Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis
Scheuermann Disease
Poecilia
Kyphosis
Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Injuries
Injections, Spinal
MedlinePlus
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein
SMN Complex Proteins
Multiple fish vertebra deformity in child with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. (1/83)
We report an 11-year-old female patient with multiple fish vertebra deformity, which occurred in the course of treatment with corticosteroids for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). She was treated for SLE with predonisolone (30 mg per day) from April 2, 1996, and presented at our outpatient clinic for an osteoporosis check-up on April 27. She was 132 cm tall with-1.7 standard deviation of the average height, and X-ray examination revealed no evidence of osteoporosis in the spine. Bone mineral density (BMD) was 74.7% of the average BMD. Subsequently, she grew to 136 cm in September. However she began to have low back pain (LBP) from November, and received alfacalcidol. LBP deteriorated after pulse therapy with methylpredonisolone. In June 1997, X-ray examination revealed multiple fish vertebra deformity with 58.3% of the average BMD. Moreover her height had decreased to 131cm. She underwent combination therapy with elcatonin and alfacalcidol. In September 1999, she had no LBP nor progression of fish vertebra deformity. However she had no growth in height. Corticoseroids and SLE have multiple effects on bone metabolism, making the treatment of porosis complicated and difficult. (+info)Anterior thoracoscopic surgery followed by posterior instrumentation and fusion in spinal deformity. (2/83)
Many authors believe thoracoscopic surgery is associated with a lower level of morbidity compared to thoracotomy, for anterior release or growth arrest in spinal deformity. Others believe that anterior release achieved thoracoscopically is not as effective as that achieved with the open procedure. We evaluated the clinical results, radiological correction and morbidity following anterior thoracoscopic surgery followed by posterior instrumentation and fusion, to see whether there is any evidence for either of these beliefs. Twenty-nine patients undergoing thoracoscopic anterior release or growth arrest followed by posterior fusion and instrumentation were evaluated from a clinical and radiological viewpoint. The mean follow-up was 2 years (range 1-4 years). The average age was 16 years (range 5-26 years). The following diagnoses were present: idiopathic scoliosis (n = 17), neuromuscular scoliosis (n = 2), congenital scoliosis (n = 1), thoracic hyperkyphosis (n = 9). All patients were satisfied with cosmesis following surgery. Twenty scoliosis patients had a mean preoperative Cobb angle of 65.1 degrees (range 42 degrees-94 degrees) for the major curve, with an average flexibility of 34.5% (42.7 degrees). Post operative correction to 31.5 degrees (50.9%) and 34.4 degrees (47.1%) at maximal follow-up was noted. For nine patients with thoracic hyperkyphosis, the Cobb angle averaged 81 degrees (range 65 degrees-96 degrees), with hyperextension films showing an average correction to 65 degrees. Postoperative correction to an average of 58.6 degrees was maintained at 59.5 degrees at maximal follow-up. The average number of released levels was 5.1 (range 3-7) and the average duration of the thoracoscopic procedure was 188 min (range 120-280 min). There was a decrease in this length of time as the series progressed. No neurologic or vascular complications occurred. Postoperative complications included four recurrent pneumothoraces, one surgical emphysema, and one respiratory infection. Thoracoscopic anterior surgery appears a safe and effective technique for the treatment of paediatric and adolescent spinal deformity. A randomised controlled trial, comparing open with thoracoscopic methods, is required. (+info)Augmentation of (pedicle) screws with calcium apatite cement in patients with severe progressive osteoporotic spinal deformities: an innovative technique. (3/83)
Screw augmentation with calcium apatite cement (CAC) was used in seven patients with a progressive osteoporotic spinal deformity. Thirty-nine spinal segments (64 screws) were augmented: 15 anteriorly (three patients) and 24 posteriorly (five patients). Dorsally, hemilaminectomy was performed at the level of all augmented screws to rule out CAC leakage. Autogenous bone graft was applied in all patients to induce fusion. Screw augmentation failure occurred in only one patient: 1 of the 16 ventral augmented screws (5.5%) was still loose after the augmentation procedure. In three other patients, 4 out of 48 augmented dorsal screws (5.5%) showed CAC leakage at the pedicle corpus vertebra level. Pedicle wall damage was present at two levels, while at two other levels no wall damage was found during visualization. No CAC-related complications were observed perioperatively. No implant migration was observed, and fusion was observed in all cases at follow-up examination performed at a mean of 32 months after surgery. (+info)The effects of pineal gland transplantation on the production of spinal deformity and serum melatonin level following pinealectomy in the chicken. (4/83)
Pinealectomy frequently produces spinal deformity in some animal models, but the precise biological mechanism of this phenomenon remains obscure. The current study investigated the effects of an autograft pineal body on the development of spinal deformity and serum melatonin (MLT) concentration after pinealectomy in the chicken. Thirty-six chickens (2 days of age) were divided into three equal groups. While the removal of the pineal gland was performed in groups B and C, a pineal body autograft was surgically implanted into the body wall musculature only in the pineal transplantation group (group C). Chickens in which no surgical intervention was performed served as intact controls (group A). Posteroanterior radiographs of the spines of the chickens were taken at the age of 8 weeks. These were used to determine Cobb angles and to measure the rib-vertebra angles (RVA) on the concave and convex sides of the curves, from which data the difference between the convex and concave RVA (the RVAD) was calculated. At the end of the study, serum MLT levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and histopathological examination of specimens from all the groups was performed. The results were compared using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test for pairwise comparisons or by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney U tests for comparisons between two groups. In this study, the serum MLT levels in groups B and C were significantly lower than those in group A ( P<0.05). However, scoliosis developed in only 7 of 12 (58%) in group B and 6 of 12 (50%) in group C. The average Cobb angle and RVAD in groups B and C were significantly larger than those found in group A ( P=0.000 and P=0.001, respectively). Interestingly, there were no significant differences in either serum MLT levels or development of scoliosis between groups B and C. From the results of the current study, it is evident that the intramuscular pineal gland transplantation following pinealectomy in young Hybro Broiler chickens has no significant effect on the development of spinal deformity and serum MLT level. In the light of this result, the role of MLT in the development of spinal deformity in chickens after pinealectomy remains controversial, and further investigations are warranted. (+info)Dropped head syndrome in mitochondriopathy. (5/83)
In a 63-year-old, 165-cm-tall woman with a history of repeated tick bites, dilative cardiomyopathy, osteoporosis, progressive head ptosis with neck stiffness and cervical pain developed. The family history was positive for thyroid dysfunction and neuromuscular disorders. Neurological examination revealed prominent forward head drop, weak anteflexion and retroflexion, nuchal rigidity, weakness of the shoulder girdle, cogwheel rigidity, and tetraspasticity. The lactate stress test was abnormal. Electromyograms of various muscles were myogenic. Muscle biopsy showed non-specific myogenic abnormalities and generally weak staining for cytochrome oxydase. Mitochondriopathy with multi-organ involvement was suspected. The response to anti-Parkinson medication was poor. In conclusion, dropped head syndrome (DHS) may be due to multi-organ mitochondriopathy, manifesting as Parkinsonism, tetraspasticity, dilative cardiomyopathy, osteoporosis, short stature, and myopathy. Anti-Parkinson medication is of limited effect. (+info)Reliability and validity of classification of senile postural deformity in mass examinations. (6/83)
Nakada (1988) divided senile postural deformities into four types by visual observation: an extended type, an S-shaped type, a flexed type, and a hand-on-the-lap type. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability and the discriminant validity of assessing the elderly spinal posture using a posture-measuring device developed by us and dividing postural deformities into the four types of Nakada's classification. Seventy-seven elderly persons (52 women and 25 men) who lived independently participated in the study. The average age of the subjects was 73 years (range, 65 to 84 years). The type of the senile postural deformity was determined by three judges using our posture-measuring device in combination with Nakada's classification. The rate of agreement of the classification was 92.2%. This method had a significantly high rate of inter-rater reliability. The thoracic kyphotic angle was larger in the S-shaped type than in the normal, extended type, and flexed type. The lumbar lordotic angle was also larger in the S-shaped type than in the extended type, flexed type, and hand-on-the-lap type. In the hand-on-the-lap type, the mean of the lumbar lordotic angle was much smaller. The lumbosacral angle was smaller in the extended type than in the normal, S-shaped type, and flexed type. With the analysis of x-ray photographs, this method appeared to have discriminant validity as a measure of senile postural deformity. The combination of our posture-measuring device and Nakada's classification would be useful to classify senile postural deformities in mass examinations. (+info)Surgical treatment of spinal deformities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a long term follow-up study. (7/83)
BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of spinal deformities in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is influenced by a number of factors which have proven to be a difficult challenge. Each case should be carefully evaluated, considering not only the natural history of the spinal deformity, but also the patient's general condition. These should be thoroughly assessed through clinical and radiographic investigations together with other medical specialists. Life expectancy should be determined according to the cardio-respiratory function, and both preoperative and postoperative quality of life should be taken into consideration, trying to imagine the functional status of each patient after surgery. METHODS: From February 1985 to February 2000, 58 patients with spinal deformity in DMD were surgically treated. Of 25 patients that were operated on between 1985 and 1995, only 20 were followed-up after 5 years because 5 of them had died during this time. Therefore, the present study focuses on the results obtained in 20 cases. The 20 cases reviewed presented with a mean angular value of scoliosis equal to 48 degrees (range 10-92 degrees). Spinal fusion with our modified Luque technique [6] was performed in 19 cases, whereas CD instrumentation was applied in only one case. RESULTS: At the 5 year follow-up (range 5.6-10 years), the age ranged from 18 to 24 years and averaged 20.4 years. The postoperative angular value of scoliosis averaged 22 degrees (58%, range 0-43 degrees), the mean correction at follow-up was 28 degrees (range 0-60 degrees), and the mean loss of correction was equal to 6 degrees (range, 0-11 degrees). Vital capacity showed a slow progression, slightly inferior to its natural evolution in untreated patients. The severest complication was the death that occurred in one of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: According to the present study, an early surgery (angular value lower than 35-40 degrees) dramatically reduces the rate of risk factors associated with spinal deformities in DMD, and its advantages far exceed the disadvantages, above all in terms of quality of life. (+info)Anterior thoracic posture increases thoracolumbar disc loading. (8/83)
In the absence of external forces, the largest contributor to intervertebral disc (IVD) loads and stresses is trunk muscular activity. The relationship between trunk posture, spine geometry, extensor muscle activity, and the loads and stresses acting on the IVD is not well understood. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in thoracolumbar disc loads and extensor muscle forces following anterior translation of the thoracic spine in the upright posture. Vertebral body geometries (C2 to S1) and the location of the femoral head and acetabulum centroids were obtained by digitizing lateral, full-spine radiographs of 13 men and five women volunteers without previous history of back pain. Two standing, lateral, full-spine radiographic views were obtained for each subject: a neutral-posture lateral radiograph and a radiograph during anterior translation of the thorax relative to the pelvis (while keeping T1 aligned over T12). Extensor muscle loads, and compression and shear stresses acting on the IVDs, were calculated for each posture using a previously validated biomechanical model. Comparing vertebral centroids for the neutral posture to the anterior posture, subjects were able to anterior translate +101.5 mm+/-33.0 mm (C7-hip axis), +81.5 mm+/-39.2 mm (C7-S1) (vertebral centroid of C7 compared with a vertical line through the vertebral centroid of S1), and +58.9 mm+/-19.1 mm (T12-S1). In the anterior translated posture, disc loads and stresses were significantly increased for all levels below T9. Increases in IVD compressive loads and shear loads, and the corresponding stresses, were most marked at the L5-S1 level and L3-L4 level, respectively. The extensor muscle loads required to maintain static equilibrium in the upright posture increased from 147.2 N (mean, neutral posture) to 667.1 N (mean, translated posture) at L5-S1. Compressive loads on the anterior and posterior L5-S1 disc nearly doubled in the anterior translated posture. Anterior translation of the thorax resulted in significantly increased loads and stresses acting on the thoracolumbar spine. This posture is common in lumbar spinal disorders and could contribute to lumbar disc pathologies, progression of L5-S1 spondylolisthesis deformities, and poor outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. In conclusion, anterior trunk translation in the standing subject increases extensor muscle activity and loads and stresses acting on the intervertebral disc in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. (+info)Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.
Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:
1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.
These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.
Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.
The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.
Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.
Scheuermann's Disease, also known as Scheuermann's Kyphosis, is a medical condition that affects the spine. It is a developmental disorder of the vertebral bodies involving anterior wedging of at least three adjacent vertebrae, leading to a progressive rounded or hunchback-like curvature of the upper (thoracic) spine. This deformity can result in a rigid, angular kyphosis and may cause back pain, breathing difficulties, or cosmetic concerns. The exact cause of Scheuermann's Disease is unknown, but it tends to run in families and is more common in males than females. Treatment typically includes physical therapy, bracing, and, in severe cases, surgery.
"Poecilia" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name. It belongs to the family Poeciliidae and includes several species of small freshwater fish commonly known as mollies, guppies, and swordtails. These fish are often kept in aquariums as pets. They are livebearers, which means they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs.
The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.
The spine has several important functions:
1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.
The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.
Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.
The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.
The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.
The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:
1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.
Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.
Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.
The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.
Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).
The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.
Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.
It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.
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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. It is caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which results in a deficiency of SMN protein necessary for the survival of motor neurons.
There are several types of SMA, classified based on the age of onset and severity of symptoms. The most common type is type 1, also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, which presents in infancy and is characterized by severe muscle weakness, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Other types include type 2 (intermediate SMA), type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease), and type 4 (adult-onset SMA).
The symptoms of SMA may include muscle wasting, fasciculations, weakness, hypotonia, respiratory difficulties, and mobility impairment. The diagnosis of SMA typically involves genetic testing to confirm the presence of a mutation in the SMN1 gene. Treatment options for SMA may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, and respiratory support.
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) of childhood are a group of inherited neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration and loss of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. The severity and age of onset can vary significantly, with some forms presenting in infancy and others in later childhood or even adulthood.
The most common form of SMA is 5q autosomal recessive SMA, also known as survival motor neuron (SMN) disease, which results from mutations in the SMN1 gene. The severity of this form can range from severe (type I or Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), intermediate (type II or chronic infantile neurodegenerative disorder), to mild (type III or Kugelberg-Welander disease).
Type I SMA is the most severe form, with onset before 6 months of age and rapid progression leading to death within the first two years of life if left untreated. Type II SMA has an onset between 6 and 18 months of age, with affected children never achieving the ability to walk independently. Type III SMA has a later onset, typically after 18 months of age, and is characterized by a slower progression, allowing for the ability to walk unaided, although mobility may be lost over time.
Other forms of childhood-onset SMA include autosomal dominant distal SMA, X-linked SMA, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA or Kennedy's disease). These forms have distinct genetic causes and clinical presentations.
In general, SMAs are characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia, fasciculations, tongue atrophy, and depressed or absent deep tendon reflexes. Respiratory and nutritional support is often required in more severe cases. Recent advances in gene therapy have led to the development of disease-modifying treatments for some forms of SMA.
Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) protein is a critical component for the survival of motor neurons, which are nerve cells that control muscle movements. The SMN1 protein is produced by the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 gene, located on human chromosome 5q13.
The primary function of the SMN1 protein is to assist in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are essential for spliceosomes - complex molecular machines responsible for RNA processing in the cell. The absence or significant reduction of SMN1 protein leads to defective snRNP assembly, impaired RNA splicing, and ultimately results in motor neuron degeneration.
Mutations in the SMN1 gene can cause Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and paralysis due to the loss of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. The severity of SMA depends on the amount of functional SMN1 protein produced, with less protein leading to more severe symptoms.
The Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) complex is a protein complex that plays a crucial role in the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are essential components of the spliceosome involved in pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. The SMN complex consists of several proteins, including the SMN protein itself, Gemins2-8, and unrip.
The SMN protein is the central component of the complex and is encoded by the SMN1 gene located on chromosome 5q13.2. Mutations in this gene can lead to spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a genetic disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.
The SMN complex assembles in the cytoplasm and facilitates the assembly of spliceosomal snRNPs by helping to load Sm proteins onto small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules. Proper functioning of the SMN complex is essential for the correct splicing of pre-mRNA, and its dysfunction can lead to various developmental abnormalities and diseases, including SMA.
Survival of Motor Neuron 2 (SMN2) protein is a functional copy of the Survival of Motor Neuron (SMN) protein, which is produced from the SMN2 gene. The SMN protein is crucial for the survival of motor neurons, the nerve cells that control muscle movement. In people with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a genetic disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and loss of movement, there is a mutation in the main SMN1 gene that leads to reduced levels of functional SMN protein.
The SMN2 gene can also produce some functional SMN protein, but it mainly produces an unstable, truncated form of the protein due to a critical difference in its exon 7 splicing pattern. However, a small percentage (about 10-15%) of SMN2 transcripts can be correctly spliced and produce full-length, functional SMN protein. The amount of functional SMN protein produced from the SMN2 gene is directly related to the severity of SMA; more SMN protein production from SMN2 leads to less severe symptoms. Therefore, therapies aimed at increasing SMN2-derived SMN protein levels are being developed and tested for the treatment of SMA.
Kyphosis
Genome evolution in seadragons
Scheuermann's disease
Kupenda for the Children
Physical therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
George Napoleon Epps
Rickets
Congenital muscular dystrophy
Milwaukee brace
Jeffrey Tate
Minimally invasive thoracic spinal fusion
Dwarfism
Forensic podiatry
Management of scoliosis
Scoliosis
Ralph Pugh
Catherine Booth
John F. Carroll
Neurostimulation
Callan Pinckney
Boston brace
Neuro biomechanics
Melnick-Needles syndrome
Mckenna Grace
Molly Clutton-Brock
Harrington rod
Cerebral palsy
Richard Day (art director)
Acromesomelic dysplasia
Intervertebral disc
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Scoliosis40
- Using X-ray radiography and two novel non-invasive tools, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it was discovered that spinal curvature constitutes an LSK (lordosis-scoliosis-kyphosis) curvature complex which initially appears on radiographs 7 months post-seawater transfer and induces secondary changes to the vertebral bodies, predominantly in the form of compressions. (auckland.ac.nz)
- Any condition affecting the spine's structure, such as scoliosis or other spinal curvatures, requires highly specialized care. (henryford.com)
- Our spine experts typically diagnose scoliosis and other spinal curvatures starting with a physical exam. (henryford.com)
- By strategically removing vertebrae and realigning the spine with hardware or implants, we can greatly improve scoliosis and other multiplanar curvatures. (henryford.com)
- Spine care for scoliosis and other curvatures is within reach. (henryford.com)
- We provide professional support in Spinal Curvature (Scoliosis). (bookingdoctors.com)
- Spinal Curvature (Scoliosis) is a spinal disorder that is often diagnosed by mothers who hurry to bring their children to the doctor. (bookingdoctors.com)
- The curvature of the back and lumbar region of the spine (to the right or left) is called scoliosis. (bookingdoctors.com)
- In scoliosis, the curvature of the spine can occur as a single curve in the shape of the letter "C" or as two curves in the shape of the letter "S". Although " S " shaped spinal curvature is seen at all ages, it may not be diagnosed until adolescence. (bookingdoctors.com)
- The risk of serious complications from spinal fusion surgery for kyphosis is estimated to be 5%, similar to the risks of surgery for scoliosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, neuromuscular conditions, and spinal injuries. (healthmagazineonline.com)
- Scoliosis & Corsets: Can a Steel Boned Corset Help with Spinal Curvature? (glamorouscorset.com)
- Scoliosis is characterized by curvature of the spine, specifically in a sideways orientation. (glamorouscorset.com)
- Li, M & Wong, MS 2010, ' Application of 3-D ultrasound to trace the spinal curvature of patients with scoliosis ', Paper presented at International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics. (edu.hk)
- kyphosis refers to a "humpback" and describes a forward curvature, and scoliosis refers to a sideways bend in the spine. (rxlist.com)
- Sayre was the first to use plaster of Paris as a support for the spinal column in scoliosis and Pott's disease. (ki.se)
- They may also have scoliosis (curvature of the spine), contractures, and respiratory infections. (medlineplus.gov)
- Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine that can affect children and adults alike. (hss.edu)
- Anteroposterior (front-to-back) view of the spine in standing position, demonstrating scoliosis (sideways curvature). (hss.edu)
- The key symptom in all forms of scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine. (hss.edu)
- A diagnosis for scoliosis made if a sideways curvature in the spine exceeds 10 degrees. (hss.edu)
- Neuromuscular scoliosis: The curvature is a symptom of a separate, systemic condition affecting the nervous system and/or muscular system, such as cerebral palsy , neurofibromatosis , muscular dystrophy, paralysis. (hss.edu)
- This type of scoliosis often creates complex curvatures, such as an overlapping kyphosis condition. (hss.edu)
- Degenerative scoliosis: Affecting older adults, this type of scoliosis is caused by wear and tear on spinal joints or discs. (hss.edu)
- Nonstructural scoliosis" (also known as "functional scoliosis") is where the curvature is temporary and not caused by a malformed vertebrae in the spine but by a separate condition that affects posture, such as skeletal dysplasia or a leg length discrepancy . (hss.edu)
- The curvature shown in the left image is the normal curve of the spine when it is viewed from the side (not scoliosis). (hss.edu)
- Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the type of scoliosis seen most frequently by spine surgeons, representing 80% of all spinal deformity cases. (hss.edu)
- The medical evaluation for scoliosis includes a physical exam and spinal imaging. (hss.edu)
- At Spire Methley Park Hospital we offer a wide range of specialist treatments for back, neck and spine problems, including surgery for spinal stenosis, a slipped or herniated disc and scoliosis. (spirehealthcare.com)
- Scoliosis is best defined as a sideways curvature of the spine. (idealspine.com)
- Going through the steps of correcting scoliosis in a developing child will absolve them from the much more rigorous task of remedying improper curvature once the spine is fully developed. (idealspine.com)
- In the same way you might be able to prevent a cold from getting worse, catching early onset scoliosis could give your child a fighting chance at avoiding a life full of chronic spinal problems. (idealspine.com)
- Because of all the possible combinations of curvatures, scoliosis can be very different in different people. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- Some babies are born with spinal defects that cause the spine to grow unevenly, a condition called congenital scoliosis or congenital kyphosis. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- Early detection of abnormal spinal curves by school screening programs and pediatricians is intended to find scoliosis early enough to begin brace treatment and avoid surgery. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- Syringomyelia: A fluid-filled sac within the spinal cord that can cause spasticity (to have spasms, which are involuntary muscle movements), loss of muscle mass (atrophy) or scoliosis. (choc.org)
- It can also lead to curvature of the spine (scoliosis) and back pain. (choc.org)
- Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. (mountsinai.org)
- Data from Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network showed that specific use of glucocorticoids (steroids used to help maintain muscle strength), use of assistive devices for coughing, and scoliosis (spinal curvature) surgery all improved survival . (cdc.gov)
- In contrast to the 2004 evidence review, which identified moderate harms associated with treating screen-detected adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at that time, including unnecessary bracing and referral to specialty care, the new systematic data review found adequate evidence that treatment with bracing may decrease scoliosis progression in adolescents with mild or moderate curvature severity and only limited available evidence on the harms of screening and treatment. (medscape.com)
Abnormal6
- An abnormal curvature of the spine can have a variety of causes. (henryford.com)
- This different from the condition known as kyphosis , where the spine has an abnormal, forward-oriented curvature. (hss.edu)
- SPINAL SCREENING Girls will undergo screening for abnormal spinal curvature during the Fall semester of fifth and seventh grade. (neisd.net)
- What causes abnormal spinal curves? (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- There are many different causes of abnormal spinal curves. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- People with Marfan syndrome often have eye lens dislocation, tall stature, long fingers and toes, flat feet, abnormal curvature of the spine, deformities of the breastbone, and stretch marks on their skin. (cdc.gov)
Deformity5
- In the sense of a deformity, it is the pathological curving of the spine, where parts of the spinal column lose some or all of their lordotic profile. (wikipedia.org)
- Given that the signs and symptoms of spinal deformity cannot be changed by surgical intervention, surgery remains essentially a cosmetic choice. (wikipedia.org)
- Case illustrative of the beneficial results which may be obtained by close attention and perseverance in spinal deformity. (nih.gov)
- If you or a member of your family has a spinal deformity you probably have questions and concerns. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- In addition, spinal deformity may be the presenting sign of a variety of conditions, including heritable collagen disease, neurological conditions, or skeletal dysplasia unrecognized until adolescence. (medscape.com)
Cord24
- The spine is responsible for supporting the body's weight, protecting the spinal cord, and allowing for movement and flexibility. (healthmagazineonline.com)
- It supports the weight of the upper body and encases the delicate system of nerves making up the spinal cord. (rxlist.com)
- The cauda equina is a part of the spinal cord named because of its appearance (horse's tail). (rxlist.com)
- These bones surround and protect the nerve tissue of the spinal cord. (rxlist.com)
- The spinal cord begins at the base of the brain and extends to an area just below the rib cage in adults. (rxlist.com)
- The characteristic muscle weakness occurs because of a progressive degeneration of the alpha motor neuron from anterior horn cells in the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
- Sensation, which originates from the posterior horn cells of the spinal cord, is spared, as is intelligence. (medscape.com)
- [ 11 , 12 ] The SMN protein is critical to the health and survival of the nerve cells in the spinal cord that are responsible for muscle contraction (motor neurons). (medscape.com)
- The nerves around the brain and spinal cord require that the spine be straightened slowly, so they're not damaged or irritated. (kidshealth.org)
- Motor neurons are a type of nerve cell in the spinal cord and lower part of the brain. (medlineplus.gov)
- It also protects your spinal cord and spinal nerves from injury. (healthline.com)
- During development in the womb, what will eventually become the spine forms around the early spinal cord. (healthline.com)
- the spinal cord terminates at the inferior aspect of the t12 vertebral body.meaning? (healthtap.com)
- The spinal cord normally terminates at t12-l1 level, with spinal roots continuing more inferiorly. (healthtap.com)
- The medication is injected into the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. (healthline.com)
- Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in paralysis of trunk muscles, which can affect sitting balance. (researchgate.net)
- 1 After sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI), denervation of trunk muscles can dramatically impair seated balance control and severely limit range of stability. (researchgate.net)
- Context Recovery of seated balance is a rehabilitation priority for people with motor-complete spinal cord injury (mcSCI). (researchgate.net)
- In brain, spinal cord and spine surgeries, hybrid operating rooms are used for many disease groups and trauma surgery. (anadolumedicalcenter.com)
- Aneurysm (bubble), Arteriovenous neurovascular surgery of brain or spinal cord diseases such as malformation (AVM), brain tumor or functional stereotactic surgery and spinal implantation surgery. (anadolumedicalcenter.com)
- The primary goal of managing spina bifida is to prevent infection and to preserve the spinal cord and nerves that are exposed outside of the body. (choc.org)
- A cesarean delivery is often performed to decrease the risk of damage to the spinal cord that may occur during a vaginal delivery. (choc.org)
- Tethered cord: A condition in which the spinal cord attaches to scar tissue at spina bifida repair site. (choc.org)
- Marfan syndrome most often affects the connective tissue of the heart and blood vessels, eyes, bones, lungs, and covering of the spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
Kyphosis6
- On the other hand, the angle of thoracic kyphosis and the partial angles of physiological spinal curvatures changed only to a small degree over the 40-year period. (medscimonit.com)
- When we look at a normal human spine from the side, mild lordosis in the waist and neck region and four curvatures called mild kyphosis in the back and hip area are detected. (bookingdoctors.com)
- Kyphosis is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Congenital kyphosis (Q76.4) can result in infants whose spinal column has not developed correctly in the womb. (wikipedia.org)
- Lateral (outer side) view of the spine in standing position, demonstrating kyphosis (forward curvature). (hss.edu)
- Thoracic kyphosis affects spinal loads and trunk muscle force. (fecyt.es)
Deformities3
- The potential symptoms caused by block vertebrae can include pain, reduced range of motion, and spinal deformities. (healthline.com)
- In it we describe spinal deformities and explain both non-operative and surgical treatment. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
- Some children have nerve or muscle diseases, injuries or other illnesses that cause spinal deformities, for example cerebral palsy, or myelomeningocele. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
Lumbar7
- The children were examined for body height, body mass, as well as thoracic and lumbar curvatures. (medscimonit.com)
- My mri report say this: levoconvex curvature of the lumbar spine. (healthtap.com)
- Se exploró la disposición angular del raquis torácico y lumbar y el ángulo de inclinación pélvica mediante el Spinal Mouse. (fecyt.es)
- y en los test de distancia DD-S y DD-P se observó una cifosis moderada en la zona lumbar en un 94,9% y un 71,8% de los casos respectivamente. (fecyt.es)
- The angular disposition of the thoracic and lumbar spine, as well as the pelvic tilt angle, were measured using Spinal Mouse. (fecyt.es)
- Therefore, most tennis players present normal thoracic and lumbar angle values while standing, whereas in slumped sitting normality values are reduced by half in both curvatures. (fecyt.es)
- La columna vertebral lumbar en las diferentes posiciones del ciclismo profesional en ruta. (fecyt.es)
Muscular Atrophy9
- also known as spinal muscular atrophy) is a rare debilitating autosomal recessive hereditary disease characterized by progressive hypotonia and muscular weakness. (medscape.com)
- What is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)? (medlineplus.gov)
- Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a group of genetic diseases that damages and kills motor neurons. (medlineplus.gov)
- What are the types of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and what are their symptoms? (medlineplus.gov)
- How is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) diagnosed? (medlineplus.gov)
- What are the treatments for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)? (medlineplus.gov)
- My Child Has Spinal Muscular Atrophy: What Will Their Life Be Like? (healthline.com)
- Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a genetic condition, can affect all aspects of your child's day-to-day life. (healthline.com)
- One such form is spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress (SMARD). (healthline.com)
Stenosis3
- Spinal stenosis is less common. (medscape.com)
- Approximately half (25 out of 47) ICD-9 codes with the highest average costs per person in the inpatient data consisted of intervertebral disc, spinal stenosis, and spinal curvature codes. (cdc.gov)
- Of the outpatient service records examined, 23 out of 50 codes were for intervertebral disc, spinal curvature, and spinal stenosis diagnoses. (cdc.gov)
Lead to curvature1
- Traumatic injuries, such as spinal fractures, or previous spine surgeries can also lead to curvature. (henryford.com)
Posture2
- 2. Maintain good posture: Good posture can help prevent spinal curvature and reduce the risk of back and neck pain. (healthmagazineonline.com)
- People with osteoporosis may develop muscle weakness, posture issues, or spinal curvature. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Abnormality1
- Your orthopaedic surgeon and nurse are ready to answer your questions and help you understand your particular spinal abnormality and treatment. (youngmenshealthsite.org)
Adolescents1
- The purpose of this study was to assess significant alterations which occurred in selected morphological features and spinal curvatures in children and adolescents over a period of 40 years. (medscimonit.com)
Occur3
- Spinal curvatures can occur anywhere along the spine. (henryford.com)
- Spinal curvatures can occur due to many different reasons. (bookingdoctors.com)
- This can occur due to the effects of health conditions like juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or a spinal fusion surgery . (healthline.com)
Muscles1
- The back itself extends from the neck to the pelvis and is made up of the bones of the spinal column, muscles, and other tissues. (rxlist.com)
Degeneration2
- Curvature can also develop due to degeneration. (henryford.com)
- However, in some patients it is congenital (present at birth), caused by degeneration of the spinal joints or discs, or caused by a neuromuscular condition unrelated to structures of the bone. (hss.edu)
Injuries1
- Exercises, such as seated rows and knee extensions, may encourage slouching and lead to spinal injuries. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Vertebrae2
- Over time, the vertebrae and intervertebral discs of the spine can weaken and become misaligned, resulting in curvature. (henryford.com)
- The vertebrae is made up of more than 30 bones stacked on one another to form the spinal column. (rxlist.com)
Severe3
- Severe spinal curves may require surgery. (henryford.com)
- For a severe spinal curvature, we may need to stabilize the spine at several levels. (henryford.com)
- This procedure is typically reserved for cases where the curvature is severe and is causing significant health problems. (healthmagazineonline.com)
Physiological2
- This study aims to verify the relation between dental occlusion and no physiological curvature of the spinal column. (bvsalud.org)
- It was found that there was a difference statistically significant between the non-physiological curvatures of the spine and the vertical and ânterior-posterior occlusion relation as well as various types of dental malocclusion among individuals with no physiological curvature of the spine. (bvsalud.org)
Complications1
- Two complications to be aware of are issues with breathing and spinal curvature. (healthline.com)
Diseases1
- Spinal Diseases and Spinal Curvature. (ki.se)
Symptoms1
- What are the Symptoms of Spinal Curvature? (bookingdoctors.com)
Adolescence2
- However, the period in which the current spinal curvature can progress most rapidly is the first 5 years of life and the rapid increase in height during adolescence. (bookingdoctors.com)
- Most children lack pronounced spinal curvature in their adolescence. (idealspine.com)
Spine surgeons2
- The fellowship-trained spine surgeons at Henry Ford specialize in correcting spinal curvature while preserving as much mobility as possible. (henryford.com)
- Whenever possible, spine surgeons at Rush perform spinal fusions using minimally invasive approaches that help you heal faster and with less pain. (rush.edu)
Lateral5
- Cases of lateral curvature of the spine. (nih.gov)
- Case of extreme lateral curvature of the spine, of more than fifteen years' duration. (nih.gov)
- Clinical lecture on lateral curvature of the spine. (nih.gov)
- to consider the question of lateral curvature of the spine. (nih.gov)
- Case of distortion of the spine, with observations on rotation of the vertebræ as a complication of lateral curvature. (nih.gov)
Treatments1
- Our board-certified physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians specialize in nonsurgical treatments for spinal curvatures. (henryford.com)
Cerebral palsy1
- It can also be associated with other neurological disorders, such as cerebral palsy or spinal bifida. (mountsinai.org)
Prevalence2
- Feeding different commercial diets throughout seawater production had no effect on curvature prevalence, but the results were confounded by other factors, namely a lack of differences in feed composition, feed supply delays and disruptions, rigor mortis, and pen movement. (auckland.ac.nz)
- Sustained exercise during early life, minimisation of handling and other sources of stress, and diet manipulation may help to reduce curvature prevalence in farmed stocks while the contributing factors are still being elucidated. (auckland.ac.nz)
Curves3
- These types of high-end curves typically do not respond well to conservative treatment and almost always warrant spinal fusion surgery, which can restore the body's natural degree of curvature. (wikipedia.org)
- such as a rounded upper back that also curves to the side (kyphoscoliosis) or exaggerated curvature of the lower back (hyperlordosis). (medlineplus.gov)
- What are normal spinal curves? (youngmenshealthsite.org)
Fractures2
- According to a 2018 review , situps can increase the risk of spinal fractures for people with osteoporosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Exercises, such as the chest press, involve spinal compression, which can increase the risk of spinal fractures in people with osteoporosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Mild1
- Some cases never progress beyond mild curvature, causing no pain and having little to no impact on one's life. (glamorouscorset.com)
Sciatica1
- With sciatica, a herniated or ruptured disc presses against the sciatic nerve that runs from the spinal column down the lower extremity. (rxlist.com)
Neuromuscular condition1
- Collectively, the studies provide evidence that spinal curvature in king salmon is a late-onset neuromuscular condition that involves a chronic inflammatory process. (auckland.ac.nz)
Trunk1
- Outcome Measures Trunk EMG amplitude, trunk and arm joint angles, and trunk curvature. (researchgate.net)
Surgery3
- If signs of worsening curvature are noted, patients may have to wear a brace or, in extreme cases, undergo surgery. (glamorouscorset.com)
- Doctors usually do it to help a child get ready for a second, bigger surgery, called spinal fusion . (kidshealth.org)
- Some children can have spinal fusion surgery without halo traction. (kidshealth.org)
Flexibility1
- Whether you need physical therapy to regain spinal strength and flexibility, or pain therapy to temporarily relieve discomfort, Henry Ford has the services you need. (henryford.com)
Describe2
- There are different medical terms that can be used to describe curvature of the spine. (rxlist.com)
- Therefore, we intend to describe the spinal morphotype of adolescent tennis players in different positions. (fecyt.es)
Disorder1
- Which of these conditions involve a spinal curvature disorder that may cause back pain? (rxlist.com)
Treatment2
- In only 10% of people with spinal curvature, the curvature progresses to a level that requires treatment. (bookingdoctors.com)
- In this article, we will discuss the importance of spine health and the treatment of spinal curvature in children. (healthmagazineonline.com)
Typically1
- Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a form of arthritis that typically involves the joints of the spinal column and causes back pain. (rxlist.com)
Skeletal2
- Although DXA detected no differences in bone mineral content, fat mass and lean mass between adult fish with and without curvature, MRI and subsequent histology revealed that curvature was strongly associated with progressive stages of inflammation and fibrosis of the peri-vertebral skeletal musculature and connective tissues, particularly the horizontal septum. (auckland.ac.nz)
- Further, "[t]he likelihood of progression in adulthood is small for persons with a spinal curvature of less than 30° at skeletal maturity," they write. (medscape.com)
Instability2
- In this episode, Dr. Dan and Angela share what ligament instability is and what can cause it (especially in developing spines), what a lack of spinal motion means for health and how resolving one problem can impact the other. (tunein.com)
- In some cases, these changes eventually lead to ruptured - or herniated - discs, instability in the spine, and/or narrowing of the spinal canal. (rush.edu)
Diagnosis1
- If the curvature at the time of diagnosis is high in the curvatures detected in these periods, the rate of progression will be higher than a low grade curvature. (bookingdoctors.com)
Involve2
- Situps are a type of exercise that involve spinal flexion, which refers to the bending of the spine. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Crunches may involve a smaller range of motion than situps, but they still involve spinal flexion. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Malformation1
- Chiari II malformation: A displacement of the brain into the upper spinal column. (choc.org)