A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
Syphilis acquired in utero and manifested by any of several characteristic tooth (Hutchinson's teeth) or bone malformations and by active mucocutaneous syphilis at birth or shortly thereafter. Ocular and neurologic changes may also occur.
Serologic tests for syphilis.
Cutaneous lesions arising from infection with Treponema pallidum. In the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. If untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. These eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p409)
The causative agent of venereal and non-venereal syphilis as well as yaws.
Latent syphilis is a stage of the sexually transmitted infection Syphilis, characterized by the absence of symptoms, but with positive serological tests, which can be further divided into early and late latency, depending on the duration and the potential for progression to tertiary syphilis.
Infections of the central nervous system caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM which present with a variety of clinical syndromes. The initial phase of infection usually causes a mild or asymptomatic meningeal reaction. The meningovascular form may present acutely as BRAIN INFARCTION. The infection may also remain subclinical for several years. Late syndromes include general paresis; TABES DORSALIS; meningeal syphilis; syphilitic OPTIC ATROPHY; and spinal syphilis. General paresis is characterized by progressive DEMENTIA; DYSARTHRIA; TREMOR; MYOCLONUS; SEIZURES; and Argyll-Robertson pupils. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp722-8)
Antibodies, especially IGE, that bind to tissue of the same species so that ANTIGENS induce release of HISTAMINE and other vasoactive agents. HYPERSENSITIVITY is the clinical manifestation.
Cardiovascular manifestations of SYPHILIS, an infection of TREPONEMA PALLIDUM. In the late stage of syphilis, sometimes 20-30 years after the initial infection, damages are often seen in the blood vessels including the AORTA and the AORTIC VALVE. Clinical signs include syphilitic aortitis, aortic insufficiency, or aortic ANEURYSM.
A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by TREPONEMA PALLIDUM subspecies pertenue.
Agents used to treat infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA. This includes SYPHILIS & YAWS.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The primary sore of syphilis, a painless indurated, eroded papule, occurring at the site of entry of the infection.
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Sexual attraction or relationship between males.
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining penicillin G with PROCAINE.
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.
Syphilis serodiagnosis employing as the antigen Treponema pallidum obtained from rabbit syphilis orchitis. Treponemes are kept alive for a few hours in a special medium. When syphilitic serum and complement are added and incubated, the treponemes are immobilized, i.e., stop moving.
Serologic assay that detects antibodies to Treponema pallidum, the etiologic agent of syphilis. After diluting the patient's serum to remove non-specific antibodies, the serum is mixed on a glass slide with Nichol's strain of Treponema pallidum. An antigen-antibody reaction occurs if the test is positive and the bound antibodies are detected with fluoresceinated antihuman gamma-globulin antibody.
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The practice of indulging in sexual relations for money.
People who engage in occupational sexual behavior in exchange for economic rewards or other extrinsic considerations.
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus TREPONEMA.
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Precipitin tests which occur over a narrow range of antigen-antibody ratio, due chiefly to peculiarities of the antibody (precipitin). (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality.
Parenchymatous NEUROSYPHILIS marked by slowly progressive degeneration of the posterior columns, posterior roots, and ganglia of the spinal cord. The condition tends to present 15 to 20 years after the initial infection and is characterized by lightening-like pains in the lower extremities, URINARY INCONTINENCE; ATAXIA; severely impaired position and vibratory sense, abnormal gait (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), OPTIC ATROPHY; Argyll-Robertson pupils, hypotonia, hyperreflexia, and trophic joint degeneration (Charcot's Joint; see ARTHROPATHY, NEUROGENIC). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p726)
Time period from 1401 through 1500 of the common era.
Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
## I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Alabama" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, referring to the 22nd state admitted to the United States of America, located in the southeastern region. If you have any questions related to healthcare, medicine, or health conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!
An infectious disease of the skin caused by Treponema carateum that occurs only in the western hemisphere. Age of onset is between 10 and 20 years of age. This condition is characterized by marked changes in the skin color and is believed to be transmitted by direct person-to-person contact.
Sexual activities of humans.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The sexual attraction or relationship between members of the same SEX.
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
A constituent organization of the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES concerned with protecting and improving the health of the nation.
Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
A genus of microorganisms of the order SPIROCHAETALES, many of which are pathogenic and parasitic for man and animals.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Sexual behavior that prevents or reduces the spread of SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES or PREGNANCY.

Treatment of syphilis, 1998: nonpregnant adults. (1/1305)

Questions regarding the appropriate therapy for syphilis remain, despite the many years during which this infection has been subjected to intense scientific scrutiny. In an effort to provide guidance for the development of the 1998 sexually transmitted disease (STD) treatment guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), these questions were outlined and an effort to answer them was made. Articles relating to syphilis treatment published after the previous revision of the CDC STD treatment guidelines (in 1993) and by the end of 1996 were identified with use of MEDLINE. Abstracts from relevant scientific meetings held during that time were also examined. Reference was also made to older literature, and expert opinion was sought. Conclusions were reached and recommendations were made on the basis of published evidence wherever possible.  (+info)

What's driving an epidemic? The spread of syphilis along an interstate highway in rural North Carolina. (2/1305)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether county syphilis rates were increased along Interstate Highway 95 (I-95) in North Carolina during a recent epidemic. METHODS: Ecological data on syphilis cases demographic data, highway data, and drug activity data were used to conduct a cross-sectional and longitudinal study of North Carolina countries from 1985 to 1994. Crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were determined by means of standard and longitudinal Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and drug use. RESULTS: Ten-year syphilis rates in I-95 counties greatly exceeded rates in non-I-95 counties (38 vs 16 cases per 100,000 persons) and remained higher after adjustment for race, age, sex, poverty, large cities, and drug activity (adjusted IRR = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.84, 2.28). Syphilis rates were stable until 1989, when rates increased sharply in I-95 counties but remained stable in non-I-95 counties. Increased drug activity in I-95 counties preceded the rise in syphilis cases. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the relationship between high-ways and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases may guide future prevention interventions.  (+info)

Assessing the sensitivity of STD surveillance in the Netherlands: an application of the capture--recapture method. (3/1305)

The capture-recapture method was used to estimate the sensitivity of case finding in two national STD surveillance systems: (1) STD registration at municipal health services (STD-MHS); (2) statutory notification by clinicians (NNS). To identify those cases common to both surveillance systems, cases from 1995 were compared using individual identifiers. Estimated sensitivities for syphilis were: STD-MHS 31% (95% CI: 27-35%), NNS 64% (56-71%); and for gonorrhoea: STD-MHS 15% (14-18%), NNS 22% (19-25%). The combined sensitivity of both systems was 76% for syphilis and 34% for gonorrhoea. Differences in the sensitivity of the systems were significant. The NNS was more sensitive than the STD-MHS, and the identification of cases was significantly more sensitive for syphilis than for gonorrhoea. A stratified analysis showed comparable results for the two sexes. Knowledge on the sensitivity of surveillance systems is useful for public health decisions and essential for international comparisons.  (+info)

Infectious diseases and anemia in a sample of out-of-treatment drug users. (4/1305)

OBJECTIVE: To understand how the prevalence of anemia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis in a sample of out-of-treatment drug users affected delivery of care in a managed care model. STUDY DESIGN: A snowball sampling design with multiple zero order contacts was used in targeted census tracts with a high incidence of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted diseases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out-of-treatment drug users were recruited as part of a national multisite study of HIV risk behaviors in this population. Subjects were recruited using targeted community-based sampling. RESULTS: The rate of individuals who tested positive for both syphilis and HIV was 2.5 times greater than those who tested positive for syphilis only and 2.8 times greater than those who tested positive for HIV only. Of the men, 16.1% were anemic, and 33.3% of women were anemic. Rates of HIV (10.7%) and syphilis (19.8%) were found to be high among both male and female drug users. These statistics, coupled with the prevalence of anemia, indicate that drug users have many more problems other than drug use, a conclusion which can have an impact on how managed care plans approach drug users. CONCLUSION: A multipronged interdisciplinary approach may be warranted for both the patient and the managed care organization.  (+info)

Vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum to various litters and generations of guinea pigs. (5/1305)

The transmission of congenital syphilis was studied in a 4-generation guinea pig family with 10 litters and 38 offspring. By use of one or all of the following tests (ELISA-IgM, polymerase chain reaction, and rabbit infectivity), transplacental infection was demonstrated through 5 litters and up to 4 generations. Twenty-eight (93%) of 30 animals were positive by >/=1 test, and 2 (7%) were negative by 1 or 3 tests. While transmission of the pathogen appeared to be unaffected by the maternal acquisition of immunity, signs of smoldering infection in the young was suggested by the decline in humoral responses in successive progeny and by unusual rabbit infectivity test results. With each pregnancy there was a remarkable booster in the maternal humoral response, which dropped significantly prior to term. These findings shed new light on the understanding and interpretation of serologic testing during pregnancy and the perinatal period.  (+info)

Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. (6/1305)

Syphilis is a chronic disease with a waxing and waning course, the manifestations of which have been described for centuries. It occurs worldwide, and the incidence varies significantly with geographic location. Transmission is mainly by sexual contact. The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first described in 1905, but because of the inability to culture the organism and the limitations of direct microscopy, serologic testing is the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. The disease has been arbitrarily divided into several stages. The primary stage is defined by a chancre at the site of inoculation. The secondary stage is characterized by a polymorphic rash, lymphadenopathy, and other systemic manifestations. A variable asymptomatic latent period follows, which for epidemiologic purposes is divided into early (<1 year) and late (>1 year) stages. The early stages (primary, secondary, and early latent) are potentially infectious. The tertiary stage is the most destructive and is marked by cardiovascular and neurologic sequelae and gummatous involvement of any organ system. Congenital infection may result in protean early or late manifestations. Unlike many other bacteria causing infectious diseases, the organism remains sensitive to penicillin, and this remains the mainstay of therapy.  (+info)

Resolving the common clinical dilemmas of syphilis. (7/1305)

The diagnosis and treatment of syphilis can present difficult dilemmas. Serologic tests can be negative if they are performed at the stage when lesions are present, and the VDRL test can be negative in patients with late syphilis. Cerebrospinal fluid examination is not required in patients with primary or secondary disease and no neurologic signs or symptoms, but it may be warranted in patients with late latent syphilis or in whom the duration of infection is unknown. Patients with penicillin allergy can be treated with alternative regimens if they have primary or secondary syphilis. Penicillin is the only effective drug for neurosyphilis; oral desensitization should be accomplished before treatment of penicillin-allergic patients. Other dilemmas may be encountered in the treatment of patients who have concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection.  (+info)

Membrane topology and cellular location of the Treponema pallidum glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) ortholog. (8/1305)

Recent reports that isolated Treponema pallidum outer membranes contain an ortholog for glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) (D. V. Shevchenko, D. R. Akins, E. J. Robinson, M. Li, O. V. Shevchenko, and J. D. Radolf, Infect. Immun. 65:4179-4189, 1997) and that this protein is a potential opsonic target for T. pallidum (C. E. Stebeck, J. M. Shaffer, T. W. Arroll, S. A. Lukehart, and W. C. Van Voorhis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154:303-310, 1997) prompted a more detailed investigation of its physicochemical properties and cellular location. [14C]palmitate radiolabeling studies of a GlpQ-alkaline phosphatase fusion expressed in Escherichia coli confirmed the prediction from DNA sequencing that the protein is lipid modified. Studies using Triton X-114 phase partitioning revealed that the protein's amphiphilicity is due to lipid modification and that a substantial portion of the polypeptide is associated with the T. pallidum peptidoglycan sacculus. Three different approaches, i.e., (i) proteinase K treatment of intact treponemes, (ii) indirect immunofluorescence analysis of treponemes encapsulated in agarose beads, and (iii) opsonophagocytosis of treponemes incubated with antiserum against recombinant GlpQ by rabbit peritoneal macrophages, confirmed that GlpQ is entirely subsurface in T. pallidum. Moreover, rabbits hyperimmunized with GlpQ were not protected against intradermal challenge with virulent treponemes. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed that the recombinant form of the polypeptide lacked discernible evidence of denaturation. Finally, GlpQ was not radiolabeled when T. pallidum outer membranes were incubated with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)-diazarene, a photoactivatable, lipophilic probe which promiscuously labels both proteins and lipids within phospholipid bilayers. Taken as a whole, these studies indicate that the T. pallidum GlpQ ortholog is a periplasmic protein associated predominantly with the spirochete's peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex.  (+info)

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses in several stages if left untreated, with symptoms varying in each stage. The primary stage involves the appearance of a single, painless sore or multiple sores at the site where the bacteria entered the body, often on the genitals or around the mouth. During the secondary stage, individuals may experience rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and other flu-like symptoms. In later stages, syphilis can lead to severe complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs, known as tertiary syphilis. Neurosyphilis is a form of tertiary syphilis that affects the nervous system, causing various neurological problems. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis transmits the infection to her unborn child, which can result in serious birth defects and health issues for the infant. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.

Congenital Syphilis is a medical condition that occurs when a mother with active syphilis infects her fetus through the placenta during pregnancy. If left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to serious health problems in the newborn and can even cause death. The symptoms of congenital syphilis can appear at any time during the first two years of life, and they may include:

* Skin rashes or sores on the body, including the hands and feet
* Deformities of the bones and teeth
* Vision problems or blindness
* Hearing loss
* Developmental delays
* Neurological issues, such as seizures or difficulty coordinating movements
* Anemia
* Jaundice
* Enlarged liver and spleen

If congenital syphilis is diagnosed early, it can be treated with antibiotics, which can help to prevent serious health problems and reduce the risk of transmission to others. However, if left untreated, congenital syphilis can lead to long-term complications, such as developmental delays, neurological damage, and blindness. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for syphilis early in pregnancy and receive appropriate treatment to prevent the transmission of this serious infection to their unborn child.

Syphilis serodiagnosis is a laboratory testing method used to diagnose syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It involves detecting specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the infection, rather than directly detecting the bacteria itself.

There are two main types of serological tests used for syphilis serodiagnosis: treponemal and nontreponemal tests.

1. Treponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies that specifically target Treponema pallidum. Examples include the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test, T. pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, and enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) or chemiluminescence immunoassays (CIAs) for Treponema pallidum antibodies. These tests are highly specific but may remain reactive even after successful treatment, indicating past exposure or infection rather than a current active infection.

2. Nontreponemal tests: These tests detect antibodies produced against cardiolipin, a lipid found in the membranes of Treponema pallidum and other bacteria. Examples include the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test. These tests are less specific than treponemal tests but can be used to monitor disease progression and treatment response, as their results often correlate with disease activity. Nontreponemal test titers usually decrease or become nonreactive after successful treatment.

Syphilis serodiagnosis typically involves a two-step process, starting with a nontreponemal test followed by a treponemal test for confirmation. This approach helps distinguish between current and past infections while minimizing false positives. It is essential to interpret serological test results in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, physical examination findings, and any additional diagnostic tests.

Cutaneous syphilis refers to the manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection syphilis on the skin. This can occur in various stages of the disease. In the primary stage, it may appear as a painless chancre (ulcer) at the site of infection, usually appearing 3 weeks after exposure. In the secondary stage, a widespread rash can develop, often affecting the palms and soles, along with other symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and hair loss. Later stages of syphilis can also cause skin issues, including condylomata lata (broad, flat warts) and gummatous lesions (large, destructive ulcers). It's important to note that if left untreated, syphilis can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs.

"Treponema pallidum" is a species of spiral-shaped bacteria (a spirochete) that is the causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection. The bacterium is very thin and difficult to culture in the laboratory, which has made it challenging for researchers to study its biology and develop new treatments for syphilis.

The bacterium can infect various tissues and organs in the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can affect multiple systems, including the skin, bones, joints, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared needles.

Syphilis is a serious disease that can have long-term health consequences if left untreated. However, it is also curable with appropriate antibiotic therapy, such as penicillin. It is important to diagnose and treat syphilis early to prevent the spread of the infection and avoid potential complications.

Latent syphilis is a stage of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) syphilis, which is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In this stage, individuals who have been infected with syphilis do not show any symptoms of the disease. However, the bacteria remain in their body and can be passed on to others through sexual contact.

Latent syphilis is typically divided into two stages: early latent syphilis and late latent syphilis. Early latent syphilis is defined as occurring within the first year of infection, while late latent syphilis occurs more than a year after the initial infection. During the early latent stage, individuals may still have a positive blood test for syphilis and can still transmit the disease to others through sexual contact. In contrast, during the late latent stage, the risk of transmitting the disease is much lower, but it is still possible.

It's important to note that if left untreated, latent syphilis can progress to more serious stages of the disease, including tertiary syphilis, which can cause severe damage to the heart, brain, and other organs. Therefore, it's essential for individuals who have been diagnosed with latent syphilis to receive appropriate treatment and follow-up care from a healthcare provider.

Neurosyphilis is a term used to describe the invasion and infection of the nervous system by the spirochetal bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is the causative agent of syphilis. This serious complication can occur at any stage of syphilis, although it's more common in secondary or tertiary stages if left untreated. Neurosyphilis can cause a variety of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as:

1. Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) leading to headaches, stiff neck, and fever.
2. Meningovascular syphilis: Affects the blood vessels in the brain causing strokes, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or small-vessel disease, which can lead to cognitive decline.
3. General paresis (also known as tertiary general paresis): Progressive dementia characterized by memory loss, personality changes, disorientation, and psychiatric symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.
4. Tabes dorsalis: A degenerative disorder affecting the spinal cord, leading to ataxia (loss of coordination), muscle weakness, pain, sensory loss, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
5. Argyll Robertson pupils: Small, irregularly shaped pupils that react poorly or not at all to light but constrict when focusing on near objects. This is a rare finding in neurosyphilis.

Diagnosis of neurosyphilis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and serological tests for syphilis. Treatment usually consists of intravenous penicillin G, which can halt the progression of the disease if initiated early enough. However, any neurological damage that has already occurred may be irreversible. Regular follow-up evaluations are essential to monitor treatment response and potential complications.

"Reagin" is an outdated term that was used to describe a type of antibody found in the blood serum of some individuals, particularly those who have had certain infectious diseases or who have allergies. These antibodies were known as "reaginic antibodies" and were characterized by their ability to cause a positive reaction in a test called the "Reagin test" or "Wassermann test."

The Reagin test was developed in the early 20th century and was used as a diagnostic tool for syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The test involved mixing a patient's serum with a suspension of cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol - components derived from heart tissue. If reaginic antibodies were present in the patient's serum, they would bind to the cardiolipin component and form a complex that could be detected through a series of chemical reactions.

However, it was later discovered that reaginic antibodies were not specific to syphilis and could be found in individuals with other infectious diseases or allergies. As a result, the term "reagin" fell out of favor, and the test is no longer used as a diagnostic tool for syphilis. Instead, more specific and accurate tests, such as the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) assay, are now used to diagnose syphilis.

Cardiovascular syphilis is a tertiary stage of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. In this stage, the infection can affect the heart and blood vessels, leading to various complications. Medical definitions describe cardiovascular syphilis as follows:

1. According to the Merck Manual, cardiovascular syphilis is characterized by the development of vasculitic lesions in the aorta and its major branches, causing damage to the heart valves and blood vessels. Common manifestations include aortic regurgitation (backflow of blood), aneurysms (bulging or ballooning of the aorta), and aortic dissection (tearing of the inner layer of the aorta).
2. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) defines cardiovascular syphilis as a late complication of syphilis, which can involve inflammation of the aorta and its branches, leading to aneurysms or aortic insufficiency. This stage usually develops 10-30 years after the initial infection.
3. The World Health Organization (WHO) explains that tertiary syphilis can affect the cardiovascular system, causing inflammation of the aorta and its branches. This may result in aortic aneurysms or aortic insufficiency, which can lead to heart failure if left untreated.

In summary, cardiovascular syphilis is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of tertiary syphilis, involving inflammation and damage to the heart and blood vessels. Early detection and treatment of syphilis are crucial to prevent these late manifestations.

Yaws is a chronic, infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It primarily affects the skin, bones, and cartilage. The initial symptom is a small, hard bump (called a papule or mother yaw) that develops into an ulcer with a raised, red border and a yellow-crusted center. This lesion can be painful and pruritic (itchy). Yaws is usually contracted through direct contact with an infected person's lesion, typically during childhood. The disease is common in rural areas of tropical regions with poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare, particularly in West and Central Africa, the Pacific Islands, and parts of South America and Asia.

Yaws is treatable with antibiotics, such as penicillin, which can kill the bacteria and halt the progression of the disease. In most cases, a single injection of long-acting penicillin is sufficient to cure the infection. However, it's essential to identify and treat yaws early to prevent severe complications, including disfigurement and disability.

It's important to note that yaws should not be confused with other treponemal diseases, such as syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum) or pinta (caused by Treponema carateum). While these conditions share some similarities in their clinical presentation and transmission, they are distinct diseases with different geographic distributions and treatment approaches.

Antitreponemal agents are a type of antibiotic specifically used to treat infections caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for diseases such as syphilis and yaws. The most common antitreponemal agent is penicillin, which is highly effective against Treponema pallidum. Other antitreponemal agents include ceftriaxone, doxycycline, and tetracycline. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the bacteria, ultimately leading to their elimination from the body. It's important to note that resistance to these antibiotics is rare, but treatment failures can occur due to factors such as poor drug penetration into infected tissues or inadequate dosing.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

A chancre is a medical term that refers to a hard, painless skin ulcer that is typically the first stage of certain bacterial infections, most commonly syphilis. It is usually round or oval in shape and can appear as a sore or lesion on the skin or mucous membranes, such as the genitals, anus, or mouth. The chancre is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and is typically accompanied by swollen lymph nodes in the nearby area.

The chancre usually develops about 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria and can last for several weeks. While it may heal on its own, it's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a chancre, as syphilis is a serious infection that can cause long-term health problems if left untreated. Treatment with antibiotics, such as penicillin, can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.

If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

Medical definitions are often provided by authoritative medical bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It's important to note that these organizations have evolved their understanding and classification of homosexuality over time.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), produced by the APA, sexual orientation is not considered a mental disorder. The manual does not provide a definition or classification for 'homosexuality, male' as a medical condition.

The current understanding in the medical community is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexual orientation. It is not considered a disorder or an illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1990.

Penicillin G Procaine is a formulation of penicillin G, an antibiotic derived from the Penicillium fungus, combined with procaine, a local anesthetic. This combination is often used for its extended-release properties and is administered intramuscularly. It is primarily used to treat moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of streptococci and staphylococci.

The procaine component helps to reduce the pain at the injection site, while penicillin G provides the antibacterial action. The extended-release formulation allows for less frequent dosing compared to immediate-release penicillin G. However, its use has become less common due to the development of other antibiotics and routes of administration.

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as "gono" bacteria. It can infect various parts of the body including the genitals, rectum, and throat. The bacteria are typically transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.

Symptoms may vary but often include abnormal discharge from the genitals or rectum, painful or burning sensations during urination, and in women, vaginal bleeding between periods. However, many people with gonorrhea do not develop symptoms, making it essential to get tested regularly if you are sexually active with multiple partners or have unprotected sex.

If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to severe complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men, which may result in infertility. In rare cases, it can spread to the bloodstream and cause life-threatening conditions like sepsis.

Gonorrhea is curable with appropriate antibiotic treatment; however, drug-resistant strains of the bacteria have emerged, making accurate diagnosis and effective treatment increasingly challenging. Prevention methods include using condoms during sexual activity and practicing safe sex habits.

The Treponema pallidum Immunity (TPI) test, also known as the Treponema immobilization test, is not a commonly used diagnostic tool in modern medicine. It was previously used as a serological test to detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum, the spirochete bacterium that causes syphilis.

In this test, a sample of the patient's serum is incubated with a suspension of live Treponema pallidum organisms. If the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, these antibodies will bind to the organisms and immobilize them. The degree of immobilization is then observed and measured under a microscope.

However, this test has largely been replaced by more sensitive and specific serological tests such as the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay. These tests are able to detect both IgG and IgM antibodies, providing information on both past and current infections. The TPI test, on the other hand, is less specific and may produce false-positive results in individuals who have been vaccinated against other treponemal diseases such as yaws or pinta.

Therefore, the Treponema Immobilization Test is not a widely used or recommended diagnostic tool for syphilis in current medical practice.

The Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) test is a type of blood test used to diagnose syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The FTA-ABS test is a treponemal test, which means it looks for antibodies that the body produces in response to an infection with T. pallidum.

The FTA-ABS test works by using a fluorescent dye to label treponemal antigens, which are substances that can trigger an immune response in people who have been infected with T. pallidum. The labeled antigens are then mixed with a sample of the patient's blood. If the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, they will bind to the labeled antigens and form a complex.

To ensure that the test is specific for syphilis and not another type of treponemal infection, such as yaws or pinta, the sample is then absorbed with antigens from these other treponemal organisms. This step removes any antibodies that may cross-react with the non-syphilitic treponemes, leaving only those specific to T. pallidum.

The mixture is then washed and examined under a fluorescent microscope. If there are fluorescing particles present, it indicates that the patient has antibodies against T. pallidum, which suggests a current or past infection with syphilis.

It's important to note that the FTA-ABS test can remain positive for life, even after successful treatment of syphilis, so it cannot be used to determine if a patient has an active infection. Other tests, such as a venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) or rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, are used to detect non-treponemal antibodies that may indicate an active infection.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.

In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.

Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.

Prostitution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a social and legal issue. However, in the context of public health, prostitution might be defined as the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for payment, which can carry significant risks to physical and mental health, including exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), violence, and psychological trauma.

Prostitution is often associated with marginalization, poverty, and social inequality, and it can be a complex issue that involves questions of personal autonomy, consent, and human rights. It's important to note that the legal and cultural approaches to prostitution vary widely around the world, ranging from criminalization to decriminalization and legalization.

Sex workers are individuals who receive payment for performing sexual services or engaging in sexual activities with others. This can include various forms of sex work such as prostitution, pornography, stripping, and escort services. It is important to note that the ethical and legal considerations surrounding sex work are complex and vary greatly across different cultures, societies, and jurisdictions.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that sex workers are a marginalized population who often face stigma, discrimination, and violence. In order to protect the health and human rights of sex workers, WHO recommends that sex work be recognized as a legitimate form of work and that sex workers have access to the same protections and rights as other workers. This includes access to healthcare services, education, and legal protection against abuse and discrimination.

Periostitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the periosteum, which is the highly vascularized tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. The periosteum contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the bone and assist in bone repair and remodeling. Periostitis can occur as a result of various factors such as repetitive trauma, infection, or inflammatory diseases, leading to pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, periostitis may also lead to the formation of new bone tissue, resulting in bony outgrowths known as exostoses.

Treponemal infections are a group of diseases caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. This includes syphilis, yaws, bejel, and pinta. These infections can affect various organ systems in the body and can have serious consequences if left untreated.

1. Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection that can also be passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. It is characterized by sores (chancres) on the genitals, anus, or mouth, followed by a rash and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and nervous system.
2. Yaws: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects children in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and South America. The initial symptom is a painless bump on the skin that eventually ulcerates and heals, leaving a scar. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of bone and cartilage.
3. Bejel: Also known as endemic syphilis, this infection is spread through direct contact with infected saliva or mucous membranes. It primarily affects children in dry and arid regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. The initial symptom is a painless sore on the mouth or skin, followed by a rash and other symptoms similar to syphilis.
4. Pinta: A tropical infection that is spread through direct contact with infected skin lesions. It primarily affects people in rural areas of Central and South America. The initial symptom is a red or brown spot on the skin, which eventually turns into a scaly rash. If left untreated, it can lead to disfigurement and destruction of pigmentation in the skin.

Treponemal infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as penicillin, which can cure the infection if caught early enough. However, untreated treponemal infections can lead to serious health complications and even death.

A medical definition of an ulcer is:

A lesion on the skin or mucous membrane characterized by disintegration of surface epithelium, inflammation, and is associated with the loss of substance below the normal lining. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are types of peptic ulcers that occur in the gastrointestinal tract.

Another type of ulcer is a venous ulcer, which occurs when there is reduced blood flow from vein insufficiency, usually in the lower leg. This can cause skin damage and lead to an open sore or ulcer.

There are other types of ulcers as well, including decubitus ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores), which are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

Flocculation tests are diagnostic procedures used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the presence of certain substances, such as proteins or bacteria, in a sample. These tests work by adding a reagent to the sample that causes any targeted substances to clump together (flocculate) and become visible or easily measurable.

For example, in a coagulation or flocculation test for proteinuria (protein in urine), a reagent such as sulfosalicylic acid is added to a urine sample. If proteins are present in the sample, they will react with the reagent and form a white precipitate that can be seen with the naked eye or measured with a spectrophotometer.

Flocculation tests are commonly used in clinical chemistry and microbiology to diagnose various medical conditions, monitor treatment progress, and assess overall health status.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Prenatal care is a type of preventive healthcare that focuses on providing regular check-ups and medical care to pregnant women, with the aim of ensuring the best possible health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus. It involves routine prenatal screenings and tests, such as blood pressure monitoring, urine analysis, weight checks, and ultrasounds, to assess the progress of the pregnancy and identify any potential health issues or complications early on.

Prenatal care also includes education and counseling on topics such as nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle choices that can affect pregnancy outcomes. It may involve referrals to specialists, such as obstetricians, perinatologists, or maternal-fetal medicine specialists, for high-risk pregnancies.

Overall, prenatal care is an essential component of ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications during childbirth and beyond.

Tabes dorsalis is a late-stage complication of untreated neurosyphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is characterized by degeneration of the posterior columns and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, leading to various neurological symptoms.

The medical definition of Tabes Dorsalis is:

A chronic progressive degenerative disease of the spinal cord, specifically affecting the dorsal root ganglia and posterior columns, caused by the tertiary stage of syphilis. The condition is characterized by a combination of motor, sensory, and autonomic disturbances, including ataxia, Romberg's sign, lightning pains, hypo- or areflexia, impaired proprioception, dissociated sensations, and Argyll Robertson pupils. If left untreated, Tabes Dorsalis can lead to significant disability and even death.

I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "medical definition" refers to the explanation of a medical term or concept. On the other hand, "15th century" is a historical time period and does not have a medical definition per se. However, I can provide you with some context regarding the medical advancements and practices during the 15th century.

The 15th century was marked by significant developments in medicine, particularly in Europe, as it transitioned from medieval to early modern medicine. Some key aspects of 15th-century medicine include:

1. Universities and medical education: Universities became more prominent centers for medical education, with institutions like the University of Bologna, Padua, Montpellier, and Salamanca playing crucial roles in shaping medical thought. Medical faculties taught subjects such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, and pharmacology based on ancient Greek and Roman texts, mainly Galen and Hippocrates.

2. Anatomical studies: The 15th century saw the beginning of a more accurate understanding of human anatomy. Italian anatomist and physician Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1270–1326) is known for his influential anatomy textbook, "Anathomia," which was widely used during this period. Later in the century, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), often regarded as the founder of modern human anatomy, began his groundbreaking work on detailed dissections and accurate representations of the human body.

3. Renaissance of medical illustrations: The 15th century marked a revival in medical illustrations, with artists like Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) creating highly accurate anatomical drawings based on dissections. These detailed images helped physicians better understand the human body and its functions.

4. Development of hospitals: Hospitals during this time became more organized and specialized, focusing on specific medical conditions or patient populations. For example, mental health institutions, known as "madhouses" or "asylums," were established to treat individuals with mental illnesses.

5. Plague and public health: The ongoing threat of the bubonic plague (Black Death) led to increased efforts in public health, including improved sanitation practices and the establishment of quarantine measures for infected individuals.

6. Humoral theory: Although challenged by some during this period, the ancient Greek humoral theory—which posited that the balance of four bodily fluids or "humors" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) determined a person's health—remained influential in medical practice.

7. Surgery: Barber-surgeons continued to perform various surgical procedures, including bloodletting, tooth extraction, and amputations. However, anesthesia was still not widely used, and pain management relied on opium or alcohol-based preparations.

8. Pharmacology: The use of herbal remedies and other natural substances to treat illnesses remained popular during the 15th century. Physicians like Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) compiled extensive lists of medicinal plants and their uses, contributing to the development of modern pharmacology.

9. Astrology and medicine: Despite growing skepticism among some scholars, astrological beliefs continued to influence medical practice in the 15th century. Physicians often consulted astrological charts when diagnosing and treating patients.

10. Medical education: Universities across Europe offered formal medical education, with students studying anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. However, many practitioners still learned their trade through apprenticeships or self-study.

Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.

A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.

It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

I apologize, but "Alabama" is not a medical term or condition. It is the name of one of the states in the United States of America, located in the southeastern region. The term "Alabaman" is used to describe someone from this state. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to help answer those for you.

Pinta is a mild form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a tropical infection caused by the Leishmania parasite. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected sandfly.

The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can vary in size and appearance. In the case of pinta, these lesions are typically characterized by their red, blue or brown discoloration.

Pinta is endemic in certain parts of Central and South America, but it's relatively rare compared to other forms of leishmaniasis. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and the development of severe, disfiguring lesions.

Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.

Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.

It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Medical definitions are often avoided in favor of more objective language when discussing personal characteristics or identities, such as sexual orientation. This is because sexual orientation is not considered a medical condition or disorder, but rather a natural part of human diversity. The American Psychological Association defines sexual orientation as "an enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction to another person." It can be distinguished into different categories, including heterosexuality (attraction to individuals of the other gender), bisexuality (attraction to individuals of either gender), and homosexuality (attraction to individuals of the same gender).

It's important to note that a person's sexual orientation is not considered a choice or something that can be changed through willpower or therapy. It is a deeply ingrained aspect of a person's identity, and it is protected under laws and regulations in many countries as a fundamental human right.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. When referring to bacterial STDs, these are infections caused by bacteria. Examples of bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). These infections can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can cause serious health problems, such as infertility, organ damage, and even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular STD screenings to prevent and promptly treat bacterial STDs.

The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) is not a medical term per se, but I can certainly provide a definition and overview of it in the context of public health and healthcare.

The USPHS is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and is responsible for promoting and protecting the health of the nation, particularly focusing on preventing and controlling infectious diseases and other health threats. The USPHS is composed of eight uniformed service components: the Surgeon General's Office, the Commissioned Corps, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Indian Health Service (IHS), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

The Commissioned Corps of the USPHS is a group of uniformed healthcare professionals who are appointed by the President and commissioned as officers. They serve in various capacities within the federal government, including research, clinical care, health policy, and emergency response. The Surgeon General serves as the head of the USPHS and is responsible for providing advice to the President and HHS Secretary on matters related to public health.

The USPHS plays a critical role in responding to public health emergencies, such as natural disasters, infectious disease outbreaks, and bioterrorism attacks. They also work to address health disparities and promote health equity by providing healthcare services to underserved populations, including American Indians and Alaska Natives through the IHS. Additionally, the USPHS supports research and surveillance efforts aimed at understanding and addressing various public health issues, such as tobacco use, substance abuse, and mental health.

Coinfection is a term used in medicine to describe a situation where a person is infected with more than one pathogen (infectious agent) at the same time. This can occur when a person is infected with two or more viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Coinfections can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, as the symptoms of each infection can overlap and interact with each other.

Coinfections are common in certain populations, such as people who are immunocompromised, have chronic illnesses, or live in areas with high levels of infectious agents. For example, a person with HIV/AIDS may be more susceptible to coinfections with tuberculosis, hepatitis, or pneumocystis pneumonia. Similarly, a person who has recently undergone an organ transplant may be at risk for coinfections with cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or other opportunistic pathogens.

Coinfections can also occur in people who are otherwise healthy but are exposed to multiple infectious agents at once, such as through travel to areas with high levels of infectious diseases or through close contact with animals that carry infectious agents. For example, a person who travels to a tropical area may be at risk for coinfections with malaria and dengue fever, while a person who works on a farm may be at risk for coinfections with influenza and Q fever.

Effective treatment of coinfections requires accurate diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for each pathogen involved. In some cases, treating one infection may help to resolve the other, but in other cases, both infections may need to be treated simultaneously to achieve a cure. Preventing coinfections is an important part of infectious disease control, and can be achieved through measures such as vaccination, use of personal protective equipment, and avoidance of high-risk behaviors.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria, also known as spirochetes. These bacteria are gram-negative and have unique motility provided by endoflagella, which are located in the periplasmic space, running lengthwise between the cell's outer membrane and inner membrane.

Treponema species are responsible for several important diseases in humans, including syphilis (Treponema pallidum), yaws (Treponema pertenue), pinta (Treponema carateum), and endemic syphilis or bejel (Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum). These diseases are collectively known as treponematoses.

It is important to note that while these bacteria share some common characteristics, they differ in their clinical manifestations and geographical distributions. Proper diagnosis and treatment of treponemal infections require medical expertise and laboratory confirmation.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

"Safe sex" is a term used to describe sexual activities that reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. It typically involves the use of protective measures, such as condoms, dental dams, or other barriers, during sexual contact.

However, it's important to note that "safe" doesn't mean "risk-free." Even with protection, there is still a chance, though significantly reduced, of STI transmission or pregnancy. The term "safer sex" is sometimes used to more accurately reflect this concept.

Furthermore, regular testing for STIs and open communication with sexual partners about sexual health are also important components of safe sex practices.

People with tertiary syphilis are not infectious. Gummatous syphilis or late benign syphilis usually occurs 1 to 46 years after ... In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non- ... Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases. Syphilis is most ... As of 2014, syphilis infections continue to increase in the United States. In the United States as of 2020, rates of syphilis ...
... is syphilis that occurs when a mother with untreated syphilis passes the infection to her baby during ... Late congenital syphilis is a subset of cases of congenital syphilis. By definition, it occurs in children at or greater than 2 ... Syphilis affects around one million pregnancies a year. In 2016, there were around 473 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 ... Syphilis affects around one million pregnancies a year. In 2016, there were around 473 cases of congenital syphilis per 100,000 ...
If syphilis is prolonged, it can affect the nervous system, which is known as neurosyphilis. Meningeal syphilis is a component ... Syphilis has four stages of infection, which are primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary. If syphilis is not treated, the ... Meningeal syphilis (as known as syphilitic aseptic meningitis or meningeal neurosyphilis) is a chronic form of syphilis ... Individuals obtain syphilis through a variety of circumstances. In general, syphilis can be transmitted from individual to ...
By then, 28 patients had died directly from syphilis, 100 died from complications related to syphilis, 40 of the patients' ... "Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee - May 1996". Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Archived from ... Jones, James H. (1993). "A Notoriously Syphilis-Soaked Race". Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: Free Press ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuskegee syphilis experiment. "Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study". Claude Moore ...
Bejel, or endemic syphilis, is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the ... Pinta (disease) Syphilis Yaws Mitjà O, Šmajs D, Bassat Q (2013). "Advances in the diagnosis of endemic treponematoses: yaws, ... Pace JL, Csonka GW (October 1984). "Endemic non-venereal syphilis (bejel) in Saudi Arabia". The British Journal of Venereal ... which causes venereal syphilis, transmission of bejel is not venereal in nature. The diagnosis of bejel is based on the ...
Co-infection of HIV and syphilis is probably a major reason behind resurgence in syphilis prevalence among men who have sex ... In Sub-Saharan Africa syphilis contributes to approximately 20% of perinatal deaths. In the developed world, syphilis ... Syphilis increases the risk of HIV transmission by two to five times and co-infection is common (30-60% in a number of urban ... The rate of syphilis infection in men has gone up dramatically since 2010. The rate for women in slowly decreasing in the same ...
Mahoney was a member of the syphilis study section that approved the Guatemala research Grant. During the Guatemala syphilis ... After the Guatemala syphilis study, Cutler was asked by the World Health Organization to head an India-based program for ... "Guatemala syphilis experiments: why the US's apology may not be enough". The Guardian. 2010-10-08. Retrieved 2022-04-28. "U.S. ... The Guatemala syphilis experiments were United States-led human experiments conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. The ...
Syphilis prevalance dropped to an all time low by 1955. A total of 6993 cases of primary and secondary syphilis were recorded ... By 1956, congenital syphilis had been almost eliminated, and female cases of acquired syphilis had been reduced to a hundredth ... 1994) "Syphilis in Eastern Europe: Historical and Paleopathological Evidence." In L'Origine de la syphilis en Europe: avant ou ... Fracastor, Hieronymus (1911). Syphilis. The Philmar Company. "Syphilis". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2001. Cassar, Charles ( ...
However, their usefulness is limited by decreased sensitivity in early primary syphilis and during late syphilis, when a large ... Larsen SA, Pope V, Johnson RE, Kennedy EJ Jr (1998). A Aanual of Tests for Syphilis (9th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public ... A nontreponemal test (NTT) is a blood test for diagnosis of infection with syphilis. Nontreponemal tests are an indirect method ... Miller, JN (1975). "Value and limitations of nontreponemal and treponemal tests in the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis". ...
The Wassermann test for syphilis and the anti-syphilis drug Salvarsan were developed soon after. In 1956, Pyotr Vasilievich ... ISBN 978-94-012-0976-2. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syphilis. Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition- libraries (Pages ... the spread of syphilis in the area was caused primarily by sexual activity. The organism causing syphilis was identified in ... The Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition was a joint Soviet and German expedition that took place in 1928. It comprised eight ...
Maupassant died at age 43 of syphilis he had acquired 16 years previously. (Bruno Halioua, "Comment la syphilis emporta ... Mental illness caused by late-stage syphilis was once a common form of dementia. This was known as the general paresis of the ... This is a list of famous historical figures diagnosed with or strongly suspected as having had syphilis at some time. Many ... An encounter with a Jewish prostitute in Vienna in 1908 may have given Hitler neuro-syphilis and provided the 'deadly logic and ...
Africa portal Epidemiology of syphilis HIV/AIDS in Africa Rothschild, B. M. (15 May 2005). "History of Syphilis". Clinical ... Treponemal diseases, which include syphilis, most likely originated in East Africa. Where syphilis itself first emerged is ... Syphilis is a severe public health issue in developing countries. Over 10 million people are afflicted, mainly in sub-Saharan ... "Syphilis - Its early history and Treatment until Penicillin and the Debate on its Origins". JMVH. 20 (4). Retrieved 5 November ...
... can refer to: Guatemala syphilis experiments Terre Haute prison ... Syphilis Study This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title United States Public Health Service Syphilis ... Syphilis, Tuskegee University, United States Public Health Service, Medical experimentation on prisoners, 1946 in Guatemala, ...
... des accidents consécutifs de la syphilis,". A detailed account of how Bouly re-infected a woman with syphilis appeared in the ... Annales des Maladies de la Peau et de la Syphilis was a French medical journal established in 1843 by Pierre Cazenave. In 1844 ... Annales des maladies de la peau et de la syphilis (in French). Vol. 4. Chez Labé. 1852. (CS1 German-language sources (de), ... Annales des Maladies de la Peau et de la Syphilis was established in 1843 by the French dermatologist Pierre Louis Alphée ...
A high incidence of syphilis can be found in places such as Cameroon, Cambodia, Papua New Guinea. Syphilis infections are ... increases in confirmed cases of gonorrhoea and syphilis. Since 2008 syphilis cases have risen by 148%, from 2,874 to 7,137, ... Syphilis is an STI caused by a bacterium. Untreated, it can lead to complications and death. Clinical manifestations of ... "Syphilis". Who.int. Archived from the original on 30 October 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2013. Clement ME, Okeke NL, Hicks CB ( ...
Syphilis. The third stage of syphilis also manifests as aneurysm of the aorta, which is due to loss of the vasa vasorum in the ... and tertiary syphilis infection.: 602 Connective tissue disorders such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and certain ... Advanced syphilis infection resulting in syphilitic aortitis and an aortic aneurysm Tuberculosis, causing Rasmussen's aneurysms ...
Hutchinson, J. (1913). "Ophthalmoplegia externa in connection with inherited syphilis". Syphilis. Funk & Wagnalls Co. pp. 483- ...
The reaction was first seen following treatment in early and later stages of syphilis treated with Salvarsan, mercury, or ... The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is traditionally associated with antimicrobial treatment of syphilis. The reaction is also seen ... Lukehart, Sheila A. (2017). "Syphilis". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3 ed ... Jarisch A (1895). "Therapeutische Versuche bei Syphilis". Wien Med Wochenschr. 45: 721-42. Herxheimer K, Krause D (1902). " ...
... which causes bejel or endemic syphilis T. p. pertenue, which causes yaws The three subspecies causing yaws, bejel, and syphilis ... is a spirochaete bacterium with various subspecies that cause the diseases syphilis, bejel (also known as endemic syphilis), ... a Road Map for Deconvolution of Syphilis Pathogenesis and Development of a Syphilis Vaccine". Journal of Bacteriology. 203 (15 ... No vaccine for syphilis is available as of 2023. The outer membrane of T. pallidum has too few surface proteins for an antibody ...
She is best known for publishing the news of the Tuskegee syphilis study in 1972, and reporting that the claims by the United ... Heller, Jean (July 26, 1972). "Syphilis . While Jean Heller published the story, it was social worker Peter Buxtun, a former ... Breed, Allen G (2022-07-25). "How an AP reporter broke the Tuskegee syphilis story". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2022-07-25. Brown, ... people enrolled in the Tuskegee study had been deliberately denied treatment for syphilis. Years later, Heller called the story ...
... s transmit syphilis through direct physical contact. These ulcers usually form on or around the anus, mouth, penis and ... A chancre (/ˈʃæŋkər/ SHANG-kər) is a painless genital ulcer most commonly formed during the primary stage of syphilis. This ... Not to be confused with condylomata lata, which is seen in secondary syphilis The word "chancre" (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃kʁ ... "Syphilis". Goldman's Cecil Medicine. pp. e157-e163. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1604-7.00569-8. ISBN 978-1-4377-1604-7. "Chancroid ...
The RPR test is an effective screening test, as it is very good at detecting syphilis in people without symptoms. As a result, ... 2006). "Syphilis". Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics. pp. 631-644. ... It is one of several nontreponemal tests for syphilis (along with the Wassermann test and the VDRL test). The term reagin means ... Another test often used to screen for syphilis is the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) slide test. However, the RPR ...
Syphilis; the prevalence of which is on the rise, is another of the "great imitators", which if left untreated can progress to ... Owing to current epidemiological data and difficulties in diagnosing syphilis, routine screening tests in the psychiatric field ...
It is also effective for lowering the risk of syphilis, chlamydia and pubic lice. The lack of a more precise definition of ... ". "Syphilis". Health and Human Services. 17 August 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the ...
Berndtson died in 1895 of a "degenerative ailment"; possibly syphilis.[citation needed] He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery ...
One of his major research areas was on syphilis in children on which he wrote several papers, and culminated in publication of ... F.J.G.J (1955). "Book Review: Congenital Syphilis". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 48 (3): 225. doi:10.1177/ ... Nabarro, D. (1933). "Third-Generation Syphilis". The British Journal of Venereal Diseases. 9 (1): 1-30. doi:10.1136/sti.9.1.1. ... Nabarro, D. (1931). "Some Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Inherited Syphilis". The British Journal of Venereal ...
... syphilis; M3 - drug-induced lupus erythematosus; M6 - drug-induced hepatitis; M7 - cardiomyopathy, myocarditis; M5 - systemic ...
Unusual conditions that can be associated with a lichenoid inflammatory cell infiltrate are HIV dermatitis, syphilis, mycosis ... Assoc Prof Patrick Emanuel (2013). "Syphilis pathology". Dermnet NZ. Wilson, Thomas C.; Legler, Allison; Madison, Kathi C.; ...
On syphilis; De radice chinœ liber, quo probatur diversam esse ab apio, Toulouse, 1554, in-8°; Vera medendi methodus, duobus ...
In syphilis, the gumma is caused by a reaction to spirochaete bacteria in the tissue. It appears to be the human body's way to ... Syphilis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. ... A gumma (plural gummata or gummas) is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis (and yaws). It ... it is a unique immune response that develops in humans after the immune system fails to kill off syphilis.[citation needed] The ...
Syphilis is a priority for NIAID. Our research aims to develop better ways to diagnose and treat it. Tens of thousands people ... Syphilis can cause long-term health complications if left untreated.. Why Is the Study of Syphilis a Priority for NIAID?. An ... In addition, HIV infection and syphilis are linked. Syphilis increases the risk of transmitting as well as acquiring HIV. ... Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted from person to ...
What is syphilis? How common is syphilis? How do people get syphilis? And more... ... Latent syphilis can last for years.. Tertiary Syphilis. Tertiary syphilis is rare and develops in a subset of untreated ... Syphilis can cause serious health effects without adequate treatment.. How common is syphilis?. Syphilis case reports continue ... Late latent syphilis is latent syphilis where infection occurs more than 12 months ago. Latent syphilis of unknown duration is ...
Osler stated that, "syphilis is no respecter of age, sex, or station in life." It was true then. Until 60 years ago it was part ... Yet the incidence of both early infectious syphilis and later manifestations are increasing throughout the world for many ...
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It causes sores on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. Read about testing, prevention, ... Syphilis (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Syphilis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also ... Syphilis (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) * Syphilis Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and ... In rare cases, syphilis causes serious health problems and even death.. Syphilis is easy to cure with antibiotics if you catch ...
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that is most often spread through sexual contact. ... Syphilis is a bacterial infection that is most often spread through sexual contact. ... Primary syphilis; Secondary syphilis; Late syphilis; Tertiary syphilis; Treponema - syphilis; Lues; Sexually transmitted ... Tertiary syphilis (the late phase of the illness). Secondary syphilis, tertiary syphilis, and congenital syphilis are not seen ...
1988)‎. SYPHILIS = SYPHILIS. Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 63 (‎23)‎, 174 - 175. https ...
Syphilis is transmissible by sexual contact with infectious lesions, from mother to fetus in utero, via blood product ... Syphilis is an infectious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. ... Syphilis, a reportable disease, is tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Syphilis has an extensive ... Syphilis. These photographs show close-up images of gummas observed in tertiary syphilis. Used with permission from Wisdom A. ...
Syphilis is an STI caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. It is spread through direct contact with the sores or lesions that ... Most often, syphilis is treated with penicillin given by a shot. This treatment has been proven effective in teenagers and ... The treatment of syphilis with penicillin can resolve the infection. Patients should have blood tests to confirm that the ... A pregnant woman with syphilis can spread the disease to her fetus through the placenta or during birth. It can result in ...
Find articles about Congenital Syphilis from the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal at CDC. ... Congenital Syphilis Spotlight. Congenital syphilis (CS) is a disease that occurs when a mother with syphilis passes the ... Congenital Syphilis as a Measure of Maternal and Child Healthcare, Brazil Maria Lusia de Morais Belo Bezerra et al. Volume 25, ... Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016-2022 Manuela Staneva et al. Volume 29, Number 10-October 2023 Managing ...
1973)‎. SYPHILIS = SYPHILIS. Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 48 (‎41)‎, 400. https:// ...
Surveillance for Geographic and Secular Trends in Congenital Syphilis -- United States, 1983-1991 ... CS=Congenital syphilis. P&S syphilis=Primary and secondary syphilis ... Rates of congenital syphilis, by region -- United States, 1983-91. Figure 3. Comparison of the rates of congenital syphilis ... Rates of congenital syphilis, by region -- United States, 1983-91. Comparison of the rates of congenital syphilis reported the ...
Today, one baby is born every hour with congenital syphilis, which can cause irreversible birth defects." Having syphilis also ... is the English translation of the Mandarin term for syphilis. The program provides free rapid testing for syphilis and HIV in ... Investigating syphilis in China August 2010 , Volume 9, Issue 4 Focus on Scholars & Fellows. *Building global health leaders ... "Syphilis was virtually eliminated in China 50 years ago," says Tucker, "Now, it is growing at a rate faster than in any other ...
... causes syphilis via sexual exposure or via vertical transmission during pregnancy. T. pallidum is renowned for its invasiveness ... Here, we show early syphilis (including primary, secondary and early latent infections; infectious syphilis) and late syphilis ... Syphilis Rosanna W Peeling 1 , David Mabey 1 , Mary L Kamb 2 , Xiang-Sheng Chen 3 , Justin D Radolf 4 , Adele S Benzaken 5 ... C , Secondary syphilis in a pregnant woman, who has palmar rash. D , Secondary syphilis as palmar rash. E , 3-month old baby ...
People with tertiary syphilis are not infectious. Gummatous syphilis or late benign syphilis usually occurs 1 to 46 years after ... In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non- ... Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases. Syphilis is most ... As of 2014, syphilis infections continue to increase in the United States. In the United States as of 2020, rates of syphilis ...
Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which belongs to the Spirochaetaceae family. The genus name, ... Age disparities in syphilis rates. Adolescent and young adults are most at risk for syphilis, due to sexual and other risk- ... Endemic syphilis (bejel), caused by T pallidum endemicum (Go to Endemic Syphilis for more complete information on this topic.) ... Early latent syphilis (ie, duration , 1 y) is when the recurrent lesions of secondary syphilis are most likely to occur. No ...
... Although the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States steadily ... syphilis among women of childbearing age may eventually prevent more cases of congenital syphilis. ... Primary and secondary syphilis rates continue to be higher in large urban areas than in less populated ones. In 1983, 63 cities ... Early congenital syphilis (CS) among children under 1 year of age still contributes to neonatal morbidity. The number of cases ...
Eliminating syphilis -- Arkansas Cite CITE. Title : Eliminating syphilis -- Arkansas Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for ... Eliminating syphilis -- California Cite CITE. Title : Eliminating syphilis -- California Corporate Authors(s) : National Center ... Title : Eliminating syphilis -- Delaware Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention (U.S.). ... Syphilis Elimination Effort. Published Date : July 2005 Series : Syphilis Elimination Effort URL : https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/ ...
Facebook has contributed to a resurgence in the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis, a health expert has claimed. ... Facebook linked to rise in syphilis. Facebook has contributed to a resurgence in the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis, a ... He said: "Syphilis is a devastating disease. Anyone who has unprotected sex with casual partners is at high risk. ... In Teesside there were 30 recorded cases of syphilis last year, but the true figures are expected to be much higher. ...
Advancing Development of Diagnostics for Congenital and Adult Acquired Syphilis (R21 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) RFA-AI-23-039 ... Syphilis is an sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterial pathogen Treponema pallidum. The number of syphilis ... Applications concerning congenital syphilis would be of highest programmatic priority but efforts on adult acquired syphilis ... Therefore, urgent efforts are needed to design and implement control and preventive measures for syphilis. Suboptimal syphilis ...
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease. It causes sores on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. Read about testing, prevention, ... Syphilis (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Syphilis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also ... Syphilis (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) * Syphilis Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and ... In rare cases, syphilis causes serious health problems and even death.. Syphilis is easy to cure with antibiotics if you catch ...
Learn more about syphilis causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. ... Syphilis is a highly contagious disease usually spread by sexual activity. ... Syphilis Symptoms. Syphilis infection has three stages:. Early or primary syphilis. People with primary syphilis get one or ... Syphilis Causes. Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. You get it through direct contact with a syphilis sore ...
Washington Offices and Barbara Jordan Conference Center: 1330 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 , Phone 202-347-5270 www.kff.org , Email Alerts: kff.org/email , facebook.com/KFF , twitter.com/kff. The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news, KFF is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. ...
Articles tagged Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments. CDC director blasted for tweet honoring victims sacrifice in infamous ... Mass marketing cant erase the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, mass sterilization camps, or botched vaccine and birth control ... Tuskegee syphilis study Tomorrow, I will be joined by colleagues & #PublicHealth leaders as we honor the 623 African American ...
Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and Otic Syphilis Among Persons with HIV Infection. All persons with HIV and syphilis ... Persons with HIV and latent syphilis should be treated similarly to persons who do not have HIV (see Latent Syphilis). ... Recommended Regimen for Late Latent Syphilis or Latent Syphilis of Unknown Duration Among Persons with HIV Infection ... See Syphilis, Management of Sex Partners.. Special Considerations. Penicillin Allergy. Persons with HIV who are allergic to ...
The National roadmap for elimination of mother- to- child (vertical) transmission of HIV and Syphilis was launched in 2020 and ... Namibias path to triple elimination status of mother-to-child transmission (eMTCT) of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus ( ... Namibias path to triple elimination status of mother-to-child transmission (eMTCT) of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus ( ... Namibias path to triple elimination status of mother-to-child transmission (eMTCT) of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B virus ( ...
... syphilis and HBV among women of childbearing age; ANC for HIV, syphilis and HBV; prompt linkage to care for pregnant women who ... The success of Oman in achieving EMTCT of HIV and syphilis should be seen more as the culmination of 3 decades of progress in ... Keywords: HIV/AIDS, mother-to-child transmission, syphilis, Oman. Citation: Elgalib A, Lau R, Al-Habsi Z, Shah S, Al-Rawahi B, ... Screening for syphilis (1990) and HIV (2009) were incorporated at ANC booking (5,6), with consistently good coverage over the ...
The most common procedures are serologic tests for syphilis, or STS, carried out on a sample of blood serum. The STS are based ... There are several laboratory procedures for the detection of syphilis. ... on their ability to detect syphilis reagin (an antibody-like substance) by initiating its reaction with an antigen to produce ... and for this reason syphilis is no longer the lifelong affliction it once was. However, in curing late-stage syphilis, nothing ...
Syphilis - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Syphilis can also be spread in other ways. It can infect a fetus during pregnancy Syphilis in Newborns Syphilis is an infection ... Syphilis-Secondary: Rash on the Back. During the secondary stage of syphilis, a widespread rash may appear. The spots may be ... Syphilis-Secondary: Causing a Rash on the Soles. During the secondary stage of syphilis, a widespread rash may appear. Unlike ...
  • Tertiary syphilis is rare and develops in a subset of untreated syphilis infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms of tertiary syphilis vary depending on the organ system affected. (cdc.gov)
  • Secondary syphilis, tertiary syphilis, and congenital syphilis are not seen as often in the United States because of education, screening, and treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But, during this time, it may be damaging organs leading to tertiary syphilis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tertiary syphilis develops in untreated people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In particular, the extremely variable manifestations of tertiary syphilis produce an extremely broad differential diagnosis, and care must be taken to consider syphilis in cardiac, dermatologic, and neurologic disorders as is relevant. (medscape.com)
  • The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). (wikipedia.org)
  • Syphilis can present in one of four different stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary, and may also occur congenitally. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, tertiary syphilis may involve any organ system. (medscape.com)
  • what follows is late syphilis, which may be either asymptomatic (ie, late latent) or symptomatic (ie, tertiary). (medscape.com)
  • Tertiary syphilis can manifest in various ways. (medscape.com)
  • If left untreated for years, the most lethal form of syphilis -- tertiary syphilis -- occurs. (askmen.com)
  • If left untreated, the infection will progress to the tertiary stage of syphilis. (medhelp.org)
  • Tertiary syphilis is rare and develops in untreated infection. (medhelp.org)
  • Tertiary syphilis is fatal. (medhelp.org)
  • Some people who have never received treatment may enter the tertiary stage of syphilis 10 to 20 years after they were first infected. (toronto.ca)
  • The tertiary stage of syphilis can cause serious heart, brain, liver, eye and bone disease. (toronto.ca)
  • Tertiary or late syphilis can affect many organs in the body. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • The final and most life threatening stage is tertiary syphilis. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • The symptoms of late congenital syphilis are analogous to tertiary syphilis in the adult. (logicalimages.com)
  • The three other stages of syphilis are: secondary, latent and tertiary. (kfmx.com)
  • Note: Nontreponemal testing may have a false-negative result during primary syphilis in the very early stages or tertiary syphilis in the very late stages. (soflanights.com)
  • Developing better ways to diagnose and treat syphilis is an important research goal of scientists supported by NIAID. (nih.gov)
  • To treat syphilis during pregnancy, penicillin is the drug of choice. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For centuries physicians had used mercury and a variety of other compounds to treat syphilis without great success. (nih.gov)
  • It is important to treat syphilis as early as possible. (toronto.ca)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Males and MSM with HIV presented high rates of syphilis coinfection and reinfection suggesting persistent high-risk sexual behaviors and the need for appropriate intervention strategies in order to early detect and treat syphilis avoiding life-threatening complications and the spread of the infection in the community. (minervamedica.it)
  • As a consequence of the reemergence of syphilis among the population of reproductive age, it is necessary to address and treat syphilis in various population groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A single chancre marks the onset of the primary (first) stage of syphilis, but there may be multiple sores. (cdc.gov)
  • The latent (hidden) stage of syphilis is a period when there are no visible signs or symptoms of syphilis. (cdc.gov)
  • The early stage of syphilis usually causes a single, small, painless sore. (nih.gov)
  • which affects the brain and spinal cord) can develop during any stage of syphilis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This secondary stage of syphilis typically occurs anywhere from six weeks to six months after exposure. (askmen.com)
  • A single, firm, painless sore or chancre marks the primary (first) stage of syphilis. (medhelp.org)
  • Several weeks after the primary (first) stage of syphilis, the infection can affect other parts of your body. (bupa.co.uk)
  • The next stage of syphilis is a latent (hidden) phase. (bupa.co.uk)
  • In the late stage of syphilis, the infection causes more serious health problems. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Symptoms during the secondary stage of syphilis include skin rash, swollen lymph nodes and fever. (kfmx.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year 55,400 people in the United States get new syphilis infections. (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis, a reportable disease, is tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
  • In 2019, almost 130,000 new cases of syphilis were reported in the United States according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (greatist.com)
  • But more than 3,700 babies were born with syphilis in the US in 2022, a 32% increase from the year before and a tenfold, or 1,000%, rise since 2012, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Tuesday. (cnn.com)
  • To evaluate prospectively the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended regimens for the treatment of antepartum syphilis and prevention of congenital syphilis. (nih.gov)
  • Using the most up-to-date Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) data, they show how every state has seen a spike in cases of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that can lead to organ damage, and gonorrhea, an STD that can cause infertility, between 2017 and 2021. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • New data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that syphilis is at its highest rate since 1996. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • NIAID-funded researchers have sequenced the genetic blueprint, or genome, of the bacterium that causes syphilis. (nih.gov)
  • Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum) causes syphilis via sexual exposure or via vertical transmission during pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • What causes syphilis? (bupa.co.uk)
  • Early latent syphilis is latent syphilis where infection occurs within the past 12 months. (cdc.gov)
  • Late latent syphilis is latent syphilis where infection occurs more than 12 months ago. (cdc.gov)
  • Latent syphilis of unknown duration is when there is not enough evidence to confirm initial infection was within the previous 12 months. (cdc.gov)
  • Latent syphilis can last for years. (cdc.gov)
  • In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Late latent syphilis is associated with resistance to both reinfection and relapse. (medscape.com)
  • The percentage of late and late latent syphilis cases reported has also declined from 59% in 1969 to 24% in 1983. (cdc.gov)
  • Latent syphilis. (webmd.com)
  • and late latent syphilis, 136 of 136. (nih.gov)
  • This includes primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis. (soflanights.com)
  • CDC recommends three doses of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G at weekly intervals for late latent syphilis or latent syphilis of unknown duration. (soflanights.com)
  • Treponema pallidum , the bacteria that cause syphilis. (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum . (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum . (cdc.gov)
  • Syphilis is an STI caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria. (healthychildren.org)
  • Other diseases caused by Treponema bacteria include yaws (T. pallidum subspecies pertenue), pinta (T. carateum), and nonvenereal endemic syphilis (T. pallidum subspecies endemicum). (wikipedia.org)
  • Syphilis is an infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which belongs to the Spirochaetaceae family. (medscape.com)
  • The purpose of this Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) is to develop new and advance existing diagnostics for congenital and adult acquired syphilis infections by leveraging recent advances in Treponema pallidum basic research and broader infectious disease diagnostic innovations. (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis is an sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterial pathogen Treponema pallidum . (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum . (webmd.com)
  • Syphilis in Newborns Syphilis is an infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Syphilis is caused by an organism called Treponema pallidum. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • Current case definition for Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) . (mn.us)
  • On the other hand, despite a potentially dire prognosis, the treatment for syphilis is simple, safe and pain free. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Additionally, implementing State Plan Amendments (SPA) to expand Medicaid postpartum coverage can allow coverage of postpartum treatment for syphilis. (astho.org)
  • The CDC reported possible issues accessing enough penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin L-A®) - the first-line recommended treatment for syphilis. (mn.us)
  • What is the fastest treatment for syphilis? (soflanights.com)
  • In 2010, a clinical trial found that antibiotic pills (azithromycin) are as effective as penicillin injections for curing early-stage syphilis. (nih.gov)
  • Most often, syphilis is treated with penicillin given by a shot. (healthychildren.org)
  • The treatment of syphilis with penicillin can resolve the infection. (healthychildren.org)
  • In 1992, more than 40 years since the introduction of penicillin, congenital syphilis (CS) should have been a disease of the past. (cdc.gov)
  • The infection is largely preventable if pregnant women are tested for syphilis and, if found to be infected, treated with penicillin early in pregnancy (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • Despite the widespread availability of penicillin and serologic tests for syphilis, CS continues to be a public health problem. (cdc.gov)
  • Syphilis was virtually eliminated in China 50 years ago," says Tucker, "Now, it is growing at a rate faster than in any other country since the introduction of penicillin. (nih.gov)
  • Despite the availability of simple diagnostic tests and the effectiveness of treatment with a single dose of long-acting penicillin, syphilis is re-emerging as a global public health problem, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in high-income and middle-income countries. (nih.gov)
  • Penicillin remains the drug of choice to treat all stages of syphilis (see Treatment and Management, as well as Medications ). (medscape.com)
  • Available data demonstrate that additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in primary and secondary syphilis among persons with HIV infection do not result in enhanced efficacy ( 592 , 593 , 609 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The majority of persons with HIV infection respond appropriately to the recommended benzathine penicillin G treatment regimen for primary and secondary syphilis ( 626 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Injections of penicillin or other antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin are very effective at killing the spirochetes and stopping the course of the disease at any stage, and for this reason syphilis is no longer the lifelong affliction it once was. (britannica.com)
  • When many people think of syphilis, they tend to associate it with a disease prevalent pre-1940, in an era where antibiotics such as penicillin had yet to be discovered. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Treatment included 2.4 million units of intramuscular (IM) benzathine penicillin G for primary, secondary, or early latent (less than 1 year) syphilis. (nih.gov)
  • Women with late latent (uncertain or longer than 1 year) syphilis were treated with 7.2 million units of benzathine penicillin G IM over 3 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • If you think of syphilis as a historic disease , you're not alone-the prevalance of the sexually-transmitted infection fell dramatically with the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • A single injection of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G can cure the early stages of syphilis. (soflanights.com)
  • Early syphilis can be cured, sometimes with a single shot (injection) of penicillin. (soflanights.com)
  • How long does it take for penicillin to cure syphilis? (soflanights.com)
  • During 2021, there were 176,713 new cases of syphilis (all stages). (cdc.gov)
  • They account for 36 percent of all primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases in the 2021 STD Surveillance Report . (cdc.gov)
  • Final 2021 data show more than 2,800 cases of congenital syphilis. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC reported over 176,000 cases of syphilis in the U.S. in 2021, which is a 74% increase from 2017, and there was also a 203% rise in cases of congenital syphilis over this time period. (nih.gov)
  • In 2021, the rate of syphilis in the U.S. reached 51.5 cases per 100,000 people, the highest rate since 1990. (webmd.com)
  • Black men specifically had the highest rate of syphilis in the U.S. in 2021, followed by American Indian or Alaska Native men. (webmd.com)
  • In women, American Indian and Alaska Native people had the highest rate of syphilis in 2021. (webmd.com)
  • In 2021, 95% of reported syphilis cases were in cisgender people, while 0.1% were in transgender men, and 1.2%, were in transgender women. (webmd.com)
  • SYPHILIS: The above maps show the % change in syphilis cases between 2017 and 2021 (left) and the infection rate by state (right). (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Syphilis cases rose in all but two states between 2017 and 2021 - and more than doubled in over half of them. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The new CDC: Preliminary 2021 Data: Syphilis highlights the urgency of continuously increasing reported cases of syphilis nationwide, and in Minnesota ( Syphilis Outbreak Response and Case Counts ). (mn.us)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and CDC currently recommend universal first trimester screening and additional screening for those who are at risk or live in areas of high rates of syphilis. (astho.org)
  • Overall, infection rates of syphilis have surged 70 percent across the US since 2017. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The symptoms of secondary syphilis will go away with or without treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • The symptoms of secondary syphilis start 4 to 8 weeks after the primary syphilis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As with primary syphilis, symptoms of secondary syphilis will get better without treatment. (webmd.com)
  • Congenital syphilis (CS) is a disease that occurs when a mother with syphilis passes the infection on to her baby during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Access to and use of prenatal care by women at high risk for syphilis may have decreased during the 1980s, thus reducing their chances of receiving adequate treatment during pregnancy (6). (cdc.gov)
  • It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or at birth, resulting in congenital syphilis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The CDC says women should be tested for syphilis at least once during pregnancy. (webmd.com)
  • Last week, Dr Gail Bolan discussed the rise of congenital syphilis in the US and the dangers of syphilis infection during pregnancy. (sermo.com)
  • The grim reality is that nearly 90% of these newborn syphilis cases in 2022 could have been prevented through timely testing and treatment during pregnancy. (wreg.com)
  • and - offer syphilis screening to sexually active women and their partners prior to pregnancy. (wreg.com)
  • Rates of congenital syphilis (CS)-when an infant contracts the disease during pregnancy or birth-are continuing to climb at an alarming rate in the United States. (astho.org)
  • ASTHO's Congenital Syphilis Technical Package focuses on policy-level interventions that states and territories can pursue starting in pregnancy. (astho.org)
  • Testing pregnant people for syphilis at three points of pregnancy-first and third trimesters and at delivery-is an evidence-based approach to reduce CS. (astho.org)
  • Jurisdictions can increase syphilis screening of pregnant people by modifying their laws to require screening at three points during pregnancy. (astho.org)
  • This infection can be transmitted during pregnancy, causing neonatal syphilis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Your child and his sexual partner(s) should be tested for syphilis as well as other STIs such as gonorrhea and chlamydial, hepatitis B, and HIV infections. (healthychildren.org)
  • Being granted entree into the small, exclusive network of researchers studying sexually transmitted infections in China was one of the most important benefits of Dr. Joseph Tucker's Fogarty Fellowship and allowed him to make quick progress in his syphilis project. (nih.gov)
  • In 2015, about 45.4 million people had syphilis infections, of which six million were new cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using condoms during genital sex can help prevent passing syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from one person to another. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Unlike most other STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections), the age range of the most people affected skewed higher than the early 20s crowd -- with 24- to 29-year-olds in the lead for having the most reported cases of syphilis in the U.S. (askmen.com)
  • In relation to other STIs such as chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhoea and genital herpes, syphilis is one of the less common infections seen within western society and indeed first world countries in general. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • In the world today, it is far more likely to see syphilis infections in countries of the developing world, with especially high rates being seen in the continents of Africa and Asia. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • In the UK, homosexual males have the highest rate of syphilis infections in comparison to heterosexuals and homosexual women. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • It is the younger generation that have the highest rate of syphilis infections, with contraction rates in women between the ages of 20 to 24 and from 25 to 30 in men being at a peak. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Serologic tests that are reactive for syphilis can also be attributed to other non-syphilis treponemal infections, or acquired syphilis . (logicalimages.com)
  • Syphilis - and especially congenital syphilis - is the canary in the coal mine for a devastating and out-of-control epidemic of sexually transmitted infections in the US,' added David Harvey, the National Coalition of STD directors' executive director. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • As officials continue to search for the reasons behind the surge in syphilis infections, the CDC is trying to spread the word about how risky sexually transmitted diseases can be-and how prevalent they really are. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Reasons for scarcity of the long-acting injectable antibiotic include increasing demand because of the rising number of syphilis infections. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Syphilis represents a major public health concern disproportionately affecting HIV positive patients and, in many cases, both infections are newly diagnosed at the same time. (minervamedica.it)
  • Several hours after getting treatment for the early stages of syphilis, people may experience the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Syphilis-especially in its later stages-can have numerous and complex manifestations and may resemble a number of other diseases. (medscape.com)
  • When left untreated, syphilis is a lifelong infection that progresses in 3 clear characteristic stages. (medscape.com)
  • Salvarsan and other arsenical drugs indeed represented a significant advance in syphilis therapy and became the standard treatm ent for the disease.1 But although the arsenicals could produce a cure, at least in the early stages of syphilis, there were significant drawbacks to their use. (nih.gov)
  • Syphilis is highly contagious during the primary and secondary stages. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In fact, depending on how long the disease is left untreated, syphilis morphs into three different types, or "stages," which vary in severity of symptoms. (askmen.com)
  • In an adult, syphilis presents in three stages. (medhelp.org)
  • Syphilis is an STI that, if left untreated, can span decades and progress through multiple stages of infection. (greatist.com)
  • Syphilis has different symptoms at different stages. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Syphilis has three stages of infection and can be diagnosed and treated at any of these stages. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • Quite often, individuals who are carrying a current syphilis infection may be completely unaware of it because in the very early stages either no symptoms or symptoms that are so unnoticeable and causing little discomfort may be present. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • A syphilis infection transits through three different stages. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Even more concerning is a sharp uptick in syphilis between 2012 and 2013, with a 13.1 percent spike in cases of all stages of syphilis in just one year. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis, and otosyphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurologic, ocular, and other signs and symptoms among persons with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Enter ocular syphilis - a clinical manifestation that can occur at any stage of the disease. (sermo.com)
  • Now that you've had a brief refresher on syphilis basics and a quick overview of ocular syphilis, we'll spend our final week digging into a few real-life case studies. (sermo.com)
  • CDC information for clinicians about ocular syphilis and screening for visual complaints in any patient at risk for syphilis. (mn.us)
  • Syphilis can cause long-term health complications if left untreated. (nih.gov)
  • And when it does go unnoticed, or when left untreated after initial symptoms subside, primary syphilis morphs into the next, more painful phase. (askmen.com)
  • If syphilis is left untreated very serious complications can occur, some of which are potentially life threatening. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease that if left untreated, can be harmful and cause serious long-term health consequences. (mn.us)
  • Certain conditions and activities (risk factors) increase the risk of getting syphilis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The decrease in the national incidence of reported syphilis cases may represent, in part, a response to public health recommendations to decrease risks of sexually transmitted diseases (2). (cdc.gov)
  • The sores caused by syphilis make it easier to get or give someone HIV during sex. (nih.gov)
  • The first signs of infection, primary syphilis, begin with painless sores (chancres) on the skin or the lining of the genitals. (healthychildren.org)
  • Secretions from sores can be examined under the microscope for the syphilis bacteria to provide further evidence of the infection. (healthychildren.org)
  • People with primary syphilis get one or more sores called chancres. (webmd.com)
  • People can sometimes get syphilis by contact with infected skin sores. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Primary syphilis is the stage of the disease discussed previously, where painless sores present themselves depending where the point of contact is, explains Dr. Tanya Kormeili , MD, board-certified dermatologist in Santa Monica. (askmen.com)
  • Since syphilis is an STI, it's transmitted through intercourse -- but it's really contact with the sores that result in the spreading of the infection from person to person. (askmen.com)
  • You get syphilis by being exposed to someone who has open sores, as opposed to genital herpes which can be transmitted without any open sores," explains Dr. James Wantuck, MD of PlushCare . (askmen.com)
  • Sores, called chancres, caused by syphilis are typically painless and may go unnoticed. (medhelp.org)
  • These sores are usually painless, with a round morphology and they are highly infectious, meaning at this stage it is incredibly easy to spread the syphilis infection. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Primary syphilis sores gradually disappear and this make take anywhere up to six weeks after initial infection. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • A person with primary syphilis generally has a sore or sores at the original site of infection. (soflanights.com)
  • Primary syphilis presents with a painless sore, usually at the site of infection, but which can appear anywhere. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
  • However, the bacteria cannot survive long outside the human body so syphilis is not spread through contact with objects (such as toilet seats, door handles) that have been touched by a person with syphilis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacteria," explains Dr. Amesh Adalja , MD, infectious disease physician at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. (askmen.com)
  • Because the symptoms of syphilis clear up on their own over time, it makes it easy for the disease to go untreated -- which can leave both men and women infected with the bacteria to face more extreme complications as time goes on. (askmen.com)
  • After the initial infection, the syphilis bacteria can remain inactive in the body for decades before becoming active again. (soflanights.com)
  • Because people may be unaware that they are infected with syphilis, many states require tests for syphilis before marriage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common procedures are serologic tests for syphilis, or STS, carried out on a sample of blood serum . (britannica.com)
  • Let's have a look at the best at-home screening tests for syphilis. (greatist.com)
  • Follow-up blood tests for syphilis are very important. (toronto.ca)
  • Which one of the following statements about available screening tests for syphilis is correct? (aafp.org)
  • 2. The correct answer is C . There are a number of screening tests for syphilis. (aafp.org)
  • METHODS: Patients newly diagnosed with HIV in 2010-2018 were included in the study and screening tests for syphilis were performed at baseline and at least once a year. (minervamedica.it)
  • However, the infection will progress to the secondary stage if the person with syphilis does not receive treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • All sexual partners of the person with syphilis should also be treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In addition, HIV infection and syphilis are linked. (nih.gov)
  • Certain studies have demonstrated that among persons with HIV infection and syphilis, CSF abnormalities are associated with a CD4 + T-cell count of ≤350 cells/mL or an RPR titer of ≥1:32 ( 614 , 627 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Between January 1989 and December 1991, health workers took blood samples from 4883 pregnant women attending the Nairobi City Commission's Langata Clinic in Nairobi, Kenya to determine demographic factors and indicators of sexual behavior to explain the increase in HIV-1 infection and syphilis among these women of low socioeconomic status. (nih.gov)
  • These results verified the link between HIV-1 infection and syphilis and their rapid rise among women in low risk groups. (nih.gov)
  • Failure to prevent transmission of syphilis to the fetus often has devastating consequences: an estimated 40% of pregnancies among women who have untreated early syphilis will result in perinatal death (3). (cdc.gov)
  • The risk of sexual transmission of syphilis can be reduced by using a latex or polyurethane condom. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Facebook spokesman said: "The assertion that Facebook is responsible for the transmission of syphilis is ridiculous. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • There have been incidences of transmission of syphilis through infected blood. (medhelp.org)
  • If you are pregnant, syphilis can cause complications, or you could lose your baby. (nih.gov)
  • Persons with HIV infection who have early syphilis might be at increased risk for neurologic complications ( 623 ) and might have higher rates of inadequate serologic response with recommended regimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Pre-1940, it was common for individuals with a syphilis infection to die an unpleasant death due to the complications of long term syphilis illness, with problems such as blindness, brain damage, mental health difficulties and joint inflammation being common place. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • A retrospective record review of reported early syphilis cases (less than 1 year's duration) between 2016 and 2018 in the Indianapolis area was conducted to determine the extent of new HIV diagnoses, retention in HIV care, and other evidence-based HIV prevention interventions occurring after provision of syphilis partner services. (nih.gov)
  • This study aims to describe the temporal trend of gestational syphilis from 2008 to 2018 in Brazilian regions and to associate its detection rate with socioeconomic and health care indicators. (mdpi.com)
  • In 2010, 50% of Mexican states did not report cases of congenital syphilis, but in 2018, only 10% did not report cases of congenital syphilis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On 28 September 2022, WHO certified that Oman had eliminated mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and syphilis, becoming the first country in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and the sixteenth country in the world to achieve this (1). (who.int)
  • STONE HARBOR, N.J. , Nov. 20, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Over 3,700 babies were born with syphilis in 2022-more than tenfold the count since 2012. (wreg.com)
  • To learn about risk factors for smallpox and current prevention and treatment strategies visit the MedlinePlus syphilis site . (nih.gov)
  • Flash forward to 1987, I'm now the STD Prevention and Control Director in the San Francisco Department of Public Health, and not only are we seeing syphilis, we would soon be fighting a substantial outbreak. (sermo.com)
  • This is the third blog entry in a series on syphilis prevention that we will be doing throughout the month. (sermo.com)
  • The best prevention against syphilis is to reduce your number of sexual partners and always to use a condom. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • The number of syphilis cases points to the need to reinforce surveillance, prevention, and infection control actions, which is a worrying scenario for government organizations. (mdpi.com)
  • All communities in Minnesota should be vigilant, recognize the presence of syphilis , and take steps to get the word out about screening and prevention. (mn.us)
  • This is a FREE virtual learning sessions addressing syphilis prevention, screening, and treatment. (mn.us)
  • Web-based training designed to guide clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of syphilis. (mn.us)
  • Pregnant women can also pass syphilis on to their developing fetus. (toronto.ca)
  • It's also possible to pass syphilis on to your unborn baby if you're infected while pregnant. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Can you pass syphilis without a sore? (soflanights.com)
  • You can pass syphilis to others without knowing it. (soflanights.com)
  • Yet the incidence of both early infectious syphilis and later manifestations are increasing throughout the world for many reasons. (medscape.com)
  • The total number of men with early infectious syphilis who named other men as sexual contacts decreased by 13% from 1982 to 1983 (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
  • The continued occurrence of a fairly constant number of cases of CS between 1981 and 1983 may reflect the increase in the incidence of early infectious syphilis among women, a lack of availability of prenatal care, or a failure of the prenatal-care system to provide timely screening, serologic testing, and prompt follow-up (5,6). (cdc.gov)
  • In rare cases, syphilis causes serious health problems and even death. (nih.gov)
  • If the infection is still untreated, the organisms may spread throughout the body over time, damaging many organs and causing chronic conditions ranging from heart disorders to neurologic problems and even death in some cases (late syphilis). (healthychildren.org)
  • Description of System: Cases of CS among infants less than 1 year of age and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among women are reported quarterly to CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States steadily increased from a low of 9.4 cases per 100,000 population in 1977 to 14.6/100,000 in 1982, the reported national incidence decreased to 14.1/100,000 in 1983 (Figure 1). (cdc.gov)
  • Reported primary and secondary syphilis cases totaled 32,698 in 1983, a 3% decrease from the 33,613 cases reported in 1982. (cdc.gov)
  • The changes in the number and rate of primary and secondary syphilis cases varied with sex and sexual preference. (cdc.gov)
  • The sex ratio (males:females) among primary and secondary syphilis cases increased from 1.5:1 in 1967 to 3.2:1 in 1980 but declined during 1981-1983 from 3.0:1 in 1981 to 2.6:1 in 1983. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1982, 24,833 early syphilis cases were reported from public clinics, compared with 8,780 cases reported from private sources. (cdc.gov)
  • Though the rate of primary and secondary syphilis cases occurring among women increased 15% between 1981 and 1983, the number of cases detected through prenatal testing increased to a lesser degree. (cdc.gov)
  • Editorial Note: The distribution of syphilis cases underwent several key changes between 1967 and 1979. (cdc.gov)
  • There has been a fourfold increase in the number of syphilis cases detected with more young women being affected. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • In Teesside there were 30 recorded cases of syphilis last year, but the true figures are expected to be much higher. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • The number of syphilis cases, especially congenital syphilis, has significantly increased nationally in the last five years. (nih.gov)
  • Most cases of syphilis are diagnosed by using a screening algorithm involving multiple serum antibody tests, all with imperfect specificity and sensitivity. (nih.gov)
  • According to the CDC, the rate of new cases of syphilis plummeted in the 1990s. (webmd.com)
  • In 2020, there were more than 130,000 reported cases of syphilis in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The majority of cases of primary and secondary syphilis occurred in men (81%) and, among men, 53% of cases were in men who have sex with men. (msdmanuals.com)
  • According to the CDC , the U.S. averages around 23,000 reported cases of syphilis per year. (askmen.com)
  • In pregnant women, untreated syphilis results in infant death in up to 40 percent of cases. (medhelp.org)
  • Syphilis cases have increased in recent years in the UK. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Understanding these individual clinical pieces can help you to identify and diagnose cases of syphilis in a timely manner. (sermo.com)
  • The biggest spike was in syphilis cases, up 74% over five years. (wypr.org)
  • Although late congenital syphilis is subclinical in 60% of cases, manifestations can occur into the early 20s and most commonly involve the bones, teeth, and nervous system. (logicalimages.com)
  • This week, Houston declared a syphilis outbreak raising the alarm over cases after they jumped 128 percent from 2019 . (dailymail.co.uk)
  • But the number of gonorrhea and syphilis cases are now ticking back up. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • I am alarmed to see a rise in preventable syphilis and congenital syphilis cases in our nation,' she said. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • An outbreak of syphilis has been declared in Houston after cases in women more than doubled since 2019. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • A press release from the City of Lubbock confirmed that in September and October of this year, 30 cases of the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis were reported. (kfmx.com)
  • Physicians and other medical providers are being asked to screen those most at risk in the community for the disease in order to stop more cases of syphilis, according to the release. (kfmx.com)
  • The increased number of cases in recent years has turned syphilis into a global public health problem. (mdpi.com)
  • In 2020, 115,371 cases of acquired syphilis were reported (detection rate of 54.5 cases/100,000 inhabitants) in Brazil. (mdpi.com)
  • In that same period, the country notified 61,441 cases of gestational syphilis (detection rate of 21.6 per 1000 live births). (mdpi.com)
  • The United States already has a big problem with syphilis, with cases rising for more than 20 years. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The incidence of syphilis increased by an average of 0.336 cases/100,000 per year and was higher among women aged 15-19 years (0.693 cases). (biomedcentral.com)
  • furthermore, the increase in syphilis cases among women aged 20 to 24 years was associated with an increase in cases of congenital syphilis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An ecological study was carried out to review the information about the incidence of syphilis, the incidence of congenital syphilis, and the number of cases of congenital syphilis from the Morbidity Yearbooks of the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico from 2010 to 2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cite this: Always Consider Syphilis - Medscape - Jan 01, 2003. (medscape.com)
  • The National roadmap for elimination of mother- to- child (vertical) transmission of HIV and Syphilis was launched in 2020 and at launching, the National validation Committee was inaugurated under the Ministry of Health and Social Services leadership. (who.int)
  • All pregnant women who receive prenatal care should be screened for syphilis to prevent the infection from passing to their newborn (congenital syphilis). (medlineplus.gov)
  • All pregnant women should receive a blood test for syphilis early in their pregnancies. (healthychildren.org)
  • The hospital-based specialised multidisciplinary teams care for pregnant women who test positive for HIV or syphilis and their exposed infants. (who.int)
  • Pregnant women are routinely tested for syphilis and, if they are found to be infected, they are treated to protect their fetuses. (britannica.com)
  • Therefore, doctors recommend all pregnant women to get tested for syphilis at the first prenatal visit. (medhelp.org)
  • Pregnant women should have blood tests done prenatally testing for syphilis. (toronto.ca)
  • To determine the prevalence of HIV-1 and syphilis antibodies in a population of pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya, between 1989 and 1991. (nih.gov)
  • As part of an ongoing prospective study on the effect of HIV-1 infection and sexually transmitted diseases, 4883 pregnant women were screened for HIV-1 and syphilis antibodies in one health-centre in Nairobi. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 50% of pregnant women infected with T. pallidum who are not treated transmit syphilis to their children before birth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the transmission rate approaches 90% if the mother has untreated primary or secondary syphilis. (medscape.com)
  • Many patients do not notice the signs and symptoms of syphilis. (sermo.com)
  • We expected perhaps a slight increase in congenital syphilis, but a 32% rise in one year is shocking, and it shows a collapse of the maternal and child health and STI public health system in America," Harvey said. (cnn.com)
  • Syphilis spreads from person-to-person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. (cdc.gov)
  • If your teenager complains of having a sore in the genital area or other symptoms associated with syphilis, he should see his pediatrician. (healthychildren.org)
  • You get it through direct contact with a syphilis sore on someone else's body. (webmd.com)
  • Syphilis can be transmitted through this sore during vaginal, anal or oral sex. (medhelp.org)
  • It is transmitted through direct contact with a syphilis sore. (toronto.ca)
  • Secondary syphilis occurs 6 weeks to 6 months after the initial sore. (studenthealth.co.uk)
  • Individuals suffering secondary syphilis often present complaints such as a skin rash along with a sore throat, symptoms whicanah again only last for a few weeks before disappearing. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • Giving oral sex to a partner with a syphilis sore or rash on the genitals or anus can cause syphilis. (soflanights.com)
  • Receiving oral sex from a partner with a syphilis sore or rash on the lips or mouth, or in the throat, can cause syphilis. (soflanights.com)
  • Syphilis has an extensive differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • When making a primary diagnosis of a generalized rash or an STD, always include syphilis in the differential diagnoses because of its varying manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Low viral suppression and high HIV diagnosis rate among men who have sex with men with syphilis--Baltimore, Maryland. (medscape.com)
  • When clinical findings are indicative of syphilis, but serologic tests are nonreactive or their interpretation is unclear, alternative tests (e.g., biopsy of a lesion, darkfield examination, or PCR of lesion material) might be useful for diagnosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The prognosis for syphilis varies with the promptness of diagnosis and treatment. (britannica.com)
  • So, the differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with genital lesions should include primary syphilis. (sermo.com)
  • Although it is a relatively uncommon presentation, congenital syphilis can be a devastating diagnosis, and earlier diagnosis carries the potential for significant improvement to an affected individual's quality of life. (logicalimages.com)
  • However, multiple manifestations of late congenital syphilis increase the probability of diagnosis. (logicalimages.com)
  • To date, limited studies are available on syphilis incidence in patients with a new HIV diagnosis. (minervamedica.it)
  • Indeed, the 2019 data submitted for WHO validation showed that HIV and syphilis testing coverage during ANC was 96% (89 141/92 897) and 99.9% (89 167/89 244), respectively. (who.int)
  • The objective of this study was to examine trend in syphilis, congenital syphilis, and neonatal deaths among the Mexican population during 2010-2019. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the trends of syphilis and congenital syphilis in Mexico between 2010 and 2019 through the information available in the General Directorate of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The HIV MTCT rate was 0% (0/39) and the rate of congenital syphilis per 100,000 livebirths was 1.18 (1/84 452) (1). (who.int)
  • The clinical and prognostic significance of such CSF laboratory abnormalities among persons with primary and secondary syphilis who lack neurologic symptoms is unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • All persons with HIV infection and primary and secondary syphilis should have a thorough neurologic, ocular, and otic examination ( 614 , 622 , 625 ). (cdc.gov)
  • However, in curing late-stage syphilis, nothing can repair the neurologic or other damage already caused by the spirochetes. (britannica.com)
  • Assess all patients with syphilis for neurologic abnormalities, including visual complaints such as vision loss, blurry vision, eye pain, and/or eye redness. (sermo.com)
  • Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2007 Supplement, Syphilis Surveillance Report. (medscape.com)
  • Facebook has contributed to a resurgence in the sexually-transmitted disease syphilis, a health expert has claimed. (telegraph.co.uk)
  • Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI), sometimes referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), meaning it can be spread through not only sexual intercourse, both vaginal and anal, but also through acts of oral sex. (healthcentre.org.uk)
  • The incidence of syphilis has been increasing rapidly in the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Primary aims were to analyze the incidence rate of HIV-syphilis coinfection and syphilis reinfection. (minervamedica.it)
  • An ecological study was carried out to collect information about the incidence of syphilis, the incidence of congenital syphilis, and the incidence of neonatal death from congenital syphilis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The incidence of congenital syphilis is increasing in Mexico. (biomedcentral.com)
  • US public health officials are calling for urgent action to curb an alarming increase in the number of babies born with syphilis. (cnn.com)
  • FRIDAY, July 7, 2023 (HealthDay News) - Infectious disease experts are warning that a shortage of a key antibiotic for treating syphilis could make it hard to fight the spread of the disease. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Between 1905 and 1910, Schaudinn and Hoffman identified T pallidum as the cause of syphilis, and Wasserman described a diagnostic test for the long-recognized infection. (medscape.com)
  • Endemic syphilis (bejel), caused by T pallidum endemicum (Go to Endemic Syphilis for more complete information on this topic. (medscape.com)
  • Suboptimal syphilis diagnostics and insufficient information on the human immune response to T. pallidum infection pose a critical barrier to syphilis efforts. (nih.gov)
  • Transmission of T pallidum can occur in utero via the placenta after 4 months gestation, or through exposure to infectious vaginal lesions during delivery (perinatal syphilis). (logicalimages.com)
  • T. pallidum can cross the placental barrier, causing congenital syphilis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite repeated warnings and calls to action, the congenital syphilis crisis in the United States has skyrocketed at a heartbreaking rate," said Dr. Debra Houry, the CDC's chief medical officer, in a news release. (cnn.com)
  • Primary and secondary syphilis usually resolve without treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with secondary syphilis usually get syphilis rash, a rosy "copper penny" rash on the palms of their hands and soles of their feet . (webmd.com)
  • Syphilis is easy to cure with antibiotics if you catch it early. (nih.gov)
  • Antibiotics will cure syphilis. (toronto.ca)
  • Syphilis is treated with antibiotics. (bupa.co.uk)
  • Yes, syphilis is curable with the right antibiotics from your healthcare provider. (soflanights.com)
  • Does syphilis go away after antibiotics? (soflanights.com)
  • Syphilis can spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. (cdc.gov)
  • Syphilis can be passed on through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex. (toronto.ca)
  • If you already have syphilis, avoid anal, vaginal or oral sex, even with a condom until seven days after treatment. (toronto.ca)
  • Syphilis is spread through unprotected oral, vaginal and anal sex and can also be passed on from a pregnant mother to her unborn child, according to the CDC . (kfmx.com)