Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.
A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
Pore forming proteins originally discovered for toxic activity to LEUKOCYTES. They are EXOTOXINS produced by some pathogenic STAPHYLOCOCCUS and STREPTOCOCCUS that destroy leukocytes by lysis of the cytoplasmic granules and are partially responsible for the pathogenicity of the organisms.
Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.
'Osteomyelitis' is a medical condition defined as an inflammation or infection of the bone or marrow, often caused by bacteria or fungi, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected area, and may require antibiotics or surgical intervention for treatment.
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.
Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand".
The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.
Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.
An acute necrotic infection of the SCROTUM; PENIS; or PERINEUM. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease.
A skin ulcer is a breakdown of the skin's surface and underlying tissues, often caused by prolonged pressure, infection, or poor circulation, leading to a loss of continuity in the epidermis and dermis, potentially extending into deeper layers such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone.
A rapid-growing, nonphotochromogenic species that is potentially pathogenic, producing lesions of lung, bone, or soft tissue following trauma. It has been found in soil and in injection sites of humans, cattle, and cold-blooded animals. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.
An antineoplastic dispiropiperazine derivative.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Bites inflicted by humans.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria commonly found in soil and occasionally isolated from sputum. It causes postoperative wound infections as well as gluteal abscesses.
An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.
Aerobic bacteria are types of microbes that require oxygen to grow and reproduce, and use it in the process of respiration to break down organic matter and produce energy, often found in environments where oxygen is readily available such as the human body's skin, mouth, and intestines.
A strain of the VIBRIO CHOLERAE bacteria belonging to serogroup non-O1, infecting humans and other PRIMATES. It is related to VIBRIO CHOLERAE O1, but causes a disease less severe than CHOLERA. Eating raw shellfish contaminated with the bacteria results in GASTROENTERITIS.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.
Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.
A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.
Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.
A competitive team sport played on a rectangular field. This is the American or Canadian version of the game and also includes the form known as rugby. It does not include non-North American football (= SOCCER).
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods. It is a saprophytic, marine organism which is often isolated from spoiling fish.
Hospitals located in metropolitan areas.
Staphylococcal vaccines are prophylactic agents developed to prevent infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogenic bacterium that frequently colonizes human skin and mucous membranes, often targeting surface proteins or toxins for immune response induction.
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.
"Bites and stings refer to tissue damage or toxic reactions caused by the teeth, mouthparts, or venomous secretions of animals such as insects, spiders, snakes, and mammals during predatory or defensive attacks."
One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.
Individuals who have developed skills, physical stamina and strength or participants in SPORTS or other physical activities.
Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
The act of regarding attentively and studying facts and occurrences, gathering data through analyzing, measuring, and drawing conclusions, with the purpose of applying the observed information to theoretical assumptions. Observation as a scientific method in the acquisition of knowledge began in classical antiquity; in modern science and medicine its greatest application is facilitated by modern technology. Observation is one of the components of the research process.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
I must apologize, but "Ireland" is not a term that has a medical definition to the best of my knowledge and medical databases. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known for its lush green landscapes, rich history, and distinctive culture. If you have any medical terms or concepts you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!
**I must clarify that there is no recognized or established medical term or definition for 'Texas.' However, if you're asking for a possible humorous play on words using the term 'Texas' in a medical context, here it is:**
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

Obturator internus muscle abscess in children: report of seven cases and review. (1/416)

Obturator internus muscle (OIM) abscess is an uncommon entity often mistaken for septic arthritis of the hip. We describe seven children with OIM abscess and review seven previously reported cases. The most common presenting symptoms were hip or thigh pain (14 patients), fever (13), and limp (13). The hip was flexed, abducted, and externally rotated in 11 patients. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) were diagnostic for OIM abscess in the 14 patients. Associated abscesses were located in the obturator externus muscle (5 patients), psoas muscle (2), and iliac muscle (1). The etiologic agents were Staphylococcus aureus (8 patients), Streptococcus pyogenes (2), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (2), and Enterococcus faecalis (1). Three patients underwent CT-guided percutaneous drainage, and three had surgical drainage. Three patients had ischial osteomyelitis in addition to OIM abscess. The 11 children with uncomplicated OIM abscess were treated for a median of 28 days. All patients had an uneventful recovery.  (+info)

Safety of long-term therapy with ciprofloxacin: data analysis of controlled clinical trials and review. (2/416)

We reviewed the literature and the manufacturer's U.S. clinical data pool for safety data on long-term administration of ciprofloxacin (Bayer, West Haven, CT). Only controlled clinical trials including patients treated for >30 days were selected. We identified 636 patients by literature search and 413 patients in the Bayer U.S. database who fulfilled our search criteria; the average treatment duration for these patients was 130 and 80 days, respectively. Main indications for long-term therapy were osteomyelitis, skin and soft-tissue infection, prophylaxis for urinary tract infection, mycobacterial infections, and inflammatory bowel disease. Adverse events, premature discontinuation of therapy, and deaths occurred at a similar frequency in both treatment arms. Most adverse events occurred early during therapy with little increase in frequency over time. As with short-term therapy, gastrointestinal events were more frequent than central nervous system or skin reactions, but pseudomembranous colitis was not observed. No previously unknown adverse events were noted. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is tolerated as well as other antibiotics when extended courses of therapy are required.  (+info)

Linezolid activity compared to those of selected macrolides and other agents against aerobic and anaerobic pathogens isolated from soft tissue bite infections in humans. (3/416)

Linezolid was tested against 420 aerobes and anaerobes, including 148 Pasteurella isolates, by an agar dilution method. Linezolid was active against all Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and P. multocida subsp. septica isolates and most Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella dagmatis, and Pasteurella stomatis isolates. The MIC was +info)

Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections. (4/416)

The activity of gatifloxacin against 308 aerobes and 112 anaerobes isolated from bite wound infections was studied. Gatifloxacin was active at +info)

A two-component regulatory system, CsrR-CsrS, represses expression of three Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors, hyaluronic acid capsule, streptolysin S, and pyrogenic exotoxin B. (5/416)

Certain Tn916 insertions in the chromosome of an M1-type, nonmucoid Streptococcus pyogenes isolate (MGAS166) were previously shown to result in stable mucoidy with increased expression of the capsular synthetic genes. The transposon insertions in these strains are directly upstream of an apparent operon encoding a two-component regulatory system, designated csrR-csrS. Compared with MGAS166, these mucoid mutants are more hemolytic and cause significantly more tissue damage in a murine model of skin infection. To extend these observations, we constructed an in-frame deletion in the gene encoding the response regulator, csrR, and we evaluated the expression of other known S. pyogenes virulence factors. We discovered that csrR mutants have enhanced transcription of sagA, a gene associated with streptolysin S (SLS) and speB, the gene encoding pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB). The mutants also express substantially higher SLS activity and SpeB antigen in late-exponential-phase cultures. There is no change in expression of emm, scpA, sic, or cpa (genes encoding other S. pyogenes virulence factors). CsrR- strains but not the wild-type parental strain produce necrotizing lesions in a mouse model of subcutaneous infection. A double mutant with deletions in both csrR and the capsular synthesis genes caused fewer and smaller necrotic skin lesions than the csrR mutants. However, this nonmucoid csrR strain was more likely than the wild type to yield necrotic lesions, suggesting that mucoidy contributes to virulence in this model of infection but that there are other csrR-regulated factors involved in the production of necrotic lesions.  (+info)

Tuberculosis of the foot. (6/416)

In 44 patients with tuberculosis of the foot we identified five radiological patterns of lesions; cystic, rheumatoid, subperiosteal, kissing and spina ventosa. Cystic destruction had the best outcome and rheumatoid the poorest. All the patients were cured after antituberculous treatment for 18 months, and none required surgery.  (+info)

In vitro activity of fusidic acid against streptococci isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. (7/416)

The in vitro activity of fusidic acid was evaluated against 242 strains of streptococci isolated from skin and soft tissue infections during a prospective multicentre study. Nearly 90% of strains were isolated from dermatology, emergency and medicine units. Groups A, B, C and G streptococci represented, respectively, 41.9, 20.6, 4.4 and 27.8% of the strains. The activity of fusidic acid was dependent on the media used. MICs were generally one dilution lower with heart infusion agar than with Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% horse blood (MIC(90) for the whole streptococcal population = 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively). The distribution of MICs was unimodal and only two strains displayed MICs of fusidic acid >/= 64 mg/L. In both media, fusidic acid was moderately active against streptococci. However, antibiotic concentrations obtained in the skin exceed the MIC(90) of fusidic acid for streptococci, possibly explaining its clinical efficacy in the treatment of common cutaneous infections.  (+info)

Unexplained illness and death among injecting-drug users--Glasgow, Scotland; Dublin, Ireland; and England, April-June 2000. (8/416)

Since April 19, 2000, 30 injecting-drug users (IDUs) died or were hospitalized with unexplained severe illness in Glasgow, Scotland. Illness was characterized by extensive local inflammation at a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection site often followed by hypotension and circulatory collapse. Since April 24, 2000, 15 IDUs in Dublin, Ireland, and 14 IDUs in England with similar illnesses have been identified. Despite debridement and broad spectrum antibiotics, 30 (51%) of the 59 patients in all three countries have died. This report further describes the clinical syndrome and key epidemiologic features of the illness as characterized by a preliminary investigation by health authorities in Scotland, Ireland, England, and the United States (1).  (+info)

Soft tissue infections are medical conditions that involve infection of the soft tissues of the body, which include the skin, muscles, fascia (the connective tissue that surrounds muscles), and tendons. These infections can be caused by various types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Soft tissue infections can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of organism causing the infection, the extent of tissue involvement, and the patient's overall health status. Some common types of soft tissue infections include:

1. Cellulitis: This is a bacterial infection that affects the skin and underlying tissues. It typically presents as a red, swollen, warm, and painful area on the skin, often accompanied by fever and chills.
2. Abscess: An abscess is a localized collection of pus in the soft tissues, caused by an infection. It can appear as a swollen, tender, and warm lump under the skin, which may be filled with pus.
3. Necrotizing fasciitis: This is a rare but severe soft tissue infection that involves the rapid destruction of fascia and surrounding tissues. It is often caused by a mixture of bacteria and can progress rapidly, leading to shock, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly.
4. Myositis: This is an inflammation of the muscle tissue, which can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms may include muscle pain, swelling, weakness, and fever.
5. Erysipelas: This is a superficial skin infection that affects the upper layers of the skin and the lymphatic vessels. It typically presents as a raised, red, and painful rash with clear borders.

Treatment for soft tissue infections depends on the type and severity of the infection but may include antibiotics, drainage of pus or abscesses, and surgery in severe cases. Preventive measures such as good hygiene, wound care, and prompt treatment of injuries can help reduce the risk of developing soft tissue infections.

Staphylococcal skin infections are a type of skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, which commonly live on the skin and inside the nose without causing harm. However, if they enter the body through a cut or scratch, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of staphylococcal skin infections, including:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects children and causes red, fluid-filled blisters that burst and leave a yellowish crust.
2. Folliculitis: An inflammation of the hair follicles that causes red, pus-filled bumps or pimples on the skin.
3. Furunculosis: A deeper infection of the hair follicle that forms a large, painful lump or boil under the skin.
4. Cellulitis: A potentially serious bacterial infection that affects the deeper layers of the skin and can cause redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area.
5. Abscess: A collection of pus that forms in the skin, often caused by a staphylococcal infection.

Treatment for staphylococcal skin infections typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus or other fluids may be necessary to promote healing. Preventing the spread of staphylococcal skin infections involves good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, covering wounds and cuts, and avoiding sharing personal items like towels or razors.

Infectious skin diseases are conditions characterized by an infection or infestation of the skin caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These organisms invade the skin, causing inflammation, redness, itching, pain, and other symptoms. Examples of infectious skin diseases include:

1. Bacterial infections: Cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis, and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections are examples of bacterial skin infections.
2. Viral infections: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and molluscum contagiosum are common viruses that can cause skin infections.
3. Fungal infections: Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (ringworm), candidiasis (yeast infection), and pityriasis versicolor are examples of fungal skin infections.
4. Parasitic infestations: Scabies, lice, and bed bugs are examples of parasites that can cause infectious skin diseases.

Treatment for infectious skin diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include topical or oral antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal treatments, or insecticides to eliminate parasitic infestations. Proper hygiene, wound care, and avoiding contact with infected individuals can help prevent the spread of infectious skin diseases.

Cellulitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the deeper layers of the skin (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) and surrounding soft tissues. It's typically caused by bacteria, most commonly group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

The affected area often becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful, and may be accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, and fatigue. Cellulitis can spread rapidly and potentially become life-threatening if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have this condition. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, rest, elevation of the affected limb (if applicable), and pain management.

Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.

Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the fascia, which is the tissue that surrounds muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The infection can also spread to the muscle and skin. It is often caused by a combination of different types of bacteria, including group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.

The infection causes extensive tissue damage and necrosis (death) of the fascia and surrounding tissues. It can progress rapidly and can be fatal if not treated promptly with aggressive surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics.

Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area; fever; chills; and general weakness. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if these symptoms occur, as early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin and other related antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. This bacterium can cause a range of infections, from skin infections to more severe and potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections.

MRSA is often associated with healthcare settings, where it can spread through contaminated surfaces, equipment, and direct contact with an infected person or carrier. However, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has also emerged as a significant public health concern, causing infections outside of healthcare facilities, such as in schools, gyms, and other community settings.

It's important to note that while MRSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, there are still some treatment options available for MRSA infections, including vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and others. However, the emergence of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics has become a growing concern, highlighting the importance of infection control measures and the development of new antimicrobial agents.

Soft tissue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and synovial membranes (the thin layer of cells that line joints and tendons). Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their behavior and potential for spread depend on the specific type of neoplasm.

Benign soft tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing, well-circumscribed, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically with a low risk of recurrence. Examples of benign soft tissue neoplasms include lipomas (fat tumors), schwannomas (nerve sheath tumors), and hemangiomas (blood vessel tumors).

Malignant soft tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. They are often more difficult to treat than benign neoplasms and require a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Examples of malignant soft tissue neoplasms include sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from skeletal muscle), leiomyosarcoma (arising from smooth muscle), and angiosarcoma (arising from blood vessels).

It is important to note that soft tissue neoplasms can occur in any part of the body, and their diagnosis and treatment require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional with expertise in this area.

Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.

There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Community-acquired infections are those that are acquired outside of a healthcare setting, such as in one's own home or community. These infections are typically contracted through close contact with an infected person, contaminated food or water, or animals. Examples of community-acquired infections include the common cold, flu, strep throat, and many types of viral and bacterial gastrointestinal infections.

These infections are different from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which are infections that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting, such as a hospital or long-term care facility. HAIs can be caused by a variety of factors, including contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, invasive medical procedures, and the use of certain medications.

It is important to note that community-acquired infections can also occur in healthcare settings if proper infection control measures are not in place. Healthcare providers must take steps to prevent the spread of these infections, such as washing their hands regularly, using personal protective equipment (PPE), and implementing isolation precautions for patients with known or suspected infectious diseases.

Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Leukocidins are a type of protein toxin produced by some strains of bacteria. They are capable of lysing or destroying white blood cells (leukocytes), hence the name "leukocidins." These toxins contribute to the virulence of the bacteria, helping them evade the immune system and cause infection. A well-known example is Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), which is produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus and has been associated with severe, invasive infections such as necrotizing pneumonia and skin abscesses.

Exotoxins are a type of toxin that are produced and released by certain bacteria into their external environment, including the surrounding tissues or host's bloodstream. These toxins can cause damage to cells and tissues, and contribute to the symptoms and complications associated with bacterial infections.

Exotoxins are typically proteins, and they can have a variety of effects on host cells, depending on their specific structure and function. Some exotoxins act by disrupting the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis or death. Others interfere with intracellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modify host immune responses.

Examples of bacterial infections that are associated with the production of exotoxins include:

* Botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum
* Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani
* Pertussis (whooping cough), caused by Bordetella pertussis
* Food poisoning, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus cereus

Exotoxins can be highly potent and dangerous, and some have been developed as biological weapons. However, many exotoxins are also used in medicine for therapeutic purposes, such as botulinum toxin (Botox) for the treatment of wrinkles or dystonia.

Osteomyelitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection that involves the bone or the bone marrow. It can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections that spread to the bone from another part of the body, or direct infection of the bone through trauma or surgery.

The symptoms of osteomyelitis may include pain and tenderness in the affected area, fever, chills, fatigue, and difficulty moving the affected limb. In some cases, there may also be redness, swelling, and drainage from the infected area. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, as well as blood tests and cultures to identify the underlying cause of the infection.

Treatment for osteomyelitis usually involves a combination of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and possibly surgical debridement to remove infected tissue. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage the condition.

Bacterial infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of bacteria in or on tissues of the body. These infections can range from mild, like a common cold, to severe, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. The symptoms of a bacterial infection depend on the type of bacteria invading the body and the area of the body that is affected.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can live in many different environments, including in the human body. While some bacteria are beneficial to humans and help with digestion or protect against harmful pathogens, others can cause illness and disease. When bacteria invade the body, they can release toxins and other harmful substances that damage tissues and trigger an immune response.

Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. However, it is important to note that misuse or overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, making treatment more difficult. It is also essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve, to ensure that all bacteria are eliminated and reduce the risk of recurrence or development of antibiotic resistance.

Soft tissue injuries refer to damages that occur in the body's connective tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles. These injuries can be caused by various events, including accidents, falls, or sports-related impacts. Common soft tissue injuries include sprains, strains, and contusions (bruises).

Sprains occur when the ligaments, which connect bones to each other, are stretched or torn. This usually happens in the joints like ankles, knees, or wrists. Strains, on the other hand, involve injuries to the muscles or tendons, often resulting from overuse or sudden excessive force. Contusions occur when blood vessels within the soft tissues get damaged due to a direct blow or impact, causing bleeding and subsequent bruising in the affected area.

Soft tissue injuries can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. In some cases, these injuries may require medical treatment, including physical therapy, medication, or even surgery, depending on their severity and location. It is essential to seek proper medical attention for soft tissue injuries to ensure appropriate healing and prevent long-term complications or chronic pain.

Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

"Methicillin resistance" is a term used in medicine to describe the resistance of certain bacteria to the antibiotic methicillin and other related antibiotics, such as oxacillin and nafcillin. This type of resistance is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) bacteria.

Bacteria that are methicillin-resistant have acquired the ability to produce an additional penicillin-binding protein, known as PBP2a or PBP2'', which has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin. This results in the bacteria being able to continue growing and dividing despite the presence of these antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria more difficult to treat.

Methicillin resistance is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with treating infections caused by these bacteria. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant bacteria, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance, infection control measures, and the development of new antibiotics to treat these infections.

A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.

Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis, which is a severe soft tissue infection that involves the fascia (the layer of connective tissue covering the muscle). Fournier gangrene specifically affects the genital region and can spread to the abdominal wall or thighs. It's characterized by rapid progression, extensive tissue damage, and a high mortality rate if not treated promptly with surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics. The infection typically involves multiple types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, and can arise from various sources such as urinary tract infections, anal abscesses, or trauma to the genital area.

A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.

"Mycobacterium fortuitum" is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) species that is commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and water. It is a gram-positive, aerobic, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including skin and soft tissue infections, lung infections, and disseminated disease.

M. fortuitum is known for its ability to form colonies on solid media within one week, which distinguishes it from other slow-growing mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is also resistant to many common antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Infections caused by M. fortuitum are often associated with exposure to contaminated medical devices or procedures, such as contaminated tattoos, wound care, or invasive medical procedures.

It's important to note that while M. fortuitum can cause infections, it is not considered a highly virulent pathogen and most people who are exposed to it do not develop symptoms. However, individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or receiving immunosuppressive therapy, may be at higher risk for severe disease.

Fasciitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation or irritation of the fascia, which are the bands of connective tissue that surround muscles, tendons, and bones in the body. The most common type of fasciitis is plantar fasciitis, which affects the fascia on the bottom of the foot and can cause heel pain. Other types of fasciitis include:

* Achilles tendonitis or Achilles tendinopathy, which affects the fascia that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone
* Shin splints, which affect the fascia that covers the front of the lower leg
* Necrotizing fasciitis, a rare and serious bacterial infection that can cause extensive tissue damage and is potentially life-threatening.

The symptoms of fasciitis may include pain, stiffness, or tenderness in the affected area, especially after prolonged periods of rest or physical activity. Treatment for fasciitis typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) of the affected area, as well as physical therapy exercises to stretch and strengthen the fascia and surrounding muscles. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms and promote healing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "prospidium" does not appear to be a recognized term in medical or scientific literature. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in the term you are looking for. If you meant "propidium," I can provide a definition for that.

Propidium is a fluorescent dye that is commonly used in biology and medicine, particularly in research involving cell staining and flow cytometry. Propidium iodide (PI) is the most widely used form of propidium. PI is membrane-impermeant, meaning it can only enter cells with damaged or compromised membranes. Once inside the cell, PI binds to DNA and fluoresces bright red when excited by specific wavelengths of light.

As a result, PI is often used to identify dead or dying cells in a population, as well as to measure DNA content and cell cycle status. However, it's important to note that propidium should be handled with care, as it can be harmful if ingested or comes into contact with the skin or eyes.

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

'Human bites' refer to wounds or injuries resulting from the human mouth coming into contact with another person's body tissue. These bites can occur during fights, accidents, or intentional acts and can cause damage ranging from minor abrasions to serious tissue injury or infection. Human bite wounds may also pose a risk of transmission for various pathogens, including bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Proper evaluation, wound care, and potential antibiotic treatment are crucial to prevent complications associated with human bites.

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from certain types of connective tissue (such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or nerves) found throughout the body. It can occur in any part of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen.

Sarcomas are classified into two main groups: bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Bone sarcomas develop in the bones, while soft tissue sarcomas develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

Sarcomas can be further classified into many subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the type of tissue they originate from, their genetic makeup, and their appearance under a microscope. The different subtypes of sarcoma have varying symptoms, prognoses, and treatment options.

Overall, sarcomas are relatively rare cancers, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. However, they can be aggressive and may require intensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to a specific area of the body, resulting in tissue death. It can be caused by various factors such as bacterial infections, trauma, diabetes, vascular diseases, and smoking. The affected tissues may become discolored, swollen, and emit a foul odor due to the accumulation of bacteria and toxins.

Gangrene can be classified into two main types: dry gangrene and wet (or moist) gangrene. Dry gangrene develops slowly and is often associated with peripheral arterial disease, which reduces blood flow to the extremities. The affected area turns black and shriveled as it dries out. Wet gangrene, on the other hand, progresses rapidly due to bacterial infections that cause tissue breakdown and pus formation. This type of gangrene can spread quickly throughout the body, leading to severe complications such as sepsis and organ failure if left untreated.

Treatment for gangrene typically involves surgical removal of the dead tissue (debridement), antibiotics to control infections, and sometimes revascularization procedures to restore blood flow to the affected area. In severe cases where the infection has spread or the damage is irreversible, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary to prevent further complications and save the patient's life.

"Mycobacterium chelonae" is a rapidly growing, gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It is widely distributed in the environment, particularly in water and soil. This organism can cause various types of infections in humans, ranging from localized skin and soft tissue infections to disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Infections are typically acquired through contaminated wounds, medical procedures, or inhalation of aerosolized particles. Common clinical manifestations include cutaneous abscesses, lung infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and ocular infections. Proper identification and targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential for the management of "Mycobacterium chelonae" infections.

Clindamycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a type of antibiotic known as a lincosamide, which works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the death of the bacteria and helps to clear the infection.

Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some anaerobic bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating many different types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, respiratory infections, and dental infections. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of bacterial vaginal infections.

Like all antibiotics, clindamycin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, clindamycin can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and it may increase the risk of developing a serious intestinal infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Virulence factors are characteristics or components of a microorganism, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that contribute to its ability to cause damage or disease in a host organism. These factors can include various structures, enzymes, or toxins that allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune system, attach to and invade host tissues, obtain nutrients from the host, or damage host cells directly.

Examples of virulence factors in bacteria include:

1. Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that can trigger a strong immune response and inflammation.
2. Exotoxins: proteins secreted by some bacteria that have toxic effects on host cells, such as botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
3. Adhesins: structures that help the bacterium attach to host tissues, such as fimbriae or pili in Escherichia coli.
4. Capsules: thick layers of polysaccharides or proteins that surround some bacteria and protect them from the host's immune system, like those found in Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae.
5. Invasins: proteins that enable bacteria to invade and enter host cells, such as internalins in Listeria monocytogenes.
6. Enzymes: proteins that help bacteria obtain nutrients from the host by breaking down various molecules, like hemolysins that lyse red blood cells to release iron or hyaluronidases that degrade connective tissue.

Understanding virulence factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.

Impetigo is a common and highly contagious skin infection that mainly affects infants and children. It is caused by two types of bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus). The infection typically occurs in areas of the body with broken or damaged skin, such as cuts, scrapes, insect bites, or rashes.

There are two forms of impetigo: non-bullous and bullous. Non-bullous impetigo, also known as crusted impetigo, begins as small blisters or pimples that quickly rupture, leaving a yellowish-crusted, honey-colored scab. These lesions can be itchy and painful, and they often occur around the nose, mouth, and hands. Non-bullous impetigo is more commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Bullous impetigo, on the other hand, is characterized by larger fluid-filled blisters that are usually painless and do not itch. These blisters can appear anywhere on the body but are most common in warm, moist areas such as the armpits, groin, or diaper region. Bullous impetigo is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Impetigo is typically treated with topical antibiotics, such as mupirocin (Bactroban) or retapamulin (Altabax), applied directly to the affected area. In more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is essential to cover the lesions and maintain good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of impetigo to others.

Aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that require oxygen to live and grow. These bacteria use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in their respiratory chain to generate energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Aerobic bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the air, as well as on the surfaces of living things. Some examples of aerobic bacteria include species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus.

It's worth noting that some bacteria can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen. These bacteria are called facultative anaerobes. In contrast, obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot tolerate oxygen and will die in its presence.

"Vibrio cholerae non-O1" refers to a group of bacteria that are related to the classic cholera-causing strain, "Vibrio cholerae O1," but do not possess the same virulence factors and are not typically associated with large outbreaks of severe diarrheal disease. These non-O1 strains can still cause mild to moderate gastrointestinal illness, including watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. They are often found in aquatic environments and can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water. It's important to note that "Vibrio cholerae non-O1" is not a medical diagnosis, but rather a classification of a specific group of bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Cephalexin is a type of antibiotic known as a first-generation cephalosporin. It works by interfering with the bacteria's ability to form a cell wall, which is essential for its survival. Without a functional cell wall, the bacterial cells become unstable and eventually die.

Cephalexin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating various types of infections, such as respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, and urinary tract infections.

Like all antibiotics, cephalexin should be used only to treat bacterial infections, as it has no effect on viral infections. It is important to take the full course of treatment as directed by a healthcare professional, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished, to ensure that the infection is fully treated and to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Common side effects of cephalexin include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as allergic reactions, severe skin rashes, or liver damage may occur. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any signs of an allergic reaction or serious side effect are experienced while taking cephalexin.

Gram-negative bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye during the Gram staining procedure used in microbiology. This characteristic is due to the structure of their cell walls, which contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteins, and phospholipids.

The LPS component of the outer membrane is responsible for the endotoxic properties of Gram-negative bacteria, which can lead to severe inflammatory responses in the host. Common Gram-negative bacterial pathogens include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Proteus mirabilis, among others.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and soft tissue infections. The severity of these infections can vary from mild to life-threatening, depending on the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the virulence of the bacterial strain.

Effective antibiotic therapy is crucial for treating Gram-negative bacterial infections, but the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains has become a significant global health concern. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial stewardship are essential to ensure optimal patient outcomes and prevent further spread of resistance.

Cross infection, also known as cross-contamination, is the transmission of infectious agents or diseases between patients in a healthcare setting. This can occur through various means such as contaminated equipment, surfaces, hands of healthcare workers, or the air. It is an important concern in medical settings and measures are taken to prevent its occurrence, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

Anti-infective agents are a class of medications that are used to treat infections caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These agents work by either killing the microorganism or inhibiting its growth, thereby helping to control the infection and alleviate symptoms.

There are several types of anti-infective agents, including:

1. Antibiotics: These are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria (bactericidal) or inhibiting their growth (bacteriostatic).
2. Antivirals: These are medications that are used to treat viral infections. They work by interfering with the replication of the virus, preventing it from spreading and causing further damage.
3. Antifungals: These are medications that are used to treat fungal infections. They work by disrupting the cell membrane of the fungus, killing it or inhibiting its growth.
4. Antiparasitics: These are medications that are used to treat parasitic infections. They work by either killing the parasite or inhibiting its growth and reproduction.

It is important to note that anti-infective agents are not effective against all types of infections, and it is essential to use them appropriately to avoid the development of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms.

Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Its medical definition, according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM), is: "A topical antimicrobial agent that is used to eradicate staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria from the nose and skin. It is also used as a first-line treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections."

Mupirocin works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, which prevents them from multiplying. This topical antibiotic is available as an ointment or cream and is usually applied three times a day for 5 to 10 days. It is important to note that mupirocin should only be used to treat bacterial infections and not viral or fungal infections, as it has no effect on these types of pathogens.

Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that stain dark purple or blue when subjected to the Gram staining method, which is a common technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This staining method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The key characteristic that distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from other types, such as Gram-negative bacteria, is the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Additionally, Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.

Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. Some Gram-positive bacteria can cause various human diseases, while others are beneficial or harmless.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "football" is a popular sport and not a medical term. The term "football" refers to a group of sports that involve kicking a ball with the foot to score goals. The most popular types of football are soccer, American football, Canadian football, Australian rules football, and rugby football.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help!

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Shewanella is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are widely distributed in various environments such as aquatic habitats, sediments, and occasionally in association with animals or humans. The bacteria are known for their ability to reduce a variety of substances, including metals, which can have implications in bioremediation and corrosion processes. Some species of Shewanella have been associated with human infections, typically occurring in individuals with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems. However, these cases are relatively rare.

"Urban hospitals" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term that describes the location and setting of healthcare facilities. In this context, "urban" refers to densely populated cities or built-up areas, as opposed to rural or suburban regions. Therefore, urban hospitals are medical institutions located in or near urban centers, serving large populations and typically providing a wide range of specialized services.

These hospitals often have more resources, advanced technology, and subspecialties compared to their rural counterparts due to the higher patient volume and financial support they receive. They also tend to be teaching hospitals affiliated with medical schools and research institutions, contributing significantly to medical education, innovation, and clinical trials.

However, it is important to note that urban hospitals may face unique challenges in providing care, such as serving diverse populations with varying socioeconomic backgrounds, addressing health disparities, managing high patient volumes, and dealing with issues related to overcrowding and resource allocation.

Staphylococcal vaccines are immunizations that are developed to protect against infections caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. These vaccines typically contain components of the bacterial cell wall or toxins that stimulate an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies that can recognize and neutralize the bacteria if they invade the body in the future.

There are currently no licensed staphylococcal vaccines available for use in humans, although several candidates are in various stages of development. These vaccines aim to prevent a range of staphylococcal infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.

It's important to note that while antibiotics can be effective against staphylococcal infections, the bacteria have become increasingly resistant to these drugs over time, making vaccines an important area of research and development for preventing and controlling the spread of these infections.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.

NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.

Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Gram-positive bacterial infections refer to illnesses or diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which are a group of bacteria that turn purple when stained using the Gram stain method. This staining technique is used in microbiology to differentiate between two main types of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Some common examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can range from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. The symptoms of these infections depend on the type of bacteria involved and the location of the infection in the body. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as penicillin, vancomycin, or clindamycin. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-positive bacteria is a growing concern and can complicate treatment in some cases.

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.

It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.

Vibrio infections are a group of bacterial illnesses caused by various species of the Vibrio genus, which are gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria naturally inhabit warm marine and brackish waters and can be found in higher concentrations during warmer months. The most common types of Vibrio infections are:

1. Vibrio vulnificus: This species is responsible for causing severe wound infections and primary septicemia, often following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe complications from Vibrio vulnificus infections.
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This species is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection typically occurs after consuming raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
3. Vibrio cholerae: This species is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that can lead to rapid dehydration and even death if left untreated. Cholera is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Vibrio alginolyticus: This species can cause wound infections and ear infections (otitis externa) following exposure to contaminated seawater. It is less commonly associated with gastroenteritis than Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Prevention measures for Vibrio infections include cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of raw and cooked seafood, practicing good hygiene, and covering wounds when exposed to seawater. People with weakened immune systems should avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and take extra precautions when handling or swimming in seawater.

"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:

1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.

2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.

3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.

4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.

5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.

Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.

Methicillin is defined as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the penicillin class. It was initially developed to address the problem of beta-lactamase enzyme production in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which made them resistant to earlier penicillins. However, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) have since emerged and become a significant global health concern. Methicillin is no longer used clinically due to its high nephrotoxicity, but the term "methicillin-resistant" remains relevant in describing resistant bacteria.

An "athlete" is defined in the medical field as an individual who actively participates in sports, physical training, or other forms of exercise that require a significant amount of physical exertion and stamina. Athletes are often divided into different categories based on the specific type of sport or activity they engage in, such as:

1. Professional athletes: These are individuals who compete in organized sports at the highest level and earn a living from their athletic pursuits. Examples include professional football players, basketball players, golfers, tennis players, and soccer players.
2. Collegiate athletes: These are students who participate in intercollegiate sports at the university or college level. They may receive scholarships or other forms of financial aid to support their athletic and academic pursuits.
3. Amateur athletes: These are individuals who engage in sports or physical activity for recreation, fitness, or personal enjoyment rather than as a profession. Examples include weekend warriors, joggers, swimmers, and hikers.
4. Elite athletes: These are individuals who have achieved a high level of skill and performance in their chosen sport or activity. They may compete at the national or international level and represent their country in competitions.
5. Para-athletes: These are athletes with disabilities who compete in sports specifically adapted for their abilities. Examples include wheelchair basketball, blind soccer, and deaf swimming.

Regardless of the category, athletes are prone to various medical conditions related to their physical exertion, including musculoskeletal injuries, cardiovascular issues, respiratory problems, and nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, it is essential for athletes to receive regular medical check-ups, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and follow proper training and nutrition guidelines to prevent injuries and optimize their performance.

Acetamides are organic compounds that contain an acetamide functional group, which is a combination of an acetyl group (-COCH3) and an amide functional group (-CONH2). The general structure of an acetamide is R-CO-NH-CH3, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Acetamides are found in various medications, including some pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants. They can also be found in certain industrial chemicals and are used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of acetamides can be harmful and may cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including liver and kidney damage. Therefore, handling and use of acetamides should be done with appropriate safety precautions.

Gram-negative bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, a standard technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The primary characteristic distinguishing Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria is the composition and structure of their cell walls:

1. Cell wall: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, making it more susceptible to damage and less rigid compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
2. Outer membrane: They possess an additional outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are endotoxins that can trigger strong immune responses in humans and animals. The outer membrane also contains proteins, known as porins, which form channels for the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
3. Periplasm: Between the inner and outer membranes lies a compartment called the periplasm, where various enzymes and other molecules are located.

Some examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria are often associated with various infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to their complex cell wall structure, Gram-negative bacteria can be more resistant to certain antibiotics, making them a significant concern in healthcare settings.

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

Bacterial drug resistance is a type of antimicrobial resistance that occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive and reproduce in the presence of drugs (such as antibiotics) that would normally kill them or inhibit their growth. This can happen due to various mechanisms, including genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.

As a result, bacterial infections may become more difficult to treat, requiring higher doses of medication, alternative drugs, or longer treatment courses. In some cases, drug-resistant infections can lead to serious health complications, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates.

Examples of bacterial drug resistance include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Preventing the spread of bacterial drug resistance is crucial for maintaining effective treatments for infectious diseases.

Oxazolidinones are a class of synthetic antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They bind to the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit, preventing the formation of the initiation complex and thus inhibiting the start of protein synthesis.

The most well-known drug in this class is linezolid (Zyvox), which is used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).

Oxazolidinones are typically reserved for use in patients with serious infections who have failed other antibiotic treatments, due to concerns about the development of resistance and potential side effects such as myelosuppression and peripheral neuropathy.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

In medical terms, observation refers to the close monitoring and recording of a patient's signs, symptoms, or biological parameters over time in order to evaluate their condition, response to treatment, or any changes that may occur. This can include continuous or intermittent monitoring of vital signs, behavior, appearance, laboratory results, or other relevant factors. The purpose is to gather data and assess the patient's status, which will help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment, or further management. Observation can take place in various settings such as hospitals, clinics, long-term care facilities, or at home with the use of telemedicine technologies.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

Cefotaxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Cefotaxime has a broad spectrum of activity and is effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Cefotaxime is often used to treat serious infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It may also be used to prevent infections during surgery or in people with weakened immune systems. The drug is administered intravenously or intramuscularly, and its dosage depends on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

Like all antibiotics, cefotaxime can cause side effects, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and rash. In rare cases, it may cause serious allergic reactions or damage to the kidneys or liver. It is important to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Substance abuse, intravenous, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances that are introduced directly into the bloodstream through injection, for non-medical purposes. This behavior can lead to a range of short- and long-term health consequences, including addiction, dependence, and an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Intravenous substance abuse often involves drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, and is characterized by the repeated injection of these substances using needles and syringes. The practice can also have serious social consequences, including disrupted family relationships, lost productivity, and criminal behavior.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

Daptomycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat serious skin infections and bloodstream infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other gram-positive bacteria. It works by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to bacterial death. Daptomycin is administered intravenously and its use should be reserved for serious infections that cannot be treated with other antibiotics due to the risk of developing resistance.

Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:

1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Molecular typing is a laboratory technique used to identify and characterize specific microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, at the molecular level. This method is used to differentiate between strains of the same species based on their genetic or molecular differences. Molecular typing techniques include methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and whole genome sequencing (WGS). These techniques allow for high-resolution discrimination between strains, enabling epidemiological investigations of outbreaks, tracking the transmission of pathogens, and studying the evolution and population biology of microorganisms.

Infection is defined medically as the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, which can lead to tissue damage, illness, and disease. This process often triggers an immune response from the host's body in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agents and restore homeostasis. Infections can be transmitted through various routes, including airborne particles, direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids, sexual contact, or vector-borne transmission. The severity of an infection may range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on factors such as the type and quantity of pathogen, the host's immune status, and any underlying health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ireland" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in north-western Europe, consisting of 32 provinces; 26 of which are part of the Republic of Ireland and the remaining 6 are part of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland). If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those.

I'm not aware of any medical definition for the term "Texas." It is primarily used as the name of a state in the United States, located in the southern region. If you're referring to a specific medical term or concept that I might not be aware of, please provide more context or clarify your question.

If you meant to ask for an explanation of a medical condition named 'Texas', it is likely a typo or a misunderstanding, as there is no widely recognized medical condition associated with the name 'Texas'.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that are derived from the fungus Acremonium, originally isolated from seawater and cow dung. They have a similar chemical structure to penicillin and share a common four-membered beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure.

Cephalosporins work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, which ultimately leads to bacterial death. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.

There are several generations of cephalosporins, each with different spectra of activity and pharmacokinetic properties. The first generation cephalosporins have a narrow spectrum of activity and are primarily used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Second-generation cephalosporins have an expanded spectrum of activity that includes some Gram-negative organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. Third-generation cephalosporins have even broader spectra of activity and are effective against many resistant Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins have activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including some that are resistant to other antibiotics. They are often reserved for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Cephalosporins are generally well tolerated, but like penicillin, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillin is estimated to occur in 5-10% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. Other potential adverse effects include gastrointestinal symptoms (such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:

"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."

Weiss, Sharon W. (2002). "Smooth muscle tumors of soft tissue". Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 9 (6): 351-9. doi:10.1097/ ... There are several forms of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. These include asymptomatic infections, the primary infection, ... soft tissue sarcomas, leiomyosarcoma, and nasopharyngeal cancers; and 3) Epstein-Barr virus-associated non-lymphoproliferative ... Infection of children can occur when adults mouth feed or pre-chew food before giving it to the child. EBV antibody tests turn ...
"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections". Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-05-19. Escobar SJ, Slade JB, Hunt ... Intracranial Abscess Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (Necrotizing fasciitis) Osteomyelitis (Refractory) Delayed Radiation ... Soft Tissue and Bony Necrosis) Skin Grafts & Flaps (Compromised) Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Thermal Burns Medical ...
"Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections". Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008. Secondary necrosis of a ... If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene). Caseous necrosis can be ... Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated ... In select cases, special maggot therapy using Lucilia sericata larvae has been employed to remove necrotic tissue and infection ...
Necrotizing soft tissue infections (necrotizing fasciitis); Osteomyelitis (refractory); Delayed radiation injury (soft tissue ... "Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections". Retrieved 2011-08-21. Escobar SJ, Slade JB, Hunt TK, Cianci P (2005). "Adjuvant hyperbaric ... There is some evidence that HBOT is effective for late radiation tissue injury of bone and soft tissues of the head and neck. ... In low pressure soft chambers, treatment schedules may not require air breaks, because the risk of oxygen toxicity is low due ...
Sutherland, Mark E.; Meyer, Anthony A. (1994). "Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections". Surgical Clinics of North America. 74 (3 ... This is still in practice when the infection had caused severe tissue damage even after antibiotics are available. In a notable ... He designated a code for the compound D 4145 (D for Domagk). He induced infection at the belly (peritonitis) of mice using ... There were several more experimental tests, and a clinical trial in which a boy was cured of streptococcal infection in 1933. ...
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2020). "4. Applications of nanometals in cutaneous infections". In Rai M (ed.). Nanotechnology in Skin, Soft Tissue, and Bone ... depending on the specific infection and its extent. Some require surgically cutting out infected tissue. Fungal infections have ... Sometimes, infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away. Worldwide, every year fungal infections affect more than one ... Infections within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Less common deeper fungal infections may ...
Related to the fracture site: Soft tissue interposition. Bone loss at the fracture. Infection. Loss of blood supply. Damage of ... infection (particularly osteomyelitis) the fracture is not fixed (that is, the two ends are still mobile) soft-tissue ... radical surgical removal of necrotic or infected soft tissue and bone tissue is deemed essential for the healing process. ... as when bone fragments are separated by soft tissue, may also lead to an atrophic non-union. Atrophic non-unions can be treated ...
Marx JA (2014). "Skin and Soft Tissue Infections". Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (8th ed.). ... "In patients presenting to the emergency department with skin and soft tissue infections what is the diagnostic accuracy of ... Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage. There appears to be some benefit ... The standard treatment for an uncomplicated skin or soft tissue abscess is the act of opening and draining. There does not ...
Rogers RL, Perkins J (September 2006). "Skin and soft tissue infections". Primary Care. 33 (3): 697-710. doi:10.1016/j.pop. ... Urinary tract infections, rectal infections, and infections of the cervix caused by certain microbes Both minocycline and ... Prolonged use of minocycline can lead to blue-gray staining of skin, fingernails, and scar tissue. This staining is not ... aureus infection and a disease caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. A list of uses includes: Amoebic dysentery Anthrax ...
Marx, John A. Marx (2014). "Skin and Soft Tissue Infections". Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice (8th ... An abscess results from a bacterial infection, but it is not usually a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Rarely, gonorrhea ... In women over the age of 40, a tissue biopsy is often recommended to rule out cancer. The cyst is named after Caspar Bartholin ... Blockage may be caused by an infection or a mucus plug. The secretions from the Bartholin's gland are retained, forming a cyst ...
... focus on skin and soft-tissue infections". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 21: S27-S32. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.024. ... Mistry, RD (Oct 2013). "Skin and soft tissue infections". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (5): 1063-82. doi:10.1016/j. ... "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases ... "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases ...
They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections ( ... A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such ... July 2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the ... Breyre A, Frazee BW (November 2018). "Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Emergency Department". Emergency Medicine Clinics ...
Endorf, Frederick W.; Cancio, Leopoldo C.; Klein, Matthew B. (2009-09-01). "Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections: Clinical ... preventing and treating necrotizing soft-tissue infections, and the use of orthoses. The American Burn Research Network (ABuRN ...
Skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), or acute bacterial ... are infections of skin and associated soft tissues (such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes).[citation needed] ... "infections either involving deeper soft tissue or requiring significant surgical intervention, such as infected ulcers, burns, ... "Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases ...
... and soft-tissue infections in small animals. While tylosin may be one appropriate therapeutic choice in theory for the ... Examples of bacterial infections that could potentially be treated with tylosin include respiratory infections, metritis, and ... Tylosin is used in veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections in a wide range of species and has a high margin of safety ... In general, tylosin is licensed for the treatment of infections caused by organisms susceptible to the drug, but it has also ...
Life-threatening skin and soft tissue infections". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases ... Although streptococcal infections can happen at any time of year, infection rates peak in the winter and spring months, ... The infection is a type of Group A streptococcal infection (Group A strep). It most commonly affects children between five and ... Viral exanthem: Viral infections are often accompanied by a rash which can be described as morbilliform or maculopapular. This ...
January 2000). "In vitro activity of fusidic acid against streptococci isolated from skin and soft tissue infections". The ... Spelman D (August 1999). "Fusidic acid in skin and soft tissue infections". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 12 ( ... Fusidic acid should not be used on its own to treat S. aureus infections when used at low drug dosages. However, it may be ... aureus infections. However, at least in Canadian hospitals, data collected between 1999 and 2005 showed rather low rate of ...
... evidence was found of soft tissue infections from multiple bacteria, caused by the P. vulneris. The two without soft tissue ... None of the 106 strains was able to produce persisting infections. Brenner, Don J.; Alma C. McWhorter; Jean K. Leete Knutson; ... Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 54: 108-127. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.024. ISSN 1567-1348. PMID 28658607. ABIS ... infections had purulent conjunctivitis. However, none of these cases had colonies of P. vulneris considered to be abundant or ...
... and joint infections. Infrequent soft-tissue infections usually occur in immunocompromised patients. Like other CoNS, S. ... These infections can remain localized or become systemic (i.e. bacteremia). The severity of infection varies depending on the ... Rolston KV, Bodey GP (2003). "Infections in Patients with Cancer". In Kufe DW, et al. (eds.). Cancer Medicine (6th ed.). BC ... S. haemolyticus is multi-drug resistant and able to form biofilms, which makes infections especially difficult to treat. S. ...
Group A streptococcus (GAS) typically causes bacteremia from skin and soft tissue infections. Group B streptococcus is an ... other focal signs of infection such as in the skin or soft tissue, a state of immunosuppression, or any recent invasive ... Bloodstream infections (BSIs), septicemia which include bacteremias when the infections are bacterial and fungemias when the ... causing infections away from the original site of infection, such as endocarditis or osteomyelitis.[citation needed] Treatment ...
Clindamycin is not approved for the treatment of MRSA infection, but it is still used in children for soft-tissue infections. ... Linezolid is more effective in soft tissue infections than vancomycin. This is compared to eradication of infection in those ... A report on skin and soft-tissue infections in the Cook County jail in Chicago in 2004-05 demonstrated MRSA was the most common ... Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". The New England Journal of Medicine. ...
Brain cells have a large amount of digestive enzymes (hydrolases). These enzymes cause the neural tissue to become soft and ... Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections, and can also manifest as one of the symptoms of an internal ... Loss of tissue architecture means that the tissue can be liquefied. This process is not associated with bacterial action or ... infection. Ultimately, in a living patient most necrotic cells and their contents disappear. The affected area is soft with ...
Both the surrounding soft tissues can become infected, as well as the bone itself, which is called osteomyelitis. Additional ... Amputation is a last resort intervention, and is determined by factors such as tissue viability and coverage, infection, and ... Most open fractures have extensive damage to soft tissues near and around the bone such as nerves, tendons, muscles, and blood ... Older people with osteoporosis and soft-tissue problems are also at risk. There are a range of characteristics of open ...
Gomez-Garces, J. L.; Burillo, A.; Gil, Y.; Saez-Nieto, J. A. (2010). "Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Actinomyces neuii, a ...
These infections manifest themselves as skin or soft tissue infections after an animal bite. Pasteurella anatis Pasteurella ... Animal bite infections (healthAtoZ.com) Bacterio entry Type strain of Pasteurella stomatis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity ... Pouëdras P, Donnio PY, Le Tulzo Y, Avril JL (January 1993). "Pasteurella stomatis infection following a dog bite". European ... Pouedras, P (1993). "Pasteurella stomatis infection following a dog bite". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & ...
These infections manifest themselves as skin or soft tissue infections after an animal bite. This species is found in chickens ... Animal bite infections (healthAtoZ.com) VetBact entry Bacterio entry v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ... Bacteria from this family cause zoonotic infections in humans. ...
These infections manifest themselves as skin or soft tissue infections after an animal bite. Pasteurella anatis Pasteurella ... Animal bite infections (healthAtoZ.com) Bacterio entry ZipcodeZoo entry University of Göteborg Culture Collection entry v t e ( ... Pouëdras P, Donnio PY, Le Tulzo Y, Avril JL (January 1993). "Pasteurella stomatis infection following a dog bite". European ... Bacteria from this family cause zoonotic infections in humans. ...
These infections manifest themselves as skin or soft tissue infections after an animal bite. It has been known to cause serious ... Animal bite infections (healthAtoZ.com) VetBact.org entry Bacterio entry Type strain of Pasteurella dagmatis at BacDive - the ... Allison K, Clarridge JE (August 2005). "Long-term respiratory tract infection with canine-associated Pasteurella dagmatis and ... Bacteria from this family cause zoonotic infections in humans. ...
... including dental infections, and infections of the respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue, and peritonitis. In people with ... Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (4): 380-90. doi: ... Clindamycin may be useful in skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Many ... or joint infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, strep throat, pneumonia, acute otitis media (middle ear infections), and ...
Cox VC, Zed PJ (March 2004). "Once-daily cefazolin and probenecid for skin and soft tissue infections". The Annals of ... thus reducing blood uric acid levels and reducing its deposition in various tissues. Probenecid also inhibits pannexin 1. ...
2008). "Soft tissue infections with Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: report of three cases". Indian J Med Microbiol. 26 (2): 192-5 ... It has been known to cause head and neck infections, pharyngitis, and sinusitis (Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections). It ... The use of parenteral antimicrobial drugs must be limited to serious infections. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Volante ... A. haemolyticum infection is most common in 15- to 25-year-old persons and manifests as exudative pharyngitis and/or ...
Diaz, James H. (May 2014). "Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries and Exposures in Travelers". Journal of ... This severe infection may occur regardless of whether the infection began from contaminated food or an open wound. Among ... Infection with V. vulnificus leads to rapidly expanding skin infections by entering a wound causing cellulitis or even sepsis ... Vibrio vulnificus wound infections have a mortality rate around 25%. In people in whom the infection worsens into sepsis, ...
It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin is derived from erythromycin, ... Due to the high concentration in phagocytes, roxithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active ... and diffuses into most tissues and phagocytes. ...
It can destroy the muscles, skin, and underlying tissue. The word necrotizing refers to something that causes ... It can destroy the muscles, skin, and underlying tissue. The word necrotizing refers to something that causes ... Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a rare but very severe type of bacterial infection. ... Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a rare but very severe type of bacterial infection. ...
Simple infections are usually monomicrobial and present with localized clinical findings. In contrast, complicated infections ... Management is determined by the severity and location of the infection and by patient comorbidities. Infections can be ... Most community-acquired infections are caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus. ... Laboratory testing may be required to confirm an uncertain diagnosis, evaluate for deep infections or sepsis, determine the ...
... inflammatory infections located in the deep subcutaneous tissues and adjacent fascia. Other names include gas gangrene or ... Necrotizing soft-tissue skin infections (NSTIs) encompass progressive, rapidly spreading, ... Emergent Management of Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections) and Emergent Management of Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections What ... Treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections. The need for a new approach. Am J Surg. 1985 Jun. 149 (6):751-5. [QxMD MEDLINE ...
... learn about the differences in treatment recommendations for purulent and nonpurulent skin and soft tissue infections, ... learn about the differences in treatment recommendations for purulent and nonpurulent skin and soft tissue infections, ...
Soft tissue infections among injection drug users-San Francisco, California, 1996-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001;50:381- ... Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Vascular Disease among Drug Users, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007;13(10):1510- ... Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Vascular Disease among Drug Users, England On This Page ... Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Vascular Disease among Drug Users, England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(10):1510-1511. https ...
A Case of Fulminant Spontaneous Necrotizing Soft Tissues Infections (NSTI) of the Chest Wall in a Man With No Risk Factors. ...
We describe 3 patients who presented with soft tissue mycobacterial infection to our ... These infections (including mycobacterial infections) can present in unusual ways, mimic disease exacerbations and pose a ... Patients with rheumatic disease are at risk of opportunistic infections as a result of immunosuppressive therapy and the ... Soft Tissue Manifestations of Mycobacterial Infection in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases. Aisha Lateef, Sheila Vasoo, Mee Leng ...
Intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid versus oral cephalexin for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: a ... Intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid versus oral cephalexin for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: a ... Intravenous cefazolin plus oral probenecid versus oral cephalexin for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections: a ...
Invasive bacterial infections in infants younger than 60 days with skin and soft tissue infections [published online ahead of ... Invasive bacterial infections in infants younger than 60 days with skin and soft tissue infections [published online ahead of ... Variation in Proportion of Blood Cultures Obtained for Children With Skin and Soft Tissue Infections John R. Stephens, MD; John ... Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common among pediatric patients in both ambulatory and hospital settings, resulting ...
Home , All Topics , Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in Urgent Care (Infectious Disease CME and Pharmacology CME) ... Management of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in Urgent Care (Infectious Disease CME and Pharmacology CME). ... Emergency Department Management of Cellulitis and Other Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections (Infectious Disease CME and ... the key aspects of the history and physical examination that help recognize and differentiate skin and soft-tissue infection ( ...
Abstract:Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most frequently observed diseases in ambulatory and hospital ... learning techniques to identify antibiotic resistance in patients diagnosed with various skin and soft tissue infections. ... learning techniques to identify antibiotic resistance in patients diagnosed with various skin and soft tissue infections, by ... learning techniques to identify antibiotic resistance in patients diagnosed with various skin and soft tissue infections, by ...
Antibiotic Choices for Skin, Soft Tissue Infections Vary by Race. Compared with White inpatients, Black inpatients less likely ...
... and wound care are all important aspects of the care of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection. Soft tissue ... Necrotizing soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit.. Ho H Phan, Christine S Cocanour. Critical Care Medicine 2010 ... Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a severe illness that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is often ... The early diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection is challenging, but the keys to successful management of patients with ...
Dive into the research topics of Emergency management of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections in the community-associated ... Emergency management of pediatric skin and soft tissue infections in the community-associated methicillin-resistant ...
Skin and soft tissue infections appear to be on the decline in the general population, but individuals with HIV have a higher ... Skin and Soft Tissue Infections on the Decline, Yet Still High Among Patients with HIV. June 26, 2018. Brandon May ... Skin and soft tissue infections appear to be on the decline in the general population, but individuals with HIV have a higher ... Research published in Clinical Infectious Diseases found that the rate of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) have been on ...
Soft Tissue Infection Soft Tissue Infection Of Immunocompetent Man With Cat-Derived Globicatella Species Soft Tissue Infections ... Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species. 29(8). Jones, Nick K. et al. "Soft Tissue ... "Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species" vol. 29, no. 8, 2023. Export RIS Citation ... Title : Soft Tissue Infection of Immunocompetent Man with Cat-Derived Globicatella Species Personal Author(s) : Jones, Nick K.; ...
... other soft tissue infections based on laboratory tests routinely performed for the evaluation of severe soft tissue infections ... Soft Tissue Infections. July 14, 2011. by CrashMaster Skin Infections. Historical Risk Factors. In patients with liver disease ... Serious soft-tissue infection may follow wound exposure to such water. These suppurative infections progress rapidly, often ... Group A streptococcus, known as the "flesh-eating bacteria" in the lay press, causes a wide spectrum of soft-tissue infections ...
"Soft Tissue Infections" by people in this website by year, and whether "Soft Tissue Infections" was a major or minor topic of ... The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. ... "Soft Tissue Infections" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Administration of first dose antibiotic in the ED in patients with minor skin and soft tissue infections. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 ...
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What are the latest management and treatment options for severe skin and soft tissue infections? ... Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common reason for patients seeking inpatient and outpatient medical care with ... Purpose of review: To review the salient features of the management of severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), ... Table 3. Empiric antimicrobial dosing and duration guide for severe skin and soft tissue infections Organism type. First-line ...
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), which include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a ... Diagnosing the exact extent of the disease is critical for successful management of a patient of soft tissue infection. ... Any ulcer covered with dead and necrotic tissue must be debrided to promote growth of healthy granulation tissue and healing. ... It is imperative to distinguish necrotizing infections from nonnecrotizing infections. Early diagnosis and intervention may ...
These individuals are predisposed to foot infections because of a compromised vascular supply secondary to diabetes. ... Foot infections are the most common problems in persons with diabetes. ... Deep-skin and soft-tissue infections. Patients with deep-skin and soft-tissue infections may be acutely ill, with painful ... induration of the soft tissues in the extremity. These infections are particularly common in the thigh area, but they may be ...
Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A prospective multicenter study. In: ... Dive into the research topics of Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A ... Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A prospective multicenter study. ... Early stages with streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are often difficult to discern from cellulitis. ...
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. These infections may be single aerobic or anaerobic but are more often mixed infections ... Soft tissue radionecrosis. While soft tissue radionecrosis also is rare, it causes significant morbidity, depending on the site ... Multiple clinical studies suggest that HBOT is efficacious in the treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections. These ... Regardless of the depth of the tissue invasion, these infections have similar pathophysiology that includes local tissue ...
... photos of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection and the wound healing process of this typical patients three lesions ... Includes ultrasound and MRI images of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection (Supplementary Figure 1), antimicrobial ... Skin and soft tissue nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: A retrospective case series of 49 patients after plastic and ... Skin and soft tissue nontuberculous mycobacteria infection: A retrospective case series of 49 patients after plastic and ...
... consistent with a necrotizing soft tissue infection.. Discussion:. Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin and ... Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection. Sahil Aggarwal, BS* and Jonathan Peña, MD*. *University of California, Irvine, Department of ... Necrotizing soft tissue infection, computed tomography, sepsis, cellulitis.. References:. *Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, ... Diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections by computed tomography. Arch Surg. 2010;145(5):452-425. doi: 10.1001/archsurg. ...
Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infection - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Etiology of Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infection There are two subtypes of necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI): ... Clostridial myonecrosis Clostridial Soft-Tissue Infections Clostridial soft-tissue infections include cellulitis, myositis, and ... clostridial myonecrosis Clostridial Soft-Tissue Infections Clostridial soft-tissue infections include cellulitis, myositis, and ...
7. Parasitic Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue, and Musculoskeletal System. This section will cover many cutaneous infections. ... 8. Fungal Infections of Skin, Soft Tissue, and Musculoskeletal System. This is the most important topic from the whole mycology ... 5. Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections of Skin and Soft-tissues. Here we will see some bacteria which were left above. ... 2. beta-hemolytic Streptococcal Infections. This is very common and strep infections are studied in nearly every section. Here ...
Home / Products tagged "Skin and Soft Tissue Infection". Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. ...
  • Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis involves early recognition and surgical debridement of necrotic tissue, combined with high-dose broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. (aafp.org)
  • Avoid antibiotics and wound cultures in emergency department patients with uncomplicated skin and soft tissue abscesses after successful incision and drainage and with adequate medical follow-up. (aafp.org)
  • In a community-acquired infection, beta-lactamase-resistant antibiotics are appropriate. (crashingpatient.com)
  • These infections respond well to either source control management (ie, drainage or debridement) or a simple course of antibiotics. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, MRSA, can cause severe and deadly infections that can be transmitted through contact when they involve the skin and that require special Antibiotics such as vancomycin. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Treatment was successful because of appropriate antibiotics, extraction of the foreign body, and adequate tissue penetration of the vancomycin. (aapsus.org)
  • Cellulitic infections are usually treated with antibiotics. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • Occasionally, when the infection is not localized and seems to be spreading aggressively, an oral antibiotic may not be sufficient and IV antibiotics are then used. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • Dermatologists play an essential role in this process given the significant incidence of inflammatory dermatoses, as well as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) treated with antibiotics. (skintherapyletter.com)
  • Commonly, this stems from unclear instructions on self-administration of antibiotics, use of sub-antimicrobial dosing, prescription of antibiotics for minor bacterial infections, use of antibacterial drugs for non-bacterial infections, and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for narrow-spectrum indications. (skintherapyletter.com)
  • The Minimum Criteria for Common Infections toolkit ("Minimum Criteria toolkit") aims to reduce unnecessary prescribing for the three infections where antibiotics are most frequently prescribed in nursing homes: (1) urinary tract infections (UTIs), (2) lower respiratory tract infections, and (3) skin and soft tissue infections. (ahrq.gov)
  • These recommendations are for patients in shock with risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. (medscape.com)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) account for more than 14 million physician office visits each year in the United States, as well as emergency department visits and hospitalizations. (aafp.org)
  • The injecting of illicit drugs is associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and vascular disease ( 1 - 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To identify variation in the proportion of blood cultures obtained for pediatric skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) among children's hospitals. (aap.org)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are among the most frequently observed diseases in ambulatory and hospital settings. (arxiv.org)
  • Research published in Clinical Infectious Diseases found that the rate of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) have been on the decline following the previous rise in SSTIs in the early 1990s and 2000s due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. (contagionlive.com)
  • To review the salient features of the management of severe skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), including toxic shock syndrome, myonecrosis/gas gangrene, and necrotizing fasciitis. (medscape.com)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common reason for patients seeking inpatient and outpatient medical care with more than 14 million outpatient visits a year, [ 1 ] and almost 900 000 inpatient admissions in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), which include infections of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle, encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from simple cellulitis to rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Complicated SSTIs involve the invasion of deeper tissues and typically require significant surgical intervention. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Complicated SSTIs include complicated abscesses, infected burn wounds, infected ulcers, infections in diabetics, and deep-space wound infections. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Skin and soft tissue infection (SSTIs) due to Staphylococcus aureus, particularly community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations in the United States. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Methods: S. aureus isolates from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and nasal colonization were collected from patients within 10 primary care clinics from 2007 to 2015. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Initial antimicrobial choice is empiric, and in simple infections should cover Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. (aafp.org)
  • Includes ultrasound and MRI images of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection (Supplementary Figure 1), antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NTM isolated and included in this study (Supplementary Table 1), photos of patient with skin and soft tissue NTM infection and the wound healing process of this typical patient's three lesions. (mendeley.com)
  • Trials optimizing timing of antibiotic administration with regard to known antimicrobial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties (e.g., prolonging infusion times of β-lactams to reduce bacterial resistance) should also assist in improving outcomes in penetrating traumatic infections, which are increasingly antibiotic resistant. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) hand infections in a Scottish teaching hospital and improve upon current antimicrobial prescribing advice. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • Additionally, varied clinical presentation coupled with diverse causative microorganisms can cause diagnostic uncertainty, whilst use of sub-maximal antimicrobial doses in the community may lead to a protracted course of infection [2]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA hand infections in NHS Grampian and describe causative organisms of hand cellulitis, and to improve upon current antimicrobial prescribing advice. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • these infections can be resistant to antimicrobial treatment and may necessitate colectomy. (drugs.com)
  • Clinical manifestations of NSTI can include rapidly evolving signs of systemic compromise and devastating infection with signs of tissue destruction, skin manifestations of blistering, and hemorrhage with crepitus. (medscape.com)
  • Type I NSTI, typically involving the torso and perineum, results from a polymicrobial infection usually including group A streptococci (eg, Streptococcus pyogenes ) and a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (eg, Bacteroides species). (msdmanuals.com)
  • NSTI can include involvement of the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and muscle Necrotizing infection may be categorized based on microbiology and presence or absence of gas in the tissues. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI) is infrequent but highly lethal. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Most community-acquired infections are caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and beta-hemolytic streptococcus. (aafp.org)
  • When the infection appears to have been acquired in a hospital or extended care facility, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus should be considered and vancomycin is the drug of choice. (crashingpatient.com)
  • Linezolid tissue penetration and serum activity against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility in diabetic patients with foot infections. (medscape.com)
  • He developed cellulitis secondary to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. (aapsus.org)
  • Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections of the skin and soft tissue are becoming increasingly prevalent in the general population. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common organism leading to soft tissue infections in the community [4]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early stages with streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are often difficult to discern from cellulitis. (wur.nl)
  • Affected tissues become erythematous, warm, and swollen, resembling severe cellulitis, and pain develops out of proportion to clinical findings. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clostridial Soft-Tissue Infections Clostridial soft-tissue infections include cellulitis, myositis, and clostridial myonecrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) include necrotizing forms of cellulitis, fasciitis, and myositis. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Other necrotizing skin infections spread in the outer layers of skin and are termed necrotizing cellulitis. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • MRI and CT scans are invaluable for detecting deep complications progressing from cellulitis require aggressive MRSA infections require aggressive treatment with appropriate antimicrobials for improvement, particularly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (aapsus.org)
  • Soft tissue hand cellulitis is an increasingly common presentation to secondary care facilities in the United Kingdom. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • A cellulitis is an infection of the soft tissue. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • If a cellulitis is not properly and aggressively treated, the infection may spread quickly through the surrounding tissues and become even more serious requiring more aggressive treatment. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens is the classic organism responsible for "gas gangrene" or clostridial myonecrosis, although any Clostridial species can produce such infections. (crashingpatient.com)
  • Necrotizing myositis - Necrotizing myositis is an infection of skeletal muscle typically caused by GAS (and other beta-hemolytic streptococci). (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Overview of Bacterial Skin Infections Bacterial skin infections can be classified as skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). (msdmanuals.com)
  • A very severe and usually deadly form of necrotizing soft tissue infection is due to the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes , which is sometimes called "flesh-eating bacteria" or strep. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Streptococcus and Clostridia may cause necrotizing skin infections, but in many people, the infections are caused by a combination of bacteria. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Gram-positive organisms, for example, Streptococcus pyogenes and S. aureus , historically were major causes of morbidity and mortality following penetrating trauma in the pre-antibiotic era and remain initial pathogens for many infection types. (medscape.com)
  • Streptococcus species [ 3 ], although an in- tion as determined by the Wagner classifi- creasing number of patients have been en- cation. (who.int)
  • Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a severe illness that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. (qxmd.com)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin and soft tissues that requires an early diagnosis to reduce morbidity and mortality. (jetem.org)
  • Necrotizing soft-tissue infection is typically caused by a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic organisms that cause necrosis of subcutaneous tissue, usually including the fascia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These organisms typically extend to subcutaneous tissue from a contiguous ulcer or infection, or after trauma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Patients with complicated infections, including suspected necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene, require empiric polymicrobial antibiotic coverage, inpatient treatment, and surgical consultation for debridement. (aafp.org)
  • Patients with rheumatic disease are at risk of opportunistic infections as a result of immunosuppressive therapy and the underlying disease. (annals.edu.sg)
  • We describe 3 patients who presented with soft tissue mycobacterial infection to our institution over a 1-year period. (annals.edu.sg)
  • Care for patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection requires a team approach with expertise from critical care, surgery, reconstructive surgery, and rehabilitation specialists. (qxmd.com)
  • The early diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection is challenging, but the keys to successful management of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection are early recognition and complete surgical debridement. (qxmd.com)
  • Critical care management components such as the initial fluid resuscitation, end-organ support, pain management, nutrition support, and wound care are all important aspects of the care of patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection. (qxmd.com)
  • Clinicians should be aware of the increased potential for skin infections and advise their patients on how to prevent infection. (contagionlive.com)
  • Administration of first dose antibiotic in the ED in patients with minor skin and soft tissue infections. (ouhsc.edu)
  • However, patients may not necessarily have a history of trauma or have suffered a previous infection. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with deep-skin and soft-tissue infections may be acutely ill, with painful induration of the soft tissues in the extremity. (medscape.com)
  • A prospective trial is not feasible in military patients owing to dangerous conditions of injury but a trial examining infection pathogenesis and bacterial pathogen-specific outcomes by evaluating host immune response using modern genomic and proteomic molecular techniques would provide valuable information and could be carried out at a large academic trauma center. (medscape.com)
  • A cluster of mucormycosis infections in patients with hematologic malignancies, stem cell transplants, and solid organ transplants. (cdc.gov)
  • Early treatment of MRSA soft tissue infections is essential to allow the best management outcome for individual patients [11]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • David, M. Z. / The complex relationship between CD4 count, HIV viral load, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, and skin-and-soft-tissue infection risk in patients with HIV : Insights from a causal diagram and simulation study . (elsevierpure.com)
  • Some patients are more susceptible to cellulitic infections and have frequent flare-ups of this localized soft tissue involvement. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • 2023. Data from all hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed infection were analyzed. (who.int)
  • The frequency of necrotizing fasciitis has been on the rise because of an increase in immunocompromised patients with diabetes mellitus, cancer, alcoholism, vascular insufficiencies, organ transplants, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or neutropenia. (medscape.com)
  • These facultative pathogens can cause infection, especially among immunosuppressed or immunodeficient patients [4]. (who.int)
  • While multidrug-resistant infections are clearly on the rise, the cause remains unclear. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, extreme pain may be an indication of infection with clostridial species (ie, gas gangrene). (medscape.com)
  • Perineal involvement (also called Fournier gangrene) is usually a complication of recent surgery, perirectal abscess, periurethral gland infection, or retroperitoneal infection resulting from perforated abdominal viscera. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Necrotizing soft tissue infection is a rare but very severe type of bacterial infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Culture and sensitivity studies recommended when treating suspected staphylococcal infections as reports indicate rising numbers of penicillin G-resistant strains. (drugs.com)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis can be a misleading term used to describe an aggressive infection of subcutaneous tissue and the superficial fascia. (medscape.com)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis is a progressive, rapidly spreading, inflammatory infection that is located in the deep fascia and is associated with secondary necrosis of the subcutaneous tissues. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • Classified into several subtypes based on the type of microbial infection, necrotizing fasciitis can rapidly progress to septic shock or death if left untreated. (jetem.org)
  • Necrotizing fasciitis - Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of the deep soft tissues that results in progressive destruction of the muscle fascia and overlying subcutaneous fat. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Some necrotizing skin infections spread deep in the skin along the surface of the connective tissue that covers muscle (fascia) and is termed necrotizing fasciitis. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Any ulcer covered with dead and necrotic tissue must be debrided to promote growth of healthy granulation tissue and healing. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • 2,3 Clinical characteristics such as swelling, disproportionate pain, erythema, crepitus, and necrotic tissue should be a guide to further diagnostic tests. (jetem.org)
  • Dead tissue is termed necrotic. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • The inflammation of the deep fascia causes thrombosis of the dermal vessels, and it is this thrombosis that is responsible for the secondary necrosis of the overlying subcutaneous tissue and skin. (peoplecarenj.com)
  • 4-7] They can be defined as infections of any of the layers within the soft tissue compartment (dermis, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia, deep fascia, or muscle) that are associated with necrotizing change. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Simple infections are usually monomicrobial and present with localized clinical findings. (aafp.org)
  • Efficacy of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections in real-life clinical practice from five European observational studies. (wustl.edu)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections result from microbial invasion of the skin and its supporting structures. (aafp.org)
  • This undermines the effectiveness of the available treatment options and thus contributes to the persistence of microbial infections. (who.int)
  • Laboratory testing may be required to confirm an uncertain diagnosis, evaluate for deep infections or sepsis, determine the need for inpatient care, and evaluate and treat comorbidities. (aafp.org)
  • This is very common and strep infections are studied in nearly every section. (bookeshi.com)
  • Impact of Decolonization Protocols and Recurrence in Pediatric MRSA Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections. (ouhsc.edu)
  • The incidence of community MRSA hand infections in the United States has risen with a reported prevalence of 55% expanding to 73% [7,8,9]. (austinpublishinggroup.com)
  • 32.9% of infections were polymicrobial and 30.5% were due to resistant pathogens. (wustl.edu)
  • Poor hygiene may also predispose one to a cellulitic infection as well as diabetes mellitus. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • In diabetics we many times see mixed infections causing cellulites. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • Skin and soft tissue infections are common in diabetics. (wustl.edu)
  • These infections are characterized clinically by fulminant tissue destruction, systemic signs of toxicity, and high mortality. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Many different types of bacteria can cause this infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Necrotizing soft tissue infection develops when the bacteria enters the body, usually through a minor cut or scrape. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The bacteria begin to grow and release harmful substances (toxins) that kill tissue and affect blood flow to the area. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As the tissue dies, the bacteria enters the blood and rapidly spreads throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These infections occur when certain bacteria escape from the intestine and spread to the skin. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Blood pressure may fall because of toxins secreted by the bacteria and the body's response to the infection (septic shock). (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • When combined with incubation in BACT/ALERT bottles, direct intraoperative sonication of implants and soft tissues without a sonication tube was more sensitive than conventional synovial fluid culture and could reliably and rapidly detect the bacteria commonly found in PJI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion High number of resistant microorganisms was isolated, and increased mortality was documented from infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. (who.int)
  • Nowadays these bacteria are believed to have an important role in infections, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections and the efficacy of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination [3]. (who.int)
  • The infectious process can be located anywhere in the body, with a characteristic rapid progression of the infection site and hyperacute systemic deterioration of the patient. (medscape.com)
  • Despite this guideline and recent randomized trials, variability exists among pediatric infectious diseases clinicians in current skin and soft tissue infection management practices. (wustl.edu)
  • Dr. Krishan Yadav is an FRCPC Emergency Medicine Physician, and Epidemiologist with a special interest in non-purulent skin and soft tissue infectious disease. (emottawablog.com)
  • certain localized infections - see body system-related chapters infectious and parasitic diseases complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium [except obstetrical tetanus] (O98. (who.int)
  • The etiology of necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) is not always obvious. (medscape.com)
  • Clinically, Clostridium infections begin within hours of an inciting trauma, or surgery, with the sudden onset of pain that rapidly extends beyond the wound. (crashingpatient.com)
  • The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. (ouhsc.edu)
  • As previously mentioned, local trauma and/or pressure (often in association with lack of sensation because of neuropathy), in addition to microvascular disease, may lead to a diabetic foot infection. (medscape.com)
  • The actual cause of infection in penetrating trauma injury remains unclear but is likely multifactorial, to include impaired host immune response, the environment of the injury, mechanism of injury and anatomic location. (medscape.com)
  • Prospective randomized trials to find the best prophylactic agent and duration to reduce penetrating injury infections of all the areas we examined (CNS, maxillofacial, thorax, abdomen and orthopedic) are desperately needed and could easily be performed at large trauma centers. (medscape.com)
  • Diabetic foot infection usually results from disruption of the skin barrier, trauma, pressure, or ischemic wounds. (wustl.edu)
  • Significant evidence shows no link between soft tissue sarcoma and injury or trauma. (cancer.ca)
  • Diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infections by computed tomography. (jetem.org)
  • less frequently Clostridium septicum) and nonclostridial (caused by polymicrobial infection). (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Other infections begin in surgical incisions or even healthy skin. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Surgical providers should be cognizant that infections in this population are inevitable, and numerous studies prove the use of broader spectrum agents or prolonging prophylactic therapy does not further mitigate infection risk. (medscape.com)
  • Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection After Intravenous Drug Injection: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Surgical Management at a Community Hospital. (lvhn.org)
  • What Is the Minimum Criteria for Common Infections Toolkit and Why Should a Nursing Home Use This Toolkit? (ahrq.gov)
  • The Minimum Criteria App facilitates decisionmaking regarding the three most common infections in a nursing home. (ahrq.gov)
  • Cite this: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Infections Associated with Penetrating Traumatic Injury - Medscape - Jan 01, 2011. (medscape.com)
  • Computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal and pelvis with intravenous (IV) contrast revealed inflammatory changes, including gas and fluid collections within the ventral abdominal wall extending to the vulva, consistent with a necrotizing soft tissue infection. (jetem.org)
  • Sometimes people with diverticulitis, intestinal perforation, or tumors of the intestine develop necrotizing infections of the abdominal wall, genital area, or thighs. (apexphysiciansid.com)
  • Postoperative disrupted abdominal wall management by a new tissue expansion technique. (who.int)
  • Necrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) are potentially life-threatening medical emergencies that encompass a devastating and rapidly spreading destruction of soft tissue with associated systemic toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • The lack of universal terminology used to define NSTIs and similar infections makes nomenclature confusing. (medscape.com)
  • NSTIs can be defined as life-threatening infections of any of the layers within the soft-tissue compartment that are associated with necrotizing changes. (medscape.com)
  • The following viral infections increase your risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma. (cancer.ca)
  • This section will cover all herpes family infections. (bookeshi.com)
  • This photo shows life-threatening infection of the subcutaneous fat and muscles by streptococci (group A), causing widespread necrosis involving the lower back. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This type of infection is much different from osteomyelitis, which is an infection of the bone. (miamifootandankle.com)
  • 5. Stacy GS, Kapur A. Mimics of bone and soft tissue neoplasms. (jbstjournal.com)
  • 10. Miwa S, Otsuka T. Practical use of imaging technique for management of bone and soft tissue tumors. (jbstjournal.com)
  • Gardner syndrome causes large numbers of polyps in the colon, along with tumours in the bone and soft tissues. (cancer.ca)