Submandibular Gland Diseases refer to a group of medical conditions affecting the structure and function of the submandibular glands, leading to symptoms such as swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, and reduced saliva production.
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
"Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or health of the salivary glands, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, swelling, pain, and abnormal secretions."
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors, which can be benign or malignant, originating from the glandular tissues of the submandibular salivary gland located beneath the mandible (jawbone).
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS).
Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.
Inflammation of the lacrimal sac. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
A salivary gland on each side of the mouth below the TONGUE.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.
Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.
Eyelid diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or appearance of the eyelids, including inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, congenital, and traumatic disorders, which can impact vision, comfort, and overall ocular health.
The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.
Aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial EPITHELIUM. It plays an important role in maintaining water HOMEOSTASIS in the LUNGS and may also regulate release of SALIVA and TEARS in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the LACRIMAL GLAND.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system.
A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Proteolytic enzymes from the serine endopeptidase family found in normal blood and urine. Specifically, Kallikreins are potent vasodilators and hypotensives and increase vascular permeability and affect smooth muscle. They act as infertility agents in men. Three forms are recognized, PLASMA KALLIKREIN (EC 3.4.21.34), TISSUE KALLIKREIN (EC 3.4.21.35), and PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (EC 3.4.21.77).
Increased salivary flow.
Radiography of the SALIVARY GLANDS or ducts following injection of contrast medium.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Decreased salivary flow.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
The removal or interruption of some part of the parasympathetic nervous system for therapeutic or research purposes.
A group of closely-related cystatins found in SALIVA.
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Protein domains that are enriched in PROLINE. The cyclical nature of proline causes the peptide bonds it forms to have a limited degree of conformational mobility. Therefore the presence of multiple prolines in close proximity to each other can convey a distinct conformational arrangement to a peptide chain.
A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

The MR imaging assessment of submandibular gland sialoadenitis secondary to sialolithiasis: correlation with CT and histopathologic findings. (1/50)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging has been proved to be effective in depicting wide variety of pathologic changes of the salivary gland. Therefore, we evaluated clinical usefulness of MR imaging for sialolithiasis. METHODS: Sixteen patients with sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland underwent MR imaging. MR images of the glands were obtained with a conventional (T1-weighted), fast spin-echo (fat-suppressed T2-weighted) and short inversion time-inversion recovery sequences. Contrast enhancement was not used. MR imaging features then were compared with clinical symptoms, histopathologic features of excised glands, and CT imaging features. RESULTS: Submandibular glands with sialolithiasis could be classified into three types on the basis of clinical symptoms and MR imaging features of the glands. Type I glands were positive for clinical symptoms and MR imaging abnormalities, and were characterised histopathologically by active inflammation (9 [56%] of 16). Type II glands were negative for clinical symptoms and positive for MR imaging abnormalities (4 [25%] of 16), and the glands were replaced by fat. Type III glands were negative for clinical symptoms and MR imaging abnormalities (3 [19%] of 16). CT features of these glands correlated well with those of MR imaging. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MR imaging features may reflect chronic and acute obstruction, and a combination of CT and MR imaging may complement each other in examining glands with sialolithiasis.  (+info)

Histopathological study of the human submandibular gland in graft versus host disease. (2/50)

Major salivary gland dysfunction and severe xerostomia is one of the manifestations of graft versus host disease (GVHD). The histopathological evaluation of the major salivary gland in patients with GVHD has never been reported. The pathological findings of the submandibular glands in a GVHD patient who succumbed to the disease are described. Lymphocytic infiltration, parenchymal destruction, and fibrosis were observed, which may provide the pathophysiological mechanism for the xerostomia and hyposalivation observed in GVHD.  (+info)

Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the head and neck in immunocompetent children: CT and MR findings. (3/50)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) commonly manifest as cervicofacial adenitis in otherwise healthy children. The aim of this study was to characterize the imaging findings of NTM infection of the head and neck in immunocompetent children. METHODS: The medical records and imaging examinations (CT in 10, MR in two) were reviewed in 12 immunocompetent children with NTM infection of the head and neck. RESULTS: The usual presentation (n = 9) was of an enlarging, non-tender mass with violaceous skin discoloration, unresponsive to conventional antibiotics. The duration of symptoms was 6 days to 5 months. Imaging revealed asymmetric adenopathy with contiguous low-density ring-enhancing masses in all patients. There was cutaneous extension in 10 patients. Inflammatory stranding of the subcutaneous fat was minimal (n = 9) or absent (n = 2) in 11 patients. The masses involved the submandibular space (n = 3), the parotid space (n = 2), the cheek (n = 1), the anterior triangle of the neck (n = 2), the submandibular and parotid spaces (n = 2), the parotid space and neck (n = 1), and the neck and retropharyngeal space (n = 1). Surgical management included incision and drainage only (n = 2), incision and drainage with curettage (n = 2), excisional biopsy after incision and drainage (n = 1), excisional biopsy only (n = 5), superficial parotidectomy only (n = 1), and superficial parotidectomy with contralateral excisional biopsy (n = 1). All patients improved in response to surgery and long-term antimycobacterial antibiotics. CONCLUSION: NTM infection of the head and neck has a characteristic clinical presentation and imaging appearance. Recognition of this disease is important; appropriate treatment is excision and, in selected cases, antimycobacterial therapy.  (+info)

Sialolithiasis: an unusually large submandibular salivary stone. (4/50)

Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. This case report describes a patient presenting with an unusually large submandibular gland sialolith, the subsequent patient management, the aetiology, diagnosis and various treatment modalities available for management of salivary gland calculi depending on their site and size.  (+info)

Extracellular matrix molecules in chronic obstructive sialadenitis: an immunocytochemical and Western blot investigation. (5/50)

The exact pathomechanism of inflammation progress and fibrosis in chronic sialadenitis is unknown. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various fibrotic conditions. These factors are thought to be essential in the regulation of extracellular matrix turnover and the development of tissue fibrosis. In the present study, the expression of CTGF, MMP-2, -3, -9, -13 and TIMP-3 was examined in chronic obstructive sialadenitis. Tissue samples of 13 patients with chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland associated with sialolithiasis and 4 normal tissue samples of the submandibular gland were analyzed immunohistochemically and by Western blot analysis. An intense CTGF immunoreactivity was observed in the ductal system of inflamed salivary glands, whereas in normal glands no reactivity or a very low CTGF immunoreactivity was present. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a low to strong reactivity of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and TIMP-3 in the ductal system, in acinar cells and in lymphomonocytic infiltrates in normal and inflamed tissues. The expression of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and TIMP-3 was confirmed by Western blotting in all cases. Over-expression of CTGF in chronic obstructive sialadenitis suggests that this factor may play a role in glandular fibrosis. However, the physiological role of MMP-2, -3, -9, -13, and TIMP-3 in normal glands, as well as their possible role in inflammation progress and fibrosis in chronic obstructive sialadenitis, remains to be elucidated.  (+info)

The transduction of rat submandibular glands by an adenoviral vector carrying the human growth hormone gene is associated with limited and reversible changes at the infusion site. (6/50)

Adenoviral vectors have been shown to efficiently deliver exogenous genes to salivary glands and have therefore been investigated as tools for the treatment of human disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of F344 rats to intraductal infusion of the right submandibular salivary gland with an adenoviral vector encoding the gene for human growth hormone (AdCMVhGH). Co-administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used to redirect the secretion of human growth hormone (hGH) from saliva into serum. This paper documents the findings of the pathology evaluation of this National Toxicology Program study. The right submandibular salivary gland (infusion site) was the primary target organ, with microscopic lesions characteristic of a mild to moderate insult observed at 3 days post infusion in vector exposed animals. These lesions were characterized by variable degrees of acute glandular inflammation, degeneration and necrosis, with more severe lesions in the higher dose groups. Rats at 28 days post infusion had milder inflammation, degeneration and necrosis compared to day 3 rats, with variable degrees of regeneration. In conclusion, the effects on the salivary glands are reversible as indicated by the milder inflammation and degeneration in the day 28 rats concomitant with mild to moderate regeneration. Therefore, the vector appears relatively innocuous with limited tissue toxicity. [The supplemental data referenced in this paper is not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. It is available as a downloadable file in the online edition of Toxicologic Pathology, 34(4). In order to access the full article online, you must have either an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org.].  (+info)

Recovery of rat submandibular salivary gland function following removal of obstruction: a sialometrical and sialochemical study. (7/50)

Functional recovery of the rat submandibular gland following ligation of the main excretory duct was examined. Rat submandibular glands were ligated for 1, 4 and 8 weeks using a micro-clip with a plastic tube. Micro-clips were removed and glands were allowed to recover for periods of 8, 16 and 24 weeks. Submandibular glands were stimulated with autonomimetic drugs (methacholine and isoprenaline) and salivas were collected from atrophic or de-ligated and contralateral control glands. Glands recovered almost full size (92% of control gland) following 24 weeks of de-ligation. Saliva volume secreted by ligated/de-ligated (RSM) and control (LSM) glands were similar with different doses of agonists. Protein output expressed per gram of tissue wet weight was similar from both ligated/de-ligated and control glands with all doses of agonist. Sodium and chloride levels were higher from de-ligated glands than contralateral control glands. Protein electrophoresis showed similar profiles of salivary proteins in all samples with some minor differences. Acinar cells in de-ligated glands showed a normal morphology, as indicated by light microscopy, whilst granular ductal cells were fewer and contained fewer secretory granules. Sodium potassium ATPase staining of striated ducts in de-ligated glands was similar to that of control glands. It can be concluded that rat submandibular glands can regenerate following severe atrophy and secrete normal amounts of saliva containing broadly a full profile of secretory proteins. In contrast to acinar cells, ductal cells appear not to recover full function.  (+info)

Severe life threatening maxillofacial infection in pregnancy presented as Ludwig's angina. (8/50)

BACKGROUND: Ludwig's angina is a rapidly spreading cellulitis that may produce upper airway obstruction often leading to death. There is very little published information regarding this condition in the pregnant patient. CASE: A 24-year old black female was admitted at 26 weeks gestation with tooth pain, submandibular swelling, severe trismus, and dysphagea, consistent with Ludwig's angina. Her treatment included emergent tracheostomy, incision and drainage of associated spaces, teeth extraction, and antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: During a life threatening infectious situation such as the one described, risks of maternal and fetal morbidity include both septicemia and asphyxia. Furthermore, the healthcare provider must consider the risks that the condition and the possible treatments may cause the mother and her unborn child.  (+info)

Submandibular gland diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the function or structure of the submandibular glands, which are salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva. These diseases can be categorized into inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, neoplastic (benign or malignant), and autoimmune disorders.

Some common submandibular gland diseases include:

1. Submandibular sialadenitis: Inflammation of the submandibular gland due to bacterial or viral infections, stones, or autoimmune conditions.
2. Salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis): Calcified deposits that obstruct the ducts leading from the submandibular gland, causing swelling and pain, especially during meals.
3. Submandibular gland tumors: Abnormal growths in the submandibular gland, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
4. Sjögren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
5. IgG4-related disease: A systemic inflammatory condition characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into various organs, including the submandibular gland, causing swelling and damage.
6. Mikulicz's disease: A rare benign lymphoepithelial lesion that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to enlargement and dryness of the affected glands.
7. Salivary gland dysfunction: Reduced or impaired saliva production due to aging, medications, radiation therapy, or systemic diseases, which can affect the submandibular gland.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of submandibular gland diseases require a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy or surgical intervention.

The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.

Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the mouth and throat. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Salivary Gland Infections: These are usually caused by bacteria or viruses that infect the gland, ducts, or surrounding tissues. The most common infection is called sialadenitis, which can cause pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing.

2. Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis): These are small, hard deposits that form in the ducts of the salivary glands, causing blockages and leading to swelling, pain, and infection.

3. Salivary Gland Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in the salivary glands. Benign tumors are usually slow-growing and cause localized swelling, while malignant tumors may be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.

4. Salivary Gland Dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the production or flow of saliva, such as Sjogren's syndrome, radiation therapy, dehydration, or certain medications.

5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the salivary glands and cause inflammation, dry mouth, and other symptoms.

6. Salivary Gland Trauma: Injuries to the face or neck can damage the salivary glands and lead to swelling, bleeding, or decreased function.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging studies, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or changes in medication or lifestyle.

Submandibular gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the submandibular glands. These are one of the three pairs of major salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva that helps in digestion. Submandibular gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing, do not invade surrounding tissues, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. Common types of benign submandibular gland neoplasms include pleomorphic adenomas and monomorphic adenomas.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive and can invade nearby structures or metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Common types of malignant submandibular gland neoplasms include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma.

Symptoms of submandibular gland neoplasms may include a painless swelling or mass in the neck, difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing, numbness or tingling in the tongue or lips, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

Sebaceous gland diseases refer to conditions that affect the sebaceous glands, which are small glands in the skin that produce an oily substance called sebum. Sebum helps keep the skin and hair moisturized. Sebaceous gland diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including skin inflammation, redness, pain, and the formation of bumps or cysts.

Some common types of sebaceous gland diseases include:

1. Acne: A common skin condition that occurs when the hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to whiteheads, blackheads, or pimples.
2. Seborrheic dermatitis: A skin condition that causes red, itchy, and flaky skin, often on the scalp, face, or chest.
3. Rosacea: A chronic skin condition that causes redness, pimples, and visible blood vessels on the face.
4. Sebaceous hyperplasia: A benign growth of the sebaceous glands that appears as a small, yellowish bump on the skin.
5. Sebaceous adenitis: A rare inflammatory disease that affects the sebaceous glands, causing hair loss and scaly skin.
6. Sebaceous carcinoma: A rare and aggressive form of skin cancer that develops in the sebaceous glands.

Treatment for sebaceous gland diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatments may include topical or oral medications, light therapy, or surgical removal of affected tissue. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Sweat gland diseases are medical conditions that affect the functioning or structure of sweat glands, leading to excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), lack of sweating (anhydrosis), or abnormal sweating (e.g., foul-smelling sweat). There are two main types of sweat glands in humans: eccrine glands, which produce a watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature, and apocrine glands, which are located in the armpits and groin and produce a thicker, milky sweat that can mix with bacteria on the skin and cause body odor.

Some examples of sweat gland diseases include:

1. Hidradenitis suppurativa: A chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the apocrine glands, leading to the formation of abscesses, nodules, and sinus tracts.
2. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: A condition that causes excessive sweating in specific areas of the body, such as the armpits, hands, feet, or face, without any underlying medical cause.
3. Secondary generalized hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating that affects the entire body and is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or obesity.
4. Cystic adenoma of the axilla: A benign tumor that arises from the apocrine glands in the armpit.
5. Eccrine nevus: A rare congenital condition characterized by an increased number of eccrine glands in a localized area of the skin, leading to excessive sweating.
6. Fox-Fordyce disease: A chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the apocrine glands, causing itchy papules and pustules in the armpits and groin.
7. Pachyonychia congenita: A rare genetic disorder characterized by thickened nails, palmoplantar keratoderma, and abnormalities of the eccrine glands, leading to excessive sweating and odor production.

Dacryocystitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the lacrimal sac, which is a small sac-like structure located in the inner corner of the eye near the nose. The lacrimal sac is responsible for draining tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.

Dacryocystitis can occur as a result of an infection or obstruction in the tear drainage system, leading to the accumulation of tears and other debris in the lacrimal sac. This can cause symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, and tenderness in the affected area, as well as discharge from the eye or nose.

In some cases, dacryocystitis may be treated with antibiotics to clear up any infection. In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove any blockages and improve tear drainage. If left untreated, dacryocystitis can lead to complications such as the formation of an abscess or damage to the eye.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.

The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.

Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.

Salivary ducts are the excretory tubules that transport saliva from the major and minor salivary glands to the oral cavity. The main function of these ducts is to convey the salivary secretions, which contain enzymes and lubricants, into the mouth to aid in digestion, speech, and swallowing.

There are two pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands and the submandibular glands. Each pair has its own set of ducts. The parotid gland's saliva is drained through the parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, which opens into the oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth. The submandibular gland's saliva is transported through the submandibular duct, or Wharton's duct, which empties into the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue.

Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and pharynx, and their secretions are drained via small ducts directly into the oral mucosa.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.

Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.

Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.

Salivation is the process of producing and secreting saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. It is primarily a reflex response to various stimuli such as thinking about or tasting food, chewing, and speaking. Saliva plays a crucial role in digestion by moistening food and helping to create a food bolus that can be swallowed easily. Additionally, saliva contains enzymes like amylase which begin the process of digesting carbohydrates even before food enters the stomach. Excessive salivation is known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, while reduced salivation is called xerostomia.

Salivary gland calculi, also known as salivary duct stones or sialoliths, are small, hard deposits that form in the salivary glands or their ducts. These calculi typically consist of calcium salts and other minerals, and can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter in diameter.

Salivary gland calculi can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing, particularly during meals. The obstruction of the salivary duct by the calculus can lead to infection or inflammation of the salivary gland (sialadenitis).

The most common location for salivary gland calculi is in the submandibular gland and its duct, followed by the parotid gland and then the sublingual gland. Treatment options for salivary gland calculi include conservative management with hydration, massage, and warm compresses, as well as more invasive procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, sialendoscopy, or surgical removal of the calculus.

Eyelid diseases refer to a variety of medical conditions that affect the function and/or appearance of the eyelids. These can include structural abnormalities, such as entropion (inward turning of the eyelid) or ectropion (outward turning of the eyelid), as well as functional issues like ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid). Other common eyelid diseases include blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelid margin), chalazion (a blocked oil gland in the eyelid), and cancerous or benign growths on the eyelid. Symptoms of eyelid diseases can vary widely, but often include redness, swelling, pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light. Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific diagnosis and may range from self-care measures and medications to surgical intervention.

Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids, specifically at the rim of the eyelid near the lashes. They produce an oily substance called meibum that forms the outermost layer of the tear film, helping to prevent evaporation and keep the eye surface lubricated. The Meibomian glands play a crucial role in maintaining the health and comfort of the eyes by providing stability to the tear film and protecting the eye from irritants and dryness.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.

Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:

1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.

Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.

Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is a type of aquaporin, which is a family of water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. Specifically, AQP5 is found in various tissues, including the lungs, salivary and lacrimal glands, sweat glands, and cornea. It plays a crucial role in maintaining water homeostasis and lubrication in these tissues.

In the lungs, AQP5 helps regulate airway surface liquid volume and composition, contributing to proper lung function. In the salivary and lacrimal glands, it aids in fluid secretion, ensuring adequate moisture in the mouth and eyes. In sweat glands, AQP5 facilitates water transport during sweating, helping to regulate body temperature. Lastly, in the cornea, AQP5 helps maintain transparency and hydration, contributing to clear vision.

Defects or dysfunctions in AQP5 can lead to various conditions, such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), and potentially impaired lung function.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is the part of the autonomic nervous system that primarily controls vegetative functions during rest, relaxation, and digestion. It is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" activities including decreasing heart rate, lowering blood pressure, increasing digestive activity, and stimulating sexual arousal. The PNS utilizes acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter and acts in opposition to the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS), which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response.

The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It provides general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including taste sensation from the same region. It also supplies sensory innervation to the floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva (gum tissue). The lingual nerve is closely associated with the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and their ducts.

Adrenal gland diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function or structure of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. They are responsible for producing several essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline (epinephrine).

There are various types of adrenal gland diseases, some of which include:

1. Adrenal Insufficiency: A condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin hyperpigmentation.
2. Cushing's Syndrome: A condition characterized by an excess of cortisol in the body. It can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland or adrenal glands, or it can result from long-term use of steroid medications.
3. Adrenal Cancer: A rare type of cancer that affects the adrenal glands. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and high blood pressure.
4. Pheochromocytoma: A tumor that develops in the adrenal glands and causes an overproduction of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Symptoms may include high blood pressure, headaches, sweating, and anxiety.
5. Adrenal Hemorrhage: A condition where bleeding occurs in the adrenal glands, often as a result of severe trauma or infection. This can lead to adrenal insufficiency and other complications.
6. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An inherited disorder that affects the production of cortisol and other hormones in the adrenal glands. Symptoms may include ambiguous genitalia, precocious puberty, and short stature.

Treatment for adrenal gland diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.

Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.

Kallikreins are a group of serine proteases, which are enzymes that help to break down other proteins. They are found in various tissues and body fluids, including the pancreas, kidneys, and saliva. In the body, kallikreins play important roles in several physiological processes, such as blood pressure regulation, inflammation, and fibrinolysis (the breakdown of blood clots).

There are two main types of kallikreins: tissue kallikreins and plasma kallikreins. Tissue kallikreins are primarily involved in the activation of kininogen, a protein that leads to the production of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator that helps regulate blood pressure. Plasma kallikreins, on the other hand, play a key role in the coagulation cascade by activating factors XI and XII, which ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot.

Abnormal levels or activity of kallikreins have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory disorders. For example, some studies suggest that certain tissue kallikreins may promote tumor growth and metastasis, while others indicate that they may have protective effects against cancer. Plasma kallikreins have also been linked to the development of thrombosis (blood clots) and inflammation in cardiovascular disease.

Overall, kallikreins are important enzymes with diverse functions in the body, and their dysregulation has been associated with various pathological conditions.

Sialorrhea is the medical term for excessive drooling or saliva production. It's not necessarily a condition where the person produces too much saliva, but rather, they are unable to control the normal amount of saliva in their mouth due to various reasons such as neurological disorders, developmental disabilities, or structural issues that affect swallowing and oral motor function.

Common causes include cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Down syndrome, stroke, intellectual disability, and certain medications. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition and may include medication adjustments, behavioral interventions, oral devices, or even surgical procedures in severe cases.

Sialography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the ducts (salivary glands) that carry saliva from the salivary glands to the mouth. In this procedure, a radiopaque contrast material is injected into the salivary gland, and then X-rays or other forms of imaging are taken to visualize the shape and any abnormalities in the ducts.

The contrast material outlines the ducts on the images, allowing healthcare professionals to identify any blockages, narrowing, dilations, stones, or other abnormalities that may be present in the salivary glands. Sialography is typically used to diagnose and manage conditions such as salivary gland inflammation, obstruction, or infection.

It's worth noting that sialography has been largely replaced by newer imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, which do not require the injection of a contrast material and are generally considered safer and more comfortable for patients. However, sialography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Parasympathectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the interruption or removal of part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is a division of the autonomic nervous system. This type of surgery is typically performed to help manage certain medical conditions such as hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), Raynaud's disease, and some types of chronic pain.

The parasympathetic nervous system helps regulate many automatic functions in the body, including heart rate, digestion, and respiration. By interrupting or removing portions of this system, a parasympathectomy can help to reduce excessive sweating, improve circulation, or alleviate pain. However, it's important to note that this type of surgery carries risks and potential complications, and is typically only considered as a last resort when other treatments have failed.

Salivary cystatins are a group of proteins that belong to the cystatin superfamily and are found in saliva. They function as inhibitors of cysteine proteases, which are enzymes that break down other proteins. Specifically, salivary cystatins help regulate the activity of these proteases in the oral cavity and protect the soft tissues of the mouth from degradation. There are several types of salivary cystatins, including cystatin A, B, C, D, SN, S, SA, and SB, each with different properties and functions. Some salivary cystatins have been studied for their potential role in oral health and disease, such as caries prevention and protection against oral cancer.

Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.

In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.

Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.

Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.

Proline-rich protein domains are segments within proteins that contain an unusually high concentration of the amino acid proline. These domains are often involved in mediating protein-protein interactions and can play a role in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene regulation, and protein folding. They are also commonly found in extracellular matrix proteins and may be involved in cell adhesion and migration. The unique chemical properties of proline, including its ability to form rigid structures and disrupt alpha-helices, contribute to the functional specificity of these domains.

Dihydroergotamine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of ergotamine, which is found naturally in the ergot fungus. Dihydroergotamine is used to treat migraines and cluster headaches.

The drug works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which helps to reduce the pain and other symptoms associated with migraines and cluster headaches. It can be administered via injection, nasal spray, or oral tablet. Dihydroergotamine may cause serious side effects, including medication overuse headache, ergotism, and cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is important to use this medication only as directed by a healthcare provider.

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This pathway or communication is referred to as the cervical sympathetic trunk-submandibular gland (CST-SMG) axis, a regulatory ... Although they are not used for analgesic benefits, they are widely utilized in the treatment of diseases related to ... Early work in this area demonstrated that the submandibular gland released a host of factors that regulate systemic ... SGP-T, an isolate of the submandibular gland, demonstrated its immunoregulatory properties and potential role in modulating the ...
Gleeking is the projection of saliva from the submandibular gland. It may happen deliberately or accidentally, particularly ... The chance of catching a contagious disease by being spit on is low. After coffee cupping, tea tasting, and wine tasting, the ... However, because of hygiene, transmission of disease and social taboos, this practice has waned and instead a black mark of ... which often causes a fear of infection by Hepatitis C and other diseases. Spit hoods are meant to prevent this. ...
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On the pathogenesis of the Küttner tumor of the submandibular gland - Analysis of 349 cases with chronic sialadenitis of the ... IgG4-related disease, Immune system disorders, Autoimmune diseases, Pancreas disorders, Salivary gland pathology, Hepatology, ... related disease: an orphan disease with many faces". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9: 110. doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0110-z. ... IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition ...
It is now regarded as a manifestation of IgG4-related disease. Involvement of the submandibular glands is also known as ... predominantly involving the submandibular gland, but is also known to occur in other major and minor salivary glands, including ... benign): approximately 20% to 25% of parotid tumors, 35% to 40% of submandibular tumors, and more than 90% of sublingual gland ... Chow, TL; Chan TT; Choi CY; Lam SH (2008). "Kuttner's tumour (chronic sclerosing sialadenitis) of the submandibular gland: a ...
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... submandibular and lacrimal glands were persistently and symmetrically enlarged and (ii) other diseases that may mimic this ... HIV-associated salivary gland disease can involve many diseases but often presents as enlargement of the parotid gland and a ... From Greek παρωτῖτις (νόσος), parōtĩtis (nósos) : (disease of the) parotid gland < παρωτίς (stem παρωτιδ-) : (gland) behind the ... involving any of the major salivary glands, i.e. parotid or submandibular glands. This is often symmetrical and is usually ...
In humans, the submandibular gland contributes around 70 to 75% of secretions, while the parotid gland secretes about 20 to 25 ... "Salivary Gland Disease and Tumors , Cedars-Sinai". Cedars-Sinai. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 28 ... but since then found in many human tissues including submandibular gland, parotid gland. Salivary EGF, which seems also ... EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide first purified from the mouse submandibular gland, ...
Organisms of the salivary microbiome reside in the three major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. These ... Saliva sampling may be a non-invasive way to detect changes in the gut microbiome and changes in systemic disease. The ... A total of 101 different genera were identified in the salivary glands. Out of these, 39 genera are not found in the oral ... Therefore, saliva may be a useful alternative to stool as an indicator of bacterial dysbiosis in systemic disease." The sugar ...
... e are almost always related to the parotid gland or duct, although the submandibular gland is rarely the ... van der Waal I (6 December 2012). Diseases of the Salivary Glands Including Dry Mouth and Sjögren's Syndrome: Diagnosis and ... A salivary gland fistula (plural fistulae) is a fistula (i.e. an abnormal, epithelial-lined tract) involving a salivary gland ...
... of all disease occurring in major salivary glands, and for about 66% of all obstructive salivary gland diseases. Salivary gland ... of stones occur in the submandibular gland, and 5-10% occur in the parotid gland. In about 0-5% of cases, the sublingual gland ... The submandibular gland saliva is also relatively alkaline and mucous. The submandibular duct (Wharton's duct) is long, meaning ... usually in the duct of the submandibular gland (also termed "Wharton's duct"). Less commonly the parotid gland or rarely the ...
... submandibular gland diseases MeSH C07.465.815.882.500 - submandibular gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.815.929 - xerostomia MeSH ... sublingual gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.565.824.885 - submandibular gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.565.925 - tongue neoplasms ... sublingual gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.815.718.885 - submandibular gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.815.793 - sialadenitis MeSH ... salivary gland calculi MeSH C07.465.815.655 - salivary gland fistula MeSH C07.465.815.718 - salivary gland neoplasms MeSH ...
Sublingual glandSubmandibular gland • Sulcular epithelium • :Superior alveolar artery • Superior mouth • Supernumerary roots ... disease • Robert Blake • Roberto Calderoli • Rod sheath • Rodrigues Ottolengui • Roger Bailey • Root canal • Root End Surgery ... Parotid gland • Patterson Dental • Paul Beresford • Paul N. Cyr • Pedodontics • Pemphigus • Peninsula College of Medicine and ... Salivary gland • Samir Ghawshah • Samuel Bemis • Samuel Cartwright • Scaling and root planing • Schulich School of Medicine & ...
May 2008). "The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions". J. ... Blood tests are often used in health care to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, ... Blood tests are also used to identify autoimmune diseases and Immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies (see also ... Taylor, Kate (2011-03-18). "Blood analysis chip detects diseases in minutes". Archived from the original on 2011-03-25. ...
... they are submandibular and sublingual glands. Sometimes accessory parotid glands are found close to the main parotid glands. ... A developmental polycystic disease of the salivary gland is seen to be extremely rare and is seen to be independent of ... The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of ... The stylomandibular ligament separates parotid gland from the superficial lobe of the submandibular gland.[citation needed] ...
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... and I in human parotid and submandibular glands". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 38 (7): 941-7. doi:10.1177/ ... Nishimori I, Onishi S (2001). "Carbonic anhydrase isozymes in the human pancreas". Digestive and Liver Disease. 33 (1): 68-74. ... and VI in the developing rat sublingual and submandibular glands". The Anatomical Record. 258 (3): 269-76. doi:10.1002/(SICI) ... "Immunoelectron microscopy of carbonic anhydrase isozyme VI in human submandibular gland: comparison with isozymes I and II". ...
Singh, P.; Warnakulasuriya, S. Aplasia of submandibular salivary glands associated with ectodermal dysplasia. J Oral Pathol Med ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) "Orphanet: Search a disease". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 23 February 2022 ... Their sweat glands may function abnormally or may not have developed at all because of inactive proteins in the sweat glands. ... sweat glands, salivary glands, cranial-facial structure, digits and other parts of the body."[citation needed] Individuals ...
... for example Fel d 4 is primarily produced in the submandibular salivary gland and is deposited onto dander as the cat grooms ... Accordingly, when transgenic mice were engineered to express the rat Mup, their kidneys developed the disease. The Mup found in ... lachrymal gland, and salivary gland". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259 (20): 12803-9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90817-3 ... Rat Mups also bind limonene-1,2-epoxide, resulting in a disease of the host's kidney, hyaline-droplet nephropathy, that ...
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The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands consist of ... The head, neck, mouth, and throat will be checked for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A ... Around 50% of the tumours found in the submandibular glands are benign. Sublingual gland tumours are very rare but if present, ... also known as mucous gland adenomas or neoplasms, are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. The salivary glands ...
... of malignant submandibular gland tumors, making it the single most common malignant salivary gland tumor in this region. ... For advanced major and minor salivary gland tumors that are inoperable, recurrent, or exhibit gross residual disease after ... bartholin gland, trachea, and the paranasal sinuses. It is the third-most common malignant salivary gland tumor overall (after ... "Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast and salivary glands (or 'The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' of exocrine gland ...
The submandibular salivary gland duct is usually involved, having failed to cannulate during embryological development. The ... ISBN 978-93-5025-374-8. v t e (Salivary gland pathology, All stub articles, Disease stubs, Human reproduction stubs). ... Salivary gland atresia is congenital blockage or absence of the orifice of a major salivary gland duct or part of the duct ... Graamans K; van den Hans A (6 December 2012). Diagnosis of salivary gland disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 115 ...
Humans have three major salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. These glands, along with additional minor ... such as Cushing's disease/syndrome and Addison's disease), altered female hormone states (such as polycystic ovary syndrome [ ... Saliva testing is used to screen for or diagnose numerous conditions and disease states, including Cushing's disease, ... Nitrate extracted from blood by the salivary gland, accumulates in saliva, which is then reduced to nitric oxide to have a ...
Other sites of primary tumors have included the submandibular gland and other major and minor salivary glands. There have been ... 90% of the time found in the parotid gland, 10% intraorally on buccal mucosa or palate. The disease presents as a slow growing ... 52 years) than most other salivary gland cancers. Occurrences in children are quite common. Salivary gland cancers seem on the ... Relative incidence of submandibular tumors, showing carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma at bottom-right. Acinic cell carcinoma of ...
The most common involved site is the parotid gland, however other possible sites include the submandibular gland, minor ... Salivary Gland Diseases: Surgical and Medical Management. Thieme. pp. 126-128. ISBN 978-1-60406-537-4. (Salivary gland ... González-García, R; Nam-Cha, SH; Muñoz-Guerra, MF; Gamallo-Amat, C (1 March 2006). "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland. ... Basal cell adenoma is a rare, low-grade benign salivary gland neoplasm. ...
Postsynaptic fibers from the submandibular ganglion supply the sublingual and submandibular glands. Upon emerging from the ... and most likely results from viral infection and also sometimes as a result of Lyme disease. Iatrogenic Bell's palsy may also ... including the nasal glands, the palatine glands, the lacrimal gland, and the pharyngeal gland. It also provides parasympathetic ... The facial nerve also supplies parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular gland and sublingual glands via chorda tympani. ...
Salivary gland neoplasia, Cytomegalovirus-associated diseases). ... Postoperative recurrence of the submandibular tumor. Alcian ... There has been a report of a case where low dose radiotherapy achieve disease response and control for more than 4 years. In ... Relative incidence of submandibular tumors, showing mucoepidermoid carcinoma at top right. Kalhor N, Moran CA (March 2018). " ... "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Updated: Jan 13, 2021 Diagrams ...
The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands ... Graft versus host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may manifest as dry mouth and many small mucoceles. ... The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the ... The salivary glands are detailed below: The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in ...
... and submandibular gland primordium. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including hepatitis B; ... Early activation of Toll-like receptor-3 reduces the pathological progression of Alzheimers disease in APP/PS1 mouse. Wang S, ... Early activation of Toll-like receptor-3 reduces the pathological progression of Alzheimers disease in APP/PS1 mouse. Title: ... Early activation of Toll-like receptor-3 reduces the pathological progression of Alzheimers disease in APP/PS1 mouse. ...
"Sonographic appearance of the submandibular glands in patients with immunoglobulin G4-related disease". Journal of Ultrasound ... on ultrasound Submandibular gland Submandibular gland Submandibular gland lateral view Submandibular gland Submandibular gland ... The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor ... right view Submandibular gland - frontal view Submandibular gland Muscles, arteries and nerves of neck.Newborn dissection. ...
Sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is a relatively commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. Causes range ... Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for differential diagnosis of submandibular gland disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 ... The submandibular gland is the second largest (approximate weight, 10 g) of the major salivary glands (the parotid gland is the ... The submandibular gland, along with the parotid and sublingual glands, comprise the major salivary glands. The minor salivary ...
Sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is a relatively commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. Causes range ... Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for differential diagnosis of submandibular gland disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 ... For submandibular gland patients specifically, the mean score fell from 38.1 preoperatively to 10.3, while for parotid gland ... salivary flow rates and salivary gland scintigraphy parameters, as measured in the parotid and submandibular glands, were not ...
... transcriptome analysis profiles cellular and molecular alterations in submandibular gland and blood in IgG4-related disease. Li ... Epigenetic modification in Parkinsons disease. Song H, Chen J, Huang J, Sun P, Liu Y, Xu L, Wei C, Mu X, Lu X, Wang W, Zhang N ... Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimers disease and other dementias, 1990-2019. Li X, Feng X, Sun X, Hou N, Han F ...
Sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is a relatively commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. Causes range ... Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound for differential diagnosis of submandibular gland disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 ... The submandibular gland is the second largest (approximate weight, 10 g) of the major salivary glands (the parotid gland is the ... The submandibular gland, along with the parotid and sublingual glands, comprise the major salivary glands. The minor salivary ...
Best Original Research Article Published: "Peripheral Synucleinopathy in Early Parkinsons Disease: Submandibular Gland Needle ...
Submandibular gland resection. *Balloon sinuplasty. *Endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic and recurrent sinusitis ... Ear surgery to include treatment of chronic ear disease, hearing loss, and eustachian tube dysfunction ... team at the Genesis ENT Group is trained in the medical and surgical management and treatment of patients with diseases and ...
... salivary glands and indicate beneficial effects of soluble TNF receptors in the treatment of organ-specific autoimmune diseases ... Inhibition of submandibular and lacrimal gland infiltration in nonobese diabetic mice by transgenic expression of soluble TNF- ... Inhibition of submandibular and lacrimal gland infiltration in nonobese diabetic mice by transgenic expression of soluble TNF- ... Direct evidence for an instrumental role of TNF-alpha in initiation and progression of submandibular and lacrimal gland ...
Kimuras disease involving salivary gland and cervical nodes. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992;16:320-322. ... Nodes are present in the submental and submandibular regions, within the parotid gland, and in the upper cervical chain. On ... Soft-tissue nodules in the neck, particularly in the region of the salivary glands, are common in cases of Kimura disease. On ... Tl-SPECT in Kimuras disease involving the parotid glands and cervical nodes. Clin Nucl Med 1996;21:125-128. ...
Palavras-chave : salivary gland calculi; salivary duct calcule; mouth diseases. · resumo em Português · texto em Português · ... It was possible to draw pus from the submandibular gland. Mandibular occlusal radiography showed an extensive cylindrical and ... The lesion was submitted to surgical excision under local anesthesia and the submandibular gland was maintened. Macroscopic ... Large sialolith in the submandibular gland duct. Rev. Assoc. Paul. Cir. Dent. [online]. 2014, vol.68, n.1, pp. 49-53. ISSN 0004 ...
... a sympathomimetic drug and β-receptor agonist that used for treatment of cardiac and respiratory diseases, on dog parotid and ... The parotid and submandibular glands were quickly excised. After weighting the glands and minced into 1cm cubes, they were ... Histomorphological changes of parotid and submandibular glands is dependent on different regulatory pathway of these glands, ... while secretory granules in submandibular gland were larger than parotid gland. Following isoproterenol treatment, the ...
... submandibular, and sublingual) is provided below, along with anatomic staging. Table. ... The TNM classification for cancer of the major salivary glands (parotid, ... Drugs & Diseases , Oncology Major Salivary Glands Cancer Staging Updated: May 30, 2013 ... Submandibular, and Sublingual). The TNM classification for cancer of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and ...
We therefore evaluated the ability of the peripheral clocks of the kidney, liver, and submandibular gland to be entrained by ... preventing disease, and limiting the detrimental effects of aging. To date, little is known about age-related changes in the ... and cardiovascular disease.1,4-7 Conversely, many diseases including obesity, cancer, and dementia have been reported to ... b-d) Peak phase (b, c) and phase change values (d) of PER2::LUC bioluminescence in the submandibular gland in each condition. ...
The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. *Submandibular Glands. About the size of a walnut, the submandibular glands ... How is the diagnosis of salivary gland disease made?. The diagnosis of salivary gland disease depends upon a careful history, a ... What are the 3 salivary glands?. There are three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, ... the submandibular glands, the sublingual glands and the parotid glands. They are all ducted, exocrine glands. Each of the ...
Igg4-Related Submandibular Gland Disease. Prostatitis, Eosinophilia. ORPHA:449432. Hereditary Cryohydrocytosis With Reduced ... Human diseases predicted to be associated with Abhd10 (382 diseases) No human diseases associated to this gene by orthology or ... Human diseases caused by Abhd10 mutations The analysis uses data from IMPC, along with published data on other mouse mutants, ... The table below shows human diseases predicted to be associated to Abhd10 by phenotypic similarity. ...
... skin diseases, oral and maxillofacial disorders, and peripheral nerve injuries. All types of cells release extracellular ... EVs have been shown to possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects on several preclinical diseases models as ... skin disease skin injury spinal cord injury submandibular gland T lymphocyte Th17 cell tissue engineering umbilical cord cell ... autoimmune disease B lymphocyte bone defect bone marrow CD3+ T lymphocyte CD4+ T lymphocyte CD8+ T lymphocyte cell ...
Chronic and acute infections of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, lingual). *Salivary gland stone(s) ... Untreated, sleep apnea can contribute to high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, depression, ADHD, work place and motor ...
... researchers conducted a study on whether an aqueous extract can be used to treat oxidative stress in the submandibular glands ... submandibular glands. Here, the researchers found that the glands from the STZ-treated animals presented low peroxidase ... The submandibular glands of the rats from both the control and STZ group were incubated with either 500 micrograms per ... divaricata simulates the secretion of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase in the submandibular glands of healthy rats. The effect ...
Submandibular gland infection is an uncommon but life-threatening disease. While the most common infectious causes are the ... The submandibular gland is the second largest of the salivary glands; it is located at the angle of the mandible and the ... The submandibular duct rises up from the anterior border of the submandibular gland and goes through the sublingual space ... Pasteurella multocida Submandibular Gland Abscess and Sepsis: Case Report and Case Report Antonio Mastroianni, MD1*, Sonia ...
IgG4-Related Disease - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Head- and neck-limited disease Major salivary (eg, parotid and/or submandibular) and lacrimal glands are commonly affected. ... salivary gland tumors Salivary Gland Tumors Most salivary gland tumors are benign and occur in the parotid glands. A painless ... Interstitial lung disease Overview of Interstitial Lung Disease Interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of ...
MR of the Submandibular Gland: Normal and Pathologic States Takashi Kaneda, Manabu Minami, Kaoru Ozawa, Yoshiaki Akimoto, ... Salivary Gland Diseases. Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland Salivary Glands Overview.. ... The submandibular gland is the second larg-est salivary gland, about half the size of theparotid gland (1). Eighty percent of ... Fig 1. Normal submandibular gland in a 34-year-old man. The normal submandibular gland is higher in intensity than that ...
... submandibular gland swelling, and enlarged lymph nodes was diagnosed with IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) by lymph node biopsy. ... Anemia and submandibular gland swelling improved soon after prednisolone treatment was initiated. We report a rare case of IgG4 ... Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology. Renal involvement in Behçet's disease is not ... was complete response/partial response/stable disease/progressive disease (CR/PR/SD/PD) in 4/4/5/3 and 1/11/8/40 patients, ...
... which favorably compares the sonographic scoring system of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands with the conventional ... Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report® ... Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report®Rare Disease Report® ... Longitudinal Examination with Salivary Gland Ultrasonography of Patients with Primary Sjögrens Syndrome: A Single Center ...
Occasionally one or more of the lymph nodes may be embedded deep within the salivary gland. ... The submandibular lymph nodes sit between the submandibular salivary glands, which are underneath the tongue, and the mandible ... The lymphatic system is part of the immune system, which helps the body fight diseases and other harmful agents. Lymph nodes ... The submandibular lymph nodes sit between the submandibular salivary glands, which are underneath the tongue, and the mandible ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... for submandibular masses is helpful to rule out inflammatory disease of the submandibular gland, which is treated ... Submandibular salivary gland malignancies may be treated with a similar approach as parotid gland malignancies. For small, low- ...
In addition, QZF reduced apoptosis in the submandibular gland tissue compared to SS mice. It can be concluded that the QZF in ... is an autoimmune disease, and its conventional treatment has exhibited limited therapeutic efficacy. Qing Zao Fang (QZF), a ... prevents dry eye-induced acinar cell death in the lacrimal gland," Cell Death & Disease, vol. 5, no. 6, Article ID e1309, 2014. ... Effect of QZF on apoptosis in submandibular gland tissue. (a) QZF reduced apoptosis of the submandibular gland tissue in SS ...
For that reason, saliva secreted past the submandibular glands also contains amylase but in a liquid thickened with mucus [url= ... All of those sufferers will die of their liver disease, but what quantity of all liver deaths they could symbolize is unknown. ... Colombo C, Verga U, Mian C, Ferrero S, Perrino M, Vicentini L, et medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. There were no ... About 50% of youngsters whove started the disease in the frst weeks or months of life (early onset) could have developed ...
  • The sublingual gland secretes saliva through the Bartholin's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The parotid gland is the only gland that secretes purely serous saliva, while the sublingual gland and minor salivary glands secrete mainly mucous saliva. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Eighty percent of all salivary gland tumors arise in the parotid gland, 10% in the submandibular gland, and the remaining 10% in the minor salivary gland and sublingual gland (2). (fdocuments.net)
  • As the duct runs forward, it passes between the sublingual gland and genioglossus (the primary muscle of the tongue) to create an opening in the floor of the mouth. (healthline.com)
  • The sublingual gland is a salivary gland about the size of an almond, which lies underneath your tongue in the floor of your mouth. (royaldevon.nhs.uk)
  • The most common reason for removing a sublingual gland is because of a blockage to these drainage tubes. (royaldevon.nhs.uk)
  • The hyperechoic sublingual gland is elongated and fills much of the lateral floor of mouth extending posteriorly from the submandibular gland toward the mental symphysis anteriorly.2 An abnormally dilated submandibular duct is easily seen sonographically in the floor of the mouth, but a normal duct is less evident. (coek.info)
  • The sublingual gland has a small, almond shape and lies in front of the submandibular gland under the tongue. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Salivary gland infections are somewhat common and viral infections, such as mumps, and bacterial infections may affect the submandibular glands. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Like other exocrine glands, the submandibular gland can be classified by the microscopic anatomy of its secretory cells and how they are arranged. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are all ducted, exocrine glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • edit on Wikidata] The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is well-recognized as a systemic autoimmune disease, and it is characterized by manifestations of sicca (dryness) of the oral, ocular mucosa, and genital taking diverse exocrine glands as targets [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The mucous cells are the most active and therefore the major product of the submandibular glands is saliva which is mucoid in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fluid component of the saliva is derived from the perfusing blood vessels in proximity to the gland, while the macromolecular composition is derived from secretory granules within the acinar cells. (medscape.com)
  • Saliva gland acinar cells are chloride and sodium secreting, and the isotonic fluid produced is rendered hypotonic by salivary gland duct cells as it flows to the mouth. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The major proteins present in saliva are secreted by salivary glands, creating viscoelasticity and enabling the coating of oral surfaces with saliva. (searchandrestore.com)
  • There are three paired salivary glands that are responsible for the production of saliva, the submandibular glands, the sublingual glands and the parotid glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The parotid glands produce serous saliva: a watery secretion that is rich in enzymes. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Which is duct does the parotid gland secrete saliva? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Here is a summary of the major salivary glands and their ducts relevant to us #RDH #FutureRDH: The parotid gland secretes saliva through the Stensen's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The submandibular gland secretes saliva through the Wharton's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Saliva is secreted by salivary glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Salivary glands secrete about 1000 to 1200 ml saliva per day. (searchandrestore.com)
  • A thin film of saliva covers teeth and buffers against bacteria, while antimicrobial agents in saliva kill disease-causing bacteria. (searchandrestore.com)
  • These glands are responsible for producing saliva and are susceptible to a variety of maladies, ranging from more manageable infections to the presence of stones. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • Saliva produced in the salivary glands moistens the food bolus to make swallowing easier. (learninggnm.com)
  • Several glands associated with the oral cavity secrete saliva . (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Most saliva is produced by major or extrinsic salivary glands that lie outside the oral cavity and empty their secretions into it. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The minor salivary glands secrete saliva continuously, keeping the mouth optimally moist. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • When food enters, the major glands activate and large amounts of saliva pour out. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The average human being produces around 1500ml of saliva per day, but it can be a great deal higher if the glands are stimulated properly. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Saliva testing of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ 42 ) levels may contribute to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by determining AD risk and guidance on the use of prophylactic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), new research suggests. (medscape.com)
  • Contrary to previous hypotheses implicating the brain as the exclusive organ that secretes Aβ 42 , recent research suggests that Aβ 42 is secreted in all tissues of the body, and its secretion in saliva is a "reflection of its production by submandibular glands," the authors state. (medscape.com)
  • All normal submandibular glands showed higher signal intensity than surrounding muscle but lower intensity than fat on T1-weighted and T2- weighted images. (fdocuments.net)
  • The terminal part of the submandibular (Wharton's) duct is located in the mouth floor and opens as an orifice of the submandibular duct papilla. (wikipedia.org)
  • consequently, submandibular duct papillae can occasionally be challenging to recognize. (wikipedia.org)
  • The duct of the submandibular gland, also known as the Wharton duct, exits the gland from the deep lobe, passing through the floor of the mouth, and opening in close proximity to the lingual frenulum. (medscape.com)
  • If an obstruction of the major salivary glands is suspected, it may be necessary to anesthetize the opening of the salivary ducts in the mouth, and to probe, and dilate the duct to help an obstructive stone pass. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The submandibular duct, which brings lymph fluid to the node, is approximately 5 to 6 centimeters long in the average adult. (healthline.com)
  • As the duct travels through the deepest part of the submandibular gland, it connects with tributaries draining into the lobe. (healthline.com)
  • We see patients with a variety of common conditions affecting these glands, including infection, growths and duct blockage with stones. (royaldevon.nhs.uk)
  • Management of submandibular sialadenitis and sialadenosis involves a wide range of approaches, from conservative medical management to more aggressive surgical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • Medical management of submandibular sialadenitis and sialadenosis centers on eliminating the causative factor. (medscape.com)
  • Besides a prominent mononuclear cell infiltration of the islets of Langerhans, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice also show massive cellular infiltrates of the submandibular and lacrimal glands concomitant with histological signs of tissue damage. (jci.org)
  • This protection from infiltration is paralleled by decreased expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in submandibular and lacrimal glands. (jci.org)
  • The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The largest salivary glands are the parotid glands in front of the ears, the sublingual glands underneath the tongue, and the submandibular glands beneath the lower jaw. (learninggnm.com)
  • Submandibular gland infection is an uncommon but life-threatening disease. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Additionally, we report the first case, to our knowledge, of a submandibular gland infection and sepsis in an elderly patient caused by this pathogen. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Swollen submandibular nodes usually indicate an active viral or bacterial infection and are commonly associated with infections of the sinuses, eyes, and ears. (healthline.com)
  • The severity of the disease or infection is diagnosed through both observation, palpation, and tests including x-ray or CT exam. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • The most common reason for removing a submandibular gland is because of an infection. (royaldevon.nhs.uk)
  • Most common disorder is Mumps , a virus infection of the parotid glands and sometimes of the submaxillary glands as well. (drlockie.com)
  • Submandibular Gland Stone / Infection(Submandibular Gland Excision). (vishwaenthospital.in)
  • The parotid and sublingual glands account for the remaining. (wikipedia.org)
  • The submandibular gland, along with the parotid and sublingual glands, comprise the major salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Gland excision is rarely indicated. (medscape.com)
  • A fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the node suggested Kimura disease, which was confirmed by an excision biopsy of the right submandibular node. (ajnr.org)
  • The diagnosis of Kimura disease was made after excision of the mass and the node. (ajnr.org)
  • The lesion was submitted to surgical excision under local anesthesia and the submandibular gland was maintened. (bvsalud.org)
  • Carefully planned and executed surgical excision is the primary treatment for all primary salivary gland tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the DNA ploidy and S-Phase Fraction (SPF) of some Salivary Gland Tumors (SGTs) in Egyptian patients and to investigate the correlation between these two biological parameters and the presumptive behavior of these neoplasms. (researchgate.net)
  • All the tumors had lower signal intensity than the normal submandibular gland on T1-weighted images and had intermediate to high (n 5 8) or high (n 5 3) signal intensity relative to the normal submandibular gland on T2-weighted images. (fdocuments.net)
  • The proportion of malignant tumors differs among the various salivary glands. (fdocuments.net)
  • In the parotid gland, about 20% of all tumors are ma- lignant, whereas in the submandibular gland, 45% are malignant (2). (fdocuments.net)
  • The use of radiation in T1 and T2 parotid gland tumors found that 5-year disease-free survival increased from 70% to 92% with postoperative radiation. (medscape.com)
  • Surgery is the primary treatment of malignant tumors of the salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Benign tumors and cancer are also common diseases affecting the submandibular gland. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • Secretion of TNF-alpha by gland-infiltrating cells was confirmed by an ELISPOT procedure. (jci.org)
  • Histomorphological changes of parotid and submandibular glands is dependent on different regulatory pathway of these glands, which produces different patterns of secretion granules. (vin.com)
  • Each of the glands produces a slightly different secretion. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Which salivary gland produce a secretion that is mainly serous? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Other studies have also shown that an aqueous extract of L. divaricata simulates the secretion of the antioxidant enzyme peroxidase in the submandibular glands of healthy rats. (naturalnews.com)
  • STZ has been shown to generate an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidant systems by decreasing the secretion of peroxidase in submandibular glands. (naturalnews.com)
  • Anatomically, it is situated in the submandibular triangle of the neck. (medscape.com)
  • An ultrasound and subsequent computed tomography (CT) imaging of the neck were concerning for a heterogenous collection in the region of the right submandibular gland and a relevant swelling of satellite nodes. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • range, 22 to 54 years) who were examined by precontrast and postcontrast MR imaging for various prob- lems of the face and neck not related to the submandibular gland or to the floor of the mouth. (fdocuments.net)
  • Located just along the underside of the jaw, on either side of the neck, are the submandibular glands. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • Once the patient's skin has been opened to reveal the inner structures of the neck, the submandibular gland is identified just under the jaw. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • Evaluation of salivary gland function before and after salivary gland sparing radiotherapy in head-neck cancers. (who.int)
  • response relationship of submandibular gland sparing radiotherapy in head-neck cancers. (who.int)
  • 2. Patients with carcinoma of the head and neck in whom the submandibular glands are enclosed completely in the clinical target volume. (who.int)
  • Patients with head and neck cancer receiving submandibular gland plus parotid sparing volumetric modulated arc therapy. (who.int)
  • Laryngeal cancer should be differentiated from other diseases presenting as a neck mass. (wikidoc.org)
  • Sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is a relatively commonly encountered yet infrequently discussed topic. (medscape.com)
  • Although not as frequent as sialadenitis of the parotid gland, it represents an important area of clinical relevance to the otolaryngologist and other specialists. (medscape.com)
  • The following discusses the basic science of the submandibular gland, as well as the more common causes of sialadenitis and sialadenosis of the submandibular gland. (medscape.com)
  • A prospective study by Choi et al indicated that following salivary stimulation therapy, patients with radioactive iodine (RAI)-induced sialadenitis may undergo a subjective reduction in symptoms but will not experience significant improvement in salivary gland function. (medscape.com)
  • A study by Kim et al of 33 patients (58 salivary glands) with chronic obstructive sialadenitis indicated that intraductal irrigation can relieve symptoms of the condition. (medscape.com)
  • MR images of 22 healthy subjects and 21 patients with histopathologically confirmed disorders of the submandibular gland (five pleomorphic adenomas, two hemangiomas, two malignant lymphomas, one adenoid cystic carcinoma, one squamous cell carcinoma, and 10 cases of sialadenitis) were reviewed. (fdocuments.net)
  • In all cases of sialadenitis, the submandibular gland showed diffusely different signal intensities from the normal gland on both T1-weighted and T2-weighted images. (fdocuments.net)
  • Eight cases of chronic sialadenitis showed lower T2-weighted signal intensities than the normal gland, and this can be explained histopathologically by marked fibrosis and cellular infiltration. (fdocuments.net)
  • The secretory acinar cells of the submandibular gland have distinct functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 33-year-old Vietnamese man with chronic renal failure receiving peritoneal dialysis presented with a 4- to 5-year history of a right submandibular mass. (ajnr.org)
  • Clinical examination did not show focal neurological deficits, but attention was drawn on an enlarged-painful-tender right submandibular gland, accompanied by a significant regional lymph node swelling. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Salivary glands, neoplasms AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:1575-1581, September 1996 The submandibular gland is the second larg- est salivary gland, about half the size of the parotid gland (1). (fdocuments.net)
  • There- fore, the differential diagnosis among benign and malignant neoplasms and inflammation is important for patients with problems in the sub- mandibular gland. (fdocuments.net)
  • In general, salivary gland neoplasms respond poorly to chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy is currently indicated only for palliation. (medscape.com)
  • Recent reports have shown that neutron-based radiation therapy may be more effective than photon-based radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant salivary gland neoplasms with gross disease and provides excellent local and regional control of microscopic disease. (medscape.com)
  • Histological observations of the glands in treated group revealed greater degree of acinar cell enlargement (hypertrophy) while secretory granules in submandibular gland were larger than parotid gland. (vin.com)
  • Iodine-125 seeds have been found to be an effective treatment for incompletely resected or unfavorable histological salivary gland malignancies of the hard and soft palate. (medscape.com)
  • Twenty one cases received labial salivary gland biopsy, 66.7% (14/21) showed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, 19.0% (4/21) had lymphoid follicle structures, and 33.3% (7/21) showed no obvious histological abnormalities. (bvsalud.org)
  • At the same time, we developed a sustainable histology process to reduce xylene utilization in histological processing for salivary gland tissue processing. (lu.se)
  • The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
  • These lymph nodes filter lymph from the submaxillary (salivary) gland, tongue, mouth, lips, cheek, nose and conjunctiva (the membrane that covers the eyeball and underside of the eyelid). (healthline.com)
  • Thyroid Disease Management and Surgery(Thyroidectomy). (vishwaenthospital.in)
  • relates to the hormone production of the accessory organs of the alimentary canal ( thyroid gland , pancreas , liver ) to aid digestion. (learninggnm.com)
  • Further, because the secretory cells are of both serous and mucous types, the submandibular gland is a mixed gland, and though most of the cells are serous, the exudate is chiefly mucous. (wikipedia.org)
  • The salivary glands are composed of two types of secretory cells, serous and mucous. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • To report clinical outcomes in terms of disease control and toxicity in patients with major salivary gland cancers (SGCs) treated with proton beam therapy. (allenpress.com)
  • Thirty six cases received major salivary gland biopsy, and all the cases showed dense lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Findings of salivary gland fine needle aspiration (FNA) cultures provided a yield of P. multocida colonies. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Orlowski HLP, Miller-Thomas M. Diagnostic imaging and fine-needle aspiration of the salivary glands. (medlineplus.gov)
  • How is the diagnosis of salivary gland disease made? (searchandrestore.com)
  • The diagnosis of salivary gland disease depends upon a careful history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Recently, MR imaging has been used in the diagnosis of many patho- logic conditions of the parotid gland (3-7). (fdocuments.net)
  • This study is beneficial for further understanding IgG4-RS and improving the clinical and pathological diagnosis of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Stage 2 of Parkinson's disease is considered an acceptable form, with Parkinson's disease diagnosis far more perceptible than stage 1. (emoha.com)
  • Miloro M, Kolokythas A. Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Providing continuing information on changes over time in the extent of disease at diagnosis, trends in therapy, and associated changes in patient survival. (cdc.gov)
  • The minor salivary glands are scattered along the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lips, mucosa of the oral cavity, pharynx, and hard palate. (medscape.com)
  • The submucosa of the mouth and pharynx (including the lips, gums, palate, tongue, salivary glands, tonsils, and throat) consists of intestinal cylinder epithelium , originates from the endoderm and is therefore controlled from the brainstem. (learninggnm.com)
  • These data suggest a central role of TNF-alpha in the initiation and progression of autoimmune tissue destruction of salivary glands and indicate beneficial effects of soluble TNF receptors in the treatment of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. (jci.org)
  • In addition, QZF reduced apoptosis in the submandibular gland tissue compared to SS mice. (hindawi.com)
  • The surgeon will proceed with the resection using careful, precision strokes with a thin blade to free the gland and as much of the surrounding tissue as has been deemed necessary. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • IgG4-related disease ( IgG4-RD ), formerly known as IgG4-related systemic disease , is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by tissue infiltration with lymphocytes and IgG4 -secreting plasma cells , various degrees of fibrosis (scarring) and a usually prompt response to oral steroids . (mdwiki.org)
  • It is a relapsing-remitting disease associated with a tendency to mass forming, tissue-destructive lesions in multiple sites, with a characteristic histopathological appearance in whichever site is involved. (mdwiki.org)
  • Salivary gland biopsy is the removal of cells or a piece of tissue from a salivary gland for exam. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The salivary gland tissue is normal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Labial salivary gland biopsy cannot replace submandibular gland for histopathological evaluation. (bvsalud.org)
  • One type of salivary gland biopsy is a needle biopsy . (medlineplus.gov)
  • An open surgical biopsy of the minor salivary glands in the lips or the parotid gland can also be performed to diagnose diseases such as Sjögren syndrome . (medlineplus.gov)
  • How To Ensure The Safety Of Loved Ones Suffering From Parkinson's Disease? (emoha.com)
  • Shaking and tremors are characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but they can also make it harder to perform everyday tasks that many of us take for granted. (emoha.com)
  • You certainly have a lot of anxieties and fears if your loved one has Parkinson's disease . (emoha.com)
  • While medication can help address some of these issues, it's still important for those with Parkinson's disease to be as safe as possible. (emoha.com)
  • When paired with medication, an alarm system could prove very helpful in preventing accidents and injuries for those with Parkinson's disease. (emoha.com)
  • Medication helps many people manage their Parkinson's disease symptoms. (emoha.com)
  • Getting an alert watch is a great way for your loved one with Parkinson's disease to stay safe. (emoha.com)
  • The first stage of Parkinson's disease is the mildest. (emoha.com)
  • Quakes and other motion problems on one side of the body are unique side effects of stage 1 Parkinson's disease. (emoha.com)
  • The majority of people with the second stage of Parkinson's disease can still live independently, though some duties may take more time. (emoha.com)
  • Stage 3 is the intermediate stage of Parkinson's disease and traces a great turning spot in its advancement. (emoha.com)
  • Because of the relatively uncomplicated and straightforward nature of the submandibular gland resection, both surgeon and patient should be confident that there will be no lasting effects, barring unforeseen complications in medication, anesthesia, or recovery. (uciheadandneck.com)
  • however, salivary flow rates and salivary gland scintigraphy parameters, as measured in the parotid and submandibular glands, were not significantly different from their prestimulation values. (medscape.com)
  • The patient is being followed up for 2 years and 8 months, with no complaints of salivary flow or gland dysfunction, without gland swelling and no radiographic changes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, the subman- dibular gland is susceptible to stone formation, inflammation, and sialectasia because the di- rection of salivary flow is against gravity. (fdocuments.net)
  • Summary: Kimura disease is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder mimicking malignancy. (ajnr.org)
  • Kimura disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown origin that mimics a malignant lesion both clinically and on images (1) . (ajnr.org)
  • Chronic isoproterenol treatment for twenty days induced significant enlargement of the parotid and submandibular glands. (vin.com)
  • After chronic of isoproterenol administration, the parotid gland had a little increase in cell size. (vin.com)
  • Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic immune-mediated fibroinflammatory disorder that often manifests with tumor-like masses and/or painless enlargement of multiple organs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As a chronic autoimmune disease, the pathogenesis of SS remains insufficiently identified. (hindawi.com)
  • While ROS-dependent modifications are fundamental in transducing intracellular signals controlling pleiotropic functions, imbalanced ROS can cause oxidative damage, eventually leading to many chronic diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Numerous experiments have shown that B cells collaborate with T cells to activate in response to autoantigens in this disease, resulting in lymphocyte infiltration and immune complex deposition [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Mumps , a common disease amongst children, is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by the mumps (myxovirus) virus. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Xerostomia (dry mouth symptoms) is a group of incurable debilitating conditions of salivary glands caused by aging, radiation/chemical exposure, or aberrant inflammation in the salivary glands. (lu.se)
  • Observation : Une patiente de 53 ans, commerçante a consulté en Mars 2022 au Service de Stomatologie et Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale du CHU de Treichville pour une tuméfaction submandibulaire bilatérale. (bvsalud.org)
  • Observation: A shopkeeper of 53 years old, consulted a doctor for bilateral submandibular swelling in March 2022 at the Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery at Treichville University Hospital. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease, and its conventional treatment has exhibited limited therapeutic efficacy. (hindawi.com)
  • Symptoms of secondary SS are aggravated accompanying with additional autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis , interstitial nephritis , Riedel's thyroiditis , Mikulicz's disease , Küttner's tumor , inflammatory pseudotumors (in various sites of the body), mediastinal fibrosis and some cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis . (mdwiki.org)
  • During this PhD thesis, we aimed to evaluate whether cell-derived strategies (e.g., extracellular vesicles, EVs) could be a potential new therapy to ameliorate salivary gland injury and restore function after radiotherapy or in autoimmune diseases. (lu.se)
  • The submandibular gland occurs within the submandibular triangle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The large, triangle shaped parotid gland (par=near, otid=ear) lies anterior to the ear between the skin and masseter muscle. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The gland receives its blood supply from the facial and lingual arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The arterial blood supply to the submandibular nodes arises from multiple parts of the facial and lingual arteries. (healthline.com)
  • The submandibular lymph nodes sit between the submandibular salivary glands, which are underneath the tongue, and the mandible, or lower jawbone. (healthline.com)
  • described four different types of submandibular gland papillae: types A, B, C, and D. Lobes contain smaller lobules, which contain adenomeres, the secretory units of the gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • In isoprenaline treated group, histomorphological changes of secretory units of parotid gland observed rarely. (vin.com)
  • Minor or intrinsic salivary glands within the oral cavity alter the output slightly (note: extrinsic glands lie outside of oral cavity, intrinsic glands lie within oral cavity). (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The submandibular, parotid, and sublingual salivary glands in association with the left side of oral cavity. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • While not a common symptom of flu, swelling of their salivary glands (parotitis) has been reported in persons with laboratory-confirmed influenza infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Transverse gray scale sonogram shows an ill-defined, hypoechoic, heterogeneous nodule with cystic areas within ( arrows ) in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland ( arrowheads ). (ajnr.org)
  • Clinical examination showed a right and left submandibular tumor that gained volume during meals. (bvsalud.org)
  • Due to the rarity of LESA-like TH and the tumor-like morphology, it is easy to be misdiagnosed as other common diseases of the thymus in routine practice, such as thymoma and lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • Determine the type of tumor in a salivary gland lump. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Determine if the gland and tumor need to be removed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The experienced team at the Genesis ENT Group is trained in the medical and surgical management and treatment of patients with diseases and disorders of the ear, nose and throat. (genesishcs.org)
  • It is generally held that landmarks in the evolution of the medical treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)have also had a profound effect on the surgical approach to peptic ulcer disease. (up.ac.za)
  • The ability of the circadian clock to adapt to environmental changes is critical for maintaining homeostasis, preventing disease, and limiting the detrimental effects of aging. (nature.com)
  • The effect of the L. divaricata aqueous extract on the pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis in the salivary glands of healthy rats has also been studied. (naturalnews.com)
  • But researchers from Argentina's Universidad de Buenos Aires and the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UCA-CONICET noted that the effect of the L. divaricata aqueous extract on the homeostasis in submandibular glands subjected to the effects of an oxidative stressor has not yet been studied. (naturalnews.com)
  • Hence, endothelial dysfunction, a predictor of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is caused by imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting agents, including NO, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, prostacyclin, or vasoconstrictive factors such as thromboxane (TXA 2 ) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Patients with sialolithiasis should be initially treated with hydration, warm compresses, and gland massage. (medscape.com)
  • In those patients with Sjögren disease, hydration and prevention of complications should be undertaken. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, during the session 'Sjögren's Syndrome I: Clinical Perspectives' Chiara Baldini MD presented ' Longitudinal Examination with Salivary Gland Ultrasonography of Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Single Center Experience ,' which favorably compares the sonographic scoring system of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands with the conventional scoring system, the ESSDAI (European Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index). (hcplive.com)
  • Ectopic expressions of CXC chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13), interleukins (IL-1/2/4/6/10/12/17/22/23), IFN- γ, and TNF- α occur in the minor salivary glands of SS patients as compared to healthy individuals [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Approximately 75% of HNSCC patients receive radiation therapy (RT) as standard of care for disease ranging from early to locally advanced [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is particularly consequential for human papillomavirus (HPV) negative patients with literature demonstrating higher likelihood of missed treatments compared to their HPV positive counterparts, which compounds with baseline inferior disease-related outcomes [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To assess the difference in the maximum salivary uptake (U max) between patients whose submandibular glands were spared compared to those in whom they were not spared at 6 months post-radiation.Timepoint: To assess the difference in the maximum salivary uptake (U max) between patients whose submandibular glands were spared compared to those in whom they were not spared at 6 months post-radiation. (who.int)
  • 1.35 g/L. Serum IgG4 levels were significantly increased in patients aged>60 years (Z=-2.45, P=0.014) and those involving multiple glands (Z=-2.04, P=0.042). (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: IgG4-RS has a predilection for middle-aged and elderly male patients, and serum IgG4 levels are significantly related to the patient's age and whether multiple glands are involved. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, hDPSCs-EVs reduced senescence of salivary gland epithelial cells in both murine irradiation and Sjögren's syndrome models and may become a promising future for xerostomia patients. (lu.se)
  • To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of submandibular gland abscess caused by P. multocida in a patient without pet contact. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • We discuss a unique case of P. multocida severe sepsis starting from a submandibular gland abscess, with no documented history of an animal bite or close contact with domestic animals. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Given her clinical presentation, laboratory results, and imaging findings, she was diagnosed with right acute suppurative submandibular abscess and adenitis. (clinmedjournals.org)
  • Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular glands is provided by the superior salivatory nucleus via the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve, that becomes part of the trigeminal nerve's lingual nerve prior to synapsing on the submandibular ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gland itself lies on the hyoglossus muscle, superficial to both the hypoglossal and the lingual nerves, the latter supplying parasympathetic innervation by way of the chorda tympani nerve (from cranial nerve VII) and the submandibular ganglion. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of the submandibular gland, this is mediated through the submandibular ganglion. (medscape.com)
  • Postsynaptic fibers extend from the ganglion to the gland itself. (medscape.com)
  • This test is done to find the cause of abnormal lumps or growths of the salivary glands. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Evaluation of submandibular salivary gland function using quantitative pertechnetate scintigraphy and estimation of doseâ? (who.int)
  • The average length of the normal adult human submandibular salivary gland is approximately 27 mm, while the average width is approximately 14.3 mm. (wikipedia.org)
  • The submandibular nodes are small, usually measuring approximately 1 centimeter in a healthy adult. (healthline.com)