A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.
The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
Act of listening for sounds within the body.
Sounds used in animal communication.
Communication between animals involving the giving off by one individual of some chemical or physical signal, that, on being received by another, influences its behavior.
Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.
The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.
The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
An auditory orientation mechanism involving the emission of high frequency sounds which are reflected back to the emitter (animal).
Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals.
The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.
The hearing and equilibrium system of the body. It consists of three parts: the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR. Sound waves are transmitted through this organ where vibration is transduced to nerve signals that pass through the ACOUSTIC NERVE to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The inner ear also contains the vestibular organ that maintains equilibrium by transducing signals to the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
The ability to differentiate tones.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Instruments intended to detect and study sound produced by the heart, lungs, or other parts of the body. (from UMDNS, 1999)
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
An order of BIRDS with the common name owls characterized by strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal RAPTORS, some owls do hunt by day.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.
Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.
The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
The shell-like structure projects like a little wing (pinna) from the side of the head. Ear auricles collect sound from the environment.
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
A continuing periodic change in displacement with respect to a fixed reference. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
Noise present in occupational, industrial, and factory situations.
Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.
A basement membrane in the cochlea that supports the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, consisting keratin-like fibrils. It stretches from the SPIRAL LAMINA to the basilar crest. The movement of fluid in the cochlea, induced by sound, causes displacement of the basilar membrane and subsequent stimulation of the attached hair cells which transform the mechanical signal into neural activity.
The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.
Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
The graphic recording of chest wall movement due to cardiac impulses.
A subfield of acoustics dealing in the radio frequency range higher than acoustic SOUND waves (approximately above 20 kilohertz). Ultrasonic radiation is used therapeutically (DIATHERMY and ULTRASONIC THERAPY) to generate HEAT and to selectively destroy tissues. It is also used in diagnostics, for example, ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; and ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, to visually display echoes received from irradiated tissues.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; FACIAL NERVE DISEASES; STAPES SURGERY; and other disorders may be associated with this condition.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
Sensory cells in the organ of Corti, characterized by their apical stereocilia (hair-like projections). The inner and outer hair cells, as defined by their proximity to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus), change morphologically along the COCHLEA. Towards the cochlear apex, the length of hair cell bodies and their apical STEREOCILIA increase, allowing differential responses to various frequencies of sound.
Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.
The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.
The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.
Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
The process of producing vocal sounds by means of VOCAL CORDS vibrating in an expiratory blast of air.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
Differential response to different stimuli.
The electric response of the cochlear hair cells to acoustic stimulation.
The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.
Self-generated faint acoustic signals from the inner ear (COCHLEA) without external stimulation. These faint signals can be recorded in the EAR CANAL and are indications of active OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are found in all classes of land vertebrates.
The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.
Mammals of the families Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), Iniidae, Lipotidae, Pontoporiidae, and Platanistidae (all river dolphins). Among the most well-known species are the BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN and the KILLER WHALE (a dolphin). The common name dolphin is applied to small cetaceans having a beaklike snout and a slender, streamlined body, whereas PORPOISES are small cetaceans with a blunt snout and rather stocky body. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, pp978-9)
Electronic devices that increase the magnitude of a signal's power level or current.
Tests of accuracy in pronouncing speech sounds, e.g., Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, Deep Test of Articulation, Templin-Darley Tests of Articulation, Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Screening Speech Articulation Test, Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale.
Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Auditory sensory cells of organ of Corti, usually placed in one row medially to the core of spongy bone (the modiolus). Inner hair cells are in fewer numbers than the OUTER AUDITORY HAIR CELLS, and their STEREOCILIA are approximately twice as thick as those of the outer hair cells.
An order of insects comprising two suborders: Caelifera and Ensifera. They consist of GRASSHOPPERS, locusts, and crickets (GRYLLIDAE).
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
A mobile chain of three small bones (INCUS; MALLEUS; STAPES) in the TYMPANIC CAVITY between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the oval window on the wall of INNER EAR. Sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear.
The outer part of the hearing system of the body. It includes the shell-like EAR AURICLE which collects sound, and the EXTERNAL EAR CANAL, the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, and the EXTERNAL EAR CARTILAGES.
A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
Any device or element which converts an input signal into an output signal of a different form. Examples include the microphone, phonographic pickup, loudspeaker, barometer, photoelectric cell, automobile horn, doorbell, and underwater sound transducer. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)

Coding of sound envelopes by inhibitory rebound in neurons of the superior olivary complex in the unanesthetized rabbit. (1/910)

Most natural sounds (e.g., speech) are complex and have amplitude envelopes that fluctuate rapidly. A number of studies have examined the neural coding of envelopes, but little attention has been paid to the superior olivary complex (SOC), a constellation of nuclei that receive information from the cochlear nucleus. We studied two classes of predominantly monaural neurons: those that displayed a sustained response to tone bursts and those that gave only a response to the tone offset. Our results demonstrate that the off neurons in the SOC can encode the pattern of amplitude-modulated sounds with high synchrony that is superior to sustained neurons. The upper cutoff frequency and highest modulation frequency at which significant synchrony was present were, on average, slightly higher for off neurons compared with sustained neurons. Finally, most sustained and off neurons encoded the level of pure tones over a wider range of intensities than those reported for auditory nerve fibers and cochlear nucleus neurons. A traditional view of inhibition is that it attenuates or terminates neural activity. Although this holds true for off neurons, the robust discharge when inhibition is released adds a new dimension. For simple sounds (i.e., pure tones), the off response can code a wide range of sound levels. For complex sounds, the off response becomes entrained to each modulation, resulting in a precise temporal coding of the envelope.  (+info)

Communication signals and sound production mechanisms of mormyrid electric fish. (2/910)

The African weakly electric fishes Pollimyrus isidori and Pollimyrus adspersus (Mormyridae) produce elaborate acoustic displays during social communication in addition to their electric organ discharges (EODs). In this paper, we provide new data on the EODs of these sound-producing mormyrids and on the mechanisms they use to generate species-typical sounds. Although it is known that the EODs are usually species-specific and sexually dimorphic, the EODs of closely related sound-producing mormyrids have not previously been compared. The data presented demonstrate that there is a clear sexual dimorphism in the EOD waveform of P. isidori. Females have a multi-phasic EOD that is more complex than the male's biphasic EOD. In this respect, P. isidori is similar to its more thoroughly studied congener P. adspersus, which has a sexually dimorphic EOD. The new data also reveal that the EODs of these two species are distinct, thus showing for the first time that species-specificity in EODs is characteristic of these fishes, which also generate species-specific courtship sounds. The sound-generating mechanism is based on a drumming muscle coupled to the swimbladder. Transverse sections through decalcified male and female P. adspersus revealed a muscle that envelops the caudal pole of the swimbladder and that is composed of dorso-ventrally oriented fibers. The muscle is five times larger in males (14.5+/-4.4 microl, mean +/- s.d.) than in females (3.2+/-1.8 microl). The fibers are also of significantly larger diameter in males than in females. Males generate courtship sounds and females do not. The function of the swimbladder muscle was tested using behavioral experiments. Male P. adspersus normally produce acoustic courtship displays when presented with female-like electrical stimuli. However, local anesthesia of the swimbladder muscle muted males. In control trials, males continued to produce sounds after injection of either lidocaine in the trunk muscles or saline in the swimbladder muscles.  (+info)

Sensitivity to simulated directional sound motion in the rat primary auditory cortex. (3/910)

Sensitivity to simulated directional sound motion in the rat primary auditory cortex. This paper examines neuron responses in rat primary auditory cortex (AI) during sound stimulation of the two ears designed to simulate sound motion in the horizontal plane. The simulated sound motion was synthesized from mathematical equations that generated dynamic changes in interaural phase, intensity, and Doppler shifts at the two ears. The simulated sounds were based on moving sources in the right frontal horizontal quadrant. Stimuli consisted of three circumferential segments between 0 and 30 degrees, 30 and 60 degrees, and 60 and 90 degrees and four radial segments at 0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees. The constant velocity portion of each segment was 0.84 m long. The circumferential segments and center of the radial segments were calculated to simulate a distance of 2 m from the head. Each segment had two trajectories that simulated motion in both directions, and each trajectory was presented at two velocities. Young adult rats were anesthetized, the left primary auditory cortex was exposed, and microelectrode recordings were obtained from sound responsive cells in AI. All testing took place at a tonal frequency that most closely approximated the best frequency of the unit at a level 20 dB above the tuning curve threshold. The results were presented on polar plots that emphasized the two directions of simulated motion for each segment rather than the location of sound in space. The trajectory exhibiting a "maximum motion response" could be identified from these plots. "Neuron discharge profiles" within these trajectories were used to demonstrate neuron activity for the two motion directions. Cells were identified that clearly responded to simulated uni- or multidirectional sound motion (39%), that were sensitive to sound location only (19%), or that were sound driven but insensitive to our location or sound motion stimuli (42%). The results demonstrated the capacity of neurons in rat auditory cortex to selectively process dynamic stimulus conditions representing simulated motion on the horizontal plane. Our data further show that some cells were responsive to location along the horizontal plane but not sensitive to motion. Cells sensitive to motion, however, also responded best to the moving sound at a particular location within the trajectory. It would seem that the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to sound location as well as direction of motion converge on the same cell.  (+info)

Single-unit responses in the inferior colliculus of decerebrate cats. I. Classification based on frequency response maps. (4/910)

This study proposes a classification system for neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) that is based on excitation and inhibition patterns of single-unit responses in decerebrate cats. The decerebrate preparation allowed extensive characterization of physiological response types without the confounding effects of anesthesia. The tone-driven discharge rates of individual units were measured across a range of frequencies and levels to map excitatory and inhibitory response areas for contralateral monaural stimulation. The resulting frequency response maps can be grouped into the following three populations: type V maps exhibit a wide V-shaped excitatory area and no inhibition; type I maps show a more restricted I-shaped region of excitation that is flanked by inhibition at lower and higher frequencies; and type O maps display an O-shaped island of excitation at low stimulus levels that is bounded by inhibition at higher levels. Units that produce a type V map typically have a low best frequency (BF: the most sensitive frequency), a low rate of spontaneous activity, and monotonic rate-level functions for both BF tones and broadband noise. Type I and type O units have BFs that span the cat's range of audible frequencies and high rates of spontaneous activity. Like type V units, type I units are excited by BF tones and noise at all levels, but their rate-level functions may become nonmonotonic at high levels. Type O units are inhibited by BF tones and noise at high levels. The existence of distinct response types is consistent with a conceptual model in which the unit types receive dominant inputs from different sources and shows that these functionally segregated pathways are specialized to play complementary roles in the processing of auditory information.  (+info)

Conductive hearing loss produces a reversible binaural hearing impairment. (5/910)

Conductive hearing loss, produced by otitis media with effusion, is widespread in young children. However, little is known about its short- or long-term effects on hearing or the brain. To study the consequences of a conductive loss for the perception and processing of sounds, we plugged the left ear canal of ferrets for 7-15 months during either infancy or adulthood. Before or during plugging, the ferrets were trained to perform a binaural task requiring the detection of a 500 Hz tone, positioned 90 degrees to the right, that was masked by two sources of broad-band noise. In one condition ("control"), both noise sources were 90 degrees right and, in the second condition ("bilateral"), one noise source was moved to 90 degrees left. Normal ferrets showed binaural unmasking: tone detection thresholds were lower (mean 10.1 dB) for the bilateral condition than for the control condition. Both groups of ear-plugged ferrets had reduced unmasking; the mean residual unmasking was 2.3 dB for the infant and 0.7 dB for the adult ear-plugged animals. After unplugging, unmasking increased in both groups (infant, 7.1 dB; adult, 6.9 dB) but not to normal levels. Repeated testing during the 22 months after unplugging revealed a gradual return to normal levels of unmasking. These results show that a unilateral conductive hearing loss, in either infancy or adulthood, impairs binaural hearing both during and after the hearing loss. They show scant evidence for adaptation to the plug and demonstrate a recovery from the impairment that occurs over a period of several months after restoration of normal peripheral function.  (+info)

Mosquito hearing: sound-induced antennal vibrations in male and female Aedes aegypti. (6/910)

Male mosquitoes are attracted by the flight sounds of conspecific females. In males only, the antennal flagellum bears a large number of long hairs and is therefore said to be plumose. As early as 1855, it was proposed that this remarkable antennal anatomy served as a sound-receiving structure. In the present study, the sound-induced vibrations of the antennal flagellum in male and female Aedes aegypti were compared, and the functional significance of the flagellar hairs for audition was examined. In both males and females, the antennae are resonantly tuned mechanical systems that move as simple forced damped harmonic oscillators when acoustically stimulated. The best frequency of the female antenna is around 230 Hz; that of the male is around 380 Hz, which corresponds approximately to the fundamental frequency of female flight sounds. The antennal hairs of males are resonantly tuned to frequencies between approximately 2600 and 3100 Hz and are therefore stiffly coupled to, and move together with, the flagellar shaft when stimulated at biologically relevant frequencies around 380 Hz. Because of this stiff coupling, forces acting on the hairs can be transmitted to the shaft and thus to the auditory sensory organ at the base of the flagellum, a process that is proposed to improve acoustic sensitivity. Indeed, the mechanical sensitivity of the male antenna not only exceeds the sensitivity of the female antenna but also those of all other arthropod movement receivers studied so far.  (+info)

Bilateral ablation of auditory cortex in Mongolian gerbil affects discrimination of frequency modulated tones but not of pure tones. (7/910)

This study examines the role of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil in differential conditioning to pure tones and to linearly frequency-modulated (FM) tones by analyzing the effects of bilateral auditory cortex ablation. Learning behavior and performance were studied in a GO/NO-GO task aiming at avoidance of a mild foot shock by crossing a hurdle in a two-way shuttle box. Hurdle crossing as the conditioned response to the reinforced stimulus (CR+), as false alarm in response to the unreinforced stimulus (CR-), intertrial activity, and reaction times were monitored. The analysis revealed no effects of lesion on pure tone discrimination but impairment of FM tone discrimination. In the latter case lesion effects were dependent on timing of lesion relative to FM tone discrimination training. Lesions before training in naive animals led to a reduced CR+ rate and had no effect on CR- rate. Lesions in pretrained animals led to an increased CR- rate without effects on the CR+ rate. The results suggest that auditory cortex plays a more critical role in discrimination of FM tones than in discrimination of pure tones. The different lesion effects on FM tone discrimination before and after training are compatible with both the hypothesis of a purely sensory deficit in FM tone processing and the hypothesis of a differential involvement of auditory cortex in acquisition and retention, respectively.  (+info)

Contractile properties of muscles used in sound production and locomotion in two species of gray tree frog. (8/910)

The sound-producing muscles of frogs and toads are interesting because they have been selected to produce high-power outputs at high frequencies. The two North American species of gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor, are a diploid-tetraploid species pair. They are morphologically identical, but differ in the structure of their advertisement calls. H. chrysoscelis produces very loud pulsed calls by contracting its calling muscles at approximately 40 Hz at 20 degrees C, whereas, H. versicolor operates the homologous muscles at approximately 20 Hz at this temperature. This study examined the matching of the intrinsic contractile properties of the calling muscles to their frequency of use. I measured the isotonic and isometric contractile properties of two calling muscles, the laryngeal dilator, which presumably has a role in modulating call structure, and the external oblique, which is one of the muscles that provides the mechanical power for calling. I also examined the properties of the sartorius as a representative locomotor muscle. The calling muscles differ greatly in twitch kinetics between the two species. The calling muscles of H. chrysoscelis reach peak tension in a twitch after approximately 15 ms, compared with 25 ms for the same muscles in H. versicolor. The muscles also differ significantly in isotonic properties in the direction predicted from their calling frequencies. However, the maximum shortening velocities of the calling muscles of H. versicolor are only slightly lower than those of the comparable muscles of H. chrysoscelis. The calling muscles have similar maximum shortening velocities to the sartorius, but have much flatter force-velocity curves, which may be an adaptation to their role in cyclical power output. I conclude that twitch properties have been modified more by selection than have intrinsic shortening velocities. This difference corresponds to the differing roles of shortening velocity and twitch kinetics in determining power output at differing frequencies.  (+info)

In the context of medicine, particularly in the field of auscultation (the act of listening to the internal sounds of the body), "sound" refers to the noises produced by the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. These sounds are typically categorized into two types:

1. **Bradyacoustic sounds**: These are low-pitched sounds that are heard when there is a turbulent flow of blood or when two body structures rub against each other. An example would be the heart sound known as "S1," which is produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole (contraction of the heart's ventricles).

2. **High-pitched sounds**: These are sharper, higher-frequency sounds that can provide valuable diagnostic information. An example would be lung sounds, which include breath sounds like those heard during inhalation and exhalation, as well as adventitious sounds like crackles, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs.

It's important to note that these medical "sounds" are not the same as the everyday definition of sound, which refers to the sensation produced by stimulation of the auditory system by vibrations.

Sound localization is the ability of the auditory system to identify the location or origin of a sound source in the environment. It is a crucial aspect of hearing and enables us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively. The process involves several cues, including time differences in the arrival of sound to each ear (interaural time difference), differences in sound level at each ear (interaural level difference), and spectral information derived from the filtering effects of the head and external ears on incoming sounds. These cues are analyzed by the brain to determine the direction and distance of the sound source, allowing for accurate localization.

Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the movement of blood through it. They are caused by the vibration of the cardiac structures, such as the valves, walls, and blood vessels, during the cardiac cycle.

There are two normal heart sounds, often described as "lub-dub," that can be heard through a stethoscope. The first sound (S1) is caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole, when the ventricles contract to pump blood out to the body and lungs. The second sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole, as the ventricles relax and the ventricular pressure decreases, allowing the valves to close.

Abnormal heart sounds, such as murmurs, clicks, or extra sounds (S3 or S4), may indicate cardiac disease or abnormalities in the structure or function of the heart. These sounds can be evaluated through a process called auscultation, which involves listening to the heart with a stethoscope and analyzing the intensity, pitch, quality, and timing of the sounds.

Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.

During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.

Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.

The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.

Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.

Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of sound, its production, transmission, and effects. In a medical context, acoustics may refer to the use of sound waves in medical procedures such as:

1. Diagnostic ultrasound: This technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues. It is commonly used during pregnancy to monitor fetal development, but it can also be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and musculoskeletal injuries.
2. Therapeutic ultrasound: This technique uses low-frequency sound waves to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is often used to treat soft tissue injuries, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal conditions.
3. Otology: Acoustics also plays a crucial role in the field of otology, which deals with the study and treatment of hearing and balance disorders. The shape, size, and movement of the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear all affect how sound waves are transmitted and perceived. Abnormalities in any of these structures can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems.

In summary, acoustics is an important field of study in medicine that has applications in diagnosis, therapy, and the understanding of various medical conditions related to sound and hearing.

Auditory pathways refer to the series of structures and nerves in the body that are involved in processing sound and transmitting it to the brain for interpretation. The process begins when sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the eardrum, which then move the bones in the middle ear. These movements stimulate hair cells in the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear, causing them to release neurotransmitters that activate auditory nerve fibers.

The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are relayed through several additional structures before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe of the brain. Here, the signals are processed and interpreted as sounds, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other environmental noises.

Damage or dysfunction at any point along the auditory pathway can lead to hearing loss or impairment.

Hearing is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting vibrations in the air or other mediums and translating them into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for interpretation. In medical terms, hearing is defined as the sense of sound perception, which is mediated by the ear and interpreted by the brain. It involves a complex series of processes, including the conduction of sound waves through the outer ear to the eardrum, the vibration of the middle ear bones, and the movement of fluid in the inner ear, which stimulates hair cells to send electrical signals to the auditory nerve and ultimately to the brain. Hearing allows us to communicate with others, appreciate music and sounds, and detect danger or important events in our environment.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.

In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.

Respiratory sounds are the noises produced by the airflow through the respiratory tract during breathing. These sounds can provide valuable information about the health and function of the lungs and airways. They are typically categorized into two main types: normal breath sounds and adventitious (or abnormal) breath sounds.

Normal breath sounds include:

1. Vesicular breath sounds: These are soft, low-pitched sounds heard over most of the lung fields during quiet breathing. They are produced by the movement of air through the alveoli and smaller bronchioles.
2. Bronchovesicular breath sounds: These are medium-pitched, hollow sounds heard over the mainstem bronchi and near the upper sternal border during both inspiration and expiration. They are a combination of vesicular and bronchial breath sounds.

Abnormal or adventitious breath sounds include:

1. Crackles (or rales): These are discontinuous, non-musical sounds that resemble the crackling of paper or bubbling in a fluid-filled container. They can be heard during inspiration and are caused by the sudden opening of collapsed airways or the movement of fluid within the airways.
2. Wheezes: These are continuous, musical sounds resembling a whistle. They are produced by the narrowing or obstruction of the airways, causing turbulent airflow.
3. Rhonchi: These are low-pitched, rumbling, continuous sounds that can be heard during both inspiration and expiration. They are caused by the vibration of secretions or fluids in the larger airways.
4. Stridor: This is a high-pitched, inspiratory sound that resembles a harsh crowing or barking noise. It is usually indicative of upper airway narrowing or obstruction.

The character, location, and duration of respiratory sounds can help healthcare professionals diagnose various respiratory conditions, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis.

The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.

Heart auscultation is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the sounds produced by the heart. The process involves placing the stethoscope on various locations of the chest wall to hear different areas of the heart.

The sounds heard during auscultation are typically related to the opening and closing of the heart valves, as well as the turbulence created by blood flow through the heart chambers. These sounds can provide important clues about the structure and function of the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose various cardiovascular conditions such as heart murmurs, valvular disorders, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Heart auscultation is a key component of a physical examination and requires proper training and experience to interpret the findings accurately.

Auscultation is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the internal sounds of the body, such as heart, lung, or abdominal sounds. These sounds can provide important clues about a person's health and help diagnose various medical conditions, such as heart valve problems, lung infections, or digestive issues.

During auscultation, the healthcare professional places the stethoscope on different parts of the body and listens for any abnormal sounds, such as murmurs, rubs, or wheezes. They may also ask the person to perform certain movements, such as breathing deeply or coughing, to help identify any changes in the sounds.

Auscultation is a simple, non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information about a person's health. It is an essential part of a physical examination and is routinely performed by healthcare professionals during regular checkups and hospital visits.

Animal vocalization refers to the production of sound by animals through the use of the vocal organs, such as the larynx in mammals or the syrinx in birds. These sounds can serve various purposes, including communication, expressing emotions, attracting mates, warning others of danger, and establishing territory. The complexity and diversity of animal vocalizations are vast, with some species capable of producing intricate songs or using specific calls to convey different messages. In a broader sense, animal vocalizations can also include sounds produced through other means, such as stridulation in insects.

Animal communication is the transmission of information from one animal to another. This can occur through a variety of means, including visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical signals. For example, animals may use body postures, facial expressions, vocalizations, touch, or the release of chemicals (such as pheromones) to convey messages to conspecifics.

Animal communication can serve a variety of functions, including coordinating group activities, warning others of danger, signaling reproductive status, and establishing social hierarchies. In some cases, animal communication may also involve the use of sophisticated cognitive abilities, such as the ability to understand and interpret complex signals or to learn and remember the meanings of different signals.

It is important to note that while animals are capable of communicating with one another, this does not necessarily mean that they have language in the same sense that humans do. Language typically involves a system of arbitrary symbols that are used to convey meaning, and it is not clear to what extent animals are able to use such symbolic systems. However, many animals are certainly able to communicate effectively using their own species-specific signals and behaviors.

Phonocardiography is a non-invasive medical procedure that involves the graphical representation and analysis of sounds produced by the heart. It uses a device called a phonocardiograph to record these sounds, which are then displayed as waveforms on a screen. The procedure is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques, such as electrocardiography (ECG), to help diagnose various heart conditions, including valvular heart disease and heart murmurs.

During the procedure, a specialized microphone called a phonendoscope is placed on the chest wall over the area of the heart. The microphone picks up the sounds generated by the heart's movements, such as the closing and opening of the heart valves, and transmits them to the phonocardiograph. The phonocardiograph then converts these sounds into a visual representation, which can be analyzed for any abnormalities or irregularities in the heart's function.

Phonocardiography is a valuable tool for healthcare professionals, as it can provide important insights into the health and functioning of the heart. By analyzing the waveforms produced during phonocardiography, doctors can identify any potential issues with the heart's valves or other structures, which may require further investigation or treatment. Overall, phonocardiography is an essential component of modern cardiac diagnostics, helping to ensure that patients receive accurate and timely diagnoses for their heart conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "music" is not a term that has a medical definition. Music is a form of art that uses sound organized in time. It may include elements such as melody, harmony, rhythm, and dynamics. While music can have various psychological and physiological effects on individuals, it is not considered a medical term with a specific diagnosis or treatment application. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

The inferior colliculi are a pair of rounded eminences located in the midbrain, specifically in the tectum of the mesencephalon. They play a crucial role in auditory processing and integration. The inferior colliculi receive inputs from various sources, including the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, and cortical areas. They then send their outputs to the medial geniculate body, which is a part of the thalamus that relays auditory information to the auditory cortex.

In summary, the inferior colliculi are important structures in the auditory pathway that help process and integrate auditory information before it reaches the cerebral cortex for further analysis and perception.

Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.

Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Pitch perception is the ability to identify and discriminate different frequencies or musical notes. It is the way our auditory system interprets and organizes sounds based on their highness or lowness, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves. A higher pitch corresponds to a higher frequency, while a lower pitch corresponds to a lower frequency. Pitch perception is an important aspect of hearing and is crucial for understanding speech, enjoying music, and localizing sounds in our environment. It involves complex processing in the inner ear and auditory nervous system.

Echolocation is a biological sonar system used by certain animals to navigate and locate objects in their environment. It is most commonly associated with bats and dolphins, although some other species such as shrews and cave-dwelling birds also use this method.

In echolocation, the animal emits a series of sounds, often in the form of clicks or chirps, which travel through the air or water until they hit an object. The sound then reflects off the object and returns to the animal, providing information about the distance, size, shape, and location of the object.

By analyzing the time delay between the emission of the sound and the reception of the echo, as well as the frequency changes in the echo caused by the movement of the object or the animal itself, the animal can create a mental image of its surroundings and navigate through it with great precision.

Air sacs, also known as alveoli, are tiny air-filled sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs during respiration. They are a part of the respiratory system in mammals and birds. In humans, the lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, which are clustered together in small groups called alveolar sacs. The walls of the air sacs are extremely thin, allowing for the easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the sacs and the blood in the capillaries that surround them.

Loudness perception refers to the subjective experience of the intensity or volume of a sound, which is a psychological response to the physical property of sound pressure level. It is a measure of how loud or soft a sound seems to an individual, and it can be influenced by various factors such as frequency, duration, and the context in which the sound is heard.

The perception of loudness is closely related to the concept of sound intensity, which is typically measured in decibels (dB). However, while sound intensity is an objective physical measurement, loudness is a subjective experience that can vary between individuals and even for the same individual under different listening conditions.

Loudness perception is a complex process that involves several stages of auditory processing, including mechanical transduction of sound waves by the ear, neural encoding of sound information in the auditory nerve, and higher-level cognitive processes that interpret and modulate the perceived loudness of sounds. Understanding the mechanisms underlying loudness perception is important for developing hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive listening devices, as well as for diagnosing and treating various hearing disorders.

The cochlear nerve, also known as the auditory nerve, is the sensory nerve that transmits sound signals from the inner ear to the brain. It consists of two parts: the outer spiral ganglion and the inner vestibular portion. The spiral ganglion contains the cell bodies of the bipolar neurons that receive input from hair cells in the cochlea, which is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear responsible for hearing. These neurons then send their axons to form the cochlear nerve, which travels through the internal auditory meatus and synapses with neurons in the cochlear nuclei located in the brainstem.

Damage to the cochlear nerve can result in hearing loss or deafness, depending on the severity of the injury. Common causes of cochlear nerve damage include acoustic trauma, such as exposure to loud noises, viral infections, meningitis, and tumors affecting the nerve or surrounding structures. In some cases, cochlear nerve damage may be treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive devices to help restore or improve hearing function.

Pattern recognition in the context of physiology refers to the ability to identify and interpret specific patterns or combinations of physiological variables or signals that are characteristic of certain physiological states, conditions, or functions. This process involves analyzing data from various sources such as vital signs, biomarkers, medical images, or electrophysiological recordings to detect meaningful patterns that can provide insights into the underlying physiology or pathophysiology of a given condition.

Physiological pattern recognition is an essential component of clinical decision-making and diagnosis, as it allows healthcare professionals to identify subtle changes in physiological function that may indicate the presence of a disease or disorder. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, as well as to guide the development of new therapies and medical technologies.

Pattern recognition algorithms and techniques are often used in physiological signal processing and analysis to automate the identification and interpretation of patterns in large datasets. These methods can help to improve the accuracy and efficiency of physiological pattern recognition, enabling more personalized and precise approaches to healthcare.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.

The ear is the sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance. It can be divided into three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna (the visible part of the ear) and the external auditory canal, which directs sound waves toward the eardrum. The middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The inner ear contains the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain, and the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance.

Pitch discrimination, in the context of audiology and neuroscience, refers to the ability to perceive and identify the difference in pitch between two or more sounds. It is the measure of how accurately an individual can distinguish between different frequencies or tones. This ability is crucial for various aspects of hearing, such as understanding speech, appreciating music, and localizing sound sources.

Pitch discrimination is typically measured using psychoacoustic tests, where a listener is presented with two sequential tones and asked to determine whether the second tone is higher or lower in pitch than the first one. The smallest detectable difference between the frequencies of these two tones is referred to as the "just noticeable difference" (JND) or the "difference limen." This value can be used to quantify an individual's pitch discrimination abilities and may vary depending on factors such as frequency, intensity, and age.

Deficits in pitch discrimination can have significant consequences for various aspects of daily life, including communication difficulties and reduced enjoyment of music. These deficits can result from damage to the auditory system due to factors like noise exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions, such as hearing loss or neurological disorders.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

A stethoscope is a medical device used for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is most commonly used to hear the heartbeat, lung sounds, and blood flow in the major arteries. The device consists of a small disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the skin, connected by tubing to two earpieces. Stethoscopes come in different types and designs, but all serve the primary purpose of amplifying and transmitting body sounds to facilitate medical diagnosis.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

Strigiformes is a biological order that consists of around 200 extant species of birds, more commonly known as owls. This group is placed within the class Aves and is part of the superorder Coraciiformes. The Strigiformes are divided into two families: Tytonidae, also known as barn-owls, and Strigidae, which includes typical owls.

Owls are characterized by their unique morphological features, such as large heads, forward-facing eyes, short hooked beaks, and strong talons for hunting. They have specialized adaptations that allow them to be nocturnal predators, including excellent night vision and highly developed hearing abilities. Owls primarily feed on small mammals, birds, insects, and other creatures, depending on their size and habitat.

The medical community may not directly use the term 'Strigiformes' in a clinical setting. However, understanding the ecological roles of various animal groups, including Strigiformes, can help inform public health initiatives and disease surveillance efforts. For example, owls play an essential role in controlling rodent populations, which can have implications for human health by reducing the risk of diseases spread by these animals.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Chiroptera is the scientific order that includes all bat species. Bats are the only mammals capable of sustained flight, and they are distributed worldwide with the exception of extremely cold environments. They vary greatly in size, from the bumblebee bat, which weighs less than a penny, to the giant golden-crowned flying fox, which has a wingspan of up to 6 feet.

Bats play a crucial role in many ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers for plants, and they also help control insect populations. Some bat species are nocturnal and use echolocation to navigate and find food, while others are diurnal and rely on their vision. Their diet mainly consists of insects, fruits, nectar, and pollen, although a few species feed on blood or small vertebrates.

Unfortunately, many bat populations face significant threats due to habitat loss, disease, and wind turbine collisions, leading to declining numbers and increased conservation efforts.

In the context of medicine, "cues" generally refer to specific pieces of information or signals that can help healthcare professionals recognize and respond to a particular situation or condition. These cues can come in various forms, such as:

1. Physical examination findings: For example, a patient's abnormal heart rate or blood pressure reading during a physical exam may serve as a cue for the healthcare professional to investigate further.
2. Patient symptoms: A patient reporting chest pain, shortness of breath, or other concerning symptoms can act as a cue for a healthcare provider to consider potential diagnoses and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
3. Laboratory test results: Abnormal findings on laboratory tests, such as elevated blood glucose levels or abnormal liver function tests, may serve as cues for further evaluation and diagnosis.
4. Medical history information: A patient's medical history can provide valuable cues for healthcare professionals when assessing their current health status. For example, a history of smoking may increase the suspicion for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms.
5. Behavioral or environmental cues: In some cases, behavioral or environmental factors can serve as cues for healthcare professionals to consider potential health risks. For instance, exposure to secondhand smoke or living in an area with high air pollution levels may increase the risk of developing respiratory conditions.

Overall, "cues" in a medical context are essential pieces of information that help healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient care and treatment.

The ear canal, also known as the external auditory canal, is the tubular passage that extends from the outer ear (pinna) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is lined with skin and tiny hairs, and is responsible for conducting sound waves from the outside environment to the middle and inner ear. The ear canal is typically about 2.5 cm long in adults and has a self-cleaning mechanism that helps to keep it free of debris and wax.

The ear auricle, also known as the pinna or outer ear, is the visible external structure of the ear that serves to collect and direct sound waves into the ear canal. It is composed of cartilage and skin and is shaped like a curved funnel. The ear auricle consists of several parts including the helix (the outer rim), antihelix (the inner curved prominence), tragus and antitragus (the small pointed eminences in front of and behind the ear canal opening), concha (the bowl-shaped area that directs sound into the ear canal), and lobule (the fleshy lower part hanging from the ear).

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs due to exposure to harmful levels of noise. The damage can be caused by a one-time exposure to an extremely loud sound or by continuous exposure to lower level sounds over time. NIHL can affect people of all ages and can cause permanent damage to the hair cells in the cochlea, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments. Prevention measures include avoiding excessive noise exposure, wearing hearing protection, and taking regular breaks from noisy activities.

Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.

The olivary nucleus is a structure located in the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem. It consists of two main parts: the inferior olive and the accessory olive. The inferior olive is further divided into several subnuclei.

The olivary nucleus plays an important role in the coordination of movements, particularly in the regulation of fine motor control and rhythmic movements. It receives input from various sources, including the cerebellum, spinal cord, and other brainstem nuclei, and sends output to the cerebellum via the climbing fibers.

Damage to the olivary nucleus can result in a variety of neurological symptoms, including ataxia (loss of coordination), tremors, and dysarthria (speech difficulties). Certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple system atrophy, may also affect the olivary nucleus and contribute to its degeneration.

In the context of medicine and physiology, vibration refers to the mechanical oscillation of a physical body or substance with a periodic back-and-forth motion around an equilibrium point. This motion can be produced by external forces or internal processes within the body.

Vibration is often measured in terms of frequency (the number of cycles per second) and amplitude (the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position). In clinical settings, vibration perception tests are used to assess peripheral nerve function and diagnose conditions such as neuropathy.

Prolonged exposure to whole-body vibration or hand-transmitted vibration in certain occupational settings can also have adverse health effects, including hearing loss, musculoskeletal disorders, and vascular damage.

Perceptual masking, also known as sensory masking or just masking, is a concept in sensory perception that refers to the interference in the ability to detect or recognize a stimulus (the target) due to the presence of another stimulus (the mask). This phenomenon can occur across different senses, including audition and vision.

In the context of hearing, perceptual masking occurs when one sound (the masker) makes it difficult to hear another sound (the target) because the two sounds are presented simultaneously or in close proximity to each other. The masker can make the target sound less detectable, harder to identify, or even completely inaudible.

There are different types of perceptual masking, including:

1. Simultaneous Masking: When the masker and target sounds occur at the same time.
2. Temporal Masking: When the masker sound precedes or follows the target sound by a short period. This type of masking can be further divided into forward masking (when the masker comes before the target) and backward masking (when the masker comes after the target).
3. Informational Masking: A more complex form of masking that occurs when the listener's cognitive processes, such as attention or memory, are affected by the presence of the masker sound. This type of masking can make it difficult to understand speech in noisy environments, even if the signal-to-noise ratio is favorable.

Perceptual masking has important implications for understanding and addressing hearing difficulties, particularly in situations with background noise or multiple sounds occurring simultaneously.

Bone conduction is a type of hearing mechanism that involves the transmission of sound vibrations directly to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, bypassing the outer and middle ears. This occurs when sound waves cause the bones in the skull to vibrate, stimulating the cochlea (the spiral cavity of the inner ear) and its hair cells, which convert the mechanical energy of the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound.

Bone conduction is a natural part of the hearing process in humans, but it can also be used artificially through the use of bone-conduction devices, such as hearing aids or headphones, which transmit sound vibrations directly to the skull. This type of transmission can provide improved hearing for individuals with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided deafness, as it bypasses damaged or obstructed outer and middle ears.

Audiometry is the testing of a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is typically conducted using an audiometer, a device that emits tones at varying volumes and frequencies. The person being tested wears headphones and indicates when they can hear the tone by pressing a button or raising their hand.

There are two main types of audiometry: pure-tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Pure-tone audiometry measures a person's ability to hear different frequencies at varying volumes, while speech audiometry measures a person's ability to understand spoken words at different volumes and in the presence of background noise.

The results of an audiometry test are typically plotted on an audiogram, which shows the quietest sounds that a person can hear at different frequencies. This information can be used to diagnose hearing loss, determine its cause, and develop a treatment plan.

Auditory perceptual disorders, also known as auditory processing disorders (APD), refer to a group of hearing-related problems in which the ears are able to hear sounds normally, but the brain has difficulty interpreting or making sense of those sounds. This means that individuals with APD have difficulty recognizing and discriminating speech sounds, especially in noisy environments. They may also have trouble identifying where sounds are coming from, distinguishing between similar sounds, and understanding spoken language when it is rapid or complex.

APD can lead to difficulties in academic performance, communication, and social interactions. It is important to note that APD is not a hearing loss, but rather a problem with how the brain processes auditory information. Diagnosis of APD typically involves a series of tests administered by an audiologist, and treatment may include specialized therapy and/or assistive listening devices.

Occupational noise is defined as exposure to excessive or harmful levels of sound in the workplace that has the potential to cause adverse health effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, and stress-related symptoms. The measurement of occupational noise is typically expressed in units of decibels (dB), and the permissible exposure limits are regulated by organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States.

Exposure to high levels of occupational noise can lead to permanent hearing loss, which is often irreversible. It can also interfere with communication and concentration, leading to decreased productivity and increased risk of accidents. Therefore, it is essential to implement appropriate measures to control and reduce occupational noise exposure in the workplace.

A heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard during a heartbeat, which is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. It is often described as a blowing, whooshing, or rasping noise. Heart murmurs can be innocent (harmless and not associated with any heart disease) or pathological (indicating an underlying heart condition). They are typically detected during routine physical examinations using a stethoscope. The classification of heart murmurs includes systolic, diastolic, continuous, and functional murmurs, based on the timing and auscultatory location. Various heart conditions, such as valvular disorders, congenital heart defects, or infections, can cause pathological heart murmurs. Further evaluation with diagnostic tests like echocardiography is often required to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, which is a part of the middle ear. It is also known as the "stirrup" because of its U-shaped structure. The stapes connects the inner ear to the middle ear, transmitting sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear. More specifically, it is the third bone in the series of three bones (the ossicles) that conduct sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.

Articulation disorders are speech sound disorders that involve difficulties producing sounds correctly and forming clear, understandable speech. These disorders can affect the way sounds are produced, the order in which they're pronounced, or both. Articulation disorders can be developmental, occurring as a child learns to speak, or acquired, resulting from injury, illness, or disease.

People with articulation disorders may have trouble pronouncing specific sounds (e.g., lisping), omitting sounds, substituting one sound for another, or distorting sounds. These issues can make it difficult for others to understand their speech and can lead to frustration, social difficulties, and communication challenges in daily life.

Speech-language pathologists typically diagnose and treat articulation disorders using various techniques, including auditory discrimination exercises, phonetic placement activities, and oral-motor exercises to improve muscle strength and control. Early intervention is essential for optimal treatment outcomes and to minimize the potential impact on a child's academic, social, and emotional development.

The basilar membrane is a key structure within the inner ear that plays a crucial role in hearing. It is a narrow, flexible strip of tissue located inside the cochlea, which is the spiral-shaped organ responsible for converting sound waves into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

The basilar membrane runs along the length of the cochlea's duct and is attached to the rigid bony structures at both ends. It varies in width and stiffness along its length, with the widest and most flexible portion located near the entrance of the cochlea and the narrowest and stiffest portion located near the apex.

When sound waves enter the inner ear, they cause vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlear duct. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, causing it to flex up and down. The specific pattern of flexion along the length of the basilar membrane depends on the frequency of the sound wave. Higher frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the base of the cochlea, while lower frequency sounds cause maximum flexion near the apex.

As the basilar membrane flexes, it causes the attached hair cells to bend. This bending stimulates the hair cells to release neurotransmitters, which then activate the auditory nerve fibers. The pattern of neural activity in the auditory nerve encodes the frequency and amplitude of the sound wave, allowing the brain to interpret the sound.

Overall, the basilar membrane is a critical component of the hearing process, enabling us to detect and discriminate different sounds based on their frequency and amplitude.

Time perception, in the context of medicine and neuroscience, refers to the subjective experience and cognitive representation of time intervals. It is a complex process that involves the integration of various sensory, attentional, and emotional factors.

Disorders or injuries to certain brain regions, such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, or cerebellum, can affect time perception, leading to symptoms such as time distortion, where time may seem to pass more slowly or quickly than usual. Additionally, some neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression, have been associated with altered time perception.

Assessment of time perception is often used in neuropsychological evaluations to help diagnose and monitor the progression of certain neurological disorders. Various tests exist to measure time perception, such as the temporal order judgment task, where individuals are asked to judge which of two stimuli occurred first, or the duration estimation task, where individuals are asked to estimate the duration of a given stimulus.

In psychology, Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is a framework used to understand the ability to detect the presence or absence of a signal (such as a stimulus or event) in the presence of noise or uncertainty. It is often applied in sensory perception research, such as hearing and vision, where it helps to separate an observer's sensitivity to the signal from their response bias.

SDT involves measuring both hits (correct detections of the signal) and false alarms (incorrect detections when no signal is present). These measures are then used to calculate measures such as d', which reflects the observer's ability to discriminate between the signal and noise, and criterion (C), which reflects the observer's response bias.

SDT has been applied in various fields of psychology, including cognitive psychology, clinical psychology, and neuroscience, to study decision-making, memory, attention, and perception. It is a valuable tool for understanding how people make decisions under uncertainty and how they trade off accuracy and caution in their responses.

Kinetocardiography (often abbreviated as KCG) is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, in general terms, it appears to refer to a method of measuring and recording the motion or vibrations of the chest wall that may be related to cardiac activity. It's possible that this term is used in some specific research or technical contexts, but it does not have a standardized medical definition.

It's important to note that there is another term called "ballistocardiography" (BCG) which is a non-invasive method of measuring the mechanical forces generated by the heart and great vessels during each cardiac cycle. BCG can provide information about various aspects of cardiovascular function, such as stroke volume, contractility, and vascular compliance. However, kinetocardiography does not seem to be synonymous with ballistocardiography or any other established medical technique.

Ultrasonics is a branch of physics and acoustics that deals with the study and application of sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing, typically 20 kilohertz or above. In the field of medicine, ultrasonics is commonly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications through the use of medical ultrasound.

Diagnostic medical ultrasound, also known as sonography, uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs, tissues, and bodily structures. A transducer probe emits and receives sound waves that bounce off body structures and reflect back to the probe, creating echoes that are then processed into an image. This technology is widely used in various medical specialties, such as obstetrics and gynecology, cardiology, radiology, and vascular medicine, to diagnose a range of conditions and monitor the health of organs and tissues.

Therapeutic ultrasound, on the other hand, uses lower-frequency sound waves to generate heat within body tissues, promoting healing, increasing local blood flow, and reducing pain and inflammation. This modality is often used in physical therapy and rehabilitation settings to treat soft tissue injuries, joint pain, and musculoskeletal disorders.

In summary, ultrasonics in medicine refers to the use of high-frequency sound waves for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, providing valuable information about internal body structures and facilitating healing processes.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Hyperacusis is a hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to sounds, where certain everyday noises are perceived as being excessively loud or uncomfortable, even painful. This condition can lead to avoidance behaviors and have a negative impact on a person's quality of life. It is different from normal hearing and requires medical evaluation to diagnose and manage.

Pure-tone audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. During the test, pure tones are presented to the patient through headphones or ear inserts, and the patient is asked to indicate each time they hear the sound by raising their hand, pressing a button, or responding verbally.

The softest sound that the person can hear at each frequency is recorded as the hearing threshold, and a graph called an audiogram is created to show the results. The audiogram provides information about the type and degree of hearing loss in each ear. Pure-tone audiometry is a standard hearing test used to diagnose and monitor hearing disorders.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain. These magnetic fields are detected by very sensitive devices called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), which are cooled to extremely low temperatures to enhance their sensitivity. MEG provides direct and real-time measurement of neural electrical activity with high temporal resolution, typically on the order of milliseconds, allowing for the investigation of brain function during various cognitive, sensory, and motor tasks. It is often used in conjunction with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, to provide complementary information about brain structure and function.

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

Auditory hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain.

These hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surface, which are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause the fluid within the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the stereocilia to bend. This bending motion opens ion channels at the tips of the stereocilia, allowing positively charged ions (such as potassium) to flow into the hair cells and trigger a receptor potential.

The receptor potential then leads to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cells, which activate afferent nerve fibers that synapse with these cells. The electrical signals generated by this process are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, where they are interpreted as sound.

There are two types of auditory hair cells: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells are the primary sensory receptors responsible for transmitting information about sound to the brain. They make direct contact with afferent nerve fibers and are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation than outer hair cells.

Outer hair cells, on the other hand, are involved in amplifying and fine-tuning the mechanical response of the inner ear to sound. They have a unique ability to contract and relax in response to electrical signals, which allows them to adjust the stiffness of their stereocilia and enhance the sensitivity of the cochlea to different frequencies.

Damage or loss of auditory hair cells can lead to hearing impairment or deafness, as these cells cannot regenerate spontaneously in mammals. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of hair cells is essential for developing therapies aimed at treating hearing disorders.

Computer-assisted signal processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer algorithms and software to analyze, interpret, and extract meaningful information from biological signals. These signals can include physiological data such as electrocardiogram (ECG) waves, electromyography (EMG) signals, electroencephalography (EEG) readings, or medical images.

The goal of computer-assisted signal processing is to automate the analysis of these complex signals and extract relevant features that can be used for diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Signal acquisition: Collecting raw data from sensors or medical devices.
2. Preprocessing: Cleaning and filtering the data to remove noise and artifacts.
3. Feature extraction: Identifying and quantifying relevant features in the signal, such as peaks, troughs, or patterns.
4. Analysis: Applying statistical or machine learning algorithms to interpret the extracted features and make predictions about the underlying physiological state.
5. Visualization: Presenting the results in a clear and intuitive way for clinicians to review and use.

Computer-assisted signal processing has numerous applications in healthcare, including:

* Diagnosing and monitoring cardiac arrhythmias or other heart conditions using ECG signals.
* Assessing muscle activity and function using EMG signals.
* Monitoring brain activity and diagnosing neurological disorders using EEG readings.
* Analyzing medical images to detect abnormalities, such as tumors or fractures.

Overall, computer-assisted signal processing is a powerful tool for improving the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis and monitoring, enabling clinicians to make more informed decisions about patient care.

An illusion is a perception in the brain that does not match the actual stimulus in the environment. It is often described as a false or misinterpreted sensory experience, where the senses perceive something that is different from the reality. Illusions can occur in any of the senses, including vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

In medical terms, illusions are sometimes associated with certain neurological conditions, such as migraines, brain injuries, or mental health disorders like schizophrenia. They can also be a side effect of certain medications or substances. In these cases, the illusions may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

It's important to note that while illusions are often used in the context of entertainment and art, they can also have serious implications for individuals who experience them frequently or as part of a medical condition.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Central hearing loss is a type of hearing disorder that occurs due to damage or dysfunction in the central auditory pathways of the brain, rather than in the ear itself. This condition can result from various causes, such as stroke, tumors, trauma, infection, or degenerative diseases affecting the brain.

In central hearing loss, the person may have difficulty understanding and processing speech, even when they can hear sounds at normal levels. They might experience problems with sound localization, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending complex auditory signals. This type of hearing loss is different from sensorineural or conductive hearing loss, which are related to issues in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

## I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "chinchilla."

A chinchilla is actually a type of rodent that is native to South America. They have thick, soft fur and are often kept as exotic pets or used in laboratory research. If you're looking for information about chinchillas in a medical context, such as their use in research or any potential health concerns related to keeping them as pets, I would be happy to help you try to find more information on those topics.

In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.

The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.

Speech production measurement is the quantitative analysis and assessment of various parameters and characteristics of spoken language, such as speech rate, intensity, duration, pitch, and articulation. These measurements can be used to diagnose and monitor speech disorders, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and conduct research in fields such as linguistics, psychology, and communication disorders. Speech production measurement tools may include specialized software, hardware, and techniques for recording, analyzing, and visualizing speech data.

Deafness is a hearing loss that is so severe that it results in significant difficulty in understanding or comprehending speech, even when using hearing aids. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired later in life due to various causes such as disease, injury, infection, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Deafness can range from mild to profound and may affect one ear (unilateral) or both ears (bilateral). In some cases, deafness may be accompanied by tinnitus, which is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears.

Deaf individuals often use American Sign Language (ASL) or other forms of sign language to communicate. Some people with less severe hearing loss may benefit from hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices. Deafness can have significant social, educational, and vocational implications, and early intervention and appropriate support services are critical for optimal development and outcomes.

Phonation is the process of sound production in speech, singing, or crying. It involves the vibration of the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords) in the larynx, which is located in the neck. When air from the lungs passes through the vibrating vocal folds, it causes them to vibrate and produce sound waves. These sound waves are then shaped into speech sounds by the articulatory structures of the mouth, nose, and throat.

Phonation is a critical component of human communication and is used in various forms of verbal expression, such as speaking, singing, and shouting. It requires precise control of the muscles that regulate the tension, mass, and length of the vocal folds, as well as the air pressure and flow from the lungs. Dysfunction in phonation can result in voice disorders, such as hoarseness, breathiness, or loss of voice.

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.

A hearing test is a procedure used to evaluate a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches, or frequencies. It is performed by a hearing healthcare professional in a sound-treated booth or room with calibrated audiometers. The test measures a person's hearing sensitivity at different frequencies and determines the quietest sounds they can hear, known as their hearing thresholds.

There are several types of hearing tests, including:

1. Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA): This is the most common type of hearing test, where the person is presented with pure tones at different frequencies and volumes through headphones or ear inserts. The person indicates when they hear the sound by pressing a button or raising their hand.
2. Speech Audiometry: This test measures a person's ability to understand speech at different volume levels. The person is asked to repeat words presented to them in quiet and in background noise.
3. Tympanometry: This test measures the function of the middle ear by creating variations in air pressure in the ear canal. It can help identify issues such as fluid buildup or a perforated eardrum.
4. Acoustic Reflex Testing: This test measures the body's natural response to loud sounds and can help identify the location of damage in the hearing system.
5. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): This test measures the sound that is produced by the inner ear when it is stimulated by a sound. It can help identify cochlear damage or abnormalities.

Hearing tests are important for diagnosing and monitoring hearing loss, as well as identifying any underlying medical conditions that may be causing the hearing problems.

Cochlear microphonic potentials (CMs) are electrical responses that originate from the hair cells in the cochlea, which is a part of the inner ear responsible for hearing. These potentials can be recorded using an electrode placed near the cochlea in response to sound stimulation.

The CMs are considered to be a passive response of the hair cells to the mechanical deflection caused by sound waves. They represent the receptor potential of the outer hair cells and are directly proportional to the sound pressure level. Unlike other electrical responses in the cochlea, such as the action potentials generated by the auditory nerve fibers, CMs do not require the presence of neurotransmitters or synaptic transmission.

Cochlear microphonic potentials have been used in research to study the biophysical properties of hair cells and their response to different types of sound stimuli. However, they are not typically used in clinical audiology due to their small amplitude and susceptibility to interference from other electrical signals in the body.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Perciformes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology, specifically in taxonomy and ichthyology (the study of fish). Perciformes is an order of ray-finned bony fishes that includes over 10,000 species, making it the largest order of vertebrates. Examples of fish within this order include perch, sea bass, sunfish, and tuna.

Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are low-level sounds that are produced by the inner ear (cochlea) without any external stimulation. They can be recorded in a quiet room using specialized microphones placed inside the ear canal. SOAEs are thought to arise from the motion of the hair cells within the cochlea, which generate tiny currents in response to sound. These currents then cause the surrounding fluid and tissue to vibrate, producing sound waves that can be detected with a microphone.

SOAEs are typically present in individuals with normal hearing, although their presence or absence is not a definitive indicator of hearing ability. They tend to occur at specific frequencies and can vary from person to person. In some cases, SOAEs may be absent or reduced in individuals with hearing loss or damage to the hair cells in the cochlea.

It's worth noting that SOAEs are different from evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs), which are sounds produced by the inner ear in response to external stimuli, such as clicks or tones. Both types of otoacoustic emissions are used in hearing tests and research to assess cochlear function and health.

The middle ear is the middle of the three parts of the ear, located between the outer ear and inner ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps regulate air pressure in the middle ear and protects against infection by allowing fluid to drain from the middle ear into the back of the throat.

"Dolphins" is a common name that refers to several species of marine mammals belonging to the family Delphinidae, within the larger group Cetacea. Dolphins are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and acrobatic displays. They are generally characterized by a streamlined body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive "smiling" expression created by the curvature of their mouths.

Although "dolphins" is sometimes used to refer to all members of the Delphinidae family, it is important to note that there are several other families within the Cetacea order, including porpoises and whales. Therefore, not all small cetaceans are dolphins.

Some examples of dolphin species include:

1. Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) - This is the most well-known and studied dolphin species, often featured in aquariums and marine parks. They have a robust body and a prominent, curved dorsal fin.
2. Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) - These dolphins are characterized by their hourglass-shaped color pattern and distinct, falcate dorsal fins. There are two subspecies: the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin.
3. Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) - Known for their acrobatic behavior, spinner dolphins have a slender body and a long, thin beak. They are named for their spinning jumps out of the water.
4. Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) - These dolphins have a unique appearance, with a robust body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive, scarred skin pattern caused by social interactions and encounters with squid, their primary food source.
5. Orca (Orcinus orca) - Also known as the killer whale, orcas are the largest dolphin species and are highly intelligent and social predators. They have a distinctive black-and-white color pattern and a prominent dorsal fin.

In medical terminology, "dolphins" do not have a specific relevance, but they can be used in various contexts such as therapy, research, or education. For instance, dolphin-assisted therapy is an alternative treatment that involves interactions between patients and dolphins to improve psychological and physical well-being. Additionally, marine biologists and researchers study dolphin behavior, communication, and cognition to understand their complex social structures and intelligence better.

An electronic amplifier is a device that increases the power of an electrical signal. It does this by taking a small input signal and producing a larger output signal while maintaining the same or similar signal shape. Amplifiers are used in various applications, such as audio systems, radio communications, and medical equipment.

In medical terminology, electronic amplifiers can be found in different diagnostic and therapeutic devices. For example, they are used in electrocardiogram (ECG) machines to amplify the small electrical signals generated by the heart, making them strong enough to be recorded and analyzed. Similarly, in electromyography (EMG) tests, electronic amplifiers are used to amplify the weak electrical signals produced by muscles.

In addition, electronic amplifiers play a crucial role in neurostimulation devices such as cochlear implants, which require amplification of electrical signals to stimulate the auditory nerve and restore hearing in individuals with severe hearing loss. Overall, electronic amplifiers are essential components in many medical applications that involve the detection, measurement, or manipulation of weak electrical signals.

Speech articulation tests are diagnostic assessments used to determine the presence, nature, and severity of speech sound disorders in individuals. These tests typically involve the assessment of an individual's ability to produce specific speech sounds in words, sentences, and conversational speech. The tests may include measures of sound production, phonological processes, oral-motor function, and speech intelligibility.

The results of a speech articulation test can help identify areas of weakness or error in an individual's speech sound system and inform the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve speech clarity and accuracy. Speech articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate children and adults with speech sound disorders, including those related to developmental delays, hearing impairment, structural anomalies, neurological conditions, or other factors that may affect speech production.

Transportation noise is not a medical condition itself, but it is a significant environmental health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines transportation noise as noise produced by various transportation systems, including road traffic, railways, airports, and shipping.

Exposure to high levels of transportation noise can have adverse effects on human health, such as:

1. Sleep disturbance: Noise can interrupt sleep patterns, leading to difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and daytime sleepiness.
2. Cardiovascular disease: Prolonged exposure to high levels of transportation noise has been linked to an increased risk of hypertension, heart attack, and stroke.
3. Impaired cognitive function: Children exposed to high levels of transportation noise may experience impaired cognitive functioning, including difficulties with reading, memory, and attention.
4. Annoyance and stress: Exposure to transportation noise can cause annoyance, frustration, and stress, which can negatively impact quality of life.
5. Hearing loss: Long-term exposure to high levels of transportation noise can lead to hearing loss or tinnitus.

It is essential to minimize exposure to transportation noise through various measures such as noise barriers, land-use planning, and traffic management to protect public health.

Neurological models are simplified representations or simulations of various aspects of the nervous system, including its structure, function, and processes. These models can be theoretical, computational, or physical and are used to understand, explain, and predict neurological phenomena. They may focus on specific neurological diseases, disorders, or functions, such as memory, learning, or movement. The goal of these models is to provide insights into the complex workings of the nervous system that cannot be easily observed or understood through direct examination alone.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

Auditory inner hair cells are specialized sensory receptor cells located in the inner ear, more specifically in the organ of Corti within the cochlea. They play a crucial role in hearing by converting mechanical sound energy into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by the brain.

Human ears have about 3,500 inner hair cells arranged in one row along the length of the basilar membrane in each cochlea. These hair cells are characterized by their stereocilia, which are hair-like projections on the apical surface that are embedded in a gelatinous matrix called the tectorial membrane.

When sound waves cause the basilar membrane to vibrate, the stereocilia of inner hair cells bend and deflect. This deflection triggers a cascade of biochemical events leading to the release of neurotransmitters at the base of the hair cell. These neurotransmitters then stimulate the afferent auditory nerve fibers (type I fibers) that synapse with the inner hair cells, transmitting the electrical signals to the brain for further processing and interpretation as sound.

Damage or loss of these inner hair cells can lead to significant hearing impairment or deafness, as they are essential for normal auditory function. Currently, there is no effective way to regenerate damaged inner hair cells in humans, making hearing loss due to their damage permanent.

Orthoptera is not a medical term, but rather a taxonomic order in zoology. It includes grasshoppers, crickets, and related insects. These insects are characterized by their long antennae, rear wings that are typically narrower than the front pair, and jumping or leaping locomotion.

While not directly related to medicine, some species of Orthoptera can have medical implications for humans. For example, certain types of ticks (which belong to a different order) can transmit diseases, and chigger mites (also not Orthoptera) can cause itchy skin rashes. However, the order Orthoptera itself does not have specific relevance to medical definitions or human health.

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

The ear ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body, which are located in the middle ear. They play a crucial role in the process of hearing by transmitting and amplifying sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The three ear ossicles are:

1. Malleus (hammer): The largest of the three bones, it is shaped like a hammer and connects to the eardrum.
2. Incus (anvil): The middle-sized bone, it looks like an anvil and connects the malleus to the stapes.
3. Stapes (stirrup): The smallest and lightest bone in the human body, it resembles a stirrup and transmits vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

Together, these tiny bones work to efficiently transfer sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear, enabling us to hear.

The external ear is the visible portion of the ear that resides outside of the head. It consists of two main structures: the pinna or auricle, which is the cartilaginous structure that people commonly refer to as the "ear," and the external auditory canal, which is the tubular passageway that leads to the eardrum (tympanic membrane).

The primary function of the external ear is to collect and direct sound waves into the middle and inner ear, where they can be converted into neural signals and transmitted to the brain for processing. The external ear also helps protect the middle and inner ear from damage by foreign objects and excessive noise.

In the context of medicine, particularly in neurolinguistics and speech-language pathology, language is defined as a complex system of communication that involves the use of symbols (such as words, signs, or gestures) to express and exchange information. It includes various components such as phonology (sound systems), morphology (word structures), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (social rules of use). Language allows individuals to convey their thoughts, feelings, and intentions, and to understand the communication of others. Disorders of language can result from damage to specific areas of the brain, leading to impairments in comprehension, production, or both.

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. In the context of medicine and biology, transducers often refer to devices that convert a physiological parameter (such as blood pressure, temperature, or sound waves) into an electrical signal that can be measured and analyzed. Examples of medical transducers include:

1. Blood pressure transducer: Converts the mechanical force exerted by blood on the walls of an artery into an electrical signal.
2. Temperature transducer: Converts temperature changes into electrical signals.
3. ECG transducer (electrocardiogram): Converts the electrical activity of the heart into a visual representation called an electrocardiogram.
4. Ultrasound transducer: Uses sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures.
5. Piezoelectric transducer: Generates an electric charge when subjected to pressure or vibration, used in various medical devices such as hearing aids, accelerometers, and pressure sensors.

Hearing aids are electronic devices designed to improve hearing and speech comprehension for individuals with hearing loss. They consist of a microphone, an amplifier, a speaker, and a battery. The microphone picks up sounds from the environment, the amplifier increases the volume of these sounds, and the speaker sends the amplified sound into the ear. Modern hearing aids often include additional features such as noise reduction, directional microphones, and wireless connectivity to smartphones or other devices. They are programmed to meet the specific needs of the user's hearing loss and can be adjusted for comfort and effectiveness. Hearing aids are available in various styles, including behind-the-ear (BTE), receiver-in-canal (RIC), in-the-ear (ITE), and completely-in-canal (CIC).

... sources Earphones Musical instrument Sonar Sound box Sound reproduction Sound measurement Acoustic impedance Acoustic ... amplitude Particle displacement Particle velocity Sound energy flux Sound impedance Sound intensity level Sound power Sound ... Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound ... The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates ...
"楽曲の検索|I've Sound Explorer". www.ivesound.jp. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2020-01-18. "楽曲の検索|I've Sound ... "I'veについて|I've Sound Explorer". I've Sound. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2013. "Key ... Low Trance Assembly: I've Sound official site (in Japanese) I've Sound discography at Discogs (CS1 Japanese-language sources ( ... I've Sound. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2021. "鳥の詩 / Lia|I've Sound Explorer". www. ...
It connects Pamlico Sound with Albemarle Sound, and is bordered to the east by Roanoke Island; Roanoke Sound is on the other ... The Croatan Sound is crossed by two bridges, the older William B. Umstead Bridge, and the newer Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge, ... 35°50′15″N 75°41′50″W / 35.83750°N 75.69722°W / 35.83750; -75.69722 Croatan Sound is an inlet in Dare County, North Carolina ... U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Croatan Sound v t e (Coordinates on Wikidata, Articles needing ...
In Cuan Sound, the north-going stream begins 4.5 hours after high water Oban and sets westward; the south-going stream begins ... Cuan Sound is a narrow channel, 200 metres (660 ft) wide, located in Argyll, western Scotland. It separates Seil and Luing and ... This coast from Cuan Sound to Easdale Bay is in many places foul and rocky for 1.5 cables of it. Sgeir na Faoileann, a rock ... Coirebhreacain and Cuan Sound are seldom attempted except near slack water. Bartholomew, John George (1904). The survey ...
... an American rock band Sound System (album), by The Clash Sound System: The Final Releases, a 2021 EP by Bad Gyal Sound-System ( ... Sound system may refer to: Sound reinforcement system, a system for amplifying audio for an audience or live performance. High ... Amplifier Sound system (DJ), a group of disc jockeys performing together Sound system (Jamaican), a group of disc jockeys, ... the study of sound systems of languages This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sound system. If an ...
... or Pinochet Strait (64°31′S 63°1′W / 64.517°S 63.017°W / -64.517; -63.017) is an east-west trending channel ... "Discovery Sound". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the ... This article incorporates public domain material from "Discovery Sound". Geographic Names Information System. United States ...
For a sound source, unlike sound pressure, sound power is neither room-dependent nor distance-dependent. Sound pressure is a ... Sound power is related to sound intensity: P = A I , {\displaystyle P=AI,} where A stands for the area; I stands for the sound ... Sound power is related sound energy density: P = A c w , {\displaystyle P=Acw,} where c stands for the speed of sound; w stands ... The reference sound power P0 is defined as the sound power with the reference sound intensity I0 = 1 pW/m2 passing through a ...
... ρ0 is the density of the medium without sound present; ρ is the local density of the medium; and c is the speed of sound. Sound ... Sound waves that have frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasonic and those above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic. Sound is a ... In physics, sound energy is a form of energy that can be heard by living things. Only those waves that have a frequency of 16 ... Consequently, the sound energy in a volume of interest is defined as the sum of the potential and kinetic energy densities ...
... is the American sound effects, sound editing, sound design, sound mixing and music recording division of ... Skywalker Sound's staff of sound designers and re-recording mixers have either won or been nominated for an Academy Award for ... since the category for Sound Editing had not yet been established. Skywalker Sound has won 15 Academy Awards and received 62 ... "8 Tips for Making Your Film Sound Great from the Industry's Top Sound Designers and Execs". IndieWire. Retrieved February 25, ...
The Murchison Sound (Danish: Murchison Sund; Greenlandic: Uummannaq) is a sound in the Avannaata municipality, NW Greenland. It ... The Murchison Sound separates Prudhoe Land and Piulip Nuna -part of the Greenland mainland- to the north from Kiatak ( ... On the south side of the islands the Whale Sound leads from the Baffin Bay to the Inglefield Fjord. The Robertson Fjord and the ... Sounds of North America, Straits of Greenland, Bodies of water of Baffin Bay, All stub articles, Greenland geography stubs). ...
The Antarctic Sound is a body of water about 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) long and from 7 to 12 nautical miles (13 to 22 km ... The sound is 30 nautical miles (56 km) long and from 7 to 12 nautical miles (13 to 22 km) wide. The Tabarin Peninsula forms the ... The Antarctic Sound is the stretch of water that separates Trinity Peninsula, the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, from the ... The sound was named by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskjöld for the expedition ship Antarctic which in 1902 ...
Sound Trooper UK Cup Clash 2006 - Bass Odyssey vs. Sound Trooper vs. Sentinel vs. King Tubbys vs. LP International vs. XTC 4x4 ... Sound Trooper (last three no-show) Claat.com - Reggae and Dancehall E-zine and Community - Sentinel Sound (GER) takes World ... Sentinel, Mailand, Italy Sound Fi Dead 2009 - Synemaxx vs. Black Kat vs. Sentinel vs. Black Blunt vs. Sound Trooper, Elderslie ... Sentinel Sound website Sentinel's Kingston Hot Radio Interview with Sentinel Sound (English, published on Reggae.Today) v t e v ...
... measure of the sound exposure of a sound relative to a reference value Sound power level, measure of the rate at which sound ... Sound level refers to various logarithmic measurements of audible vibrations and may refer to: Sound exposure level, ... measure of the effective pressure of a sound relative to a reference value Sound intensity level, measure of the intensity of a ... sound relative to a reference value Sound velocity level, measure of the effective particle velocity of a sound relative to a ...
"The Bosstown Sound or the Boston Sound". punkblowfish.com. Retrieved November 17, 2015. "The Barbarians: Are You a Boy or Are ... The Bosstown Sound (or Boston Sound) was the catchphrase of a marketing campaign to promote psychedelic rock and psychedelic ... "The Boston Sound BY Jay Ruby". Jazz & Pop magazine. Retrieved January 17, 2016. Wolfe, Peter. "The Bosstown Sound Article". ... "Bosstown Sound, 1968: The Music & the Time". allmusic.com. Retrieved January 17, 2016. Eder, Bruce. "Best of the Bosstown Sound ...
... he made southwards for the Davy Sound after having entered from Antarctic Sound. But Davy sound was blocked by ice and Nathorst ... The Davy Sound (Danish: Davy Sund) is a sound in King Christian X Land, Northeast Greenland. Administratively it is part of the ... The sound was named and put on the map by William Scoresby (1789 - 1857) in 1822 in honour of Cornish chemist and inventor Sir ... Davy Sound is a broad channel with a fjord structure that runs roughly from the Greenland Sea in the southeast to the northwest ...
Sound Producers Dean Marino and Jason Sadlowski Chemical Sound recording studio ChemicalSound.com The official Chemical Sound ... Chemical Sound recording studio, was located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1992, at 81 Portland Street by Murray ... The tube mics, live room, sound formant, and burlap baffled walls were some of the expertise. Clients at that time included ... In February 2012, Chemical Sound announced it was closing its operation but would honor bookings already scheduled. The ...
... is an ice-filled sound, 216 kilometres (134 mi) long and 64 km (40 mi) wide, separating Thurston ... Peacock Sound on USGS website Peacock Sound on SCAR website Peacock Sound on marineregions website Peacock Sound distance ... The sound is occupied by the western part of the Abbot Ice Shelf, and is therefore not navigable by ships. The feature was ... The sound was first noted to parallel the entire south coast of Thurston Island, thereby establishing insularity, by the USN ...
Brooks Peninsula Provincial Park British Columbia Coast Quatsino Sound Nootka Sound Clayoquot Sound Barkley Sound "Kyuquot ... Kyuquot Sound region, Sounds of British Columbia, All stub articles, British Columbia Coast geography stubs, Fjord stubs). ... The sound is named after the Kyuquot people, who are of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples by culture and language (incorrectly known ... Kyuquot Sound has main arms that branch out into the interior of Vancouver Island. Numerous islands can be found within the ...
... is also the name of the waterway separating Achill Island from the Irish mainland. Achill Sound is located on the ... Gob an Choire or Gob a' Choire (English name: Achill Sound), formerly anglicised as Gubacurra, is a Gaeltacht village in County ...
Only the most sophisticated sound masking systems can control the background sound level and spectra of masking sound ... Open offices can benefit from sound masking because the added sound covers existing sounds in the area - making workers less ... Sound masking systems are often relied upon as a basis of design with Sound Transmission Class (STC, as supported by ASTM E336 ... Direct field sound masking systems have been in use since the late 1990s. The name takes after the mechanics of sound ...
The fiord is located between Taitetimu / Caswell Sound and Hāwea / Bligh Sound, on the northern central Fiordland coast. At 26 ... George Sound. NZ Topographic Map: George Sound Reed, A.W. (1975). Place names of New Zealand. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed. pp ... Te Houhou / George Sound is a fiord of the South Island of New Zealand. It is one of the fiords that form the coast of ... George Sound extends in a roughly northwestern direction, and has two major indentations; Southwest Arm in the south, and ...
... refers to a particular synthesizer sound in electronic music, commonly used in rave techno, hardcore techno, ... mentasm normally refers to the sound sampled from this tune and re-used. This sound was widely used in Belgian techno tracks of ... The sound is characterised by its thick swirliness that stems from a fast LFO controlling the PWM and the chorus. It was ... The hoover sound generated on these synthesizers is unique for the use of a "PWM" sawtooth wave, which inserts flat segments of ...
The sound is home to bearded seal. Atlantic walrus (O. rosmarus rosmarus) have also been charted as far west as McDougall Sound ... The sound's southern mouth opens to the Parry Channel, and beyond that, to the Barrow Strait. The sound's northern mouth opens ... McDougall Sound is the namesake of George F. McDougall who explored the sound in 1851 while wintering with Capt. Horatio ... "Map of McDougall Sound (sound), Nunavut, Canada". encarta.msn.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-30.[dead link] Bray, E. F. d., & ...
The Sound School is a regional vocational aquaculture center situated in the City Point neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut ...
... began as a small mp3 blog in February 2006. Before launching Obscure Sound, founder Mike Mineo wrote for ... Obscure Sound publishes reviews, interviews, videos, editorials, and forums. In some cases, Obscure Sound has premiered ... Obscure Sound is an mp3 blog launched in the mid-2000s by Mike Mineo. The website is updated daily with articles and reviews ... In addition to the New York Times and The Guardian, Obscure Sound has also been featured in the Boston Globe, The Toronto Star ...
... is an uninhabited natural waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It separates Ellef Ringnes Island ... Sounds of Qikiqtaaluk Region, All stub articles, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut geography stubs). ...
Roanoke Island is situated at the southeastern corner of the sound, where it connects to Pamlico Sound. Much of the water in ... Museum of the Albemarle CSS Albemarle USS Albemarle (AV-5) "Albemarle Sound". Albemarle Sound , inlet, North Carolina, United ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Albemarle Sound. Elizabeth City Area Convention & Visitors Bureau "The Albemarle Sound ... as a result of river water pouring into the sound. Some small portions of the Albemarle have been given their own "sound" names ...
"Feature Album - Sound Awake". Triple J. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009. "2009 J Award - Sound Awake". Triple J. 17 July ... "Sound Awake - Karnivool". Allmusic. Retrieved 17 April 2014. Boelsen, Scott (16 June 2009). "Album Reviews : Karnivool - Sound ... Sound Awake], but there are little touches of something else." The songs on Sound Awake are longer than those on Themata, and ... Sound Awake was played as the 'feature album' on radio station Triple J. They played the entire album, one song per day, with ...
... is a sound on the Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is in the area of the Broughton Archipelago and located ... "Grappler Sound". BC Geographical Names. 50°55′00″N 126°52′00″W / 50.91667°N 126.86667°W / 50.91667; -126.86667 v t e ( ... Sounds of British Columbia, All stub articles, British Columbia Coast geography stubs). ... on the west side of Watson Island, which is in the entrance to Mackenzie Sound. It was named for HMS Grappler. " ...
... is the name given by Lev Landau in 1957 to the unique quantum vibrations in quantum Fermi liquids. The zero sound ... ordinary sound waves ("first sound") propagate with little absorption. But at low temperatures T {\displaystyle T} (where τ {\ ... Abel, W. R., Anderson, A. C., & Wheatley, J. C. (1966). Propagation of zero sound in liquid He 3 at low temperatures. Physical ... As the shape of Fermi distribution function changes slightly (or largely), zero sound propagates in the direction for the head ...
Sound sources Earphones Musical instrument Sonar Sound box Sound reproduction Sound measurement Acoustic impedance Acoustic ... amplitude Particle displacement Particle velocity Sound energy flux Sound impedance Sound intensity level Sound power Sound ... Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound ... The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates ...
"楽曲の検索|Ive Sound Explorer". www.ivesound.jp. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2020-01-18. "楽曲の検索|Ive Sound ... "Iveについて|Ive Sound Explorer". Ive Sound. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2013. "Key ... Low Trance Assembly: Ive Sound official site (in Japanese) Ive Sound discography at Discogs (CS1 Japanese-language sources ( ... Ive Sound. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2021. "鳥の詩 / Lia|Ive Sound Explorer". www. ...
... the special speaker array accurately positions sounds for a richer and more convincing surround-sound experience. ... Sound that will amaze you. To give ZenBook 3 unsurpassed audio capabilities, the ASUS Golden Ear team and audiophile ... Hear the incredible sound of SonicMaster Premium. For ZenBook 3, exclusive ASUS SonicMaster Premium audio technology takes ... An array of four separate high-quality speakers is powered by a smart four-channel amplifier to bring you true surround-sound ...
Soundbanks are necessary for correct operation of the internal software synthesizer that ships with Java Sound. ... This page provides different soundbanks which you can download and use with Java Sound. ... For some users, it is confusing to see that Java Sound is still able to play MIDI files or output MIDI sounds (i.e. with a ... Java Sound will return null. for a call to Synthesizer.getDefaultSoundbank(). , because there is no soundbank that Java Sound ...
Goo vibrations: Slime oozes down the platform, touching nails to trigger sound effects. Eric Singer. SHARE * ... In case you ever want to know what the news sounded like the day you were born. Heidi Blobaum. *Time: 10 hours ... Sound minded. A designer chooses an unlikely material as the basis for his newest audio project: slime. ... Lasers beam through the water onto light-dependent resistors, which are mapped back to sounds on the synthesizer. The more ...
Foley sound effects are customised sounds made in post-production. Discover more about these live recorded sound effects. ... Foley sound effects are customised sounds made in post-production.. Every sound made in films, TV shows and even some video ... Sound editors and sound designers.. Sound designers look at the project from a big-picture standpoint before recording begins ... The sound editor or sound mixer works to make sure the Foley track blends well into the production sound track and will fit ...
List of important sounds. This is a list of important sounds. Those are the sounds that you hear most frequently: *system-ready ... bell, General Alert Sound. Not every theme has to contain all those sounds though, we can simply inherit the missing sounds ... Meet at #fedora-sound IRC channel at irc.freenode.net and discuss issues concerning sound theme development.. Presently, our ... Additional sound files are also provided outside the theme to provide Alert sounds namely: Dark, Drip, Glass, and Sonar. The ...
Soo iam new here and i came up whit a sound problem... Which is that when me speakers is turned on i cant hear any sound , plz ... Hello guys.. Soo iam new here and i came up whit a sound problem... Which is that when me speakers is turned on i cant hear any ... Hello guys.. Soo iam new here and i came up whit a sound problem... Which is that when me speakers is turned on i cant hear any ... If you had taken the time to use the Search function of the forum, you would have found my topic about sound and you would ...
We are a loose association of photographers from Photo Clubs throughout the west sound area. We share our experiences, learn ... Welcome and thank you for your interest in the West Sound Photography Group! ... If you live in West Sound, we will temporarily approved your membership so that you may have time to Visit and hopefully join ... Welcome and thank you for your interest in the West Sound Photography Group! We are a loose association of photographers from ...
I could see you extending this longer maybe even just a minute with the same piano and some other mixtures of sounds ... I could see you extending this longer maybe even just a minute with the same piano and some other mixtures of sounds and ...
The ocean sounds like a good place to fall in love. Plus, if we take a vacation maybe my mom and dad might stop fighting. They ... Looking Glass Sound is a mesmerizing and haunting performance of a novel." -Lavie Tidhar, author of By Force Alone. "Ward ... Whats that sound? It seems like its coming from inside me, somehow.. Dad pauses in the act of unlocking the door. Its the ... It sounds like all the things youre not supposed to believe in - mermaids, selkies, sirens.. I come to with my mothers hand ...
As well as being a thermal insulator, it has the remarkable ability to turn sound into heat. The mechanism is simple. Sound ... Towards the sound of silence. Unwanted noise is a scourge of modern life. But an extraordinary material from BASFs research ... Its expertise in sound insulation began with a serendipitous discovery. During the 1979 oil crisis, a team at BASFs R&D centre ... This article appeared in print under the headline "Towards the sound of silence" ...
Browse and compare sound systems to find one that best suits you. Shop soundbars with Afterpay at Samsung Online today. Get ... Sound that powers your TV experience Bring the party home with big, loud sound Stylish sound all around your room ... SpaceFit Sound Pro. For an even more bespoke experience, some models feature Space Fit Sound Pro2. This clever audio technology ... Select models feature subwoofers, up-firing channels, and rear speakers to create richer and bolder sounds. Pair your sound ...
... the giant B-15 iceberg altered currents and trapped sea ice in McMurdo Sound. Sea ice still clogged the Sound when MODIS ... The wind had fallen to a calm, and not a sound disturbed the stillness about us. Yet in the midst of this peaceful scene was an ... Though the Sound was clearer in 2006, Hut Point Peninsula was still solidly encased. From 2008 through 2010, late-summer sea ... Sea ice in McMurdo Sound fluctuates from year to year based on local currents and weather patterns. For much of the past decade ...
The Chapel of Sound, a concert hall, which overlooks the distant mountains of Jinshanling, in Luanping county in Chengde, Hebei ... We also went to the mountains and recorded the sounds of the river. When the sun goes down, the frogs croak, which sounds like ... She has launched a number of sound art projects across the country and abroad, including Dadawas Sound Art Installation at Art ... A sound approach. By CHEN NAN , China Daily , Updated: 2023-09-23 00:00 ...
Dont settle for quiet and muffled audio any longer - try SoundBoost today and discover a whole new level of sound excellence. ... Say goodbye to lackluster sound quality and embrace a more immersive and enjoyable listening experience. With our chrome ...
Sound and pictures, precisely aligned With Acoustic Multi-Audio™, it feels as though the sound is coming from the right place ... The ideal sound experience from anywhere BRAVIA CAM™ tracks your position, adjusting left and right sound balance for optimum ... Cinema-like sound. Four vibrating frame tweeters. Hear sound straight from the screen, perfectly synchronised with action. ... Optimal sound position. More expansive, more powerful, more spatial. Our Frame Tweeter vibrates the frame, projecting sound ...
Back to Explore Sounds. The Chandra sonifications were led by the Chandra X-ray Center (CXC), with input from NASAs Universe ... This sonified piece is of the remains of a supernova called Cassiopeia A, or Cas A. In Cas A, the sounds are mapped to four ... Matt Russo and musician Andrew Santaguida (both of the SYSTEM Sounds project). For other sonifications, please see their linked ...
Sound of Judgement. A frustrated Black Lives Matter activist. A die-hard Confederate loyalist. A sheriff who wont back down. ...
Join us for a free music festival of unexpected sounds in unexpected places. ... Listen: Sound Unbound DJ Mix Listen to G Prokofiev & Classical Mechanics Sound Unbound DJ Mix. ... Listen: Sound Unbound playlist A teaser of the music you could hear at this years Sound Unbound ... Watch: Sound Unbound A free music festival of unexpected sounds in unexpected places. ...
... - Serving the Northwest Arctic and the North Slope - A publication of Anchorage Daily News, Alaskas rural ... 2023 • The Arctic Sounder is a publication of Anchorage Daily News. This site, its design and contents are © 2023 and may not ...
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Teeth Sound Equipment Available in the Cinema Department Equipment access is limited by course and subject to availability. ... Sound Equipment Available in the Cinema Department. Equipment access is limited by course and subject to availability. ...
Now scientists have created a different kind of laser -- a laser for sound, using the optical tweezer technique invented by ... New form of laser for sound. The new phonon laser could lead to breakthroughs in sensing and information processing. Date:. ... "New form of laser for sound." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2019. /. 04. /. 190416143730.htm (accessed ... A phonon is a quantum of energy associated with a sound wave and optical tweezers test the limits of quantum effects in ...
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... : Prior to the 1930s, the manner in which sound in the theatre was produced had not changed for more than 2,000 ... Other articles where sound design is discussed: stagecraft: ... In stagecraft: Sound design. Prior to the 1930s, the manner in ... which sound in the theatre was produced had not changed for more than 2,000 years. Music was played by musicians present in the ...
Save space without sacrificing sound quality by finding the best soundbar system for your TV. ... Shop sound bars at Best Buy for powerful, yet compact home audio. ... VIZIO - 2.1-Channel V-Series Home Theater Sound Bar with DTS Virtual:X and Wireless Subwoofer - Black. Model: V21t-J8 ... LG - 4.1 ch Sound Bar with Wireless Subwoofer and Rear Speakers - Black. Model: SQC4R ...
Sound research at Acoustical Society meeting Frontiers of hearing, innovations in sounds and speech, the effect of noise on ... Sound traveling upwind tends to be bent, or refracted, toward the sky; sound traveling downwind is refracted toward the ground ... Even the presence of sound barriers may not compensate for this effect. The teams research suggests that highway sound may, ... Yet with just two hours of play, they could reliably extract word-length sound categories from continuous alien sounds and ...
In this prequel to Tin Star, we meet Heckleck, the Hort alien who befriends Tula Bane on the space station Yertina Feray in her fight for survival. In his mo...
  • The digital signal from the scanner is sent through a decoder before it reaches the existing cinema sound system. (newscientist.com)
  • The scanner delivers intermittent blocks of data which the decoder assembles into a continuous stream and splits into the six separate sound channels. (newscientist.com)
  • The GVAR Sounder decoder reads the Block 11 holding areas, which contain blocks of type 32 (20 hex), type 35 (23 hex) and others. (wisc.edu)
  • The six channels carry separate sound for the front, centre and left of the screen, for the left and right sides and rear of the auditorium, and for a bank of 'woofer' speakers handling very low bass frequencies. (newscientist.com)
  • Listening Lund Sound environment centre at Lund university in Sweden is known to be the first interdisciplinary centre created with an aim to coordinate research on sound and sound environmental issues. (lu.se)
  • The Bloomsbury Handbook of Sound Art (2020), edited by Sanne Krogh Groth and Holger Schulze, is now out. (lu.se)
  • In the night a certain kind of whisper sounds louder than yelling. (macmillan.com)
  • Whenever "Allow louder than 100%" is checked, its label should instead be "Allow louder than 100% (may distort sound)" (avoiding distracting mention of distortion if it is unchecked), and the slider should grow to the right (without its label moving) to include a red area for greater-than-maximum volume. (ubuntu.com)
  • Hazardous sound levels are louder than 80 decibels. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More distinct and louder sounds in the piece are the recordings of the flapping of butterfly wings that constitute a dynamic contrast to the whispering. (lu.se)
  • Freelance Broadcast Mixer, Location Sound Recordist, Production Sound Mixer, Music mixer and Post mixer. (productionhub.com)
  • The remainder of the line consists of the interleaved sounder data. (wisc.edu)
  • the addition of an optical scanner which reads the sound code. (newscientist.com)
  • Featuring groundbreaking audio technology like Wireless True Dolby ATMOS, Q-Symphony, SpaceFit Sound Pro, and up-firing speakers, Samsung will bring your audio dreams to life. (samsung.com)
  • BASF says customers report sound reductions of up to 45 decibels relative to background noise of 50 to 60 decibels. (newscientist.com)
  • Tuned by the ASUS Golden Ear team, the special speaker array accurately positions sounds for a richer and more convincing surround-sound experience. (asus.com)
  • This new design and technology offer an immersive and captivating sound quality, creating an exceptional 360-degree surround-sound experience. (samsung.com)
  • Ambient sounds, like the murmurs or shuffling of a crowd, can be cut from a library. (adobe.com)
  • [ 1 ] In addition, auscultation of the left axilla, base of the heart, carotid arteries, and interscapular area should be performed to assess for radiation of heart sounds and murmurs. (medscape.com)
  • Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. (wikipedia.org)
  • By contrast, the poor acoustics in offices, sports venues and bars usually results from sound waves reflecting off hard materials such as glass, concrete or metal. (newscientist.com)
  • The results, he added, illustrate the importance of designing classrooms that reduce reverberation and ambient noise, and suggest that the standard practice of testing children in a sound booth with a single loudspeaker "may not be sufficient to identify problems students may be having in real classrooms with multiple talker locations, quick-changing talkers, and the interaction between background noise and the acoustical environment. (eurekalert.org)
  • Turn two salad bowls into a spherical array, ball of sound with amazing results. (makezine.com)
  • Any dysfunction or disease of these components results in a conductive hearing loss, and clinically, an individual's inability to properly hear sound. (medscape.com)
  • Doubling sound pressure results in a 6-dB increase in measured sound pressure, while a 10-fold change in sound pressure is reflected by a 20-dB change in measured sound pressure. (medscape.com)
  • The results of the two experiments suggest a significant reduction in the reaction time for a subsequent target sound due to the previous presentation (500 ms) of a looming warning sound. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2002), in a human study using brain imaging techniques, obtained results that suggest that looming sounds preferentially activate a wide neural network related to attention and motor responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and are not audible to humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the next stage, the encoder allocates each bin only the minimum number of bits needed to code audible sounds. (newscientist.com)
  • The normal heart sound demonstrating S1 followed by an S2, best audible at the apex. (medscape.com)
  • The sound recordings of butterfly wings were recorded in Lund in collaboration with Associate Professor Per Henningsson at Animal Flight Lab, Lund University. (lu.se)
  • How does Lund University sound? (lu.se)
  • This fall Lund University, as the first university in Sweden (as far as we know), got a new sound identity. (lu.se)
  • The sound identity was created by Johannes Dalenbäck and Christian Tellin at Mirror Music and in this interview Johannes tell us more about what a sound identity is, why it is important for an organisation to have one and where they got their inspiration for how Lund University should sound. (lu.se)
  • Since your are both LU alumni - have you been inspired by your own time at Lund university while creating the sound identity? (lu.se)
  • Although, it's been important for us to let the the stories from the co workers weigh heaviest when creating the sounds because the music represent Lund University and not us personally. (lu.se)
  • Want a taste of what Lund University sounds like? (lu.se)
  • Click here to watch the presentation film about Lund University or click here to watch the Alumni Homecoming Weekend movie, both with music made by Johannes and Christian according to the sound identity. (lu.se)
  • An array of four separate high-quality speakers is powered by a smart four-channel amplifier to bring you true surround-sound that envelops you with distortion-free, cinema-quality realism. (asus.com)
  • The powerful and unique quad-speaker array employs state-of-the art technologies - including beamforming and crosstalk cancellation - to give you true directional audio that envelops you in surround sound with cinema-quality realism. (asus.com)
  • High quality soundbanks which can be used by the Java Sound engine. (oracle.com)
  • A mammoth soundbank with the best quality sound samples. (oracle.com)
  • Most SFX captured during production (called "production sound effects" or PFX) aren't on par with the quality of Foley sound. (adobe.com)
  • The Theme and Alert Sounds are outdated, boring and need overhauling to match the present standards/quality of fedora. (fedoraproject.org)
  • Well for "TWO" seconds not much there but the "PIANO" that I do hear in there is kind of fun and seems like it has some good quality but has to be stretched longer the two seconds, I could see you extending this longer maybe even just a minute with the same piano and some other mixtures of sounds and whatnot. (newgrounds.com)
  • Basotect ® helped improve the sound quality in Beijing's swimming stadium built for the 2008 Olympics. (newscientist.com)
  • delivers cinema-quality sound into your ears. (samsung.com)
  • It's a weekend afternoon, and Zhu Zheqin, who is better known by her stage name Dadawa, walks into the concert hall and tries to test the sound quality by humming and singing. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • You'll discover an unmatched audio-visual experience with outstanding XR picture and sound quality. (sony.com)
  • Wherever you are, you'll hear the same quality sound as if you were sitting right in front of the TV. (sony.com)
  • Adjusting an equaliser for each mode, this function is able to reproduce stable sound quality and true sound of specific scenes by emphasising or reducing overtones, harmonics or noise. (panasonic.com)
  • The quality of product, professionalism, and responsiveness that Shutter & Sound exhibited throughout the planning process, the wedding day, and even after cannot be understated. (theknot.com)
  • To record onto the film, the sound is first converted into digital code of studio quality, by sampling the sound 48 times a second and translating this information into 16-bit digital words. (newscientist.com)
  • High-definition TV is great - but what good is it if its sound doesn't match the quality of its video? (jbl.com)
  • Create ultra-clear recordings in astonishing sound quality. (magix.com)
  • VA Puget Sound Health Care System provides high quality clinical care to Veterans with epilepsy with state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic services. (va.gov)
  • In human physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with wavelengths of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters (0.67 in). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gasses, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound waves are better able to enter its open cell structure than a closed cell. (newscientist.com)
  • Basotect ® is most effective at damping sound waves in the 500Hz to 4,000Hz frequency range - with a wavelength of approximately 70 cm to 10 cm. (newscientist.com)
  • This technique represents even the most complex sound signal as a series of smooth sine waves added together. (newscientist.com)
  • Sound represents a combination of waves that are generated by a vibrating sound source (or sources) and propagated through the air until they reach the ear. (medscape.com)
  • The sounds we typically encounter in our environment are complex, consisting of a mixture of sine waves of various frequencies and intensities. (medscape.com)
  • This process breaks down complex sounds into their composite sine waves. (medscape.com)
  • The encoder then reduces the number of bits per second by taking advantage of the psychoacoustic effect known as masking, whereby a lound sound at one frequency will always mask quieter sounds of the same or similar frequency. (newscientist.com)
  • All sounder data fields are 13 bits placed in 2-byte (16-bit) fields. (wisc.edu)
  • Since the actual sounder data is 16 bits, the latitude and longitude values must be split in half to store them in the area structure. (wisc.edu)
  • The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York utilized it to create an immersive installation called PSAD Synthetic Desert III by artist Doug Wheeler where visitors can escape the sounds of the city - it runs until 2 August. (newscientist.com)
  • Samsung understands how important sound is in creating a truly immersive cinematic experience. (samsung.com)
  • Powered by Cognitive Processor XR™, every sound becomes immersive. (sony.com)
  • Far more immersive than conventional TVs where sound comes from beneath the screen. (sony.com)
  • and Stjerna, Åsa ( 2021 ) Underwater Sounds In ETN. (lu.se)
  • This is how we welcome you to the sound bench and to Metamorphosis (2021). (lu.se)
  • In the sound work Metamorphosis (2021), sound artist Jacob Kirkegaard invites the listener to engage in a careful and sensitive listening act. (lu.se)
  • Select models feature subwoofers, up-firing channels, and rear speakers to create richer and bolder sounds. (samsung.com)
  • With some Sony headphones, you can also get the simulated surround of 360 Spatial Sound. (sony.com)
  • The GVAR Sounder produces data for a given spatial location in 18 IR spectral bands and one visible band. (wisc.edu)
  • At any instant, some bins will contain no sound, others quiet sound and others loud sound. (newscientist.com)
  • The first game I've produced music for was Hakidame: Trash, produced by Zero (a brand of Visual Art's), released in February 1999, where they were credited as I've Sound. (wikipedia.org)
  • When Brooklyn engineer Eric Singer isn't building elegant, music-playing robots, he designs unconventional audio controllers that send digital signals, known as MIDI data, to music software, turning them into sounds. (popsci.com)
  • Because like electronic music, it can sound great, but there might not be any soul," says Roesch. (adobe.com)
  • The sound editor or sound mixer works to make sure the Foley track blends well into the production sound track and will fit with the dialogue and music. (adobe.com)
  • Those who are prolific with Open-source Music and Sound/Studio software are highly welcome. (fedoraproject.org)
  • That could be expanded into a background music for fedora conferences/workshops and also form basis for computer event sounds e.g. (fedoraproject.org)
  • Since May, the singer has been living in Jinshanling and collecting the sounds of nature, which inspired her to write original music, blending vocals with electronic and natural sounds. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • Join us for a free music festival of unexpected sounds in unexpected places. (barbican.org.uk)
  • A free music festival of unexpected sounds in unexpected places. (barbican.org.uk)
  • In addition to movies, it lets you enjoy music from your smartphone with truly dynamic sound. (panasonic.com)
  • The sound menu should let people easily change sound volume and control music playback. (ubuntu.com)
  • In addition to C418 and Lena Raine, Mojang's Audio Director (and noted panda noise expert ) Samuel Åberg has composed a lot of the ambient sound and music for Vanilla Minecraft. (minecraft.net)
  • And, in happy parity news, Bedrock and Java now sound a lot more alike, after the Bedrock team recently added the final missing music to their libraries. (minecraft.net)
  • That's because he writes a lot of music, but also keeps a watchful eye on the big picture of sound and music (not "the sound of music") of Minecraft. (minecraft.net)
  • Music and sound design play a huge role in the expansion of the Minecraft universe," says Samuel. (minecraft.net)
  • But I also firmly believe that Minecraft has a unique expression when it comes to sound design and music. (minecraft.net)
  • I think music and sound play a huge role here. (minecraft.net)
  • For Vanilla, I think the new Nether sound experience, with its refreshed block sounds, new ambience and music is a good indication of where we are heading, sonically speaking. (minecraft.net)
  • It describes the implicit Western conventions and colonial aesthetics that continue to haunt contemporary global sound art, including those that seek to expand the European contemporary art and music scene. (lu.se)
  • Sounds and music influence us in many different ways, whether we like it or not, and by taking control over how the communication sound you can control and guide how you want your message to be perceived. (lu.se)
  • In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most elementary sound wave is a sine wave that is produced by the regular to-and-fro vibration of the sound source. (medscape.com)
  • Discover the hidden world of Foley sound effects. (adobe.com)
  • Learn how Foley artists and mixers create customised sound effects for each and every sound made by a character in films and television shows. (adobe.com)
  • Foley sound effects are customised sounds made in post-production. (adobe.com)
  • These tailor-made sounds are called Foley sound effects. (adobe.com)
  • They're named for Jack Foley, the man who invented them and are distinguished from regular sound effects (SFX) by being recorded live instead of cut from a sound effects library. (adobe.com)
  • It's a weird blend of live performance and digital sound editing," says Foley artist John Roesch. (adobe.com)
  • Foley artists work in a studio to create the sound of footsteps, sword fights and everything in between with real objects - it's a big part of film sound design. (adobe.com)
  • If a production is done well, it will have Foley," says sound mixer Matt Coffey. (adobe.com)
  • In addition, Foley needs to happen for one simple reason: A unique track of SFX is necessary when a film is translated into another language, as that allows the sound editors to lay the SFX track on top of the foreign dialogue. (adobe.com)
  • This is the main reason Foley artists record a distinct set of sounds for a film, apart from the sounds attached to the dialogue track. (adobe.com)
  • Foley artists are just one component of the sound team, which works together seamlessly. (adobe.com)
  • Typically, in teams of two, Foley artists perform the actions that create the sound. (adobe.com)
  • The Foley mixer records each sound as it's made by the Foley artists and offers valuable feedback to the artists as they work. (adobe.com)
  • During props tracks, Foley artists recreate every sound made by a character as they interact with the world. (adobe.com)
  • I am in the audio post-production company working on sound mixing, foley mixing, sound design, and editing. (productionhub.com)
  • Java Sound has a fallback mechanism that uses a hardware MIDI port if no soundbank is available, but it prevents reliable and consistent MIDI playback, so installation of a soundbank is recommended for Java Sound. (oracle.com)
  • The Java Sound reference implementation uses the Beatnik Audio Engine to render MIDI notes. (oracle.com)
  • It is the default MIDI port on Windows (you can set it with the Sound applet in the control panel), and often it is set to a synthesizer (e.g. a hardware synthesizer on the soundcard, or a software synthesizer). (oracle.com)
  • The present study investigated the effect of a warning sound on the speed of response to a subsequent target sound (Experiment 1) and a possible influence of this type of cue sound on the auditory orientation of attention (Experiment 2). (bvsalud.org)
  • There was no significant effect of the cue sound on auditory attention orientation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Maier and Ghazanfar (2007), in a rhesus monkey neurophysiological study, suggested that looming sounds can asymmetricaly activate the lateral belt auditory cortex and showed that auditory cortex activity was biased in magnitude toward looming versus receding sounds. (bvsalud.org)
  • When sound emits from it, we are encouraged not only to pay passive auditory attention, but also to act. (lu.se)
  • The sustained collaboration was driven by visualization scientist Dr. Kimberly Arcand (CXC), astrophysicist Dr. Matt Russo and musician Andrew Santaguida (both of the SYSTEM Sounds project). (harvard.edu)
  • Goo vibrations: Slime oozes down the platform, touching nails to trigger sound effects. (popsci.com)
  • Why not use prerecorded sound effects? (adobe.com)
  • In 2014, she launched an exhibition at the Today Art Museum in Beijing, which combined sound, lighting effects, large water pools and the voices of 70 volunteers to reflect the change of sounds visually. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • A phonon is a quantum of energy associated with a sound wave and optical tweezers test the limits of quantum effects in isolation and eliminates physical disturbances from the surrounding environment. (sciencedaily.com)
  • JACK Audio Connection Kit - Sound server for pro audio use, especially for low-latency applications including recording, effects, realtime synthesis, and many others. (archlinux.org)
  • SOUND FORGE Pro provides advanced tools and a range of intelligent high-end effects based on DSP algorithms. (magix.com)
  • This is due to the fallback mechanism: Java Sound searches for soundbanks in different locations. (oracle.com)
  • BRAVIA CAM™ tracks your position, adjusting left and right sound balance for optimum acoustics. (sony.com)
  • Ranging från acoustics to medicin to juridics as well to humanities as musicology and ethnology sound environmental research adresses many interdepentent areas and topics. (lu.se)
  • But the magnetic tracks, and the magnetic heads on the projector, wear quickly which causes distortion of the sound. (newscientist.com)
  • Typically, S 1 is a high-pitched sound best heard with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. (medscape.com)
  • Dynamic bass sounds are achieved by mounting two subwoofers and two Aero Stream Ports in the main unit. (panasonic.com)
  • Peek behind the curtain of professional sound design. (adobe.com)
  • Sound design is a team sport. (adobe.com)
  • We are a loose association of photographers from Photo Clubs throughout the west sound area. (meetup.com)
  • After the sensor data is read, it is reformatted and placed in the sounder image area. (wisc.edu)
  • If the value in word 49 of the area directory is 216, the first 180 words of the Sounder Auxiliary Data block have been inserted here. (wisc.edu)
  • Long Island Sound, an estuary whose area is approximately 1320 square miles, is a place where saltwater from the ocean mixes with freshwater from rivers and the land. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the area surrounding Long Island Sound in Connecticut is very large, the demographics described here include the towns surrounding this water body. (cdc.gov)
  • The main anatomic areas to focus on while initially evaluating heart sounds include the cardiac apex, the aortic area (second intercostal space [ICS] just to the right of the sternum or the third ICS just to the left of sternum), the pulmonary area (second ICS just to the left of sternum) and the tricuspid area (fourth and fifth ICS just to the left of sternum). (medscape.com)
  • Each area should be systematically auscultated for S 1 , S 2 , physiologic splitting, respiratory variations, and any accessory sounds during systole and diastole. (medscape.com)
  • Here is a new solver for the problem of determining the 2D positions of 3 'microphones' and 3 'sounds sources' given the 9 distances between each sound source and each microphone. (lu.se)
  • After you upgrade your computer to a new version of Windows, like Windows 11, if your Compaq Sound / Audio is not working, you can fix the problem by updating the drivers . (yahoo.com)
  • It is possible that your sound / audio driver is not compatible with the newer version of Windows. (yahoo.com)
  • You can scan for driver updates automatically and install them manually with the free version of the Compaq Sound / Audio Driver Update Utility, or complete all necessary driver updates automatically using the premium version. (yahoo.com)
  • Which is that when me speakers is turned on i cant hear any sound , plz help me. (linux.org)
  • Hear sound straight from the screen, perfectly synchronised with action. (sony.com)
  • If you're lucky, you'll also hear nesting cranes' courtship calls: a shrill, bipolar sound like a Bach trumpet. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • There'll be an ash tree somewhere near you, but it's a sound worth treasuring because we'll hear less of it in the coming years. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Normally, you hear these sounds at safe levels that don't affect hearing. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To be able to hear the quiet whisper of the names of extinct butterflies, one truly has to make an effort - to be quiet and to direct the listening completely to the sounds appearing from the bench. (lu.se)
  • This sonified piece is of the remains of a supernova called Cassiopeia A, or Cas A. In Cas A, the sounds are mapped to four elements found in the debris from the exploded star as well as other high-energy data. (harvard.edu)
  • GVAR Sounder areas are decoded from Block 11 data. (wisc.edu)
  • Navigation and calibration data is read from type 32 blocks, which are sounder documentation blocks. (wisc.edu)
  • Sensor data is read from type 35 blocks, which are sounder scan data blocks. (wisc.edu)
  • The number of bands in the sounder data must match the value in word 14 of the directory block. (wisc.edu)
  • The documents below provide guidance on sound surveillance methods that can foster consistency in practice and can result in data that are more accurate and comparable. (cdc.gov)
  • In case you ever want to know what the news sounded like the day you were born. (popsci.com)
  • The Arctic Sounder is a publication of Anchorage Daily News. (adn.com)
  • The Arctic Sounder - Serving the Northwest Arctic and the North Slope - A publication of Anchorage Daily News, Alaska's rural news leader. (adn.com)
  • Metamorphosis is a soundtrack which uses sound recordings of butterfly wings combined with names of extinct butterfly species, whispered in Latin. (lu.se)
  • For ZenBook 3, exclusive ASUS SonicMaster Premium audio technology takes sound to the next level. (asus.com)
  • It combines powerful audio hardware with fine-tuned software, producing sound that's unlike anything you've ever heard from a laptop, with deep, rich bass and crystal-clear vocals, even at high volume levels. (asus.com)
  • Q-Symphony connects to all of the speakers on a compatible TV to execute audio in harmony with the soundbar, maximising the 3D sound effect on screen. (samsung.com)
  • This clever audio technology augments the sound to the size of the room. (samsung.com)
  • With Acoustic Multi-Audio™, it feels as though the sound is coming from the right place in the scene, precisely matching the visuals. (sony.com)
  • XR Surround virtually creates surround sound using just the TV speakers for 3D audio without in-ceiling or up-firing speakers. (sony.com)
  • Unique sound processing technology is used to add harmonic bass to low-frequency audio signals. (panasonic.com)
  • To find the latest driver , including Windows 1 1 drivers , choose from our list of most popu lar Compaq Sound / Au dio downloads or s earch our dr iver arch ive fo r the dr iver that fits your s p ecific Compaq sou nd / audio model and your PC's operating system. (yahoo.com)
  • How do I update my Compaq sound / audio driver? (yahoo.com)
  • Download the Sound / Audio Driver Update Utility for Compaq . (yahoo.com)
  • Why is my Compaq sound / audio not working? (yahoo.com)
  • How does the sound / audio driver update utility work? (yahoo.com)
  • The Sound / Audio Driver Update Utility downloads and installs your drivers quickly and easily . (yahoo.com)
  • I'm an audio professional with 10 years of TV/Film/Location sound under my belt. (productionhub.com)
  • Tv card + Sound Card = Audio Problem? (linuxquestions.org)
  • SOUND FORGE Pro has set the audio editing standard for artists, producers, and sound and mastering engineers in the audio editing sector for over three decades. (magix.com)
  • With SOUND FORGE Pro, record audio on up to 32 channels in resolution up to 64-bit/768 kHz. (magix.com)
  • SOUND FORGE Pro is one of the most powerful audio editors. (magix.com)
  • Cut, edit, and enhance audio files with the highest precision and at the sample level.The numerous professional editing tools allow you to shape every sound individually. (magix.com)
  • SOUND FORGE Pro Suite sets new standards in the field of audio with its range of advanced plug-ins, such as the innovative Steinberg SpectraLayers Pro 10, and Celemony Melodyne 5.3 essential. (magix.com)
  • By evaluating the position of all speakers, sound is perfectly balanced. (sony.com)
  • This reproduces deep, powerful bass sound not previously possible with compact speakers. (panasonic.com)
  • Within these three areas, they record various tracks of sound to cover each of the main characters. (adobe.com)
  • It's easy to imagine that processes such as urbanisation will increase our exposure to unwanted sound. (newscientist.com)
  • When Silent Mode is on and you are using the internal speaker, the phone should play only sounds that you have explicitly requested. (ubuntu.com)
  • Why is it important for an organisation to have a sound identity? (lu.se)
  • Sustainable sound environments - how do we achieve them? (lu.se)
  • Because the word allocation information for the sounder navigation block is nearly identical to that for the imager, it is not repeated here. (wisc.edu)
  • I hope people feel the power of sound, which has been ignored, overlapped and even replaced by images and videos," she says. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • The reference level used is the lowest sound pressure commonly detected by people and is equal to 20 uPa (2 X 10 -5 N/m 2 ), thus, the intensity level in decibel sound pressure level (SPL) = 20 log10 (sound pressure/20 uPa). (medscape.com)
  • The sound of human voices invites us to identify language and to imagine the people making the sound, and sound scenography composed from recorded everyday sounds can help us imagine a certain place, and maybe even transport us mentally in time. (lu.se)
  • The sound from this sound art work never becomes dominant: As soon as a car passes, the rain starts or a group of chatting people walks by, the sound from the bench is under threat and our contemplation and careful attunement to the fragile composition are disrupted. (lu.se)
  • The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. (wikipedia.org)
  • These complex sounds may be described mathematically by a Fourier transformation. (medscape.com)
  • Engineers from Dolby Labora-tories in San Francisco start touring the world this week to demonstrate a digital sound system for films which manages to squeeze six tracks of digital sound onto standard 35 millimetre cinema film, in addition to conventional analogue stereo sound. (newscientist.com)
  • It is a relative scale, based on a ratio that compares sound intensity or pressure with a standard reference level. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, 0 dB SPL does not correspond to the absence of sound but rather indicates that the sound pressure of the measured wave is equal to the reference sound pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Car designers use it to absorb engine sounds and transmission noise. (newscientist.com)
  • The noise from internal combustion engines currently covers up a variety of smaller sounds generated by other moving parts," says Wolf. (newscientist.com)
  • Sound is defined as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. (wikipedia.org)
  • The project is an experiment and a journey of discovery," says Ma Haiping, one of Dadawa's team members, who helped her record the sounds in Jinshanling. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • In 2017, soprano Renée Fleming took part in a remarkable experiment as part of NIH's Sound Health initiative. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ear performs the same type of analysis when it is stimulated by sound. (medscape.com)
  • So since about Update Aquatic, a number of musicians, composers, and sound designers have brought their own sonic sensibilities to Minecraft, Minecraft Earth, and Minecraft Dungeons. (minecraft.net)
  • Since output volume is the most urgent setting (especially if you do not have the sound menu turned on), "Output volume:" should be at the top of the panel, above these tabs. (ubuntu.com)
  • OS X 10.7: properVOLUME adds more robust sound controls to your menu bar in OS X Mountain Lion, allowing you to switch input and output sources, control volume, and check your levels, all from one simple drop-down. (lifehacker.com)
  • In essence, it provides quick access to most of the worthwhile features in the Sound Preferences, just integrated into your menu bar. (lifehacker.com)
  • If you don't feel like dropping, you may alternately want to familiarize yourself with this built-in shortcut: Option-Click OS X's default Sound icon in your menu bar to view an alternate menu from which you can switch input and output devices or open the Sound preferences. (lifehacker.com)
  • If you live in West Sound, we will temporarily approved your membership so that you may have time to Visit and hopefully join one of our local camera clubs. (meetup.com)
  • She enjoys her days here and every time she hears a new sound, she gets excited. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • It has been well-established that infants will look longer at a simple display - the checkerboard pattern - when hearing something they are interested in," he explains, "so I measured their looking time at the pattern when it was paired with a repeating speech sound, and compared that to the looking time at the same pattern with no sound. (eurekalert.org)
  • Every time I reboot it informs that modprobe cannot find modules sound-slot-0 and sound-service-0. (linuxquestions.org)
  • But sounds that are too loud or loud sounds over a long time are harmful. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using the source material and the sound of the room, as well as studio trickery he is able to make sound spaces complement, blend, and remain in context even as they speak with their own voices. (prlog.org)
  • The input to the solver is a 3x3 matrix D, where the element D(i,j) is the distance from microphone i to sound source j. (lu.se)
  • age technology combined with hallway voices, handclaps, blips, bleeps, smooth and sublime bass riffs, and a palette of sound that commands attention. (prlog.org)
  • Working on in his home studio the artist added extra instrumentation, sounds and found voices. (prlog.org)
  • Wave frequency corresponds to what we perceive as pitch, whereas amplitude corresponds to the loudness or intensity of the sound. (medscape.com)
  • Anti mosquito is an app, which is completely free and which aims to help you to fight against annoying mosquitoes with low frequency sounds and with different tips and tricks, which will be helpful. (who.int)
  • Middle Ear Function: Overview, What is Sound? (medscape.com)
  • Bob Edrian's wonderful chapter provides an extensive and insightful overview of the history of Indonesian sound art. (lu.se)
  • It's a model that gives an overview of how the communication should sound in order to be uniform and mediate the "right" feeling. (lu.se)