH codes (C10)
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Respiratory therapist
List of MeSH codes (F03)
Agomelatine
Neuroimmunology
Buprenorphine
Zopiclone
CDKL5 deficiency disorder
5-HT2A receptor
Encoding (memory)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Saliva
Nicotine
Epigenetics of human development
Tooth enamel
Opioid use disorder
Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
Epigenetics of bipolar disorder
Health effects of electronic cigarettes
Masculinizing hormone therapy
Antidepressant
Evil Ernie
Ritual
Ketogenic diet
Doxepin
Human brain
Eicosanoid
Sleep Disorders | MedlinePlus
Sleep and epilepsy: unfortunate bedfellows | Archives of Disease in Childhood
Predictors of depression recovery in HIV-infected individuals managed through measurement-based care in infectious disease...
Melatonin improves sleep in children with epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study
Richard T Liu, Ph.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Intrinsic Sleep Disorders - Ontology Report - Rat Genome Database
2012 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 307.40 : Nonorganic sleep disorder, unspecified
Orexin - Wikipedia
Search - ECU Digital Collections
Listing of Current Fibromyalgia Clinical Trials - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Trazodone - Trittico Summary Report | CureHunter
2010 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Code 327.39 : Other circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Propiomazine - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
Coricidin HBP Nighttime Multi-Symptom Cold - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
Ativan - Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Overdose, Pregnancy, Alcohol | RxWiki
Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder.
Sleep Disorders (PDQ®) - NCI
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health - Precarious employment and mental health: a systematic review and...
Physiologic Approach in Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Practice Essentials, Terminology in Sleep-Disordered Breathing,...
Raising Awareness of Sleep as a Healthy Behavior | Blogs | CDC
Objective but Not Subjective Short Sleep Duration Associated with Increased Risk for Hypertension in Individuals with Insomnia.
Emily White - Research output - Research Profiles at Washington University School of Medicine
'We Need to Consider the Impact of Sleep Dysfunction on Huntington's Disease Patients,' Experts Say | IOS...
Fluoxetine and Trazodone Combination Pharmacotherapy Resulting in Severe Irritability, Anger, Anxiety, and Anorexia: Probable...
Roy Cox - Fingerprint - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)
Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani - Publications - Albert Einstein College of Medicine
COVID-19 Staff Wellbeing Survey: longitudinal survey of psychological well-being among health and social care staff in Northern...
Aston Institute of Health & Neurodevelopment - Research Outputs - Aston Research Explorer
Does patient-reported insomnia improve in response to interdisciplinary functional restoration for chronic disabling...
Faculty of Society & Design - Research Outputs - Bond University Research Portal
Insomnia25
- Insomnia, especially maintenance insomnia, is widely prevalent in epilepsy. (nih.gov)
- It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. (curehunter.com)
- Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P: Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population. (cancer.gov)
- Cancer patients are at great risk of developing insomnia and disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. (cancer.gov)
- Insomnia, the most common sleep disturbance in this population, is most often secondary to physical and/or psychological factors related to cancer and/or cancer treatment. (cancer.gov)
- METHODS: This paper reports combined results of three identical, multisite, randomized, double-blind, 8-week, acute-phase trials comparing nefazodone (n = 64) with fluoxetine (n = 61) in outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder and insomnia. (duke.edu)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Objective but Not Subjective Short Sleep Duration Associated with Increased Risk for Hypertension in Individuals with Insomnia. (duke.edu)
- 64.7%) meeting current diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder (MAge = 46.2 y, SDAge = 13.7 y) participated in this study at two large university medical centers. (duke.edu)
- 6 h compared to persons with insomnia with a sleep duration ≥ 6 h, measured both objectively and subjectively. (duke.edu)
- 6 h were associated with a 3.59 increased risk of reporting hypertension as a current medical problem as compared to individuals with insomnia with sleep duration ≥ 6 h. (duke.edu)
- This research supports emerging evidence that insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with an increased risk of comorbid hypertension. (duke.edu)
- He was also provided behavioral strategies to improve his initiation and maintenance insomnia. (psychiatrist.com)
- Does patient-reported insomnia improve in response to interdisciplinary functional restoration for chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders? (unthsc.edu)
- Objective: Primary insomnia and insomnia related to mental disorders are the two most common DSM-IV insomnia diagnoses, but distinguishing between them is difficult in clinical practice. (psu.edu)
- This analysis was performed to identify clinical factors used by sleep specialists to distinguish primary insomnia from insomnia related to mental disorders. (psu.edu)
- Results: Sleep specialists rated a psychiatric disorder as a stronger factor for insomnia related to mental disorders and rated negative conditioning and sleep hygiene as stronger factors for primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
- However, a psychiatric disorder was rated as a contributing factor for 77% of patients who received a first diagnosis of primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
- Conclusions: While neither deep hygiene nor negative conditioning is a diagnostic criterion in DSM-IV, these results support the face validity of these clinical factors distinguishing between primary insomnia and insomnia related to mental disorders. (psu.edu)
- The use of a psychiatric disorder as an inclusion criterion for insomnia related to mental disorders and an exclusion criterion for primary insomnia reinforces a categorical distinction between the two diagnoses, but the contribution of psychiatric symptoms in primary insomnia appears to be a clinically relevant one. (psu.edu)
- These findings suggest the need for studies on the validity of negative conditioning and sleep hygiene in the etiology of primary insomnia, as well as on the significance of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, in primary insomnia. (psu.edu)
- Among 43 patients with psychological disorders, 51.16% were female, 62.79% developed anxiety 32.56% developed insomnia and 20.93% developed depression. (bvsalud.org)
- Alcohol consumption can affect the quality and duration of sleep, suppress REM sleep, and worsen the symptoms of sleep apnea and insomnia. (paho.org)
- A condition of underestimation of sleep is classified as paradoxical insomnia or sleep state misperception. (whocc.org.cn)
- The most commonly reported sleep-related symptoms are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). (msdmanuals.com)
- Insomnia can be a disorder, even if it exists in the context of other disorders, or can be a symptom of other disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Depressive Disorder3
- Scholars@Duke publication: Comparative effects of nefazodone and fluoxetine on sleep in outpatients with major depressive disorder. (duke.edu)
- BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are common in major depressive disorder. (duke.edu)
- Mr A was started on fluoxetine 10 mg for unspecified depressive disorder ( DSM-5 criteria) and increased to 20 mg after a week. (psychiatrist.com)
Apnea8
- Dyssomnias (i.e., insomnias or hypersomnias) associated with dysfunction of internal sleep mechanisms or secondary to a sleep-related medical disorder (e.g., sleep apnea, post-traumatic sleep disorders, etc. (mcw.edu)
- Sleep-related breathing disorders (sleep apnea). (cancer.gov)
- The spectrum itself (in order of increasing significance) includes primary snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAH). (medscape.com)
- In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the apnea is accompanied by observed ventilatory effort (ie, a chest rise/fall). (medscape.com)
- The image below details an algorithm for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) treatment algorithm. (medscape.com)
- Go to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) , Childhood Sleep Apnea , Surgical Approach to Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Home Sleep Monitoring , Oral Appliances in Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , Upper Airway Evaluation in Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea , and Sleep-Disordered Breathing and CPAP for more information of these topics. (medscape.com)
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) consists of multiple episodes of partial or complete closure of the upper airway that occur during sleep and lead to breathing cessation (defined as a period of. (msdmanuals.com)
Depression2
- Targeting anxiety or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment or sleep difficulty, anxiety, and fatigue at 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment could shorten time to depression remission in this model. (nih.gov)
- Ativan is a prescription medication used to treat anxiety disorders, symptoms of anxiety, and anxiety associated with depression. (rxwiki.com)
Schizophrenia1
- This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (curehunter.com)
Circadian12
- Circadian rhythm disorders - problems with the sleep-wake cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
- Short description: Circadian rhym sleep NEC. (icd9data.com)
- 7 ] The sleep-wake cycle is dictated by an inherent biological clock or circadian rhythm. (cancer.gov)
- Disruptions in individual sleep patterns can disrupt the circadian rhythm and impair the sleep cycle. (cancer.gov)
- This special issue of the Journal of Huntington's Disease (JHD) reviews what is, and perhaps more importantly, what is not known about sleep and circadian rhythms in HD. (iospress.com)
- In fact, the reversibility of the deleterious effects of short-term disturbances of both sleep and circadian rhythms in healthy individuals is a testament to the robust pathways and homeostatic mechanisms that underpin the survival of our species. (iospress.com)
- There is emerging awareness that both sleep and circadian rhythms abnormalities are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. (iospress.com)
- The critical question for the HD field is whether or not chronically disturbed sleep and/or circadian rhythms, that are so detrimental to the neurologically normal population, have a greater impact on people whose brains are rendered vulnerable by HD. (iospress.com)
- Prof. Morton continues: "It is clear from the articles in this special Issue that sleep and circadian dysfunction in HD patients is an understudied, indeed neglected, field. (iospress.com)
- In " Sleep Disorders and Circadian Disruption in Huntington's Disease ," Sandra Saade-Lemus, MD, and Aleksandar Videnovic, MD, both of the Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, point out that despite evidence of sleep and circadian abnormalities, sleep alterations are underreported by patients and underrecognized by health professionals. (iospress.com)
- Treatment of sleep and circadian disturbances in HD represents a big unmet need in HD. (iospress.com)
- Noninvasive and low cost circadian-based therapies such as light therapy may be promising for the management of sleep-wake disturbances in HD," concludes Dr. Videnovic. (iospress.com)
Questionnaires1
- During each of these periods, participants' sleep was continuously monitored with a wrist actigraph, and participants completed a wide spectrum of questionnaires. (berklee.edu)
Disturbance2
- Understanding and managing seizures and related sleep disturbance is therefore an important and treatable intervention target that could potentially improve children's sleep, but also their learning, mood, behaviour, seizures and parental quality of life. (bmj.com)
- Disordered sleep can cause emotional disturbance, memory difficulty, poor motor skills, decreased work efficiency, and increased risk of traffic accidents. (msdmanuals.com)
Polysomnography1
- The primary outcomes were sleep onset latency and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO) measured on polysomnography. (nih.gov)
Psychological2
- 3 , 4 ] Physical illness, pain, hospitalization, drugs and other treatments for cancer, and the psychological impact of a malignant disease may disrupt the sleeping patterns of people with cancer. (cancer.gov)
- Prevalence, demographics, and psychological associations of sleep disruption in patients with cancer: University of Rochester Cancer Center-Community Clinical Oncology Program. (cancer.gov)
Hypersomnia2
- Positive Sleep State Misperception Mimicking Hypersomnia. (whocc.org.cn)
- Here we report a middle-aged woman with positive sleep state misperception who presented excessive sleepiness mimicking hypersomnia. (whocc.org.cn)
Wakefulness1
- Slow, rolling eye movements, which characterize quiet wakefulness and early stage N1 sleep, disappear in deeper sleep stages. (msdmanuals.com)
Behavior1
- Children and adolescents who get insufficient sleep have impaired behavior, mood, and performance (9). (cdc.gov)
Clinical3
- Clinical evaluations of sleep quality were significantly improved with nefazodone compared with fluoxetine. (duke.edu)
- Insufficient sleep, unlike other health risk factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and physical inactivity, has historically received much less attention in the public health and clinical settings. (cdc.gov)
- There is growing evidence from both clinical and animal model studies that sleep changes occur early in the clinical course of the disease. (iospress.com)
Stages6
- NREM, also referred to as slow-wave sleep, is divided into four stages of progressively deepening sleep based on electroencephalogram findings. (cancer.gov)
- The stages of sleep occur in a repeated pattern or cycle of NREM followed by REM, with each cycle lasting approximately 90 minutes. (cancer.gov)
- Dysfunctions associated with sleep, sleep stages, or partial arousals (parasomnias). (cancer.gov)
- Modification of addictive behaviours involves progression through five stages of change - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. (pathfinderclinic.com)
- NREM sleep consists of 3 stages (N1 to N3) in increasing depth of sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
- These EEG tracings show characteristic theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes during stages 1 (N1), 2 (N2), and 3 (N3) NREM sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
Hypertension1
- 7 hours of sleep per night) and poor sleep quality are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and metabolic disorders such as glucose intolerance, which may lead to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension (1). (cdc.gov)
State Misperception1
- However, overestimation of sleep, so called positive sleep state misperception has not been clearly described. (whocc.org.cn)
Abnormal1
- are abnormal sleep-related events (eg, night terrors, sleepwalking). (msdmanuals.com)
Huntington's Disease1
- In individuals with Huntington's disease (HD), sleep disturbances constitute an additional burden that may exacerbate disease outcomes and impact patients' quality of life. (iospress.com)
Deprivation2
- The 2006 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation indicates that the average basal sleep needs of adults is approximately 7 to 8 hours per night, and the optimal sleep duration for adolescents is 9 hours per night (1). (cdc.gov)
- The public health burden of sleep deprivation is enormous. (cdc.gov)
Trials1
- In previous open-label trials, nefazodone improved sleep continuity and increased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while not affecting stage 3/4 sleep or REM latency: in contrast, fluoxetine suppressed REM sleep. (duke.edu)
Sleepiness1
- One major consequence of insufficient sleep is daytime sleepiness, which reduces alertness and causes slow reaction time, leading to occupational and medical errors, workplace injuries, impaired driving, and motor vehicle accidents (1). (cdc.gov)
Good night's2
- We also know that if he sleeps badly his seizures may be worse and so at least this way we all get a good night's sleep. (bmj.com)
- Amsterdam, the Netherlands - A good night's sleep is essential for everyone. (iospress.com)
Eating Disorders2
Symptoms6
- What are the symptoms of sleep disorders? (medlineplus.gov)
- The symptoms of sleep disorders depend on the specific disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
- Sleep dysfunction in normal people is taken seriously, and it is recognized that it exacerbates a range of cognitive symptoms, including deficits in executive function, memory consolidation, attention, and processing speed, as well as affective features such as impulsivity and emotional liability. (iospress.com)
- Notably, most if not all these symptoms are present in HD at some stage in the course of the disease, yet the impact of sleep dysfunction on HD patient symptoms is rarely considered. (iospress.com)
- Difficulties with sleep initiation and maintenance that lead not only to decreased sleep efficiency, but also to progressive deterioration of normal sleep architecture are recognized as symptoms of HD. (iospress.com)
- Mr A returned 2 weeks later and reported no improvement in anxiety symptoms and a recurrence of his irritability, but he continued to sleep well. (psychiatrist.com)
Diagnostic1
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine: The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic & Coding Manual. (cancer.gov)
Hypersomnias1
- Disorders of excessive somnolence (hypersomnias). (cancer.gov)
Quality10
- So when you don't get enough quality sleep, it does more than just make you feel tired. (medlineplus.gov)
- Epilepsy-specific quality of life is not determined solely by seizures, but rather by factors such as a child's learning, mental health, sleep and social support. (bmj.com)
- Antiepileptic drugs, as well as other non-pharmacological epilepsy interventions can all affect sleep quality. (bmj.com)
- Sleep is an essential component of health, and its timing, duration, and quality are critical determinants of health (1). (cdc.gov)
- Guest Editor of this special issue Jenny Morton, PhD, ScD, Professor of Neurobiology, University of Cambridge, says: "Good quality sleep and healthy diurnal rhythms are fundamental to human health and wellness, although for the most part we greatly underappreciate the role they play in our lives. (iospress.com)
- the aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between Burnout, use of hypnotics and sleep quality among medical students. (bvsalud.org)
- The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied among pre-clerkship students of the course. (bvsalud.org)
- there was an association between BS, use of hypnotics and poor sleep quality among pre-clerkship medical students. (bvsalud.org)
- The Effects of Music Relaxation on Sleep Quality and Emotional Measure" by Boaz Bloch M. D., Alon Reshef M. D. et al. (berklee.edu)
- people may perceive this stage as high-quality sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
Latency5
- Melatonin decreased sleep latency (mean difference, MD, of 11.4 min and p = 0.02) and WASO (MD of 22 min and p = 0.04) as compared to placebo. (nih.gov)
- Additionally, slow-wave sleep duration and rapid eye movement (REM) latency were increased with melatonin and REM sleep duration was decreased. (nih.gov)
- SR melatonin resulted in statistically significant decreases in sleep latency and WASO. (nih.gov)
- Fluoxetine, but not nefazodone, prolonged REM latency and suppressed REM sleep. (duke.edu)
- Results showed an improvement in sleep latency and sleep efficiency after the music relaxation was played. (berklee.edu)
Factors3
- The amount of sleep you need depends on several factors, including your age, lifestyle, health, and whether you have been getting enough sleep recently. (medlineplus.gov)
- Nocturnal seizures can interrupt sleep while a number of factors, including antiepileptics and sleep disorders that cause sleep fragmentation, can worsen seizures. (bmj.com)
- Time-updated factors also were analyzed at time of antidepressant (AD) initiation/adjustment and 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment. (nih.gov)
Obesity1
- There are substantial public health investments in all areas related to sleep, from obesity and other chronic conditions to motor vehicle accidents. (cdc.gov)
Difficulty6
- Sleep difficulty or fatigue at the time of AD initiation/adjustment predicted a slower time to remission. (nih.gov)
- In non-remitters at 8 weeks post AD initiation/adjustment, sleep difficulty, anxiety, and fatigue each predicted a slower time to remission. (nih.gov)
- Adults who sleep fewer than 7 hours per night have greater difficulty concentrating, remembering, and performing other daily activities than those who sleep 7 to 9 hours a night (4). (cdc.gov)
- Advil PM Liqui-Gels treats headaches, minor aches and pain, and difficulty sleeping due to minor pain. (rxwiki.com)
- Advil PM Liqui-Gels is an over the counter medication used to treat headaches, minor aches and pain, and difficulty sleeping due to minor pain. (rxwiki.com)
- is difficulty falling or staying asleep, early awakening, or a sensation of unrefreshing sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
Baseline1
- Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were gathered at baseline and weeks 2, 4, and 8. (duke.edu)
Chronic disease1
- Strong evidence exists that among adults insufficient sleep has a significant effect on numerous health conditions, including chronic disease development and incidence (1). (cdc.gov)
Seizure5
- The relationship between sleep and seizure disorders is a particularly vicious cycle. (bmj.com)
- Poorer sleep may trigger worse seizure control and vice versa. (bmj.com)
- There are a number of seizure disorders almost exclusively associated with sleep. (bmj.com)
- We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to identify the effects of melatonin on sleep and seizure control in children with epilepsy. (nih.gov)
- The secondary outcomes included seizure frequency, epileptiform spike density per hour of sleep on electroencephalogram (EEG), and reaction time (RT) measures on psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). (nih.gov)
Insomnias1
- Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (insomnias). (cancer.gov)
Daytime2
- Other types of sleep studies may check how quickly you fall asleep during daytime naps or whether you are able to stay awake and alert during the day. (medlineplus.gov)
- Poor sleep adversely affects daytime mood and performance. (cancer.gov)
Adults4
- However, more than 35% of adults report getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep during a 24-hour period (3,4), and almost 70% of high school students report getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep on an average weeknight (5). (cdc.gov)
- Among adults, the reasons for sleep loss appear to be related mainly to lifestyle, work schedules (shift work and long hours), or sleep disorders (1). (cdc.gov)
- Insufficient sleep has major health consequences in adults, adolescents, and young children. (cdc.gov)
- NREM sleep constitutes about 75 to 80% of total sleep time in adults. (msdmanuals.com)