A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
Neoplasms located in the brain ventricles, including the two lateral, the third, and the fourth ventricle. Ventricular tumors may be primary (e.g., CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS and GLIOMA, SUBEPENDYMAL), metastasize from distant organs, or occur as extensions of locally invasive tumors from adjacent brain structures.
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.
Benign, congenital, neuroepithelial cysts that are typically filled with a viscous mucus. They usually arise in the anterior portion of the THIRD VENTRICLE between the fornices.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Narrow channel in the MESENCEPHALON that connects the third and fourth CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)
Cavity in each of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES derived from the cavity of the embryonic NEURAL TUBE. They are separated from each other by the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM, and each communicates with the THIRD VENTRICLE by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses (CHOROID PLEXUS) of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.
Radiographic visualization of the cerebral ventricles by injection of air or other gas.
Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)
PROCEDURES that use NEUROENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Neuroendoscopy, generally an integration of the neuroendoscope with a computer-assisted NEURONAVIGATION system, provides guidance in NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES.
Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.
A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the LATERAL VENTRICLES of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the CORPUS CALLOSUM and the body and columns of the FORNIX (BRAIN).
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The front portion of the HYPOTHALAMUS separated into the preoptic region and the supraoptic region. The preoptic region is made up of the periventricular GRAY MATTER of the rostral portion of the THIRD VENTRICLE and contains the preoptic ventricular nucleus and the medial preoptic nucleus. The supraoptic region contains the PARAVENTRICULAR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS, the ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS, and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Any fluid-filled closed cavity or sac that is lined by an EPITHELIUM. Cysts can be of normal, abnormal, non-neoplastic, or neoplastic tissues.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The consumption of liquids.
Benign and malignant tumors of the HYPOTHALAMUS. Pilocytic astrocytomas and hamartomas are relatively frequent histologic types. Neoplasms of the hypothalamus frequently originate from adjacent structures, including the OPTIC CHIASM, optic nerve (see OPTIC NERVE NEOPLASMS), and pituitary gland (see PITUITARY NEOPLASMS). Relatively frequent clinical manifestations include visual loss, developmental delay, macrocephaly, and precocious puberty. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2051)
A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A villous structure of tangled masses of BLOOD VESSELS contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the BRAIN. It regulates part of the production and composition of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.
Transference of brain tissue, either from a fetus or from a born individual, between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.
Techniques used mostly during brain surgery which use a system of three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART VENTRICLES.
A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.
Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The consumption of edible substances.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Third ventriculostomy patency: comparison of findings at cine phase-contrast MR imaging and at direct exploration. (1/121)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Two-dimensional phase-contrast (PC) MR imaging is a known method for evaluating CSF flow after third ventriculostomy. In this study, we attempted to confirm the accuracy of cine PC MR imaging for determining the patency of a third ventriculostomy as compared with direct reexploration of the floor of the third ventricle. METHODS: We examined 11 patients with third ventriculostomies who had a total of 13 reoperations for symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus. In 12 of the 13 reexplorations, cine PC MR studies were obtained before repeat surgery, and the diagnoses suggested by imaging were compared with intraoperative findings. RESULTS: Four of five patients who had no flow on MR images had new membranes that covered the orifice; the fifth patient still had a small perforation visible at the time of operation. Three of four patients who had subtle flow on MR images were found to have occlusion with new membranes; the fourth had an incomplete new membrane. Finally, two of three who had a patent ventriculostomy had completely open perforations without membrane formation; the third patient had nonobstructive early membrane formation. At 3 months' follow-up, two flow studies were read as subtle without any clinical symptoms; however, these eventually progressed to become symptomatic, and occlusion with new membrane formation was confirmed during surgical reexploration. CONCLUSION: Cine PC MR imaging is a reliable technique for detecting the patency of a third ventriculostomy, but minor flow, as defined in this report, appears to be an early sign of closure.  (+info)

Comparison of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography and cranial CT measurements for determining third ventricle midline shift in space-occupying stroke. (2/121)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) allows the noninvasive, easily reproducible measurement of midline dislocation (MLD) of the third ventricle in space-occupying stroke, even in critically ill patients. However, the method has been validated only in a small number of subjects. The aim of this study was to test the method under clinical conditions. METHODS: In 61 prospectively recruited patients (mean age, 62+/-15 years) with supratentorial ischemic infarction or intracranial hemorrhage, the sonographic measurement of MLD was compared with cranial CT data in a 12-hour time window. Subgroup analysis was also undertaken for comparing TCCS and cranial CT measurements within a 3-hour time window. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two data pairs of TCCS and cranial CT MLD measurements were correlated within the 12-hour time window. TCCS and cranial CT measurements of MLD correlated both in the total patient group and in the different subgroups with coefficients of over 0.9. The 2-SD confidence interval of the difference between the TCCS measurements and the respective means of both methods in the total patient collective was +/-1.78 mm. CONCLUSION: TCCS provides a noninvasive, easily reproducible and reliable method for monitoring MLD of the third ventricle in stroke patients. It is particularly suitable for critically ill patients who are not fit for transportation.  (+info)

Post-traumatic migration and emergence of a novel cell line upon the ependymal surface of the third cerebral ventricle in the adult mammalian brain. (3/121)

This investigation describes the migration and emergence of significant numbers of what appear to be neuron-like cells upon the surface of the median eminence of the adult rodent neurohypophyseal system of the endocrine hypothalamus following the trauma of hypophysectomy. These cells appear to migrate through the neuropil of the underlying median eminence and emerge in large numbers upon the surface of the third cerebral ventricle within 7 days following hypophysectomy (axotomy) of supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular neurites (PVN) of the adult neurohypophyseal system. Previous investigations have demonstrated regeneration of the neural stem and neural lobe in a variety of mammalian species (Adams et al., J Comp Neurol, 1969;135:121-144; Beck et al., Neuroendocrinology, 1969;5:161-182; Scott et al., Exp Neurol, 1995;131-1:23-39; Scott and Hansen, Vir Med 1997;124:249-261). It also has been demonstrated that the process of regeneration is invariably accompanied by the up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyzes arginine to nitric oxide (NO) and that both neurohypophyseal regeneration, as well as migration and emergence of neuron-like cells upon the surface of the adjacent third cerebral ventricle, is associated with the up-regulation of NOS and increased expression of NO. It also has been amply demonstrated that this entire process of neurohypophyseal regeneration and cell migration is completely inhibited by the introduction of the antagonist of nitric oxide, namely, nitroarginine (Scott et al., Exp Neurol, 1995;131-1:23-39; Scott and Hansen, Vir Med, 1997;124:249-261). The emergence and migratory dynamics of this novel cell line upon the floor of the rodent third cerebral ventricle are discussed with respect to the role of the ubiquitous free radical NO and the implications and potential clinical applications of neuronal migration following trauma in the human central nervous system (CNS).  (+info)

Spontaneous ventriculostomy: report of three cases revealed by flow-sensitive phase-contrast cine MR imaging. (4/121)

Spontaneous ventriculostomy is a rare condition that occurs with the spontaneous rupture of a ventricle, resulting in a communication between the ventricular system and the subarachnoid space. Three cases of spontaneous ventriculostomy through the floor of the third ventricle that occurred in cases of chronic obstructive hydrocephalus are presented. The communication was identified via flow-sensitive phase-contrast cine MR imaging. Spontaneous ventriculostomy is probably a result of a rupture of the normally thin membrane that forms the floor of the third ventricle and, with long-standing obstructive hydrocephalus, creates an internal drainage pathway that spontaneously compensates for the hydrocephalus.  (+info)

Mapping morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. (5/121)

The nature and extent of callosal morphological alterations in schizophrenia remain unresolved. A parametric surface modeling approach using magnetic resonance (MR) images was employed. This provided spatially accurate representations of midsagittal callosal surfaces in schizophrenic patients (n = 25; 15 males) and normal controls (n = 28; 15 males). Areas of functionally relevant callosal channels and measures reflecting callosal shape were visualized and compared across groups. To register neuroanatomical landmarks surrounding the corpus callosum, each three-dimensional MR volume was scaled according to Talairach AC-PC distance, and raw distances included as covariates in multivariate analyses. Results revealed: (i) a marked vertical displacement of the corpus callosum in patients (P < 0.01); (ii) increases in curvature of superior and inferior callosal surfaces (P < 0.001); and (iii) significant increases in maximum widths in anterior and posterior regions in male patients compared to male controls; as well as (iv) increased patterns of callosal variability in female patients but no effects of diagnosis between female groups. These findings demonstrate a clear index of structural neuropathology in male schizophrenic patients. Displacement and curvature increases were highly correlated with structural differences in surrounding neuroanatomical regions, including increased volume of the lateral ventricles (P < 0.01).  (+info)

Centrally administered MTII affects feeding, drinking, temperature, and activity in the Sprague-Dawley rat. (6/121)

MTII, an agonist of melanocortinergic receptors, is a well-documented anorexigenic agent in rats. Many investigators have reported its effects on feeding without considering concurrent alterations in other behaviors. Accordingly, we performed studies to simultaneously measure nocturnal feeding, drinking, activity, and temperature of rats after intracerebroventricular (third ventricle) administration of a wide dose range of MTII (0.05-500 ng). We observed that MTII modulates these physiological parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Low doses of MTII (0.05 ng) caused reductions in feeding without alterations in body temperature, drinking, or activity. In contrast, hyperthermia and disrupted drinking patterns, along with food intake reductions, were evident at doses exceeding 50 ng. The fact that low doses altered only feeding, whereas higher doses affected a range of parameters, suggests that certain melanocortin-induced behavioral changes may be mediated by distinct populations of melanocortin receptors with varying affinities or that those changes seen at higher doses may be nonspecific in nature.  (+info)

Anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle; implications for endoscopic third ventriculostomy. (7/121)

Longstanding hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure can lead to unusual anatomical variants in the floor of the third ventricle, which may be important when performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Two middle aged patients with symptomatic longstanding hydrocephalus had scans that showed ventricular hydrocephalus, an empty sella, and a dilated infundibular recess which herniated into the sella turcica. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy confirmed that instead of the tuber cinerum and infundibular recess, the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle was hanging down ventral to the pons into the sellar floor. Third ventriculostomy to the prepontine cistern was made on the dorsal wall of the dilated infundibular recess to the area surrounded by the dorsum sellae, the basilar artery trunk, and the left superior cerebellar artery, with good symptomatic control. Association of the empty sella and persistence of the infundibular recess must be carefully evaluated by MRI before attempting endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Herniation of the anterior inferior floor of the third ventricle into the empty sella can lead to loss of anatomical landmarks that require special attention during third ventriculostomy.  (+info)

Colloid cyst of the third ventricle: imaging-pathologic correlation. (8/121)

Colloid cysts are relatively rare intracranial lesions located in the rostral aspect of the third ventricle. They may produce acute hydrocephalus, brain herniation, and lead to death. Although the clinical and imaging features of colloid cysts are well known, their etiology and the factors responsible for their imaging features continue to be a subject of debate. We present the imaging-pathologic correlation of a patient with a colloid cyst as well as data supporting the fact that the presence of cholesterol is probably responsible for the MR imaging features exhibited by some colloid cysts.  (+info)

The third ventricle is a narrow, fluid-filled cavity in the brain that is located between the thalamus and hypothalamus. It is one of the four ventricles in the ventricular system of the brain, which produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the brain and spinal cord.

The third ventricle is shaped like a slit and communicates with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen (also known as the foramen of Monro), and with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius).

The third ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces CSF. The fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle, then through the cerebral aqueduct and into the fourth ventricle, where it can circulate around the brainstem and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the third ventricle, such as enlargement or obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct, can lead to hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an accumulation of CSF in the brain.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms refer to tumors that develop within the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces in the brain. These tumors can arise from various types of cells within the ventricular system, including the ependymal cells that line the ventricles, choroid plexus cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid, or other surrounding tissues.

Cerebral ventricle neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, imbalance, weakness, or difficulty with mental tasks. The treatment options for these tumors may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and extent of the tumor. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The cerebral ventricles are a system of interconnected fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are located in the center of the brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection to the brain by cushioning it from impacts and helping to maintain its stability within the skull.

There are four ventricles in total: two lateral ventricles, one third ventricle, and one fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, while the third ventricle is located between the thalami of the two hemispheres. The fourth ventricle is located at the base of the brain, above the spinal cord.

CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through narrow passageways called the interventricular foramen. From there, it flows into the fourth ventricle through another narrow passageway called the cerebral aqueduct. CSF then leaves the fourth ventricle and enters the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord, where it can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Abnormalities in the size or shape of the cerebral ventricles can indicate underlying neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or atrophy (shrinkage) of brain tissue. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often used to assess the size and shape of the cerebral ventricles in clinical settings.

Cerebral ventriculography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the cerebral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. The purpose of this procedure is to produce detailed images of the ventricular system and the surrounding structures in order to diagnose and evaluate various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles), tumors, or other abnormalities that may be causing obstruction or compression of the ventricular system.

The procedure typically involves inserting a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into the lateral ventricle of the brain through a small hole drilled in the skull. The contrast material is then injected through the catheter and X-ray images are taken as the contrast material flows through the ventricular system. These images can help to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be present.

Cerebral ventriculography has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provide similar information without the need for invasive procedures. However, cerebral ventriculography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make a definitive diagnosis.

Colloid cysts are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that typically form in the third ventricle of the brain, near the center of the brain and between the two hemispheres. These cysts are filled with a gel-like substance called colloid material, which gives them their name.

Colloid cysts are relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of all primary brain tumors. They can occur at any age but are most commonly found in adults between the ages of 20 and 50.

While colloid cysts are generally slow-growing, they can cause symptoms if they become large enough to obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. This obstruction can lead to increased pressure in the brain, a condition known as hydrocephalus. Symptoms of colloid cysts may include headache, nausea, vomiting, difficulty with balance and coordination, and changes in mental status.

Treatment for colloid cysts typically involves surgical removal of the cyst. This can often be done using minimally invasive techniques such as endoscopic surgery. In some cases, however, open surgery may be necessary to ensure complete removal of the cyst.

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

A ventriculostomy is a medical procedure in which an opening is made into one of the cerebral ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces within the brain, to relieve pressure or to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing. This is typically performed using a catheter known as an external ventricular drain (EVD). The EVD is inserted through a burr hole in the skull and into the ventricle, allowing CSF to drain out and be measured or tested. Ventriculostomy may be necessary in the management of various conditions that can cause increased intracranial pressure, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries.

The ependyma is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These cells are specialized glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition, and provide support and protection for the nervous tissue.

Ependymal cells have a cuboidal or columnar shape and possess numerous cilia on their apical surface, which helps to circulate CSF within the ventricles. They also have tight junctions that help to form the blood-brain barrier and prevent the passage of harmful substances from the blood into the CSF.

In addition to their role in maintaining the integrity of the CNS, ependymal cells can also differentiate into other types of cells, such as neurons and glial cells, under certain conditions. This property has made them a topic of interest in regenerative medicine and the study of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain, leading to an increase in intracranial pressure and potentially causing damage to the brain tissues. This excessive buildup of CSF can result from either overproduction or impaired absorption of the fluid, which typically causes the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain to expand and put pressure on surrounding brain structures.

The condition can be congenital, present at birth due to genetic factors or abnormalities during fetal development, or acquired later in life as a result of injuries, infections, tumors, or other disorders affecting the brain's ability to regulate CSF flow and absorption. Symptoms may vary depending on age, severity, and duration but often include headaches, vomiting, balance problems, vision issues, cognitive impairment, and changes in behavior or personality.

Treatment for hydrocephalus typically involves surgically implanting a shunt system that diverts the excess CSF from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed, such as the abdominal cavity. In some cases, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) might be an alternative treatment option, creating a new pathway for CSF flow within the brain. Regular follow-ups with neurosurgeons and other healthcare professionals are essential to monitor the condition and make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

Intraventricular injections are a type of medical procedure where medication is administered directly into the cerebral ventricles of the brain. The cerebral ventricles are fluid-filled spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This procedure is typically used to deliver drugs that target conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as infections or tumors.

Intraventricular injections are usually performed using a thin, hollow needle that is inserted through a small hole drilled into the skull. The medication is then injected directly into the ventricles, allowing it to circulate throughout the CSF and reach the brain tissue more efficiently than other routes of administration.

This type of injection is typically reserved for situations where other methods of drug delivery are not effective or feasible. It carries a higher risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, or damage to surrounding tissues, compared to other routes of administration. Therefore, it is usually performed by trained medical professionals in a controlled clinical setting.

The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:

1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.

The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles (cavities) of the brain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. The cerebral aqueduct is a critical component of the ventricular system of the brain, and any obstruction or abnormality in this region can result in an accumulation of CSF and increased pressure within the brain, which can lead to serious neurological symptoms and conditions such as hydrocephalus.

A craniopharyngioma is a type of brain tumor that develops near the pituitary gland, which is a small gland located at the base of the brain. These tumors arise from remnants of Rathke's pouch, an embryonic structure involved in the development of the pituitary gland.

Craniopharyngiomas are typically slow-growing and benign (non-cancerous), but they can still cause significant health problems due to their location. They can compress nearby structures such as the optic nerves, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland, leading to symptoms like vision loss, hormonal imbalances, and cognitive impairment.

Treatment for craniopharyngiomas usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy in some cases. Regular follow-up with a healthcare team is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

The lateral ventricles are a pair of fluid-filled cavities located within the brain. They are part of the ventricular system, which is a series of interconnected spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The lateral ventricles are situated in the left and right hemispheres of the brain and are among the largest of the ventricles.

Each lateral ventricle has a complex structure and can be divided into several parts:

1. Anterior horn: This is the front part of the lateral ventricle, located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
2. Body: The central part of the lateral ventricle, which is continuous with the anterior horn and posterior horn.
3. Posterior horn: The back part of the lateral ventricle, located in the occipital lobe of the brain.
4. Temporal horn: An extension that projects into the temporal lobe of the brain.

The lateral ventricles are lined with ependymal cells, which produce cerebrospinal fluid. CSF circulates through the ventricular system, providing buoyancy and protection to the brain, and is eventually absorbed into the bloodstream. Abnormalities in the size or shape of the lateral ventricles can be associated with various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or neurodegenerative diseases.

Pneumoencephalography is a diagnostic procedure that is rarely used today, due to the development of less invasive techniques. It involves the introduction of air or another gas into the ventricular system or subarachnoid space of the brain, followed by X-ray imaging to visualize the structures and any abnormalities within the intracranial cavity.

The primary purpose of this procedure was to diagnose conditions affecting the brain's ventricles, such as hydrocephalus, tumors, or inflammation. The introduction of air into the cranium allowed for better visualization of these structures and any potential abnormalities. However, due to its invasive nature, risks associated with the procedure, and the availability of non-invasive imaging techniques like CT and MRI scans, pneumoencephalography has fallen out of favor in modern medicine.

Choroid plexus neoplasms are rare types of brain tumors that arise from the choroid plexus, which are clusters of blood vessels in the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) of the brain. These tumors can be benign (choroid plexus papilloma) or malignant (choroid plexus carcinoma). Choroid plexus neoplasms most commonly occur in children under the age of 2, but they can also affect adults. Symptoms may include increased head circumference, hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain), vomiting, and developmental delays. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy for malignant tumors.

Neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique that involves the use of an endoscope to access and treat various conditions within the brain and spinal column. An endoscope is a long, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, which allows surgeons to view and operate on internal structures through small incisions or natural openings in the body.

In neuroendoscopy, the surgeon uses the endoscope to navigate through the brain's ventricular system (fluid-filled spaces) or other narrow spaces within the skull or spine to diagnose and treat conditions such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, arachnoid cysts, and intraventricular hemorrhage.

The benefits of neuroendoscopy include reduced trauma to surrounding tissues, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery times, and improved outcomes compared to traditional open surgical approaches. However, neuroendoscopic procedures require specialized training and expertise due to the complexity of the anatomy involved.

The median eminence is a small, elevated region located at the base of the hypothalamus in the brain. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of the endocrine system by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The median eminence contains numerous specialized blood vessels called portal capillaries that carry hormones and neurotransmitters from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

The median eminence is also the site where several releasing and inhibiting hormones produced in the hypothalamus are secreted into the portal blood vessels, which then transport them to the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone, among others.

Once these hormones reach the anterior pituitary gland, they bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, triggering a cascade of intracellular signals that ultimately lead to the synthesis and release of various pituitary hormones. In this way, the median eminence serves as an essential link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, allowing for precise regulation of hormone secretion and overall homeostasis in the body.

The Septum Pellucidum is a thin, delicate, and almost transparent partition in the brain that separates the lateral ventricles, which are fluid-filled spaces within the brain. It consists of two laminae (plates) that fuse together during fetal development, forming a single structure. The Septum Pellucidum is an essential component of the brain's ventricular system and plays a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the brain. Any abnormalities or damage to the Septum Pellucidum can lead to neurological disorders or cognitive impairments.

The fourth ventricle is a part of the cerebrospinal fluid-filled system in the brain, located in the posterior cranial fossa and continuous with the central canal of the medulla oblongata and the cerebral aqueduct. It is shaped like a cavity with a roof, floor, and lateral walls, and it communicates rostrally with the third ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct and caudally with the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka and Magendie). The fourth ventricle contains choroid plexus tissue, which produces cerebrospinal fluid. Its roof is formed by the cerebellar vermis and the superior medullary velum, while its floor is composed of the rhomboid fossa, which includes several important structures such as the vagal trigone, hypoglossal trigone, and striae medullares.

A Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a long, flexible tube (shunt) into the cerebral ventricles of the brain to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The other end of the shunt is directed into the peritoneal cavity, where the CSF can be absorbed.

The VP shunt is typically used to treat hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain, which can cause increased intracranial pressure and damage to the brain. By diverting the excess CSF from the ventricles into the peritoneal cavity, the VP shunt helps to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and prevent further neurological damage.

The shunt system consists of several components, including a ventricular catheter that is placed in the ventricle, a one-way valve that regulates the flow of CSF, and a distal catheter that is directed into the peritoneal cavity. The valve helps to prevent backflow of CSF into the brain and ensures that the fluid flows in only one direction, from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity.

VP shunts are generally safe and effective, but they can be associated with complications such as infection, obstruction, or malfunction of the shunt system. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is necessary to monitor the function of the shunt and ensure that any potential issues are addressed promptly.

The anterior hypothalamus is a region in the brain that has various functions related to endocrine regulation, autonomic function, and behavior. It contains several nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus, which are involved in the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The anterior hypothalamus helps regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and sleep-wake cycles. It also plays a role in processing emotions and stress responses. Damage to the anterior hypothampus can result in various endocrine and behavioral disorders.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

The preoptic area (POA) is a region within the anterior hypothalamus of the brain. It is named for its location near the optic chiasm, where the optic nerves cross. The preoptic area is involved in various functions, including body temperature regulation, sexual behavior, and sleep-wake regulation.

The preoptic area contains several groups of neurons that are sensitive to changes in temperature and are responsible for generating heat through shivering or non-shivering thermogenesis. It also contains neurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA and galanin, which help regulate arousal and sleep.

Additionally, the preoptic area has been implicated in the regulation of sexual behavior, particularly in males. Certain populations of neurons within the preoptic area are involved in the expression of male sexual behavior, such as mounting and intromission.

Overall, the preoptic area is a critical region for the regulation of various physiological and behavioral functions, making it an important area of study in neuroscience research.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division between the sac and its surrounding tissue, that contains fluid, air, or semisolid material. Cysts can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, internal organs, and bones. They can be caused by various factors, such as infection, genetic predisposition, or blockage of a duct or gland. Some cysts may cause symptoms, such as pain or discomfort, while others may not cause any symptoms at all. Treatment for cysts depends on the type and location of the cyst, as well as whether it is causing any problems. Some cysts may go away on their own, while others may need to be drained or removed through a surgical procedure.

Brain diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or structural abnormalities. They can affect different parts of the brain, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Some examples of brain diseases include:

1. Alzheimer's disease - a progressive degenerative disorder that affects memory and cognitive function.
2. Parkinson's disease - a movement disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
3. Multiple sclerosis - a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system and can cause a range of symptoms such as vision loss, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment.
4. Epilepsy - a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
5. Brain tumors - abnormal growths in the brain that can be benign or malignant.
6. Stroke - a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can cause paralysis, speech difficulties, and other neurological symptoms.
7. Meningitis - an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
8. Encephalitis - an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune disorders.
9. Huntington's disease - a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination, cognitive function, and mental health.
10. Migraine - a neurological condition characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

Brain diseases can range from mild to severe and may be treatable or incurable. They can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Hypothalamic neoplasms refer to tumors that originate in the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain that is located at the base of the brain and forms part of the limbic system. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating many bodily functions, including hormone release, temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional behavior.

Hypothalamic neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can arise from various cell types within the hypothalamus, such as neurons, glial cells, or supportive tissue. These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include endocrine disorders (such as diabetes insipidus or precocious puberty), visual disturbances, headaches, behavioral changes, and cognitive impairment.

The diagnosis of hypothalamic neoplasms typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and sometimes biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or progression of the tumor.

Thirst, also known as dry mouth or polydipsia, is a physiological need or desire to drink fluids to maintain fluid balance and hydration in the body. It is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus in response to changes in osmolality and volume of bodily fluids, particularly blood. Thirst can be triggered by various factors such as dehydration, excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, burns, certain medications, and medical conditions affecting the kidneys, adrenal glands, or other organs. It is a vital homeostatic mechanism to ensure adequate hydration and proper functioning of various bodily systems.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a weakened area in the abdominal wall, often appearing as a bulge beneath the skin. This condition can occur in various parts of the body such as the groin (inguinal hernia), navel (umbilical hernia), or site of a previous surgical incision (incisional hernia). Hernias may cause discomfort or pain, especially when straining, lifting heavy objects, or during bowel movements. In some cases, they may lead to serious complications like intestinal obstruction or strangulation, requiring immediate medical attention.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels and tissue located within each ventricle (fluid-filled space) of the brain. It plays a crucial role in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.

The choroid plexus consists of modified ependymal cells, called plexus epithelial cells, that line the ventricular walls. These cells have finger-like projections called villi, which increase their surface area for efficient CSF production. The blood vessels within the choroid plexus transport nutrients, ions, and water to these epithelial cells, where they are actively secreted into the ventricles to form CSF.

In addition to its role in CSF production, the choroid plexus also acts as a barrier between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), regulating the exchange of substances between them. This barrier function is primarily attributed to tight junctions present between the epithelial cells, which limit the paracellular movement of molecules.

Abnormalities in the choroid plexus can lead to various neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus (excessive accumulation of CSF) or certain types of brain tumors.

Tranylcypromine is a type of antidepressant known as a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It works by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. This leads to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, which can help improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.

Tranylcypromine is used primarily for the treatment of major depressive disorder that has not responded to other antidepressants. It is also used off-label for the treatment of anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

It's important to note that MAOIs like tranylcypromine have several dietary and medication restrictions due to their potential to cause serious or life-threatening reactions when combined with certain foods or medications. Therefore, careful monitoring by a healthcare professional is necessary while taking this medication.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Colloids are a type of mixture that contains particles that are intermediate in size between those found in solutions and suspensions. These particles range in size from about 1 to 1000 nanometers in diameter, which is smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye, but larger than the molecules in a solution.

Colloids are created when one substance, called the dispersed phase, is dispersed in another substance, called the continuous phase. The dispersed phase can consist of particles such as proteins, emulsified fats, or finely divided solids, while the continuous phase is usually a liquid, but can also be a gas or a solid.

Colloids are important in many areas of medicine and biology, including drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, and tissue engineering. They are also found in nature, such as in milk, blood, and fog. The properties of colloids can be affected by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other substances, which can influence their stability and behavior.

Brain tissue transplantation is a medical procedure that involves the surgical implantation of healthy brain tissue into a damaged or diseased brain. The goal of this procedure is to replace the non-functioning brain cells with healthy ones, in order to restore lost function or improve neurological symptoms.

The brain tissue used for transplantation can come from various sources, including fetal brain tissue, embryonic stem cells, or autologous cells (the patient's own cells). The most common type of brain tissue transplantation is fetal brain tissue transplantation, where tissue from aborted fetuses is used.

Brain tissue transplantation has been explored as a potential treatment for various neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and stroke. However, the procedure remains highly experimental and is not widely available outside of clinical trials. There are also ethical concerns surrounding the use of fetal brain tissue, which has limited its widespread adoption.

It is important to note that while brain tissue transplantation holds promise as a potential treatment for neurological disorders, it is still an area of active research and much more needs to be learned about its safety and efficacy before it becomes a standard treatment option.

Body temperature is the measure of heat produced by the body. In humans, the normal body temperature range is typically between 97.8°F (36.5°C) and 99°F (37.2°C), with an average oral temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). Body temperature can be measured in various ways, including orally, rectally, axillary (under the arm), and temporally (on the forehead).

Maintaining a stable body temperature is crucial for proper bodily functions, as enzymes and other biological processes depend on specific temperature ranges. The hypothalamus region of the brain regulates body temperature through feedback mechanisms that involve shivering to produce heat and sweating to release heat. Fever is a common medical sign characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range, often as a response to infection or inflammation.

Stereotaxic techniques are minimally invasive surgical procedures used in neuroscience and neurology that allow for precise targeting and manipulation of structures within the brain. These methods use a stereotactic frame, which is attached to the skull and provides a three-dimensional coordinate system to guide the placement of instruments such as electrodes, cannulas, or radiation sources. The main goal is to reach specific brain areas with high precision and accuracy, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Stereotaxic techniques are widely used in research, diagnosis, and treatment of various neurological disorders, including movement disorders, pain management, epilepsy, and psychiatric conditions.

Ventricular function, in the context of cardiac medicine, refers to the ability of the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers) to fill with blood during the diastole phase and eject blood during the systole phase. The ventricles are primarily responsible for pumping oxygenated blood out to the body (left ventricle) and deoxygenated blood to the lungs (right ventricle).

There are several ways to assess ventricular function, including:

1. Ejection Fraction (EF): This is the most commonly used measure of ventricular function. It represents the percentage of blood that is ejected from the ventricle during each heartbeat. A normal left ventricular ejection fraction is typically between 55% and 70%.
2. Fractional Shortening (FS): This is another measure of ventricular function, which calculates the change in size of the ventricle during contraction as a percentage of the original size. A normal FS for the left ventricle is typically between 25% and 45%.
3. Stroke Volume (SV): This refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat. SV is calculated by multiplying the ejection fraction by the end-diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole).
4. Cardiac Output (CO): This is the total amount of blood that the heart pumps in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

Impaired ventricular function can lead to various cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease. Assessing ventricular function is crucial for diagnosing these conditions, monitoring treatment response, and guiding clinical decision-making.

The pineal gland, also known as the epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland located in the brain. It is shaped like a pinecone, hence its name, and is situated near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, attached to the third ventricle. The primary function of the pineal gland is to produce melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms in response to light and darkness. Additionally, it plays a role in the onset of puberty and has been suggested to have other functions related to cognition, mood, and reproduction, although these are not as well understood.

The corpus callosum is the largest collection of white matter in the brain, consisting of approximately 200 million nerve fibers. It is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate information processing. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions between the two sides of the brain. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in various neurological symptoms, including difficulties with movement, speech, memory, and social behavior.

Anorexia is a medical condition defined as a loss of appetite or aversion to food, leading to significant weight loss. It can be a symptom of various underlying causes, such as mental health disorders (most commonly an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa), gastrointestinal issues, cancer, infections, or side effects of medication. In this definition, we are primarily referring to anorexia as a symptom rather than the specific eating disorder anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder characterized by:

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight (in context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health)
2. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
3. Disturbed body image, such as overvaluation of self-worth regarding shape or weight, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight

Anorexia nervosa has two subtypes: restricting type and binge eating/purging type. The restricting type involves limiting food intake without engaging in binge eating or purging behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). In contrast, the binge eating/purging type includes recurrent episodes of binge eating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

It is essential to differentiate between anorexia as a symptom and anorexia nervosa as a distinct psychological disorder when discussing medical definitions.

Drinking behavior refers to the patterns and habits related to alcohol consumption. This can include the frequency, quantity, and context in which an individual chooses to drink alcohol. Drinking behaviors can vary widely among individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural norms, personal beliefs, mental health status, and genetic predisposition.

Problematic drinking behaviors can include heavy drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which is characterized by a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling intake, being preoccupied with alcohol, continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems, having to drink more to get the same effect, or having withdrawal symptoms when rapidly decreasing or stopping alcohol.

It's important to note that drinking behaviors can have significant impacts on an individual's health and well-being, as well as their relationships, work, and other aspects of their life. If you are concerned about your own drinking behavior or that of someone else, it is recommended to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or addiction specialist.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.

GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.

GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

The arcuate nucleus is a part of the hypothalamus in the brain. It is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including appetite, satiety, and reproductive hormones. The arcuate nucleus contains two main types of neurons: those that produce neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein, which stimulate feeding and reduce energy expenditure; and those that produce pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript, which suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. These neurons communicate with other parts of the brain to help maintain energy balance and reproductive function.

A hypertonic saline solution is a type of medical fluid that contains a higher concentration of salt (sodium chloride) than is found in the average person's blood. This solution is used to treat various medical conditions, such as dehydration, brain swelling, and increased intracranial pressure.

The osmolarity of a hypertonic saline solution typically ranges from 1500 to 23,400 mOsm/L, with the most commonly used solutions having an osmolarity of around 3000 mOsm/L. The high sodium concentration in these solutions creates an osmotic gradient that draws water out of cells and into the bloodstream, helping to reduce swelling and increase fluid volume in the body.

It is important to note that hypertonic saline solutions should be administered with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, heart rhythm abnormalities, and kidney damage if not used properly. Healthcare professionals must carefully monitor patients receiving these solutions to ensure safe and effective treatment.

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.

Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Hyperphagia is a medical term that describes excessive eating or increased appetite, often to the point of compulsive overeating. It's more than just a simple increase in hunger or appetite; it's characterized by consuming large amounts of food beyond what is needed for normal growth and health.

This condition can be associated with several medical conditions. For instance, it's a common symptom in Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects appetite, growth, and cognitive development. It can also occur in certain types of brain injuries or disorders affecting the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that regulates hunger and fullness signals.

However, it's important to note that hyperphagia should not be confused with binge eating disorder, another eating disorder characterized by consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, but without the feeling of loss of control that is typical of binge eating.

As always, if you or someone else is experiencing symptoms of hyperphagia, it's important to seek medical advice to identify and treat any underlying conditions.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

... may refer to: Look up ventricle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ventricle (heart), the pumping chambers of the ... a structure in the larynx This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ventricle. If an internal link led ... heart Ventricular system in the brain Ventricle of the larynx, ...
The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure. The right ... During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left ... Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher blood pressures. The physiological load on the ventricles ... When viewed via cross section however, the right ventricle seems to be crescent shaped. The right ventricle is made of two ...
The laryngeal ventricle, (also called the ventricle of the larynx, laryngeal sinus, or Morgagni's sinus) is a fusiform fossa, ... The anterior part of the ventricle leads up by a narrow opening into a pouch-like diverticulum, a mucous membranous sac of ... The appendix (also called the laryngeal saccule, pouch or Hilton's pouch) extends vertically from the laryngeal ventricle. It ... Updated 05 Mar 2000 "Ventricle of larynx". Medcyclopaedia. GE. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. lesson11 at The ...
The primitive ventricle or embryonic ventricle of the developing heart, together with the bulbus cordis that lies in front of ... The primitive ventricle provides the trabeculated parts of the walls, and the bulbus cordis the smooth parts. The primitive ... The septum grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, at a position marked on the heart's surface by a furrow. Its ... ventricle becomes divided by the septum inferius which develops into the interventricular septum. ...
... with functional left ventricle: Pulmonal atresia Tricuspidal atresia Double inlet left ventricle Double outlet ... left ventricle Single ventricle with functional right ventricle: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Double inlet right ventricle ... The single functional ventricle could be morphologically right or left with the second ventricle usually hypoplastic and/or ... The single ventricle then provides both the systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Due to the different types of a single ventricle ...
... Biology of depression Suprapineal recess Tanycytes line the bottom of the ventricle Singh, ... The third ventricle is one of the four connected ventricles of the ventricular system within the mammalian brain. It is a slit- ... The third ventricle is the space formed by the expanding canal of the diencephalon. The hypothalamic region of the ventricle ... A chordoid glioma is a rare tumour that can arise in the third ventricle. Third ventricle Coronal section of brain immediately ...
... the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle extends from the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) to ... If the flow of fluid is blocked ventricles may become enlarged and cause hydrocephalus. The fourth ventricle is a common ... The fourth ventricle has a roof at its upper (posterior) surface and a floor at its lower (anterior) surface, and side walls ... The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known ...
The right ventricle is hypoplastic or does not exist. Both atria communicate with the ventricle by a single atrio-ventricular ... A double inlet left ventricle (DILV) or "single ventricle", is a congenital heart defect appearing in 5 in 100,000 newborns, ... where both the left atrium and the right atrium feed into the left ventricle. ...
... (DORV) is a form of congenital heart disease where both of the great arteries connect (in whole ... Obler D, Juraszek AL, Smoot LB, Natowicz MR (August 2008). "Double outlet right ventricle: aetiologies and associations". J. ... blood from both ventricles is substantially mixed in the RV, yielding physiology that resembles a large VSD but again, if there ... in terms of altering the normal flow of blood from the RV and left ventricle (LV) to the aorta and pulmonary artery. For ...
The roof of fourth ventricle is the dorsal surface of the fourth ventricle. It corresponds to the ventral surface of the ... The roof of ventricle is diamond shaped and can be divided into superior and inferior parts. The superior part or cranial part ...
In the brain, the taenia of the fourth ventricle (lingula, tenia of fourth ventricle) are two narrow bands of white matter, one ... Fourth ventricle This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 797 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918 ... on either side, which complete the lower part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. Each consists of a vertical and a horizontal ...
Courses in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Joins the restiform body to reach the cerebellum. Fourth ventricle. Posterior ... Winding around the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the lower part of the fourth ventricle, and crossing the area acustica and ...
Fetal lateral ventricles may be diagnosed using linear or planar measurements. The volume of the lateral ventricles is known to ... The lateral ventricles are the two largest ventricles of the brain and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cerebral ... The body of the lateral ventricle, or central part is the part of the ventricle between the anterior horn and the trigone. Its ... The anterior horn connects to the third ventricle, via the interventricular foramen. This portion of the lateral ventricle ...
The posterior vein of the left ventricle runs on the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle to the coronary sinus, but may ...
In the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above. On either side of this sulcus is an elevation, the medial eminence, bounded laterally by a sulcus, the sulcus limitans. In the superior part of the fossa the medial eminence has a width equal to that of the corresponding half of the fossa, but opposite the superior fovea it forms an elongated swelling, the colliculus facialis, which overlies the nucleus of the abducent nerve, and is, in part at least, produced by the internal genu of the facial nerve. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 799 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) https://web.archive.org/web/20081224022115/http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/omlr/ Portal: Anatomy v t e (Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918), Articles with TA98 identifiers, Ventricular system, ...
The purpose of the ventricles is to pump blood to the lungs through the right ventricle and to the rest of the body through the ... The heart is composed of two atria and two ventricles. The primary purpose of the atria is to allow uninterrupted venous blood ... "Ventricle , heart". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2021. "How the Heart Works , NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. ... It starts in the sinoatrial node traveling through the atria causing them to pump blood into the ventricles. It then travels to ...
Fourth ventricle. Posterior view.Deep dissection. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection. Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep ...
In a Fontan Circulation, the right ventricle does not exist (or is bypassed) and the venae cavae are attached directly to the ... The surgery allows blood to be delivered to the lungs via central venous pressure rather than via the right ventricle. Patients ... Whereas in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the heart is more reliant on the more functional right ventricle to provide blood ... The Fontan Kreutzer procedure is used in pediatric patients who possess only a single functional ventricle, either due to lack ...
Fourth ventricle. Posterior view. Deep dissection. Brainstem. Posterior view. Auditory system List of regions in the human ...
... where the central canal expands into the cavity of the fourth ventricle. Fourth ventricle. Posterioe view.Deep dissection. This ...
Right ventricle. LV. Left ventricle. P. Pulmonary artery. Truncus arteriosus (embryology) Patent ductus arteriosus Ruan, Wen; ... The pulmonary arteries are then detached from the common artery (truncus arteriosus) and connected to the right ventricle using ... single artery arising from the two ventricles which gives rise to both the aortic and pulmonary vessels abnormal truncal valve ...
Fourth ventricle. Posterior view. Deep dissection. Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical ... to a raised area called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. ...
The obex (from the Latin for barrier) is the point in the human brain at which the fourth ventricle narrows to become the ... Cerebrospinal fluid can flow from the fourth ventricle into the obex. In anatomical studies, the obex has been found to occur ... Fourth ventricle. Posterior view.Deep dissection. Weerakkody, Yuranga; Jones, Jeremy (24 March 2009). "Obex". Radiopaedia.org. ...
"Single Ventricle Defects". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2022-09-08. "Pulmonary Atresia (PA)". Children's Health Orange County. ... this doesn't allow blood to flow through the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle. The ventricular septal defect ...
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium, where it then travels into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps the ... HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side. In people with hypoplastic right heart ... The blood then flows into the right ventricle, where it pumps into the pulmonary artery to travel to the lungs for oxygen. ... The surgeries redirect the blood flow within the heart and allows the left ventricle to do the work for the underdeveloped ...
DAX1 Double outlet right ventricle; 217095; CFC1 Double outlet right ventricle; 217095; GDF1 Dowling-Degos disease; 179850; ...
Motz W (October 2004). "[Right ventricle in arterial hypertension]". Der Internist (in German). 45 (10): 1108-16. doi:10.1007/ ...
"Heart Ventricle Flutter - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11. Thies KC, Boos K, ... Ventricular flutter is an arrhythmia, more specifically a tachycardia affecting the ventricles with a rate over 250-350 beats/ ...
The lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle or foramen of Luschka (after anatomist Hubert von Luschka) is an opening at the ... ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. "lateral aperture of fourth ventricle". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-06-08. Waxman, Stephen G ... lateral extremity of either lateral recess of the fourth ventricle opening anteriorly into (sources differ) the pontine cistern ...
It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle,[contradictory] the roof of the upper part of the fourth ventricle; it ... Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. 1. Posterior medullary velum 2. Choroid plexus 3. Cisterna cerebellomedullaris of ... Human brain midsagittal view description Fourth ventricle. Posterioe view.Deep dissection. Inferior medullary velum Waxman, ... Ependymal lining of ventricle 9. Cisterna pontis of subarachnoid cavity (Arrow = Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through ...
Ventricle may refer to: Look up ventricle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ventricle (heart), the pumping chambers of the ... a structure in the larynx This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ventricle. If an internal link led ... heart Ventricular system in the brain Ventricle of the larynx, ...
... heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for pumping blood away from the ... and the opening into the left ventricle. See also ventricle. ... or ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. The left atrium ... heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for pumping blood away from the ... the opening into the right ventricle. The principal openings into the left atrium are the points of entry of the pulmonary ...
Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) is a heart defect that is present from birth (congenital). It affects the valves and ... Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) is a heart defect that is present from birth (congenital). It affects the valves and ... People with DILV have a large left ventricle and a small right ventricle. The left ventricle is the pumping chamber of the ... The aorta arises from the small right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. It can also occur when ...
... "single ventricle" to apply to a double-inlet ventricle or common-inlet ventricle, two (or more, if a double-outlet atrium is ... encoded search term (Single Ventricle) and Single Ventricle What to Read Next on Medscape ... common-inlet ventricle). Whether hypomorphic alleles of the homologous mutations in the human produce a single ventricle ... the vast majority of patients with single ventricle have a morphologic left ventricle (LV), do not present in extremis, and are ...
Ventricle Replicant Kvitnu 44, CD/DigitalArtwork by Zavoloka and Dmytro Fedorenko.Graphics by Zavoloka.http://kvitnu.com/ ... GARALIYA Ventricle Replicant CD. GARALIYA Ventricle Replicant Kvitnu 44, CD/Digital Artwork by Zavoloka and Dmytro ...
A double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart defect. The clinical features of DCRV, especially in the ... Double-chambered Right Ventricle in Children J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2019 Dec;29(12):1193-1198. doi: 10.29271/jcpsp.2019.12 ... A double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart defect. The clinical features of DCRV, especially in the ...
The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body. ... Left ventricle (VEN-trih-kul): one of the four chambers of the ... The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body. ...
Left Ventricle Postinfarction Pseudoaneurysm: Anatomical Forms and Surgical Management (Articles) J. M. Garrido, A. Ferreiro, J ... "Swiss-Cheese" Left Ventricle in Acute Myocardial Infarction-A Case Report (Case Report) ... Diagnostic Accuracy of Strain Imaging of the Left Ventricle in Detection of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease (Articles) ... Assessment of the Left Ventricle Wall Motion Using Tagged Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data (tMRI) (Articles) ...
Biomedical engineers at the University of Toronto have developed a method to create a small-scale biosynthetic left ventricle ... Biosynthetic Trilayered Ventricle Pumps Blood. July 21st, 2022 Conn Hastings Cardiac Surgery, Cardiology, Materials, Medicine ... "Until now, there have only been a handful of attempts to create a truly 3D model of a ventricle, as opposed to flat sheets of ... This latest method to create a biosynthetic ventricle is one such milestone. This approach makes an effort to replicate the ...
Morphometric light microscopic analysis of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle revealed an increase of the area of cell cross ... Mitochondria of the heart left ventricle in hypokinetic rats Membr Cell Biol. 1998;11(5):609-21. ... Morphometric light microscopic analysis of cardiomyocytes of the left ventricle revealed an increase of the area of cell cross ...
The anatomic dysmorphology of double outlet right ventricle can vary from that of tetralog... ... right ventricular outflow tract in which both of the great arteries arise entirely or predominantly from the right ventricle. ... The term double outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a heterogeneous series of associated cardiac anomalies that involve the ... Double Outlet Right Ventricle Surgery. Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) with transposition of the great arteries accounts ...
Object Name: Mold, Ventricleheart, artificialmold, ventricle. Measurements: overall: 2 in x 2 1/2 in x 2 in; 5.08 cm x 6.35 cm ...
Stock music track Ventricle - Industrial, atmospheric, fearful low-tempo track, with a strong sense of suspense and ... Shockwave-Sound.com T18040 https://www.shockwave-sound.com/stock-music-track/18040/ventricle 9.95 45.85 Track details. Track ID ...
... to form the embryonic brain ventricles. We developed this ventricle injection technique to better visualize the fluid filled ...
OverviewDouble-outlet right ventricle is a heart condition present at birth. That means its a congenital heart defect. In this ... Double-outlet right ventricle is a heart condition present at birth. That means its a congenital heart defect. In this ... Double-outlet right ventricle may occur with other heart problems present at birth. These problems may include other holes in ... Insert a blood vessel to connect the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This lets more blood flow if the pulmonary artery ...
Our requirements are stated in our rapid response terms and conditions and must be read. These include ensuring that: i) you do not include any illustrative content including tables and graphs, ii) you do not include any information that includes specifics about any patients,iii) you do not include any original data, unless it has already been published in a peer reviewed journal and you have included a reference, iv) your response is lawful, not defamatory, original and accurate, v) you declare any competing interests, vi) you understand that your name and other personal details set out in our rapid response terms and conditions will be published with any responses we publish and vii) you understand that once a response is published, we may continue to publish your response and/or edit or remove it in the future ...
There are many types of single ventricles including double inlet left ventricle, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, mitral ... Single Ventricle Disease Research Program. *Apply*Awards*Advisory Board. *Stanford Pediatric IBD & Celiac Disease Research ... A single ventricle is a congenital heart defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first ... The Additional Ventures Innovation Fund Single Ventricle Disease Research Program supports a wide range of scientific ...
As an important differential diagnostic index, the structure and function of the left ventricle (LV) has been identified and ... R. Foale, P. Nihoyannopoulos, W. McKenna et al., "Echocardiographic measurement of the normal adult right ventricle," Heart, ... Cardiac Amyloidosis and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy by Thickness and Myocardial Deformation of the Right Ventricle. Hui Liu. ,1 ... shown to discriminate between CA and HCM to a certain extant [4-6]. Though right ventricle thickness (RVT) is extensively ...
The heaviness of one or both ventricles of the heart, that is, the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the ... or the degree to which one or both ventricles of the heart are drawn toward the earth by gravity. ...
gallery> ==See also== * [[Left ventricle]] * [[Double outlet right ventricle]] * [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]] {{Grays ... The right ventricle is one of four [[heart chamber,chambers]] (two [[atrium (anatomy),atria]] and two [[Ventricle (heart), ... The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than that of the left, the proportion between them being as 1 to 3; it is thickest ... The cavity equals in size that of the left ventricle, and is capable of containing about 85 c.c. ==Components== Its interior ...
Tag archive for ventricles. Want more amazing articles related to ventricles? Please subscribe below well notify you when we ...
During left ventricles diastole, the right ventricle is still moving and therefore cannot be imaged. Using a 4D scanning ... Human Ventricle Anatomy to Contain Vasculature Geometry. A representation of the human ventricles was constructed to permit ... The epicardial layers in the right ventricle received significantly lower BF than in the left ventricle. The endocardial layers ... j, at each of the j ventricle walls were computed (Section S2, Equation S3). Then, the n. ⌢. j, distance of upstream position x ...
ventricle answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android ... "Ventricle." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Tabers Online, www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/ ... Tabers-Dictionary/753736/all/ventricle. Ventricle. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. ... Ventricle [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 October 01]. ...
The thickness or depth of the septal wall of the heart ventricles. The septal wall is the portion of the heart left ventricle ... heart ventricle septal wall thickness. related_synonym: SWT; antero-septal wall thickness; heart interventricular septum ... ventral/anterior wall and right ventricle dorsal/posterior wall which is shared between the ventricles. ... thickness; heart intraventricular wall thickness; heart ventricle septum thickness; heart ventricular septal wall thickness. ...
Blood flow and cardiac mechanics in the left ventricle. Add to your list(s) Download to your calendar using vCal ... Blood flow and cardiac mechanics in the left ventricle ...
CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what youre studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. ...
We are a national UK charity offering help to anyone affected by the diagnosis of single ventricle heart condition. ... ️ We are the only national UK charity offering specialised support to anyone affected by the diagnosis of single ventricle ...
Goldstein I, LaMarca V, Abbott R, Jallo GI: Slit ventricle syndrome: overview of patho-physiology and treatment. Internet J ... Oi S, Matsumoto S: Infantile hydrocephalus and the slit ventricle syndrome in early infancy. Childs Nerv Syst 1987;3:145-150. ... Subtemporal Decompression for the Slit-Ventricle Syndrome after Shunting in Hydrocephalic Children Childs Brain (March,2008) ... Olson S: The problematic slit ventricle syndrome: a review of the literature and proposed algorithm for treatment. Pediatr ...
Learn how our Fetal Heart specialists monitor double outlet right ventricle during your pregnancy. ... Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the aorta and the main pulmonary artery both ... connect to the right ventricle instead the aorta connecting to the left ventricle. Other heart conditions can occur with DORV, ...
However, the fornix column limits the exposure of the anterior region of the third ventricle. There is evidence that the ... CONCLUSIONS The transforniceal-transchoroidal approach provides greater surgical exposure of the third ventricle anterior ... it was noted that the transforniceal-transchoroidal approach led to greater exposure of the third ventricle anterior region ... transchoroidal approach is versatile and provides adequate exposure of the middle and posterior regions of the third ventricle ...
  • Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) is a heart defect that is present from birth (congenital). (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] have confirmed at least two processes that must go awry to create double-inlet left ventricle (LV): failure of the common (unseptated) atrioventricular canal to move rightward from its "starting" alignment over the eventual LV at day 30 and the contemporaneous failure to form a normal ventricular septum. (medscape.com)
  • There are many types of single ventricles including double inlet left ventricle, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, mitral atresia, tricuspid atresia, and common AV valves with only one well-developed ventricle. (stanford.edu)
  • Access to the third ventricle is a veritable challenge to neurosurgeons. (thejns.org)
  • The transchoroidal approach is versatile and provides adequate exposure of the middle and posterior regions of the third ventricle. (thejns.org)
  • However, the fornix column limits the exposure of the anterior region of the third ventricle. (thejns.org)
  • MR scan of brain showed a 1.1 cm cystic, peripherally enhancing lesion in the third ventricle, causing obstructive hydrocephalus at the interventricular foramen of Monro (figure 1A, B). She underwent endoscopic intraventricular resection through a left frontal burr hole. (bmj.com)
  • The ventricular system is composed of 2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, the cerebral aqueduct, and the fourth ventricle (see the following images). (medscape.com)
  • The neural canal dilates within the prosencephalon, leading to the formation of the lateral ventricles and third ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through interventricular foramens, and the third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The 2 interventricular foramens (or foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • The author offers an original method of the study of the midbrain structures and liquor circulation system (the third ventricle, brain water-pipe, the fourth ventricle) in the small cavity in the course of autopsy. (who.int)
  • Because hypoplastic left heart syndrome (eg, aortic atresia with mitral hypoplasia), pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum , and tricuspid atresia are discussed in other articles, this article considers the term "single ventricle" to apply to a double-inlet ventricle or common-inlet ventricle, two (or more, if a double-outlet atrium is also present) atrioventricular orifices, or a common atrioventricular orifice, opening into one ventricular chamber, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the aorta and the main pulmonary artery both connect to the right ventricle instead the aorta connecting to the left ventricle. (umms.org)
  • In double outlet right ventricle (DORV), both the aorta and pulmonary valve connect to the right ventricle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI) Additional Ventures Single Ventricle Innovation Research Program aims to promote truly innovative research to treat and functionally cure single ventricle heart disease. (stanford.edu)
  • The Additional Ventures Innovation Fund Single Ventricle Disease Research Program aims to accelerate scientific discoveries and development of treatments for single ventricle heart defects (SVDs). (stanford.edu)
  • The goal of each Additional Ventures Innovation Funds is to spark innovative and unique research ideas, to engage new members into the single ventricle and Fontan community, and to accelerate progress towards 1) understanding the underlying etiology of single ventricle heart defects and 2) developing functional cures for SVDS or for those with the Fontan circulation. (stanford.edu)
  • Welcome to Little Hearts Matter ❤️ We are the only national UK charity offering specialised support to anyone affected by the diagnosis of single ventricle heart condition. (lhm.org.uk)
  • Fourth ventricle - Infobox Brain Name = PAGENAME Latin = ventriculus quartus GraySubject = 187 GrayPage = 797 Caption = Scheme showing relations of the ventricles to the surface of the brain. (en-academic.com)
  • Taenia of fourth ventricle - Infobox Brain Name = PAGENAME Latin = taenia ventriculi quarti GraySubject = 187 GrayPage = 797 Caption = Rhomboid fossa. (en-academic.com)
  • Its posterior wall is formed by the [[ventricular septum]], which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. (wikidoc.org)
  • The cavity equals in size that of the left ventricle, and is capable of containing about 85 c.c. (wikidoc.org)
  • Fourth ventricle - One cavity in a system of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. (en-academic.com)
  • Capillaries of the choroid arteries from the pia mater project into the ventricular cavity, forming the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The right ventricle then pumps blood to the pulmonary artery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The aorta arises from the small right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In babies with double-outlet right ventricle, both the aorta and the pulmonary artery connect partially or completely to the right lower heart chamber. (sparrow.org)
  • Insert a blood vessel to connect the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. (sparrow.org)
  • Pulmonary artery leaves from right ventricle. (omtexclasses.com)
  • Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) Transposition of the great arteries (in this case, dextro-transposition) occurs when the aorta arises directly from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The principal openings into the left atrium are the points of entry of the pulmonary veins, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs, and the opening into the left ventricle. (britannica.com)
  • Blood with fresh oxygen returns to the left atrium and left ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because both great vessels arise from one ventricle, there is some degree of mixing of desaturated systemic venous blood and highly saturated pulmonary venous return that enters the right ventricle via flow through the left atrium, left ventricle, and VSD. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The largest cavities of the ventricular system are the lateral ventricles. (medscape.com)
  • Electrocardiographic findings are rarely diagnostic for double outlet right ventricle (DORV). (medscape.com)
  • [ 11 ] Of the 12 infants in whom double outlet right ventricle (DORV) was diagnosed and confirmed with angiography, 11 previously received a diagnosis based on subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography. (medscape.com)
  • this blood flows into the left ventricle and is pumped through the arteries to the tissues. (britannica.com)
  • Oxygen-poor blood returning from the body flows to the right atrium and right ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In this case, blood flows from the left to right ventricle through a hole between the chambers called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). (medlineplus.gov)
  • CSF flows out of the fourth ventricle through the 3 apertures formed at the roof of the fourth ventricle by week 12 of gestation. (medscape.com)
  • The septal wall is the portion of the heart left ventricle ventral/anterior wall and right ventricle dorsal/posterior wall which is shared between the ventricles. (mcw.edu)
  • Various veins like right marginal vein, small cardiac vein (SCV), posterior vein of the left ventricle, left marginal vein, oblique vein of Marshall drain into coronary sinus. (who.int)
  • The length, diameter of SCV, left marginal vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle, right marginal vein, and oblique vein of Marshall were taken. (who.int)
  • The length of right marginal vein and posterior vein of the left ventricle is having a significant correlation with age. (who.int)
  • Ventricle (heart), the pumping chambers of the heart Ventricular system in the brain Ventricle of the larynx, a structure in the larynx This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ventricle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Left ventricle (VEN-trih-kul): one of the four chambers of the heart. (kidshealth.org)
  • Babies with double-outlet right ventricle also have a hole between the lower heart chambers. (sparrow.org)
  • The lower heart chambers are called the ventricles. (sparrow.org)
  • Some adults born with double-outlet right ventricle need medicine to help the right or left lower heart chambers work better. (sparrow.org)
  • The heaviness of one or both ventricles of the heart, that is, the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood away from the heart either to the lungs to be oxygenated or, once oxygenated, to the rest of the body, or the degree to which one or both ventricles of the heart are drawn toward the earth by gravity. (mcw.edu)
  • For example, the four connected cavities (hollow spaces) in the central portion of the brain and the lower two chambers of the heart are called ventricles. (en-academic.com)
  • Double-chambered right ventricle, the most common form, is noted by the presence of anomalous muscle bundles (AMB) that divide the RV into 2 chambers. (medscape.com)
  • Right anterior oblique (RAO) angiogram demonstrating proximal and distal chambers of right ventricle (Image courtesy of R.M. Freedom, MD). (medscape.com)
  • Ventricles are driving chambers as they sent the blood the body. (omtexclasses.com)
  • The embryologic basis for double-chambered right ventricle was attributed to failure to incorporate bulbus cordis into the RV or an elevated hypertrophied moderator band. (medscape.com)
  • In this study, cardiac CT was used to evaluate the prevalence of atherosclerotic lesions and the severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients with TID of the left ventricle with or without associated myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT MPI. (snmjournals.org)
  • Combination of myocardial perfusion imaging, left ventricle function parameters and coronary artery calcium score in risk evaluation in patients with diabetes mellitus. (bvsalud.org)
  • atrium , in vertebrates and the higher invertebrates, heart chamber that receives blood into the heart and drives it into a ventricle, or chamber, for pumping blood away from the heart. (britannica.com)
  • this blood is transferred to the right lower chamber, or ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. (britannica.com)
  • Babies born with this condition have only one working pumping chamber (ventricle) in their heart. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The left ventricle is the pumping chamber of the heart that sends oxygen-rich blood to the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The right ventricle is the pumping chamber that sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • During early development in the turtle, an animal with only one ventricle, Tbx5 is expressed throughout its lone ventricular chamber. (medscape.com)
  • Ventricle - A ventricle is a chamber of an organ. (en-academic.com)
  • An echocardiogram revealed the pumping function of his main chamber (left ventricle) was reduced. (cdc.gov)
  • After neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium constricts and folds while the tube fills with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) to form the embryonic brain ventricles. (jove.com)
  • The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • Echocardiography can be used to correctly identify the relative position of the great arteries, the degree of subsemilunar narrowing, the position of the ventricular septal defect (VSD), and the status of the mitral valve and left ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • A bioprosthetic valve, bileaflet valve, and a tilting disc valve in both septum and free wall orientations are shown to produce very different flow patterns in the left ventricle when placed in the mitral valve position, as evidenced by changes in the LCS they produce. (sdsu.edu)
  • In the normal heart, the right and left ventricles receive blood from the right and left atria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Both atria empty blood into this ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To achieve a multilayered ventricle, the researchers started with a flat biocompatible polymer scaffold that they seeded with cardiac cells. (medgadget.com)
  • Cardiac catheterization, once the criterion standard for confirming double outlet right ventricle, is now rarely required in the evaluation or preoperative planning of this cardiac disorder. (medscape.com)
  • [ 12 ] A study that assessed the incidence and diagnostic accuracy of preoperative cardiac CT scanning for identifying detailed coronary artery anatomy in 318 children with TOF or Fallot type of double outlet right ventricle found a 95% concordance between cardiac CT scanning and surgical findings, and a 96.9% diagnostic accuracy for cardiac CT scanning. (medscape.com)
  • Demir MT, Amasyall Y, Kopuz C, Aydln ME, Corumlu U. The double outlet right ventricle with additional cardiac malformations: an anatomic and echocardiographic study. (medscape.com)
  • Is the Subject Area "Cardiac ventricles" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • To date there have been no large-scale, national studies looking at survival outcomes in single-ventricle patients, despite the extensive availability of transplantation data dating back to 1987," said lead author Dr. Syed Shahyan Bakhtiyar, visiting research scientist in the UCLA Department of Cardiac Surgery and a general surgery resident at the University of Colorado. (reachmd.com)
  • Congested right ventricle and lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • Each lateral ventricle is divided into a central portion, formed by the body and atrium (or trigone), and 3 lateral extensions or horns of the ventricles. (medscape.com)
  • The body of the lateral ventricle is connected with the occipital and temporal horns by a wide area named the atrium. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] In humans and other mammals, expression of the T-box transcription factor Tbx5 correlates with the formation of the ventricular septum (high in the left ventricle and low in the right, with a sharp boundary of expression exactly at the location where the septum forms). (medscape.com)
  • Medieval physiology imagined the cerebral ventricles as three bulbous cavities that housed the mental faculties. (rct.uk)
  • 2021. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/753736/all/ventricle. (tabers.com)
  • Health-related quality of life in children with functional single ventricle[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 2021, 29(5): 492-496. (magtech.com.cn)
  • A similar single ventricle phenotype was found by Toshihiko Ogura's laboratory when they misexpressed Tbx5 in the embryonic chick ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of 29 patients with 4th ventricle subependymoma. (nih.gov)
  • Patients diagnosed with suspected 4th ventricle subependymoma were identified. (nih.gov)
  • All patients in this cohort had tumors originating between the bottom of the body of the 4th ventricle and the obex. (nih.gov)
  • But 10-year conditional survival was similar for biventricular and most single-ventricle CHD patients, and notably better for biventricular CHD patients compared to non-CHD heart transplant recipients. (reachmd.com)
  • Historically, single-ventricle CHD subtypes were all considered higher risk than their biventricular counterparts, which would lead to some transplant centers being hesitant to perform a heart transplant in these patients. (reachmd.com)
  • Our findings not only alleviate concerns associated with heart transplantation in adult CHD patients as a whole, but also work towards destigmatizing most subtypes of single-ventricle CHD. (reachmd.com)
  • Using contracting band to improve right ventricle ejection fraction for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a modeling study using patient-specific CMR-based 2-layer anisotropic models of human right and left ventricles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Objective To investigate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in pediatric patients with functional single ventricle (FSV), and to compare HRQOL between children with FSV and healthy pediatric population. (magtech.com.cn)
  • 1] du Plessis K, d'Udekem Y.The neurodevelopmental outcomes of patients with single ventricles across the lifespan[J].Ann Thorac Surg, 2019, 108(5):1565-1572. (magtech.com.cn)
  • [ 1 ] These subtypes include anomalous septoparietal band, anomalous apical shelf, hypertrophy of apical trabeculations, anomalous apical shelf with Ebstein malformation, and sequestration of the outlet portion of the ventricle from a circumferential muscular diaphragm in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence suggests that double-chambered right ventricle is an acquired disorder in those patients with appropriate substrate. (medscape.com)
  • Une étude rétrospective a été menée à Riyad (Arabie saoudite) pour connaître l'impact de la rééducation pulmonaire d'une part sur les paramètres respiratoires d'un groupe de patients en consultation externe pour des affections pulmonaires chroniques autres que la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et d'autre part sur leur utilisation des soins de santé. (who.int)
  • UCLA-led research finds that among adult congenital heart disease (CHD) transplant recipients, single-ventricle physiology correlated with higher short-term mortality. (reachmd.com)
  • Of 382 adult heart transplant recipients with congenital heart disease (CHD), 185 (48%) had single-ventricle physiology. (reachmd.com)
  • Like many other lesions associated with congenital heart disease (CHD), the terminology that surrounds double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) has evolved over the past several decades. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior part of the body of the fornix, the choroid plexus, lateral dorsal surface of the thalamus, stria terminalis, and caudate nucleus, form the floor of the lateral ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • Preoperative CT scanning is potentially useful for identifying coronary artery anatomy in children with TOF or Fallot type of double outlet right ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • Coronary artery systems of the inferior wall of the ventricles vary considerably. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We determined coronary artery variance at the inferior surface of the ventricles in 134 dissected human hearts and analyzed a possible association between coronary artery variance and age at death. (uni-koeln.de)
  • It can also occur when the arteries are in normal positions and arise from the usual ventricles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Double-outlet right ventricle may occur with other heart problems present at birth. (sparrow.org)
  • Fourth ventricle labeled at bottom center. (en-academic.com)
  • Taenia of fourth ventricle labeled at bottom left. (en-academic.com)
  • Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle - Not to be confused with Median eminence. (en-academic.com)
  • The dilation of the neural canal within the rhombencephalon forms the fourth ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • Recto: The layers of the scalp, and the cerebral ventricles. (rct.uk)
  • The arrangement of the cerebral ventricles and sensory nerves is more conventional than in 912626, and corresponds closely to traditional images of the sensory apparatus. (rct.uk)
  • The aorta then carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body from the left ventricle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body. (kidshealth.org)
  • Biomedical engineers at the University of Toronto have developed a method to create a small-scale biosynthetic left ventricle that can pump blood within a bioreactor. (medgadget.com)
  • In fact, the man-made ventricle already showed a significant level of sophistication and biomimicry with a multilayered structure and the ability to pump blood. (medgadget.com)
  • In this thesis, we explore the use of finite time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) fields and Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) for modeling thrombosis for a variety of devices/conditions which alter the blood flow inside the left ventricle. (sdsu.edu)
  • The choroid plexus extends from the lateral ventricle into the inferior horn. (medscape.com)
  • Common findings in a child with double outlet right ventricle include right ventricular hypertrophy, right axis deviation, and, occasionally, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. (medscape.com)
  • Regardless of the end of the clinical spectrum (tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] or transposition of the great arteries [TGA]) at which double outlet right ventricle occurs, findings on anteroposterior and lateral chest radiography depend on the degree of pulmonary (or subpulmonary) stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • The findings have significant implications toward patient selection and listing strategies, easing concerns related to heart transplantation in adults with CHD and destigmatizing most subtypes of single-ventricle CHD. (reachmd.com)
  • These findings suggest that FTLE/LCS analysis is a useful tool in modeling how different conditions affect the flow field in the left ventricle, and may also be a useful indictor of increased thrombosis risk. (sdsu.edu)
  • Though right ventricle thickness (RVT) is extensively involved in CA but less in HCM [ 7 ], the differences in RVT and RV deformation were underestimated. (hindawi.com)
  • Ventricles and the borders of major adjacent anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • MRI has been used in the diagnosis of double outlet right ventricle, but it is not yet a routine or well-established diagnostic modality forthis condition. (medscape.com)
  • As an important differential diagnostic index, the structure and function of the left ventricle (LV) has been identified and shown to discriminate between CA and HCM to a certain extant [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Subependymomas located within the 4th ventricle are rare, and the literature describing imaging characteristics is sparse. (nih.gov)
  • Imaging with both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed slit ventricles. (karger.com)