Narrowing of the spinal canal.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Forward displacement of a superior vertebral body over the vertebral body below.
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
The injection of drugs, most often analgesics, into the spinal canal without puncturing the dura mater.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.
The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.
Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal narrowing or constriction of the lumen of the trachea, which can lead to respiratory distress and other related symptoms.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the PULMONARY VALVE. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the PULMONARY ARTERY. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.
Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.
Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, and originate from cells within the spinal structure or spread to the spine from other parts of the body (metastatic).
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739)
A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)
Excision, in part or whole, of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy (DISKECTOMY, PERCUTANEOUS) or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common.
A degenerative joint disease involving the SPINE. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE).
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, central and peripheral, or demonstration of neurologic function or dysfunction.
A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
Outgrowth of immature bony processes or bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE) from the VERTEBRAE, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. It commonly occurs in cervical and lumbar SPONDYLOSIS.
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).
The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
Developmental or acquired stricture or narrowing of the LARYNX. Symptoms of respiratory difficulty depend on the degree of laryngeal narrowing.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
A type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the AORTIC VALVE, anywhere between the aortic valve and the MITRAL VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.
The injection of autologous blood into the epidural space either as a prophylactic treatment immediately following an epidural puncture or for treatment of headache as a result of an epidural puncture.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.

Determining the sagittal dimensions of the canal of the cervical spine. The reliability of ratios of anatomical measurements. (1/503)

The ratio of the sagittal diameter of the cervical canal to the corresponding diameter of the vertebral body has been described as a reliable means for assessing stenosis of the canal and detecting those at risk of cervical neuropraxia. The use of ratio techniques has the advantage of avoiding variation in magnification when direct measurements are made from plain radiographs. We examined the reliability of this method using plain lateral radiographs of unknown magnification and CT scans. We also assessed other possible ratios of anatomical measurements as a guide to the diameter of the canal. Our findings showed a poor correlation between the true diameter of the canal and the ratio of its sagittal diameter to that of the vertebral body. No other more reliable ratio was identified. The variability in anatomical morphology means that the use of ratios from anatomical measurements within the cervical spine is not reliable in determining the true diameter of the cervical canal.  (+info)

The assessment of appropriate indications for laminectomy. (2/503)

We have developed criteria to determine the appropriate indications for lumbar laminectomy, using the standard procedure developed at the RAND corporation and the University of California at Los Angeles (RAND-UCLA). A panel of five surgeons and four physicians individually assessed 1000 hypothetical cases of sciatica, back pain only, symptoms of spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, miscellaneous indications or the need for repeat laminectomy. For the first round each member of the panel used a scale ranging from 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). After discussion and condensation of the results into three categories laminectomy was considered appropriate in 11% of the 1000 theoretical scenarios, equivocal in 26% and inappropriate in 63%. There was some variation between the six categories of malalignment, but full agreement in 64% of the hypothetical cases. We applied these criteria retrospectively to the records of 196 patients who had had surgical treatment for herniated discs in one Swiss University hospital. We found that 48% of the operations were for appropriate indications, 29% for equivocal reasons and that 23% were inappropriate. The RAND-UCLA method is a feasible, useful and coherent approach to the study of the indications for laminectomy and related procedures, providing a number of important insights. Our conclusions now require validation by carefully designed prospective clinical trials, such as those which are used for new medical techniques.  (+info)

Surgical treatment of lumbar canal stenosis in the elderly. (3/503)

The effectiveness of spinal surgery for lumbar canal stenosis was investigated in the elderly. 164 patients with lumbar canal stenosis were surgically treated over 8 years. 125 patients were followed up by letter questionnaire. The outcome and patient satisfaction with the surgical procedures were compared between the 73 younger patients (< or = 64 years of age) and the 52 elderly patients (> or = 65 years of age). Intermittent claudication was satisfactorily improved in both the younger and the elderly groups. Both simple laminectomy and laminectomy with fusion could equally improve the symptoms of intermittent claudication. Although statistically not significant, there was tendency that laminectomy plus fusion effectively improved the symptoms of back pain and leg pain in both groups. 75% of the younger patients and 67% of the elderly were pleased with the outcome. The present study shows that elderly patients with lumbar canal stenosis should be actively considered for surgical treatment.  (+info)

MR imaging of a hemorrhagic and granulomatous cyst of the ligamentum flavum with pathologic correlation. (4/503)

Cysts of the ligamentum flavum are uncommon causes of neurologic signs and symptoms and usually are seen in persons over 50 years of age. We report a case of an epidural cyst located in the ligamentum flavum, which contributed to spinal stenosis in a 30-year-old man. Radiologic features were similar to those of a synovial cyst, but synovium was not identified histologically. The imaging and pathologic features were unusual, including hemorrhage and a fibrohistiocytic reaction with giant cells.  (+info)

Histology of the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. (5/503)

The degree of calcification as well as the structural changes of the elastic fibres in the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis were evaluated and the results were compared to those of patients without spinal stenosis. In 21 patients (13 male, 8 female) with lumbar spinal stenosis the ligamentum flavum was removed, histologically processed and stained. The calcification, the elastic/collagenous fibre ratio as well as the configuration of the fibres were evaluated with an image analyzing computer. As a control group, 20 ligaments of 10 human corpses were processed in the same way. The results were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test (alpha = 0.05) and the t-test (alpha = 0.05). Nearly all the ligaments of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were calcified (average 0.17%, maximum 3.8%) and showed relevant fibrosis with decreased elastic/collagenous fibre ratio. There was a significant correlation between age and histological changes (P<0.05). In the control group we only found minimal calcification in 3 of 20 segments (average 0.015%). No relevant fibrosis was found and the configuration of elastic fibres showed no pathologic changes. The results of this study illustrate the important role of histological changes of the ligamentum flavum for the aetiology of lumbar spinal stenosis.  (+info)

The placement of lumbar pedicle screws using computerised stereotactic guidance. (6/503)

Computer-assisted frameless stereotactic image guidance allows precise preoperative planning and intraoperative localisation of the image. It has been developed and tested in the laboratory. We evaluated the efficacy, clinical results and complications of placement of a pedicle screw in the lumbar spine using this technique. A total of 62 patients (28 men, 34 women) had lumbar decompression and spinal fusion with segmental pedicle screws. Postoperative CT scans were taken of 35 patients to investigate the placement of 330 screws. None showed penetration of the medial or inferior wall of a pedicle. Registration was carried out 66 times. The number of fiducial points used on each registration averaged 5.8 (4 to 7) The mean registration error was 0.75 mm (0.32 to 1.72). This technique provides a safe and reliable guide for placement of transpedicular screws in the lumbar spine.  (+info)

Motor conduction alterations in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis following the onset of neurogenic claudication. (7/503)

The pathogenesis of neurogenic claudication is thought to lie in relative ischemia of cauda equina roots during exercise. In this study we will evaluate the effect of the transient ischemia brought on by exercise on motor conduction in patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). We will also evaluate the sensitivity of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in detecting motor conduction abnormalities before and after the onset of neurogenic claudication. Thirty patients with LSS and 19 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. All LSS patients had a history of neurogenic claudication and the diagnosis was confirmed with a CT myelogram. Both groups underwent a complete electrophysiological evaluation of the lower extremities. The motor evoked potential latency time (MEPLT) and the peripheral motor conduction time (PMCT) were measured. The subjects were asked to walk on a flat surface until their symptoms were reproduced. A new set of electrophysiological tests was then performed. Exercise did not produce claudication in any of the control group subjects. Twenty-seven patients did have claudication. The pre-exercise MEPLT and nerve conduction studies in the control group fell within the normal range. In the patient group, 19 patients had increased baseline values for MEPLT to at least one muscle. There was a significant difference between the MEPLT and the PMCT values measured before and after exercise in the patients with signs of neurological deficit. This difference was not found to be significant in patients without neurological deficits (t-test P < 0. 05). It may be concluded that exercise increases the sensitivity of MEPs in detecting the roots under functional compression in LSS.  (+info)

Medical versus surgical treatment for low back pain: evidence and clinical practice. (8/503)

CONTEXT: Although low back pain is one of the most common health problems, it is still difficult to choose between surgical and medical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To examine the evidence of the efficacy of surgical and medical treatment of the two most common indications for spinal surgery for low back pain--lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis--and to assess geographic variation in the use of surgery for these conditions in the United States. METHODS: The MEDLINE database (1966-1999) was searched for all studies that compared surgical and medical treatments for low back pain. Data from the Health Care Financing Administration were used to examine geographic variation in spinal surgery rates for patients enrolled in Medicare (1996-1997). RESULTS: Eight observational studies and one randomized clinical trial were identified. In general, these studies suggest better short-term outcomes (e.g., functional status and employability) with surgery than with medical approaches, but they indicate that long-term results are similar with both types of treatment. Methodologic flaws in the observational studies, particularly selection bias, preclude definitive conclusions about relative efficacy. In 1996 and 1997, more than 98,000 Medicare enrollees had surgery for disc herniation or spinal stenosis. Among hospital referral regions, rates of surgery for disc herniation varied 8-fold, from 0.24 to 1.96 per 1000 Medicare enrollees, and rates of surgery for spinal stenosis varied 12-fold, from 0.29 to 3.34 per 1000 Medicare enrollees. CONCLUSIONS: The literature comparing the efficacy of surgical and medical treatment for low back pain is limited. Not surprisingly, the use of surgery for low back pain varies widely across the United States. To establish clinical consensus, we need better evidence about the efficacy of surgery.  (+info)

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramina (the openings through which nerves exit the spinal column), typically in the lower back (lumbar) or neck (cervical) regions. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected areas, often in the legs, arms, or hands. It's most commonly caused by age-related wear and tear, but can also be due to degenerative changes, herniated discs, tumors, or spinal injuries.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

Spondylolisthesis is a medical condition that affects the spine, specifically the vertebrae in the lower back (lumbar region). It occurs when one vertebra slips forward and onto the vertebra below it. This slippage can lead to narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the nerves exiting the spine, causing pain and discomfort. The condition can be congenital, degenerative, or result from trauma or injury. Symptoms may include lower back pain, stiffness, and radiating pain down the legs. Treatment options range from physical therapy and pain management to surgical intervention in severe cases.

Carotid stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or constriction of the lumen (inner space) of the carotid artery. The carotid arteries are major blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Carotid stenosis usually results from the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls of the artery. This process is called atherosclerosis.

As the plaque accumulates, it causes the artery to narrow, reducing blood flow to the brain. Severe carotid stenosis can increase the risk of stroke, as a clot or debris from the plaque can break off and travel to the brain, blocking a smaller blood vessel and causing tissue damage or death.

Carotid stenosis is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MRI angiography. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications (such as quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, and managing cholesterol levels), medications to reduce the risk of clots, or surgical procedures like endarterectomy or stenting to remove or bypass the blockage.

Aortic valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle (the heart's main pumping chamber) from the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body). This narrowing or stiffening prevents the aortic valve from opening fully, resulting in reduced blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.

The narrowing can be caused by several factors, including congenital heart defects, calcification (hardening) of the aortic valve due to aging, or scarring of the valve due to rheumatic fever or other inflammatory conditions. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to thickening and enlargement of the left ventricular muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy).

Symptoms of aortic valve stenosis may include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting, and heart palpitations. Severe aortic valve stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention such as aortic valve replacement.

Epidural injection is a medical procedure where a medication is injected into the epidural space of the spine. The epidural space is the area between the outer covering of the spinal cord (dura mater) and the vertebral column. This procedure is typically used to provide analgesia (pain relief) or anesthesia for surgical procedures, labor and delivery, or chronic pain management.

The injection usually contains a local anesthetic and/or a steroid medication, which can help reduce inflammation and swelling in the affected area. The medication is delivered through a thin needle that is inserted into the epidural space using the guidance of fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Epidural injections are commonly used to treat various types of pain, including lower back pain, leg pain (sciatica), and neck pain. They can also be used to diagnose the source of pain by injecting a local anesthetic to numb the area and determine if it is the cause of the pain.

While epidural injections are generally safe, they do carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or allergic reactions to the medication. It's important to discuss these risks with your healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Radiculopathy is a medical term that refers to the condition where there is damage or disturbance in the nerve roots as they exit the spinal column. These nerve roots, also known as radicles, can become damaged due to various reasons such as compression, inflammation, or injury, leading to a range of symptoms.

Radiculopathy may occur in any part of the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When the nerve roots in the cervical region are affected, it can result in symptoms such as neck pain, shoulder pain, arm pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or fingers. On the other hand, when the nerve roots in the lumbar region are affected, it can cause lower back pain, leg pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs or feet.

The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the severity and location of the damage to the nerve roots. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own with rest and conservative treatment. However, in more severe cases, medical intervention such as physical therapy, medication, or surgery may be necessary to alleviate the symptoms and prevent further damage.

The ligamentum flavum is a pair of elastic bands of tissue located in the spine. They connect the laminae, which are parts of the vertebral arch, from one vertebra to the next in the spine. These ligaments help maintain the stability and alignment of the vertebral column, allowing for a limited range of movement while preventing excessive motion that could cause injury. The elasticity of the ligamentum flavum also facilitates the return of the spinal column to its normal position after flexion.

These ligaments are named "flavum" because they have a yellowish color due to their high elastin content. They play an essential role in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots from damage during movements of the spine. Any degeneration, thickening, or calcification of the ligamentum flavum may lead to conditions such as spinal stenosis, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure where two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together to create a solid bone. The purpose of this procedure is to restrict movement between the fused vertebrae, which can help reduce pain and stabilize the spine. This is typically done using bone grafts or bone graft substitutes, along with hardware such as rods, screws, or cages to hold the vertebrae in place while they heal together. The procedure may be recommended for various spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or fractures.

Coronary stenosis is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This narrowing is typically caused by the buildup of plaque, made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, on the inner walls of the arteries. Over time, as the plaque hardens and calcifies, it can cause the artery to become narrowed or blocked, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

Coronary stenosis can lead to various symptoms and complications, including chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and heart attacks. Treatment options for coronary stenosis may include lifestyle changes, medications, medical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery, or a combination of these approaches. Regular check-ups and diagnostic tests, such as stress testing or coronary angiography, can help detect and monitor coronary stenosis over time.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

Intervertebral disc displacement, also known as a slipped disc or herniated disc, is a medical condition where the inner, softer material (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures through its outer, tougher ring (annulus fibrosus). This can put pressure on nearby nerves and cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area, often in the lower back or neck. The displacement may also lead to inflammation and irritation of the surrounding spinal structures, further exacerbating the symptoms. The condition is typically caused by age-related wear and tear (degenerative disc disease) or sudden trauma.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Sciatica is not a medical condition itself but rather a symptom of an underlying medical problem. It's typically described as pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, which runs from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg.

The pain can vary widely, from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation or excruciating discomfort. Sometimes, the pain is severe enough to make moving difficult. Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine, or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve.

While sciatica can be quite painful, it's not typically a sign of permanent nerve damage and can often be relieved with non-surgical treatments. However, if the pain is severe or persists for a long period, it's essential to seek medical attention as it could indicate a more serious underlying condition.

Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal narrowing of the trachea (windpipe), which can lead to difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or the growth of abnormal tissue in the airway. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort, particularly during physical activity. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or surgical interventions such as laser surgery, stent placement, or tracheal reconstruction.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Polyradiculopathy is a medical term that refers to a condition affecting multiple nerve roots. It's a type of neurological disorder where there is damage or injury to the nerve roots, which are the beginning portions of nerves as they exit the spinal cord. This damage can result in various symptoms such as weakness, numbness, tingling, and pain in the affected areas of the body, depending on the specific nerves involved.

Polyradiculopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, infection, inflammation, compression, or degenerative changes in the spine. Some common causes include spinal cord tumors, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Diagnosing polyradiculopathy typically involves a thorough neurological examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and sometimes nerve conduction studies or electromyography (EMG) to assess the function of the affected nerves. Treatment for polyradiculopathy depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, typically between the costal margin (bottom of the ribcage) and the gluteal folds (buttocks). It can be caused by several factors including strain or sprain of the muscles or ligaments, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other degenerative conditions affecting the spine. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp stabbing sensation and may be accompanied by stiffness, limited mobility, and radiating pain down the legs in some cases. Low back pain is often described as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (lasting between 6-12 weeks), or chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks).

Intermittent claudication is a medical condition characterized by pain or cramping in the legs, usually in the calf muscles, that occurs during exercise or walking and is relieved by rest. This symptom is caused by insufficient blood flow to the working muscles due to peripheral artery disease (PAD), a narrowing or blockage of the arteries in the limbs. As the individual walks, the muscle demands for oxygen and nutrients increase, but the restricted blood supply cannot meet these demands, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and pain. The pain typically subsides after a few minutes of rest, as the muscle's demand for oxygen decreases, allowing the limited blood flow to compensate. Regular exercise and medications may help improve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications associated with PAD.

Spondylosis is a general term that refers to degenerative changes in the spine, particularly in the joints (facets) between vertebrae and/or intervertebral discs. It's a common age-related condition, which can also be caused by stresses on the spine due to poor posture, repetitive movements, or injury.

The degenerative process often involves loss of hydration and elasticity in the intervertebral discs, leading to decreased disc height and potential disc herniation. This can cause narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) or nerve root canal (foraminal stenosis), resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerves.

Spondylosis can occur throughout the spine, but it is most commonly found in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, legs, or back, depending on the location and severity of the degeneration. However, it's worth noting that many people with spondylosis might not experience any symptoms at all. Treatment options typically include pain management, physical therapy, and, in severe cases, surgery.

Pyloric stenosis is a condition that results in the narrowing or complete obstruction of the pylorus, which is the opening from the stomach into the small intestine. This narrowing is usually caused by hypertrophy (thickening) of the muscles in the pylorus, making it difficult for food to pass from the stomach into the duodenum.

The most common form of this condition is infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which typically affects infants between 3-6 weeks of age. In this case, the pyloric muscle becomes abnormally thick and narrows the opening, making it difficult for stomach contents to empty into the small intestine. This can lead to symptoms such as vomiting (often projectile), dehydration, and poor weight gain.

The diagnosis of pyloric stenosis is often made through physical examination, ultrasound, or other imaging studies. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the narrowed opening, known as a pyloromyotomy. This procedure involves making an incision in the pylorus to relieve the obstruction and allow normal stomach emptying.

In some cases, pyloric stenosis can also occur in adults, although this is much less common than in infants. Adult pyloric stenosis can be caused by various factors, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, or previous surgeries. The symptoms and treatment approach for adult pyloric stenosis may differ from those seen in infants.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

Disability Evaluation is the process of determining the nature and extent of a person's functional limitations or impairments, and assessing their ability to perform various tasks and activities in order to determine eligibility for disability benefits or accommodations. This process typically involves a medical examination and assessment by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician or psychologist, who evaluates the individual's symptoms, medical history, laboratory test results, and functional abilities. The evaluation may also involve input from other professionals, such as vocational experts, occupational therapists, or speech-language pathologists, who can provide additional information about the person's ability to perform specific tasks and activities in a work or daily living context. Based on this information, a determination is made about whether the individual meets the criteria for disability as defined by the relevant governing authority, such as the Social Security Administration or the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Pathological constriction refers to an abnormal narrowing or tightening of a body passage or organ, which can interfere with the normal flow of blood, air, or other substances through the area. This constriction can occur due to various reasons such as inflammation, scarring, or abnormal growths, and can affect different parts of the body, including blood vessels, airways, intestines, and ureters. Pathological constriction can lead to a range of symptoms and complications depending on its location and severity, and may require medical intervention to correct.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is a cardiac condition where the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, has a narrowed opening. This stenosis (narrowing) can cause obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. The narrowing can be caused by a fusion of the valve leaflets, thickened or calcified valve leaflets, or rarely, a dysplastic valve.

The severity of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is classified based on the gradient pressure across the valve, which is measured during an echocardiogram. A mild stenosis has a gradient of less than 30 mmHg, moderate stenosis has a gradient between 30-59 mmHg, and severe stenosis has a gradient of 60 mmHg or higher.

Mild Pulmonary Valve Stenosis may not require treatment, while more severe cases may need to be treated with balloon valvuloplasty or surgical valve replacement. If left untreated, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and other complications.

Back pain is a common symptom characterized by discomfort or soreness in the back, often occurring in the lower region of the back (lumbago). It can range from a mild ache to a sharp stabbing or shooting pain, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, restricted mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Back pain is typically caused by strain or sprain to the muscles, ligaments, or spinal joints, but it can also result from degenerative conditions, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other medical issues affecting the spine. The severity and duration of back pain can vary widely, with some cases resolving on their own within a few days or weeks, while others may require medical treatment and rehabilitation.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS) is not a formally recognized medical diagnosis, but rather a term that is used to describe the condition of patients who continue to experience chronic pain in the spine or legs after having undergone one or more spinal surgeries. FBSS does not necessarily mean that the surgery was performed incorrectly, but rather that it did not achieve the desired outcome of relieving the patient's pain.

The symptoms of FBSS can vary from person to person, but often include chronic pain in the back or legs, numbness or tingling sensations, muscle weakness, and decreased mobility. The exact cause of FBSS is not always clear, but it may be due to a variety of factors, such as nerve damage, scar tissue formation, or continued spinal instability.

Treatment for FBSS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include medication, physical therapy, injections, and psychological support. In some cases, additional surgery may be recommended, but this is usually considered a last resort due to the risks involved and the fact that previous surgeries have not been successful.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone in the lower portion of the human vertebral column, located between the lumbar spine and the coccyx (tailbone). It forms through the fusion of several vertebrae during fetal development. The sacrum's base articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, while its apex connects with the coccyx.

The sacrum plays an essential role in supporting the spine and transmitting weight from the upper body to the pelvis and lower limbs. It also serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments. The sacral region is often a focus in medical and chiropractic treatments due to its importance in spinal stability, posture, and overall health.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

The epidural space is the potential space located outside the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). This space runs the entire length of the spinal canal and contains fatty tissue, blood vessels, and nerve roots. It is often used as a route for administering anesthesia during childbirth or surgery, as well as for pain management in certain medical conditions. The injection of medications into this space is called an epidural block.

The Cauda Equina refers to a bundle of nerves at the lower end of the spinal cord within the vertebral column. It originates from the lumbar (L1-L5) and sacral (S1-S5) regions and looks like a horse's tail, hence the name "Cauda Equina" in Latin. These nerves are responsible for providing motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremities, bladder, bowel, and sexual organs. Any damage or compression to this region can lead to serious neurological deficits, such as bowel and bladder incontinence, sexual dysfunction, and lower limb weakness or paralysis.

Prostheses: Artificial substitutes or replacements for missing body parts, such as limbs, eyes, or teeth. They are designed to restore the function, appearance, or mobility of the lost part. Prosthetic devices can be categorized into several types, including:

1. External prostheses: Devices that are attached to the outside of the body, like artificial arms, legs, hands, and feet. These may be further classified into:
a. Cosmetic or aesthetic prostheses: Primarily designed to improve the appearance of the affected area.
b. Functional prostheses: Designed to help restore the functionality and mobility of the lost limb.
2. Internal prostheses: Implanted artificial parts that replace missing internal organs, bones, or tissues, such as heart valves, hip joints, or intraocular lenses.

Implants: Medical devices or substances that are intentionally placed inside the body to replace or support a missing or damaged biological structure, deliver medication, monitor physiological functions, or enhance bodily functions. Examples of implants include:

1. Orthopedic implants: Devices used to replace or reinforce damaged bones, joints, or cartilage, such as knee or hip replacements.
2. Cardiovascular implants: Devices that help support or regulate heart function, like pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial heart valves.
3. Dental implants: Artificial tooth roots that are placed into the jawbone to support dental prostheses, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures.
4. Neurological implants: Devices used to stimulate nerves, brain structures, or spinal cord tissues to treat various neurological conditions, like deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants for hearing loss.
5. Ophthalmic implants: Artificial lenses that are placed inside the eye to replace a damaged or removed natural lens, such as intraocular lenses used in cataract surgery.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

Tissue adhesions, also known as scar tissue adhesions, are abnormal bands of fibrous tissue that form between two or more internal organs, or between organs and the walls of the chest or abdominal cavity. These adhesions can develop after surgery, infection, injury, radiation, or prolonged inflammation. The fibrous bands can cause pain, restrict movement of the organs, and potentially lead to complications such as bowel obstruction. Treatment options for tissue adhesions may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the adhesions.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.

Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.

Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.

While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Spinal cord neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors within the spinal cord. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They originate from the cells within the spinal cord itself (primary tumors), or they may spread to the spinal cord from other parts of the body (metastatic tumors). Spinal cord neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for a period of 3 months or longer, beyond the normal healing time for an injury or illness. It can be continuous or intermittent and range from mild to severe. Chronic pain can have various causes, such as nerve damage, musculoskeletal conditions, or chronic diseases like cancer. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing limitations in mobility, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and decreased overall well-being. Effective management of chronic pain often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and complementary therapies.

A hypertonic saline solution is a type of medical fluid that contains a higher concentration of salt (sodium chloride) than is found in the average person's blood. This solution is used to treat various medical conditions, such as dehydration, brain swelling, and increased intracranial pressure.

The osmolarity of a hypertonic saline solution typically ranges from 1500 to 23,400 mOsm/L, with the most commonly used solutions having an osmolarity of around 3000 mOsm/L. The high sodium concentration in these solutions creates an osmotic gradient that draws water out of cells and into the bloodstream, helping to reduce swelling and increase fluid volume in the body.

It is important to note that hypertonic saline solutions should be administered with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, heart rhythm abnormalities, and kidney damage if not used properly. Healthcare professionals must carefully monitor patients receiving these solutions to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Internal fixators are medical devices that are implanted into the body through surgery to stabilize and hold broken or fractured bones in the correct position while they heal. These devices can be made from various materials, such as metal (stainless steel or titanium) or bioabsorbable materials. Internal fixators can take many forms, including plates, screws, rods, nails, wires, or cages, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

The main goal of using internal fixators is to promote bone healing by maintaining accurate reduction and alignment of the fractured bones, allowing for early mobilization and rehabilitation. This can help reduce the risk of complications such as malunion, nonunion, or deformity. Internal fixators are typically removed once the bone has healed, although some bioabsorbable devices may not require a second surgery for removal.

It is important to note that while internal fixators provide stability and support for fractured bones, they do not replace the need for proper immobilization, protection, or rehabilitation during the healing process. Close follow-up with an orthopedic surgeon is essential to ensure appropriate healing and address any potential complications.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

Betamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication that is used to treat various medical conditions. It works by reducing inflammation and suppressing the activity of the immune system. Betamethasone is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, lotions, gels, solutions, tablets, and injectable preparations.

The medical definition of betamethasone is:

A synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and vasoconstrictive properties. It is used to treat a variety of conditions such as skin disorders, allergies, asthma, arthritis, and autoimmune diseases. Betamethasone is available in various formulations including topical (creams, ointments, lotions, gels), oral (tablets), and injectable preparations. It acts by binding to specific receptors in cells, which leads to the inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators and the suppression of immune responses.

It is important to note that betamethasone should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have significant side effects if not used properly.

Spinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors found within the spinal column, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can originate in the spine itself, called primary spinal neoplasms, or they can spread to the spine from other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic spinal neoplasms. Spinal neoplasms can cause various symptoms, such as back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis, depending on their location and size. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent or minimize long-term complications and improve the patient's prognosis.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a physiological and biochemical process that occurs in the spinal discs, which are located between each vertebra in the spine. These discs act as shock absorbers and allow for movement and flexibility of the spine.

The degenerative process involves changes in the structure and composition of the disc, including loss of water content, decreased production of proteoglycans (which help to maintain the disc's elasticity), and disorganization of the collagen fibers that make up the disc's outer layer (annulus fibrosus). These changes can lead to a decrease in the disc's height and mobility, as well as the development of tears or cracks in the annulus fibrosus.

In advanced stages of degeneration, the disc may herniate or bulge outward, causing pressure on nearby nerves and potentially leading to pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area. It's worth noting that while intervertebral disc degeneration is a normal part of aging, certain factors such as injury, smoking, obesity, and repetitive stress can accelerate the process.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Renal artery obstruction is a medical condition that refers to the blockage or restriction of blood flow in the renal artery, which is the main vessel that supplies oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the kidneys. This obstruction can be caused by various factors, such as blood clots, atherosclerosis (the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls), emboli (tiny particles or air bubbles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), or compressive masses like tumors.

The obstruction can lead to reduced kidney function, hypertension, and even kidney failure in severe cases. Symptoms may include high blood pressure, proteinuria (the presence of protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), and a decrease in kidney function as measured by serum creatinine levels. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography to visualize the renal artery and assess the extent of the obstruction. Treatment options may include medications to control blood pressure and reduce kidney damage, as well as invasive procedures like angioplasty and stenting or surgical intervention to remove the obstruction and restore normal blood flow to the kidneys.

"Recovery of function" is a term used in medical rehabilitation to describe the process in which an individual regains the ability to perform activities or tasks that were previously difficult or impossible due to injury, illness, or disability. This can involve both physical and cognitive functions. The goal of recovery of function is to help the person return to their prior level of independence and participation in daily activities, work, and social roles as much as possible.

Recovery of function may be achieved through various interventions such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, and other rehabilitation strategies. The specific approach used will depend on the individual's needs and the nature of their impairment. Recovery of function can occur spontaneously as the body heals, or it may require targeted interventions to help facilitate the process.

It is important to note that recovery of function does not always mean a full return to pre-injury or pre-illness levels of ability. Instead, it often refers to the person's ability to adapt and compensate for any remaining impairments, allowing them to achieve their maximum level of functional independence and quality of life.

Orthopedic fixation devices are medical implants used in orthopedic surgery to provide stability and promote the healing of fractured or broken bones, as well as joints or spinal segments. These devices can be internal or external and include a variety of products such as:

1. Intramedullary nails: Long rods that are inserted into the center of a bone to stabilize fractures in long bones like the femur or tibia.
2. Plates and screws: Metal plates are attached to the surface of a bone with screws to hold the fragments together while they heal.
3. Screws: Used alone or in combination with other devices, they can be used to stabilize small fractures or to fix implants like total joint replacements.
4. Wires: Used to hold bone fragments together, often in conjunction with other devices.
5. External fixators: A external frame attached to the bones using pins or wires that is placed outside the skin to provide stability and alignment of fractured bones.
6. Spinal fixation devices: These include pedicle screws, rods, hooks, and plates used to stabilize spinal fractures or deformities.
7. Orthopedic staples: Small metal staples used to stabilize small bone fragments or for joint fusion.

The choice of orthopedic fixation device depends on the location and severity of the injury or condition being treated. The primary goal of these devices is to provide stability, promote healing, and restore function.

Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid medication, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Triamcinolone is available in several forms, including topical creams, ointments, and lotions for skin application; oral tablets and injectable solutions for systemic use; and inhaled preparations for the treatment of asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Triamcinolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, which leads to a decrease in the production of inflammatory chemicals such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. This results in reduced swelling, redness, itching, and pain associated with inflammation.

Some common uses of triamcinolone include treating skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis; managing allergic reactions; reducing inflammation in respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD; and alleviating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders.

As with any medication, triamcinolone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, acne, thinning of the skin, and easy bruising. Long-term use may also lead to more serious complications such as osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using triamcinolone or any other prescription medication.

Aortic stenosis, subvalvular is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing or obstruction of the outflow tract below the aortic valve in the heart. This abnormal narrowing can be caused by various factors such as a congenital heart defect, a tissue growth, or scarring from previous procedures. As a result, the left ventricle must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed opening, which can lead to thickening of the heart muscle (hypertrophy) and decreased cardiac output. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness or fainting spells. Severe subvalvular aortic stenosis can lead to serious complications such as heart failure or even sudden death, and may require surgical intervention to correct the problem.

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder that affects bone growth, leading to dwarfism. It is the most common form of short-limbed dwarfism and is caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene. This mutation results in impaired endochondral ossification, which is the process by which cartilage is converted into bone.

People with achondroplasia have a characteristic appearance, including:

* Short stature (typically less than 4 feet, 4 inches tall)
* Disproportionately short arms and legs
* Large head with a prominent forehead and flat nasal bridge
* Short fingers with a gap between the middle and ring fingers (known as a trident hand)
* Bowing of the lower legs
* A swayed back (lordosis)

Achondroplasia is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, which means that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder if one parent has it. However, about 80% of cases result from new mutations in the FGFR3 gene and occur in people with no family history of the condition.

While achondroplasia can cause various medical issues, such as breathing difficulties, ear infections, and spinal cord compression, most individuals with this condition have normal intelligence and a typical lifespan. Treatment typically focuses on managing specific symptoms and addressing any related complications.

Diskectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of an intervertebral disc (the cushion between two vertebrae) is removed. This procedure is typically performed to alleviate pressure on nerve roots or the spinal cord caused by a herniated or degenerative disc. In a diskectomy, the surgeon accesses the damaged disc through an incision in the back or neck and removes the portion of the disc that is causing the compression. This can help to relieve pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb. Diskectomy may be performed as an open surgery or using minimally invasive techniques, depending on the individual case.

Osteoarthritis of the spine, also known as spondylosis, is a degenerative joint disease that affects the spine. It is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage in the joints of the spine, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. The condition most commonly affects the joints in the lower back (lumbar) and neck (cervical) regions of the spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis of the spine can vary widely, but may include:

* Pain and stiffness in the neck or back, especially after prolonged periods of inactivity or overuse
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs, due to nerve compression
* Decreased range of motion and flexibility in the spine
* Popping, cracking, or grinding sounds in the spine with movement
* In severe cases, loss of bladder or bowel control.

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the spine is typically made through a combination of physical exam, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scan. Treatment options may include pain medication, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.

Neurological diagnostic techniques are medical tests and examinations used to identify and diagnose conditions related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These techniques can be divided into several categories:

1. Clinical Examination: A thorough physical examination, including a neurological evaluation, is often the first step in diagnosing neurological conditions. This may involve assessing a person's mental status, muscle strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation, and gait.

2. Imaging Techniques: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging techniques include:

- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the brain and other parts of the body.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and other internal structures.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This is a type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This uses small amounts of radioactive material to produce detailed images of brain function.
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): This is a type of nuclear medicine imaging that uses a gamma camera and a computer to produce detailed images of brain function.

3. Electrophysiological Tests: These are used to measure the electrical activity of the brain and nervous system. Common electrophysiological tests include:

- Electroencephalography (EEG): This measures the electrical activity of the brain.
- Evoked Potentials (EPs): These measure the electrical response of the brain and nervous system to sensory stimuli, such as sound or light.
- Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): These measure the speed and strength of nerve impulses.
- Electromyography (EMG): This measures the electrical activity of muscles.

4. Laboratory Tests: These are used to analyze blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and other bodily fluids for signs of neurological conditions. Common laboratory tests include:

- Complete Blood Count (CBC): This measures the number and type of white and red blood cells in the body.
- Blood Chemistry Tests: These measure the levels of various chemicals in the blood.
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): This is used to collect cerebrospinal fluid for analysis.
- Genetic Testing: This is used to identify genetic mutations associated with neurological conditions.

5. Imaging Studies: These are used to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system. Common imaging studies include:

- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Computed Tomography (CT): This uses X-rays to produce detailed images of the brain and nervous system.
- Functional MRI (fMRI): This measures changes in blood flow in the brain during cognitive tasks.
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): This is used to assess white matter integrity in the brain.
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS): This is used to measure chemical levels in the brain.

Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis (SVAS) is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the narrowing of the aorta just above the aortic valve. This condition is caused by a genetic disorder that affects the development of the elastic fibers in the media layer of the artery.

In SVAS, the narrowing or obstruction can occur in various locations along the aorta and its major branches, leading to varying degrees of severity. The aortic valve itself is usually normal, but the narrowing can affect the blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body, causing the left ventricle to work harder and potentially leading to heart failure over time.

Symptoms of SVAS may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth in children. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options for SVAS may include medication to manage symptoms, balloon dilation or surgical repair to widen the narrowed area, or in severe cases, heart transplantation.

Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a type of headache that can occur following a procedure where the dura mater, the outer layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, is punctured. This most commonly occurs during lumbar punctures (spinal taps), epidural anesthesia or central line placements.

The headache is typically described as a positional headache, meaning it worsens with sitting upright or standing and improves with lying down. The exact cause of PDPH is not fully understood, but it's thought to be due to the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that cushions the brain and spinal cord. This leads to traction on pain-sensitive structures in the head and neck.

PDPH usually begins within 48 hours of the procedure, but can sometimes occur up to five days later. In addition to positional headache, symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, photophobia (light sensitivity), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss. The headache usually resolves on its own within a few days or weeks, but in some cases, it can last for months or even become chronic. Treatment options include hydration, caffeine, analgesics, and in some refractory cases, an epidural blood patch.

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Spinal osteophytosis, also known as spinal osteophyte formation or bone spurs on the spine, refers to the abnormal growth of bony projections along the vertebral column's margins. These bony outgrowths develop due to degenerative changes, inflammation, or injury in the joints between the vertebrae (facet joints) and can cause stiffness, pain, and reduced mobility. In some cases, spinal osteophytosis may lead to complications such as spinal stenosis or nerve compression.

Lipomatosis is a medical term that refers to a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of fatty tumors (lipomas) in various parts of the body. These lipomas are benign, soft, and rubbery masses made up of adipose or fatty tissue. Unlike isolated lipomas, which occur as solitary lumps under the skin, lipomatosis is a more widespread condition where multiple lipomas develop in a diffuse pattern, affecting a particular region or area of the body.

There are different types of lipomatosis, including:

1. Diffuse Lipomatosis: This type involves the growth of numerous small lipomas distributed throughout the subcutaneous tissue, giving the affected area a doughy feel and appearance.
2. Adiposis Dolorosa or Dercum's Disease: A rare condition characterized by painful and tender lipomas typically found in the trunk, arms, and legs. It primarily affects middle-aged women and can be accompanied by other systemic symptoms like fatigue, memory problems, and depression.
3. Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis (MSL) or Madelung's Disease: This condition predominantly affects middle-aged men, particularly those with a history of alcohol abuse. It is characterized by the growth of large, symmetrical lipomas around the neck, shoulders, and upper trunk, leading to a "horse collar" appearance.
4. Familial Multiple Lipomatosis: An inherited condition where multiple benign fatty tumors develop in various parts of the body, usually appearing during adulthood. It tends to run in families with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

Treatment for lipomatosis typically involves surgical removal of the lipomas if they cause discomfort, limit mobility, or negatively impact a person's appearance. Regular monitoring and follow-up appointments with healthcare professionals are essential to ensure that no malignant changes occur in the lipomas over time.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure found between the vertebrae of the spinal column in humans and other animals. It functions as a shock absorber, distributes mechanical stress during weight-bearing activities, and allows for varying degrees of mobility between adjacent vertebrae.

The disc is composed of two parts: the annulus fibrosus, which forms the tough, outer layer; and the nucleus pulposus, which is a gel-like substance in the center that contains proteoglycans and water. The combination of these components provides the disc with its unique ability to distribute forces and allow for movement.

The intervertebral discs are essential for the normal functioning of the spine, providing stability, flexibility, and protection to the spinal cord and nerves. However, they can also be subject to degeneration and injury, which may result in conditions such as herniated discs or degenerative disc disease.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

A zygapophyseal joint, also known as a facet joint, is a type of synovial joint that connects the articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae in the spine. These joints are formed by the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebral bodies and are covered with hyaline cartilage. They allow for smooth movement between the vertebrae, providing stability and limiting excessive motion while allowing flexibility in the spine. The zygapophyseal joints are supported by a capsule and ligaments that help to maintain their alignment and restrict abnormal movements. These joints can become sources of pain and discomfort when they become inflamed or damaged due to conditions such as arthritis, degenerative disc disease, or injury.

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.

The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.

It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Lordosis is a term used in the medical field to describe an excessive inward curvature of the spine. It most commonly occurs in the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) regions. When it happens in the lower back, it's often referred to as swayback. While some degree of lordosis is normal and necessary for proper spinal alignment and movement, excessive curvature can lead to pain, discomfort, and difficulty with mobility. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions such as kyphosis or spondylolisthesis.

Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) from the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain. The surgery involves making an incision in the neck, opening the carotid artery, and removing the plaque from the inside of the artery wall. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal blood flow to the brain and reduce the risk of stroke caused by the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Angioplasty, balloon refers to a medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, particularly the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This procedure is typically performed using a catheter-based technique, where a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery, usually through the groin or wrist, and guided to the site of the narrowing or obstruction in the coronary artery.

Once the catheter reaches the affected area, a small balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated, which compresses the plaque against the artery wall and stretches the artery, thereby restoring blood flow. The balloon is then deflated and removed, along with the catheter.

Balloon angioplasty is often combined with the placement of a stent, a small metal mesh tube that helps to keep the artery open and prevent it from narrowing again. This procedure is known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angioplasty and stenting.

Overall, balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery can occur in some cases.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, and Duplex are diagnostic medical techniques that use sound waves to create images of internal body structures and assess their function. Here are the definitions for each:

1. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs and tissues. A small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the skin surface, which emits and receives sound waves. The returning echoes are then processed to create real-time visual images of the internal structures.
2. Doppler: This is a type of ultrasound that measures the velocity and direction of blood flow in the body by analyzing the frequency shift of the reflected sound waves. It can be used to assess blood flow in various parts of the body, such as the heart, arteries, and veins.
3. Duplex: Duplex ultrasonography is a combination of both gray-scale ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound. It provides detailed images of internal structures, as well as information about blood flow velocity and direction. This technique is often used to evaluate conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, and peripheral arterial disease.

In summary, ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal structures, Doppler is a type of ultrasound that measures blood flow velocity and direction, and duplex is a combination of both techniques that provides detailed images and information about blood flow.

Laryngostenosis is a medical term that refers to a condition where the larynx (or voice box) becomes narrowed. This can occur due to various reasons such as scarring, swelling, or growths in the laryngeal area. The narrowing can cause difficulty with breathing, swallowing, and speaking. In severe cases, it may require medical intervention, such as surgery, to correct the problem.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. It is caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which results in a deficiency of SMN protein necessary for the survival of motor neurons.

There are several types of SMA, classified based on the age of onset and severity of symptoms. The most common type is type 1, also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, which presents in infancy and is characterized by severe muscle weakness, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Other types include type 2 (intermediate SMA), type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease), and type 4 (adult-onset SMA).

The symptoms of SMA may include muscle wasting, fasciculations, weakness, hypotonia, respiratory difficulties, and mobility impairment. The diagnosis of SMA typically involves genetic testing to confirm the presence of a mutation in the SMN1 gene. Treatment options for SMA may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, and respiratory support.

Tricuspid valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the tricuspid valve, which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart. This narrowing or stiffening restricts the normal flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle, causing increased pressure in the right atrium and reduced blood flow to the lungs.

The tricuspid valve typically has three leaflets or cusps that open and close to regulate the flow of blood between the right atrium and right ventricle. In tricuspid valve stenosis, these leaflets become thickened, calcified, or fused together, leading to a reduced opening size and impaired function.

The most common causes of tricuspid valve stenosis include rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, carcinoid syndrome, and infective endocarditis. Symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling in the legs and abdomen, and irregular heartbeats. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and underlying causes but may involve medications, surgical repair or replacement of the valve, or catheter-based procedures.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

Discrete subaortic stenosis is a medical condition that refers to a narrowing (stenosis) in the outflow tract below the aortic valve of the heart. This narrowing is usually caused by a fibrous ring or a discrete ridge of tissue that partially obstructs the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.

Discrete subaortic stenosis can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and syncope (fainting). In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure or even sudden death. The condition is often diagnosed using echocardiography, which can help evaluate the severity of the narrowing and any associated abnormalities.

Treatment for discrete subaortic stenosis typically involves surgical intervention to remove the obstructive tissue and relieve the obstruction. In some cases, a mechanical valve may be implanted to replace the damaged aortic valve. Regular follow-up care is necessary to monitor for any potential complications or recurrence of the narrowing.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.

MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.

Spinal cord ischemia refers to a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the spinal cord, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. This condition can cause damage to the spinal cord tissue, potentially resulting in neurological deficits, such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, or autonomic dysfunction. Spinal cord ischemia may be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, embolism, spinal artery stenosis, or complications during surgery. The severity and extent of the neurological impairment depend on the duration and location of the ischemic event in the spinal cord.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Spinal ganglia, also known as dorsal root ganglia, are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They are situated along the length of the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Each spinal ganglion contains numerous neurons, or nerve cells, with long processes called axons that extend into the periphery and innervate various tissues and organs. The cell bodies within the spinal ganglia receive sensory input from these axons and transmit this information to the central nervous system via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves. This allows the brain to interpret and respond to a wide range of sensory stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of one's body).

Pain management is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of pain and improvement in the quality of life of patients with chronic pain. The goal of pain management is to reduce pain levels, improve physical functioning, and help patients cope mentally and emotionally with their pain. This may involve the use of medications, interventional procedures, physical therapy, psychological therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The definition of pain management can vary depending on the medical context, but it generally refers to a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the experience of pain. Pain management specialists may include physicians, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients with chronic pain.

A blood patch, epidural is a medical procedure used to treat a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), which can occur after a lumbar puncture or spinal anesthesia. During the procedure, a small amount of the patient's own blood is withdrawn and injected into the epidural space, forming a clot that seals the dural tear and alleviates the headache.

The blood patch procedure involves several steps:

1. The patient is typically placed in a lateral decubitus position (lying on their side) to widen the intervertebral space.
2. The area is cleaned and prepared for the injection, similar to other sterile procedures.
3. Using a local anesthetic, the skin and underlying tissues are numbed to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
4. A thin needle is inserted into the epidural space, usually at the same level as the original dural puncture.
5. Once the needle is in the correct position, a small amount of blood (usually around 10-20 mL) is drawn from a vein in the patient's arm.
6. The withdrawn blood is then slowly injected into the epidural space through the needle.
7. After the injection, the needle is removed, and the patient is monitored for any adverse reactions or complications.

The clot formed by the injected blood helps to seal the dural tear, preventing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from leaking into the epidural space and causing a headache. The blood patch procedure typically provides rapid relief from PDPH, with most patients experiencing significant improvement within 30 minutes to an hour after the injection. However, in some cases, multiple blood patches may be required to achieve complete resolution of the headache.

Observer variation, also known as inter-observer variability or measurement agreement, refers to the difference in observations or measurements made by different observers or raters when evaluating the same subject or phenomenon. It is a common issue in various fields such as medicine, research, and quality control, where subjective assessments are involved.

In medical terms, observer variation can occur in various contexts, including:

1. Diagnostic tests: Different radiologists may interpret the same X-ray or MRI scan differently, leading to variations in diagnosis.
2. Clinical trials: Different researchers may have different interpretations of clinical outcomes or adverse events, affecting the consistency and reliability of trial results.
3. Medical records: Different healthcare providers may document medical histories, physical examinations, or treatment plans differently, leading to inconsistencies in patient care.
4. Pathology: Different pathologists may have varying interpretations of tissue samples or laboratory tests, affecting diagnostic accuracy.

Observer variation can be minimized through various methods, such as standardized assessment tools, training and calibration of observers, and statistical analysis of inter-rater reliability.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

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It may also be useful in those with spinal stenosis. In the absence of these issues, there is no clear evidence of a benefit ... Surgery may be beneficial for those with disc-related chronic pain and disability or spinal stenosis. No clear benefit of ... Adding spinal implant devices during fusion increases the risk but provides no added improvement in pain or function. Spinal ... in spinal stenosis), and changes in severity in response to certain positions or maneuvers is radicular, making up 7% of cases ...
Lumbar spinal stenosis". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (8): 818-25. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0708097. PMID 18287604. (CS1 maint: unfit URL, ... which will show wide base gait in patients with back pain has been shown to be 90 percent specific for lumbar spinal stenosis. ... The main sensory inputs are: Joint position sense (proprioception), carried in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, the ... which requires healthy functioning of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. The Romberg test is used to investigate the cause ...
"Complications Associated With Minimally Invasive Decompression For Lumbar Spinal Stenosis." (August 2006) Journal of Spinal ... January 2000). Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-2380-0. Mayer, H. Michael, ed. (October ... Vaccaro, Alexander R.; Stephen Papadopoulos; Vincent Traynelis; Regis Haid; Rick Sasso (January 2007). Spinal Arthroplasty: The ...
Some other spinal diseases include spinal muscular atrophy, ankylosing spondylitis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spina bifida, ... Primary spinal tumors begin in either the spinal cord or spinal column, whereas secondary spinal tumors begin elsewhere and ... Lumbar spinal stenosis is classified as a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lumbar region of the vertebrae. This may lead to ... A spinal tumor is when unusual tissue begins growing and spreading in the spinal columns or spinal cords. The unusual tissue ...
Spinal stenosis Street, Ian P.; Lin, Hung Kuei; Laliberte, France; Ghomashchi, Farideh; Wang, Zhaoyin; Perrier, Helene; ... Specifically it inhibits the 85 kDa cystolic PLA2 (cPLA2). It has been studied as a neuroprotective agent after spinal cord ... "Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone is neuroprotective after spinal cord injury". Journal of Neurotrauma: 110306202455053. doi: ... ketone ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via blocking peroxynitrite formation in mouse spinal cord white ...
Hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis. They appear yellowish in colour due to their high elastic fibre content. Each ligamentum ... ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8. Karpman RR, Weinstein PR, Gall EP, Johnson PC (1982). "Lumbar spinal stenosis in a patient with diffuse ... Because these ligaments lie in the posterior part of the vertebral canal, their hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis, ... During an epidural, the needle has to be inserted into the spinal space through a ligamentum flavum. Once it passes through, ...
ISBN 0-7637-4738-6. Thomas SA (2003). "Spinal stenosis: history and physical examination". Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 14 (1): ...
Other common causes include disc herniation, spinal stenosis, trauma, and spinal tumors. Spinal stenosis results from bony ... Other common pathological conditions that are treated by spinal fusion include spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, spondylosis ... Spinasanta, S. What is Spinal Instrumentation and Spinal Fusion? SpineUniverse. September 2012. Accessed 1 June 2013. Spinal ... while evidence is less good for spinal stenosis. The most common cause of pressure on the spinal cord/nerves is degenerative ...
The Official Patient's Sourcebook series deals with classic diseases like spinal stenosis or autoimmune hepatitis. The 3-in-1 ... 2002). The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Spinal Stenosis. ISBN 978-0597831942. Heneghan, Michael A.; McFarlane, Ian G. ( ...
... for sciatica and spinal stenosis is of unclear effect. The evidence to support use in the cervical ... and a local anesthetic are injected into the epidural space around the spinal cord in an effort to improve spinal stenosis, ... "Epidural Steroid Not Better Than Placebo Injection for Sciatica and Spinal Stenosis Pain and Function". American Family ... "Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". Burr Ridge, Illinois: Agency for Healthcare Research and ...
Distraction laminoplasty for decompression of lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001 Mar;(384):26-34. PMID ... innovative surgical techniques for spinal stenosis and cervical spine fixation techniques.[citation needed] 1986, Phi Beta ... J Spinal Disord.1999 Jun;12(3):262-5. PMID 10382782 McCance SE, Denis F, Lonstein JE, Winter RB. Coronal and sagittal balance ... Bovine thrombin induces an acquired coagulopathy in sensitized patients undergoing revision spinal surgery: a report of two ...
North American Spine Society (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". Burr Ridge, Illinois: ... weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder. Spinal nerve injury does not ...
Vertiflex principally developed treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. In January 2021, Boston announced it would acquire ...
Spinal stenosis, ear infection, and hydrocephalus are common. In case of spinal dysostosis, one has a small trunk, with average ... Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated lordosis or scoliosis, and constriction of spinal cord or nerve roots can cause ... It produces rhizomelic short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's ...
North American Spine Society (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis". Burr Ridge, Illinois: ... weakness from spinal nerve compression, or concern about some other neurologic injury or disorder. Spinal nerve injury does not ... those going toward the spinal cord) are in sensory nerves while the efferent impulses (those coming from the spinal cord) are ... This also evaluates conduction between the limb and the spinal cord, but in this case, the afferent impulses ( ...
On 3 November 2019, Matsumoto revealed that he had been diagnosed with spinal stenosis. Matsumoto died at 61 on October 6, 2020 ... Sherman, Jennifer (November 25, 2019). "Kimagure Orange Road's Matsumoto Reveals Spinal Stenosis Diagnosis". Anime News Network ...
He was subsequently diagnosed with cervical spinal stenosis. After being advised that he was at higher risk for injury if he ... Staff, From; Reports, Wire (May 24, 2000). "Report Says Irvin to Retire Because of Spinal Condition" - via LA Times. "Cowboys' ...
... and spinal stenosis devices; founder and executive of multiple medical device companies Dick Brass (1973) - technology investor ...
In the lumbar spine it is commonly used to treat spinal claudication caused by spinal stenosis, and is considered the most ... Microsurgical lumbar laminoplasty Spinal Stenosis~treatment at eMedicine "Back and Leg Pain - Definition List , Resources , HJD ... Spinal decompression is the relief of pressure on the spinal cord or on one or more compressed nerve roots passing through or ... Decompression of the spinal neural elements is a key component in treating spinal radiculopathy, myelopathy and claudication. ...
Spinal Stenosis~treatment at eMedicine Shammas NW (2007). "Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of ... In neurogenic claudication, positional changes lead to increased stenosis (narrowing) of the spinal canal and compression of ... Standing and extension of the spine narrows the spinal canal diameter. Sitting and flexion of the spine increases spinal canal ... but rather it is caused by nerve root compression or stenosis of the spinal canal, usually from a degenerative spine, most ...
Campbell was diagnosed with spinal stenosis in 2009. Because of his difficulty walking, Campbell uses a cane or a walker, and a ... Campbell became addicted to painkillers prescribed for his spinal stenosis, taking as many as ten OxyContin pills a day with ...
... cervical or thoracic spinal stenosis Subglottic stenosis (SGS) Tracheal stenosis Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis) ... Atresia Spinal stenosis OED 2nd edition, 1989, as /stɪˈnəʊsɪs/. "Definition of STENOSIS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved ... Renal artery stenosis The types of stenoses in heart valves are: Pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the thickening of the ... therefore causing narrowing Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include: Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow ...
A lot of it comes from multiple issues described as diseases in his spine: spinal stenosis and ankylosing spondylitis. ... Kuhr has been diagnosed with spinal stenosis since 2008. In 2006, Kuhr released a lyrical explanation book titled The Wayfaring ...
His death was caused by spinal stenosis and hypertension. Obituary Patel, Trishula. "Hector Luisi, Uruguayan ambassador, dies ...
Beltré underwent surgery for spinal stenosis in February 2011. He became a free agent at the end of the season. "Texas Rangers ... Gleeman, Aaron (February 17, 2011). "Rangers pitcher Omar Beltre to undergo spinal surgery". NBC Sports. Retrieved January 4, ...
On April 16, 2021, Minekura revealed that she had been diagnosed with spinal canal stenosis. Minekura also said that she had ... "Saiyuki's Kazuya Minekura Reveals Spinal Canal Stenosis Diagnosis, Upcoming Surgery". "Many new Minekura things". Live Journal ...
... to compare surgery versus non-surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. Spinal cord compression "Spinal Stenosis". ... Thoracic spinal stenosis, at the level of the mid-back, is much less common. In lumbar stenosis, the spinal nerve roots in the ... Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or ... Such severe spinal stenosis symptoms are virtually absent in lumbar stenosis, however, as the spinal cord terminates at the top ...
Spinal stenosis causes narrowing in your spine which puts pressure on your nerves and spinal chord. It can cause pain, numbness ... Spinal Stenosis (American College of Rheumatology) Also in Spanish * Spinal Stenosis (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ... Cervical Stenosis, Myelopathy and Radiculopathy (North American Spine Society) * Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis (American Academy ... Spinal stenosis occurs mostly in people older than 50. Younger people with a spine injury or a narrow spinal canal are also at ...
Spinal stenosis causes narrowing in your spine which puts pressure on your nerves and spinal chord. It can cause pain, numbness ... Spinal Stenosis (American College of Rheumatology) Also in Spanish * Spinal Stenosis (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ... Cervical Stenosis, Myelopathy and Radiculopathy (North American Spine Society) * Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis (American Academy ... Spinal stenosis occurs mostly in people older than 50. Younger people with a spine injury or a narrow spinal canal are also at ...
PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:Spinal Stenosis ... Spinal Stenosis Global Clinical Trials Review, H2, 2014. Summary. GlobalDatas clinical trial report, "Spinal Stenosis Global ... Spinal Stenosis Therapeutics Clinical Trials, Middle East and Africa, Top Countries, 2014* 13. Spinal Stenosis Therapeutics ... Spinal Stenosis Therapeutics, G7 Countries, Clinical Trials by Trial Status, 2014* 17. Proportion of Spinal Stenosis to Central ...
Thoracic spinal stenosis. The thoracic spinal canal varies from 12 to 14 mm in diameter in the adult. Thoracic spinal stenosis ... Lateral recess stenosis (ie, lateral gutter stenosis, subarticular stenosis, subpedicular stenosis, foraminal canal stenosis, ... Lumbar spinal stenosis. The diameter of the normal lumbar spinal canal varies from 15 to 27 mm. Lumbar stenosis results from a ... Congenital and acquired spinal stenoses place the patient at a greater risk for acute neurologic injury. Spinal stenosis is ...
... : Industry Manufacturers Analysis 2023 - published on openPR.com ... Market Synopsis of Global Spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis Market: Market scenario:. Spinal stenosis is the abnormal ... Market Synopsis of Global Spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis Market: Market scenario:. Spinal stenosis is the abnormal ... The location of stenosis determines the area of the body affected.. The market for spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis is ...
Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal. This can develop as you age from drying out and shrinking of the disk spaces ... Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal. This can develop as you age from drying out and shrinking of the disk spaces ...
Top of the pageSpinal stenosisSpinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal. It can be caused by several problems, ... Spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal. It can be caused by several problems, including ... Spinal stenosis can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in your legs, buttocks, arms, or neck, depending on what area of your ... When the spinal canal gets too narrow, it can squeeze and irritate your spinal cord or nearby nerve roots. ...
In lumbar stenosis, the spine nerve roots in the lower back are compressed causing symptoms of sciatica including tingling, ... Spinal stenosis in the neck can compress the spinal cord and lead to total body weakness or even paralysis. The pain in the ... Spinal stenosis, both neck and lower back, are common for people age 60 and older. Lumbar or lower back stenosis is more common ... tumors on the spinal cord, within the membranes that cover the spinal cord or in the space between the spinal cord and the ...
While no finite cure for spinal stenosis exists, several aspects of treatment have been identified. Exercise and natural ... Quick Guide For Spinal Stenosis Posted by Prioris (Fl) on 03/10/2015. There really isnt an explanation in this section to ... Quick Guide For Spinal Stenosis Posted by Eviee (California) on 09/24/2018. Hi, my mother was recently diagnosed with lumbar ... Anyone that has SPINAL STENOSIS where their are arms and/or legs are starting to hurt, DO NOT HAVE SURGERY, just take a couple ...
Spinal Stenosis Implant Market. Spinal Stenosis Implant Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and ...
... By Dr. Stephen Cohen. Read About Diseases, Conditions & Injuries. Free To Browse, Download & Quote. A Member Of ... Lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome is the most frequent indication for spinal surgery in individuals older than 65 years of age. ... Although central spinal stenosis leads to neurogenic claudication symptoms, and lateral recess or foraminal stenosis leads to ... The dynamic changes in the shape of the spinal canal are more pronounced in individuals with spinal stenosis. ...
The tunnel is called the spinal canal. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower part of your back ... Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs through a tunnel formed by your vertebrae. ... Stenosis can cause pressure on your spinal cord or the nerves that go from your spinal cord to your muscles. ... Spinal stenosis can happen in any part of your spine but is most common in the lower back. This part of your spine is called ...
... leading to a painful condition known as spinal stenosis. ... can create bone spurs that lead to a narrowing of the spinal ... What is spinal stenosis?. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which contains the nerves and spinal cord. This ... What causes spinal stenosis?. The most common cause of spinal stenosis is arthritis. Degeneration in the spine leads to disc ... Spinal stenosis symptoms. People with spinal stenosis may experience different symptoms depending on where the narrowing occurs ...
Stem Cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis and Spinal Stenosis at Stem Cell Institute Panama - JW Read More » ...
... where bone and disc material were pressing on the spinal nerve. ... Spinal stenosis. Until he met Dr. Michael Kachmann of the ... The word stenosis never came up as a diagnosis, but in retrospect I had symptoms of stenosis. I quit athletics and wore an old ... I felt leaving them out is a plus because it then leaves open other minimally invasive options to treating any other spinal ... Tom does have other areas of stenosis and degenerative changes that may be a problem in the future. However, he was symptomatic ...
... is a condition that occurs when the canal in the spine that contains the spinal cord and nerve ... Spinal stenosis is common and is usually caused by osteoarthritis of the spinal column. People suffering from spinal stenosis ... Stenosis is the medical term for narrowing.. Spinal stenosis can compress the nerves and the spinal cord and can lead to pain ... Lumbar spinal stenosis can cause pain in the legs when you stand for long periods of time or when you walk. The pain usually ...
Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal column, the tubular structure in the back that contains the vertebrae, spinal cord ... Spinal Stenosis. What Is Spinal Stenosis?. Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal column, the tubular structure in the ... Types of Spinal Stenosis. Spinal stenosis develops when the normal wear and tear of aging causes the spaces within the spine to ... Lumbar stenosis - The most common type of spinal stenosis, lumbar stenosis affects the lower back. The lumbar spine, which ...
Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal which contains the nerve roots and spinal cord, which may increase ... Home , Patient Care , Conditions and Treatment , Spinal Stenosis Spinal Stenosis Spinal Stenosis - Conditions & Treatments , ... Spinal Stenosis - What it is Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal which contains the nerve roots and spinal ... Spinal Stenosis - Other Information ​What is the prognosis?. The outcome is variable. The natural history of lumbar spinal ...
Watch our full video called Spinal Stenosis (Cervical) now. ...
What is cervical spinal stenosis?. Cervical spinal stenosis is a term used to refer to a narrowing of the spinal canal, or the ... How is cervical spinal stenosis diagnosed?. in order to diagnose spinal stenosis, an orthopedic provider will perform a ... About 20% of the patients I see with cervical spinal stenosis also have lumbar stenosis, which is a narrowing of the spinal ... How is cervical spinal stenosis treated?. If a patient shows evidence of cervical stenosis on an MRI, but isnt experiencing ...
Spinal stenosis is a condition typically resulting from degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. Neurogenic claudication ... Spinal stenosis is a condition typically resulting from degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. ... ISSLS prize winner: consensus on the clinical diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: results of an international delphi study ... Natural course and diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis: WFNS Spine Committee recommendations ...
Consensus on the Clinical Diagnosis of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Results of an International Delphi Study. http://www.chiro.org/ ... spinal stenosis. Spine. 2014;39:S75 S85 *. Ciol MA, Deyo RA, Howell E, Kreif S. An assessment of surgery for spinal stenosis: ... Lumbar spinal stenosis. Semin. Neurol. 2002;22:157 166 *. Chad DA. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Neurol. Clin. 2007;25:407 418 *. ... Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 1994;20:471 483 *. Genevay S, Atlas SJ. Lumbar Spinal Stenosis ...
Spinal stenosis other than cervical. *There are 5 ICD-9-CM codes below 724.0 that define this diagnosis in greater detail. Do ...
If you suffer from spinal stenosis, let the orthopedic experts at The Christ Hospital Health Network help you with the latest ... services/joint-and-spine/your-care-and-treatment/back-neck-and-spine/spinal-stenosis/care-team ... Revision Spine Surgery, Arthritis of the Spine, Herniated Disc, Spinal Stenosis See all ... Revision Spine Surgery, Arthritis of the Spine, Herniated Disc, Spinal Stenosis See all ...
Tam Healing and Tong Ren Therapy for Spinal Stenosis Theory and Applications ... Tam Healing And Tong Ren Therapy For Spinal Stenosis. The areas and points listed below are those that may be involved ... Tam Healing and Tong Ren Therapy for Spinal Stenosis Theory and Applications ... Tam Healing and Tong Ren Therapy for Spinal Stenosis. Theory and Applications. ...
James Cox, developer of Cox Technic, to his podcast to discuss spinal stenosis and the current state of its pain relief. ...
See how medical marijuana could help relieve your spinal stenosis symptoms. Find patient reviews on local doctors and ... Spinal Stenosis Statistics. Statistics revolving around spinal stenosis show:. *Spinal stenosis affects up to 11 percent of the ... Other spinal stenosis types include foraminal stenosis, central canal stenosis, and far lateral stenosis. ... Types of Spinal Stenosis. The type of spinal stenosis you have depends on where the condition occurs in your spine. ...
Cox Technic uses evidence-based, research-proven protocols to non-surgically relieve low back, sciatic leg, neck, and arm pain due to various spine issues.
mild® is an innovative, minimally invasive treatment for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS). ... Spinal stenosis prevalence & association with symptoms: The Framingham Study. Spine J. 2009;9(7):545-550. doi:10.1016/j.spinee. ... Lumbar spinal stenosis. Clinical features, diagnostic procedures, and results of surgical treatment in 68 patients. Ann Intern ... The mild® Procedure is intended to treat lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) caused by ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. Although ...
  • Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is a condition involving narrowing of the spinal canal at the level of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal canal is too small at birth Structural deformities of the vertebrae may cause narrowing of the spinal canal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with cervical myelopathy caused by narrowing of the spinal canal are at higher risk of acute spinal cord injury if involved in accidents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal stenosis (progressive narrowing of the spinal canal) is part of the aging process, and predicting who will be affected is not possible. (medscape.com)
  • Progressive narrowing of the spinal canal may occur alone or in combination with acute disc herniations. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal canal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal with encroachment of the neural structures by surrounding bone and soft tissue. (standardofcare.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower part of your back. (sarahbush.org)
  • Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which contains the nerves and spinal cord. (lifespan.org)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is a term used to refer to a narrowing of the spinal canal, or the nerve tunnels or small nerves found in the spine. (parkview.com)
  • About 20% of the patients I see with cervical spinal stenosis also have lumbar stenosis, which is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower part of the back. (parkview.com)
  • It is a narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on the nerves and spinal cord, causing pain, numbness, and weakness. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is created by the narrowing of the Spinal Canal. (gotcsi.com)
  • Cervical stenosis refers to narrowing of the spinal canal that protects the spinal cord and its branching nerves. (bssq.com.au)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is a bone disease involving the narrowing of the spinal canal at the level of the neck . (mdwiki.org)
  • Doctors diagnose spinal stenosis with a physical exam and imaging tests. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The patient's history and medical imaging such as an MRI are used to diagnose spinal stenosis. (lifespan.org)
  • in order to diagnose spinal stenosis, an orthopedic provider will perform a physical exam and talk to the patient about their symptoms and medical information. (parkview.com)
  • Since neck and back pain is relatively common, it can be difficult to diagnose spinal stenosis on your own. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Your spine, or backbone, protects your spinal cord and allows you to stand and bend. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal stenosis causes narrowing in your spine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Younger people with a spine injury or a narrow spinal canal are also at risk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such severe spinal stenosis symptoms are virtually absent in lumbar stenosis, however, as the spinal cord terminates at the top end of the adult lumbar spine, with only nerve roots (cauda equina) continuing further down. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oblique view of the cervical spine demonstrates 2 levels of foraminal stenosis (white arrows) resulting from facet hypertrophy (yellow arrow) and uncovertebral joint hypertrophy. (medscape.com)
  • T2-weighted sagittal MRI of the cervical spine demonstrating stenosis from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, resulting in cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Stenosis of the central cervical and thoracic spine may result in myelopathy from cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Lateral canal stenosis at any region of the spine may lead to nerve root compression. (medscape.com)
  • The market for spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis is rising due to factors such as rise in the cases of arthritis, congenital spinal defects, instability of the spine, and slip-disc due to reasons such as spondylitis, trauma and tumours. (openpr.com)
  • In lumbar stenosis, the spine nerve roots in the lower back are compressed causing symptoms of sciatica including tingling, weakness or numbness that radiates from the low back into the buttocks and legs, especially with activity. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Stenosis is caused by the narrowing of the open spaces within your spine that puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that travel along the spine, particularly in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine-neck area and lower back, respectively. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Stenosis can also result from herniated discs, thickened ligaments around the spine, tumors on the spinal cord, within the membranes that cover the spinal cord or in the space between the spinal cord and the vertebrae, and spinal injuries from car accidents and other major trauma that cause dislocations and multiple fractures that can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Spinal stenosis can happen in any part of your spine but is most common in the lower back. (sarahbush.org)
  • Degeneration in the spine leads to disc bulging and height loss, which along with large arthritic joints, narrows the space around the spinal cord and nerves. (lifespan.org)
  • Surgical options include procedures to decompress parts of the spine by removing bone spurs, herniated discs, or opening up the spinal canal. (lifespan.org)
  • Spinal fusions may be required to support the spine in addition, through the use of disc replacements and screws and rods. (lifespan.org)
  • At the Norman Prince Spine Institute at Newport Hospital , we take a collaborative approach to patient care that provides both nonsurgical and surgical options for a range of spinal disorders, including spinal stenosis. (lifespan.org)
  • Although Tom had multiple problems up and down his spine, Dr. Kachmann's plan was to address only the area that was causing the worst of Tom's pain and discomfort: an L3 radiculopathy, where bone and disc material were pressing on the spinal nerve. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is a condition that occurs when the canal in the spine that contains the spinal cord and nerve roots becomes narrowed or restricted. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • Although spinal stenosis can be found in any part of the spine, the lumbar and cervical areas are most commonly affected. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • The upper and lower spine are more prone to stenosis because they are fairly mobile and therefore suffer more wear and tear. (templehealth.org)
  • But other diseases involving the spine - such as osteoporosis , degenerative disc disease , arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis - can contribute to spinal stenosis. (templehealth.org)
  • Spinal stenosis develops when the normal wear and tear of aging causes the spaces within the spine to narrow. (templehealth.org)
  • Thoracic stenosis - When spinal stenosis affects anywhere along the longest portion of the spine, extending from the bottom of the neck to the abdomen, thoracic stenosis is diagnosed. (templehealth.org)
  • Alan McGee Jr., MD , spine surgeon, Orthopedics Northeast, answers common questions about cervical spinal stenosis, including popular risk factors, presentations and treatment options for those experiencing discomfort or noticeable impairments. (parkview.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is a condition typically resulting from degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. (bmj.com)
  • Lumbosacral spine radiographs and computed tomography scans show degenerative changes and possibly spondylolisthesis, but magnetic resonance imaging is the best technique to show neural element compression in the spinal canal and foramina. (bmj.com)
  • Lumbar spondylosis refers to degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine that narrow the spinal canal, lateral recesses, and neural foramina. (bmj.com)
  • The MIST Guidelines: the Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Consensus Group guidelines for minimally invasive spine treatment. (vertosmed.com)
  • For instance, as you get older, you can become vulnerable to spinal stenosis, which happens when the spaces between the spine narrow. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Spinal stenosis can affect any part of the spine, but it commonly occurs in the lower back (lumbar canal stenosis) and neck (cervical spine stenosis). (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Spinal stenosis - depending on location along the spine - can cause a variety of symptoms, even paralysis. (pain-relief-centers.com)
  • At Pain and Spine Specialists, we offer a range of treatments for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis designed to alleviate these symptoms. (painandspinespecialists.com)
  • I (43 yr old male) have Spinal stenosis in 3 areas of the Lumbar spine. (neckandback.com)
  • You note three areas in the lumbar spine with spinal stenosis- most likely at L3-4, L4-5 and at L5-S1 (the three lowest segments of the lumbar spine). (neckandback.com)
  • In some cases, spinal fusion surgery may also be needed to stabilize the spine after decompression. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • The anti-lordotic brace for spinal stenosis, without true kyphosis of the Thoracic spine, is a brace whose mechanics is bending the lumbar spine, thus reducing lumbar lordosis. (spondylos.gr)
  • The pressure that occurs can cause pain, weakness, numbness and is most common in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine since the spinal column can narrow at any point from the head to the tailbone, including the center of the spine. (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion - A surgical treatment of nerve root or spinal cord compression by decompressing the spinal cord and nerve roots of the cervical spine with a discectomy to stabilize the corresponding vertebrae. (mdwiki.org)
  • Cervical spine stenosis can be congenital or acquired. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cervical Spondylosis and Spondylotic Cervical Myelopathy Cervical spondylosis is osteoarthritis of the cervical spine causing stenosis of the canal and sometimes cervical myelopathy due to encroachment of bony osteoarthritic growths (osteophytes). (msdmanuals.com)
  • MRI of the spine showed multifocal, longitudinally extensive, partially enhancing lesions of the central thoracic spinal cord and gray matter of the conus medullaris, with a single cervical level of canal stenosis with partial cord compression (presumably chronic and not acute). (cdc.gov)
  • In lumbar stenosis, the spinal nerve roots in the lower back are compressed which can lead to symptoms of sciatica (tingling, weakness, or numbness that radiates from the low back and into the buttocks and legs). (wikipedia.org)
  • The patients may experience radicular pain, weakness, and numbness along the distribution of the affected spinal nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal stenosis can cause pain, numbness, muscle weakness and problems with bladder and bowel function. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • I have severe Spinal Stenosis for about 8 years with constant numbness in arms, hands, feet, legs and buttock areas. (earthclinic.com)
  • Hi, my mother was recently diagnosed with lumbar stenosis and she has the tingling n numbness and as of lately complains of heaviness in her legs. (earthclinic.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome involves lower extremity pain, numbness or weakness in the presence of low back pain. (standardofcare.com)
  • If the spinal cord is compressed, this may lead to numbness in the hands and feet, difficulty with walking or hand function, or trouble with balance and coordination. (lifespan.org)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis can also cause headaches or numbness. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • Cervical stenosis not only causes neck pain and spasms, but also numbness or weakness in the arms or legs that can interfere with balance and walking. (templehealth.org)
  • Lumbar stenosis primarily affects the lower parts of the body, often causing numbness and weakness in the foot or leg, particularly after standing for extended periods of time. (templehealth.org)
  • Along with pain, patients with spinal stenosis can experience numbness or sensory loss. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • A spinal nerve under pressure for extended periods can make numbness permanent. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • For those with lumbar stenosis, numbness usually occurs in the lower limbs. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • With cervical stenosis, numbness or tingling occurs in the arms and hands. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Spinal stenosis primarily causes tingling, numbness, and pain in your lower back and neck. (cellaxys.com)
  • Cervical canal stenosis may lead to myelopathy, a serious condition causing symptoms including major body weakness and paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other causes include bone disease that causes an excess of bone growth of around the spinal nerves as in osteoarthritis. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Given its connection to osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis is more commonly found in patients over the age of 50. (lifespan.org)
  • Spinal stenosis is common and is usually caused by osteoarthritis of the spinal column. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • In general, the condition results from osteoarthritis, however, scientific evidence has proven genetic grounds as a potential cause that increases the risk of spinal stenosis. (sbarnabas.com)
  • The cause of spinal stenosis is commonly caused by excess growth of the bone around the spinal nerves which is the result of osteoarthritis. (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • When the spinal canal gets too narrow, it can squeeze and irritate your spinal cord or nearby nerve roots. (uofmhealth.org)
  • This narrowing creates pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. (lifespan.org)
  • Facet joint and ligamentous hypertrophy, intervertebral disk protrusion, and spondylolisthesis may all contribute to the stenosis, and symptoms result from neural compression of the cauda equina, exiting nerve roots, or both. (bmj.com)
  • Spinal Stenosis is the reduction of the diameter of the spinal canal and the vertebral foramina, which results in the compression of the spinal cord and/or the nerve roots. (spondylos.gr)
  • Relief when bending forwards is due to the reduction of the lordosis, which temporarily de-compresses the nerve roots and the spinal cord. (spondylos.gr)
  • Myeloradiculopathy occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord and nerve roots. (bssq.com.au)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is narrowing of the cervical spinal canal causing compression of the nerve roots before their exit from the foramina. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Distal to this end of the spinal cord is a collection of nerve roots, which are horsetail-like in appearance and hence called the cauda equina (Latin for horse's tail). (medscape.com)
  • The cauda equina (CE) is a bundle of intradural nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord, in the subarachnoid space distal to the conus medullaris. (medscape.com)
  • The aim of all surgical treatments for spinal stenosis is to decompress the pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves either directly or indirectly by widening the spinal canal. (managebackpain.com)
  • Laminoplasty - A surgical procedure to relieve pressure on the spinal cord by cutting the lamina on both sides of the affected vertebrae (cutting through on one side and merely cutting a groove on the other) and then "swinging" the freed flap of bone open. (mdwiki.org)
  • The most common symptom associated with lumbar spinal stenosis is neurogenic claudication. (standardofcare.com)
  • Although central spinal stenosis leads to neurogenic claudication symptoms, and lateral recess or foraminal stenosis leads to radicular symptoms, diverse clinical presentations can be seen with similar radiographic changes. (standardofcare.com)
  • mild ® is an effective treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication: MiDAS ENCORE Randomized Controlled Trial. (vertosmed.com)
  • Long-term safety and efficacy of minimally invasive lumbar decompression procedure for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication: 2-year results of MiDAS ENCORE. (vertosmed.com)
  • These symptoms are typical for neurogenic claudication caused by spinal stenosis (see website under these topics). (neckandback.com)
  • Symptoms of cervical stenosis include myelopathy (check website for that information) and rarely, central cord syndrome. (neckandback.com)
  • Background To investigate the clinical effect of anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF) technique for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS), and compare ACAF with hybrid decompression fixation (HDF). (researchsquare.com)
  • Multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS) is a disorder of spinal cord dysfunction characterized by involving three or more cervical segments, which is caused by congenital, developmental or degenerative factors which results in spinal stenosis and compression of spinal cord and its blood vessel at the levels of both intervertebral disc and vertebra[1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • in most cases the standard of care is to surgically decompress the area through internal decompression infusion techniques, laminectomy (removes the back part of the affected vertebrae) or laminoplasty (hardware is placed to create a more space for the spinal cord while preserving range of motion). (parkview.com)
  • Functional and patient-reported outcomes in symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis following percutaneous decompression. (vertosmed.com)
  • Is Indirect Decompression and Fusion More Effective than Direct Decompression and Fusion for Treating Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis With Instability? (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Surgical alternatives to treat lumbar spinal stenosis and instability include indirect (ALIF, OLIF, and LLIF) and direct (TLIF or posterior lumbar interbody fusion) decompression and fusion interventions. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • We conducted a systematic review of the literature consulting several databases and identified studies that enrolled patients diagnosed with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and instability treated with indirect or direct decompression and fusion techniques. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Indirect and direct decompression and fusion techniques are similarly effective in treating patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and instability. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The most common surgical procedure for spinal stenosis is decompression surgery, which involves removing the part of the spinal canal that is causing pressure on the nerves or spinal cord. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Reducing the lordosis temporarily opens the vertebral foramina and dilates the spinal canal, resulting in decompression of the vertebral roots and the spinal cord in general. (spondylos.gr)
  • For advanced spinal stenosis, surgery involves decompression of the disc and bone compression of the spinal cord, either from an anterior or posterior approach in conjunction with fusion of the affected levels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Children may need invasive surgeries such as spinal cord decompression and straightening of bowed legs. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal stenosis in the neck can compress the spinal cord and lead to total body weakness or even paralysis. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • There may be no symptoms at all, since narrowing of the canal in the vertebrae does not always compress the spinal cord or nerves. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • Symptoms and Signs Various lesions can compress the spinal cord, causing segmental sensory, motor, reflex, and sphincter deficits. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment in spinal stenosis can be conservative or surgical. (medscape.com)
  • The classification of lumbar stenosis is important because of the implications of the underlying etiology and because it affects the therapeutic strategy, specifically the surgical approach. (medscape.com)
  • Medical marijuana can also help with pain after surgical treatment of spinal stenosis. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • The severity and duration of your spinal stenosis symptoms will dictate whether you have conservative or surgical intervention as your treatment of choice. (managebackpain.com)
  • After the surgical spinal stenosis treatment, you may need three months to return to everyday life. (cellaxys.com)
  • Laminectomy - A surgical procedure in which the lamina of the vertebra is removed or trimmed to widen the spinal canal and create more space for the spinal nerves and thecal sac . (mdwiki.org)
  • Laminectomy or Spinal Fusion surgery may be required if the nonsurgical treatments have not helped. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Vertos Medical Inc. is a medical device company committed to developing innovative, minimally invasive treatments for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). (vertosmed.com)
  • Though there are several treatments available for obtaining relief from consistent pain, spinal stenosis surgery is known to be the most beneficial. (sbarnabas.com)
  • Other culprits are herniated discs, tumors, and thickened spinal ligaments which press against the spinal nerves. (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • Common causes of spinal stenosis are bone spurs, herniated discs, thick ligaments near the spinal canal, tumors, and multiple spinal injuries. (cellaxys.com)
  • Thoracic stenosis typically causes pain, spasms and weakness in the legs and buttocks, typically after walking and standing. (templehealth.org)
  • If there is concomitant impingement on cervical roots, patients may experience paresthesias and weakness in the affected nerve root distribution at the level of the stenosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are 3 types of spinal stenosis - lumbar, cervical and thoracic - that are diagnosed based on the location of narrowed portion of the spinal canal. (templehealth.org)
  • Spinal ligaments can thicken (ligamenta flava) Bone spurs develop on the bone and into the spinal canal or foraminal openings Intervertebral discs may bulge or herniate into the canal or foraminal openings Degenerative disc disease causes narrowing of the spaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Spinal Stenosis. (prnewswire.com)
  • In severe cases, surgery may be required to create additional space for the spinal cord and nerves. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Mild stenosis classified as a narrowing of the normal central canal cross-sectional area by one third or less, moderate stenosis by between one third and two thirds, and severe stenosis as more than two thirds (Lurie JD et al). (standardofcare.com)
  • The prevalence of radiographic lumbar spinal stenosis using qualitative criteria in adults 55 years of age or older who are asymptomatic is estimated at 21%-30% from moderate stenosis and 6-7% for severe stenosis (Tong HC etal). (standardofcare.com)
  • When the stenosis is severe, it's possible to experience problems with bladder or bowel function. (templehealth.org)
  • More severe or persistent symptoms that significantly interfere with function are likely to benefit from decompressive spinal surgery, possibly with fusion if there is degenerative spondylolisthesis or degenerative scoliosis. (bmj.com)
  • And while this amazing herb can help treat temporary conditions, like nausea, migraines, and insomnia, you can now find relief for more severe, long-term diseases, such as medical marijuana for spinal stenosis and the chronic pain associated with it. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • The condition is characterized by narrowing of the spinal space which creates exaggerated pressure on the spinal nerves, thereby causing information and severe pain in the back, upper or lower limbs. (sbarnabas.com)
  • Not all spinal stenosis conditions deteriorate over time and not all sufferers suffer with severe symptoms. (managebackpain.com)
  • In severe cases, spinal stenosis can result in incontinence. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) implies spinal canal narrowing with possible subsequent neural compression. (medscape.com)
  • Marketresearchfuture.com includes Global Spinal Cord Compression-Spinal Stenosis Market by indications, by diagnosis, by end users - Global Forecast till 2023 is new report. (openpr.com)
  • Spinal cord compression is the second most frequent neurologic complication of cancer. (openpr.com)
  • Considering all these factors the market for spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis is expected to reach $ 8.5 billion by the end of 2023, this market is projected to growing at a CAGR of ~ 11.5 % during 2017-2023. (openpr.com)
  • The U.S. spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis is dependent on the legal and regulatory environment includes factors such as labelling standards, FDA classification rules etc. (openpr.com)
  • The market consolidation and growing partnerships and mergers of large insurance companies and large healthcare providers and hospitals will drive the future U.S. market for spinal cord compression-spinal stenosis due to growth in their buying power as well as improving economies of scale. (openpr.com)
  • Lumbar or lower back stenosis is more common, but cervical stenosis is more dangerous because it involves compression of the spinal cord. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Pinched nerves and compression of the spinal cord can result, leading to pain. (templehealth.org)
  • These patients are experiencing compression in the spinal cord and/or neck, which often leads to uncomfortable or concerning symptoms. (parkview.com)
  • Often, an MRI and x-ray are ordered to help evaluate the degree of nerve compression in the spinal cord. (parkview.com)
  • If a patient shows evidence of cervical stenosis on an MRI, but isn't experiencing significant symptoms and/or isn't a good candidate for surgery, the typical recommendation for treatment is physical management through physical therapy, though this will not address the spinal compression. (parkview.com)
  • If the pain stops, your doctor can confirm the root of your pain is some sort of spinal nerve compression. (pain-relief-centers.com)
  • This painful compression of the nerves is known as spinal stenosis . (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • ACAF is characterized by hoisting the anterior wall of the spinal canal to make it move forward, thus expanding the volume of the spinal canal and relieving the compression. (researchsquare.com)
  • with compression of the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diseases such as arthritis and scoliosis can cause spinal stenosis, too. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Prior injuries or physical trauma can cause spinal stenosis in later periods of life. (sbarnabas.com)
  • Congenital and acquired spinal stenoses place the patient at a greater risk for acute neurologic injury. (medscape.com)
  • Although the disorder often results from acquired degenerative changes ( spondylosis ), spinal stenosis may also be congenital in nature (see Etiology). (medscape.com)
  • Congenital stenosis may predispose an individual with mild degenerative changes to become symptomatic earlier in life. (medscape.com)
  • This is known as congenital stenosis. (parkview.com)
  • These bones protect our spinal cord running through an opening called the spinal canal. (cellaxys.com)
  • citation needed] Cervical spinal stenosis can be far more dangerous by compressing the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] Cervical spinal stenosis can be far more dangerous by compressing the spinal cord. (mdwiki.org)
  • The most common forms are lumbar spinal stenosis, at the level of the lower back, and cervical spinal stenosis, which are at the level of the neck. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal stenosis, both neck and lower back, are common for people age 60 and older. (mainlinehealth.org)
  • Spinal stenosis can compress the nerves and the spinal cord and can lead to pain in the lower back and legs or in the neck, arms, and hands, depending on where the narrowing is located. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • If it is in the neck it is called cervical spinal stenosis. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis can cause pain in the neck and shoulders. (nnuh.nhs.uk)
  • When should someone seek a consult about their spinal/neck pain? (parkview.com)
  • These conditions can be addressed surgically at the same time, but cervical spinal stenosis is the priority, since it affects all downstream functions with the nerves from the neck, down. (parkview.com)
  • For cervical stenosis, it's common to experience neck pain due to a pinched nerve. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • The common symptom of cervical stenosis is mild to intense neck pain. (bssq.com.au)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is one of the most common forms of spinal stenosis , along with lumbar spinal stenosis (which occurs at the level of the lower back instead of in the neck). (mdwiki.org)
  • Electrodiagnostic studies help differentiate cervical spinal stenosis from other neurologic conditions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spinal stenosis occurs mostly in people older than 50. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal stenosis occurs in as many as 8% of people. (wikipedia.org)
  • People with spinal stenosis may experience different symptoms depending on where the narrowing occurs. (lifespan.org)
  • However, a serious condition occurs when the spinal column narrows thus putting pressure on the spinal column and nerves. (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • Cervical radiculopathy occurs when the nerve root connecting the spinal cord is injured or pinched as they exit the spinal canal. (bssq.com.au)
  • While most people are born with a small spinal canal, spinal stenosis occurs when something reduces the spinal canal. (cellaxys.com)
  • Thoracic spinal stenosis, at the level of the mid-back, is much less common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thoracic stenosis can lead to bowel and bladder problems, as well as sexual dysfunction. (templehealth.org)
  • The cord projects 31 pairs of spinal nerves on either side (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal) that are connected to the peripheral nerves. (medscape.com)
  • In my opinion, surgery for spinal stenosis should only be considered if your quality of life has been severely affected and you have exhausted conservative physiotherapy methods of treatment and management. (managebackpain.com)
  • My opinion on surgery and spinal stenosis is that if all conservative measures have been exhausted and your quality of life is poor, you should consider it. (managebackpain.com)
  • If provided conservative treatment is not effective and the patient is operable , the treatment of choice is wide laminectomy with spinal fusion and with the use of rods and screws. (spondylos.gr)
  • Cervical stenosis may be treated with conservative treatment approaches such as use of pain medications, physical therapy, steroid injections, or acupuncture. (bssq.com.au)
  • In patients with cervical spinal stenosis, conservative measures constitute first-line treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There is no cure for lumbar spinal stenosis, but you have many treatment choices. (sarahbush.org)
  • Today, cannabis and spinal stenosis treatment provides patients with an alternative remedy to help fight these unpleasant and relentless symptoms that hurt their quality of life. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • The earlier spinal stenosis is detected, the sooner you can start treatment , and the better the chances of a positive outcome. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • In this podcast, Jeffrey Katz, MD, MSc, from Harvard Medical School joins JAMA Deputy Editor Mary M. McDermott, MD, to discuss current evidence regarding diagnosis and optimal treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis, including when to consider invasive therapies for patients with symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis. (ama-assn.org)
  • Request more information about Spinal Stenosis Treatment today. (pain-relief-centers.com)
  • It offers detailed insights into the causes, symptoms, and treatment options and answers to frequently asked questions about this common spinal condition. (painandspinespecialists.com)
  • In this article, we will discuss everything you need to know about spinal stenosis surgery in India, including treatment options, costs, and the best doctors for stenosis surgery. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • When it comes to spinal stenosis treatment, you can expect the same level of care and expertise. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • The treatment for spinal stenosis depends on the severity of the condition and the patient's overall health. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • India has many hospitals that specialize in spinal stenosis treatment, offering world-class facilities and the latest medical technology. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • One of the biggest advantages of getting spinal stenosis treatment in India is the cost. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Compared to other countries, the cost of spinal stenosis treatment in India is significantly lower, making it an affordable option for many people. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Spinal Stenosis Treatment Cost in India: The cost of spinal stenosis treatment in India ranges from £2,500 to £5,000 depending on the type of procedure and hospital. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • The source of the stenosis often dictates the treatment. (gotcsi.com)
  • A non-invasive, naturally regenerative spinal stenosis treatment without surgery . (cellaxys.com)
  • Do you need treatment for your Spinal Stenosis? (cellaxys.com)
  • These tests show your doctor a clear picture of your spinal canal changes, which helps them determine the right treatment for your condition. (cellaxys.com)
  • For your spinal stenosis treatment, you will be referred to a doctor who specializes in nervous system disorders, known as a neurologist. (cellaxys.com)
  • The canal components that contribute to acquired stenosis include the facets (hypertrophy, arthropathy), ligamentum flavum (hypertrophy), posterior longitudinal ligament (ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament [OPLL]), vertebral body (bone spurs), intervertebral disk, and epidural fat. (medscape.com)
  • As we age, the normal wear and tear can create bone spurs that lead to a narrowing of the spinal column, leading to a painful condition known as spinal stenosis. (lifespan.org)
  • The narrowing puts pressure on your nerves and spinal cord and can cause pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What is cervical spinal stenosis? (parkview.com)
  • What are the risk factors or causes of cervical spinal stenosis? (parkview.com)
  • What are the symptoms of cervical spinal stenosis? (parkview.com)
  • How is cervical spinal stenosis diagnosed? (parkview.com)
  • How is cervical spinal stenosis treated? (parkview.com)
  • Can cervical spinal stenosis be prevented? (parkview.com)
  • Unfortunately, patients can't avoid the risk factors that often lead to cervical spinal stenosis, like genetics, activity and age. (parkview.com)
  • Does having cervical spinal stenosis put someone at risk of other complications? (parkview.com)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is usually diagnosed based on your medical history, physical and neurological examination, and diagnostic tests such as x-rays, CT or MRI scans, or myelography. (bssq.com.au)
  • Cervical spinal stenosis is suspected based on characteristic symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lower extremity pain with or without low back pain may be found in other spinal disorders, and extra spinal musculoskeletal disorders, other than the syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis. (standardofcare.com)
  • Preoperative evaluation included electromyography to confirm the presence of a herniated disc, myelography to discount spinal stenosis and spinal cord tumor, epidural venography, and prognostic psychometric testing. (cdc.gov)
  • BEFORE I KNEW not to have any spinal surgery, the doctors are not good enough yet. (earthclinic.com)
  • Anyone that has SPINAL STENOSIS where their are arms and/or legs are starting to hurt, DO NOT HAVE SURGERY, just take a couple cheap pills and it will all dissolve in about 6 months. (earthclinic.com)
  • Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis typically performed for lower extremity pain and not for relief of back pain. (standardofcare.com)
  • Not all spinal stenosis requires surgery. (templehealth.org)
  • When should Surgery to treat Spinal Stenosis considered? (managebackpain.com)
  • The aim of surgery in spinal stenosis is to decompress the compressed part of your canal. (managebackpain.com)
  • If you have to go for surgery to treat Spinal Stenosis, then listen closely and work with the team around you. (managebackpain.com)
  • They offer so many different areas of assistance to those with issues from nutrition to spinal surgery. (painandspinespecialists.com)
  • I have many patients with spinal stenosis that continue to function well without surgery using epidurals and a flat back posturing program in physical therapy to avoid surgery. (neckandback.com)
  • In India, you can find some of the best neurosurgeons who specialize in spinal stenosis surgery. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • When it comes to spinal stenosis surgery, it is essential to choose the right doctor. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Dr. Arun Saroha is one of the best neurosurgeons for stenosis surgery in India. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Unfortunately, however, people suffering from spinal stenosis are elderly people and in most cases they have grave concomitant health issues , others not permitting surgery and others, such as the osteoporotic patients, which their bones create instability of the spinal fusion. (spondylos.gr)
  • But it may take longer for spinal fusion, depending on how complex your surgery was and how well you're progressing in rehabilitation. (cellaxys.com)
  • Tom does have other areas of stenosis and degenerative changes that may be a problem in the future. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • No clear correlation is noted between the symptoms of stenosis and race, occupation, sex, or body type. (medscape.com)
  • The word stenosis never came up as a diagnosis, but in retrospect I had symptoms of stenosis. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Short recovery time T1-weighted spin-echo sagittal MRI scan demonstrates marked spinal stenosis of the C1/C2 vertebral level cervical canal resulting from formation of the pannus (black arrow) surrounding the dens in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. (medscape.com)
  • At the beginning, spinal stenosis is presented with the symptoms of the primary disease, for example sciatica caused by the pressure of an intervertebral disc hernia on the corresponding nerve root. (spondylos.gr)
  • Diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis syndrome requires the presence of characteristic symptoms and signs and radiographic or anatomic evidence of narrowing or stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal. (standardofcare.com)
  • Hansson T, Suzuki N, Hebelka H, Gaulitz A. The narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal during loaded MRI: the effects of the disc and ligamentum flavum. (vertosmed.com)
  • The spinal cord ends at the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae as a tapered structure called the conus medullaris, consisting of sacral spinal cord segments. (medscape.com)
  • Older patients present with more chronic or recurrent symptoms of degenerative spinal disease. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging studies can frequently indicate the presence of spinal stenosis in asymptomatic patients. (standardofcare.com)
  • The above data indicate that radiographic MRI imaging suggesting lumbar spinal stenosis is common in asymptomatic patients and this underscores the importance of clinical diagnosis made by history and physical examination. (standardofcare.com)
  • There are also patients who are born with a narrowed spinal column, meaning they have less space in the spinal cord. (parkview.com)
  • Spinal stenosis causes neuropathy, so these studies into conditions like multiple sclerosis and AIDS show medical marijuana can help patients with spinal stenosis, as well as patients with a range of other nerve-related conditions. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Many patients report medical cannabis for spinal stenosis effectively treats their back pain and other related symptoms. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Studies started showing marijuana's ability to treat spasticity and pain in patients who had spinal cord issues as early as the 1970s. (marijuanadoctors.com)
  • Prevalence of vitamin d deficiency in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and its relationship with pain. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are at a great risk of a fall and fracture, which vitamin D protects against. (vitamindwiki.com)
  • Physical therapy may also be recommended as stretching and adjusting posture may alleviate some pain and help patients get relief from the discomfort associated with spinal stenosis. (gainesvillemfm.com)
  • Reference values of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and characteristics of deterioration of QOL: Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Diagnosis Support Tool: DISTO project. (bvsalud.org)
  • The reference values of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are still unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fifty-two chronic pain patients (18-75 years) with LBP and/or leg pain (Visual Analogue Scale ≥ 30) were recruited from orthopaedic clinics (spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, or segmental pain) and primary healthcare (chronic LBP). (lu.se)
  • Radiographic prevalence in a community-based population of adults aged 60-69 years was 47% for relative radiographic findings with sagittal diameter of 12 mm or less, and 19% for absolute radiographic lumbar spinal stenosis with sagittal diameter of 10 mm or less. (standardofcare.com)
  • Cervical stenosis - Cervical stenosis is diagnosed when narrowing affects the area around the spine's top seven vertebrae. (templehealth.org)
  • Lumbar stenosis - The most common type of spinal stenosis, lumbar stenosis affects the lower back. (templehealth.org)
  • Spinal stenosis affects cervical as well as lumbar regions and causes extreme back pain. (sbarnabas.com)
  • Strangely, spinal stenosis typically affects those without a pre-existing (or diagnosed) back condition. (pain-relief-centers.com)
  • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis is a condition that primarily affects adults over 50, but it can occur in younger people who are born with a narrow spinal canal. (painandspinespecialists.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is a common condition that affects many people worldwide. (spineandbrainindia.com)
  • Lumbar stenosis is the most common, followed by cervical stenosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal stenosis is most common in the cervical and lumbar areas. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause of spinal stenosis is arthritis . (lifespan.org)
  • Approximately 1.4% of the global population comprising of 102 million candidates was diagnosed with spinal stenosis, making it one of the most common spinal disorders. (sbarnabas.com)
  • Spinal stenosis is most common in the over 65 age group. (managebackpain.com)
  • The most common symptoms of spinal stenosis symptoms is back pain and leg pain when standing or walking, usually eased by sitting down. (managebackpain.com)
  • Below are some common symptoms of spinal stenosis to look out for. (mdbonedocs.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis is a common cause of low back pain and disability in older people. (ama-assn.org)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common degenerative spinal condition in older adults associated with disability, diminished quality of life, and substantial healthcare costs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common cause of reduced mobility in older adults [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)