The upper part of the trunk between the NECK and the ABDOMEN. It contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
Thoracic neoplasms are a broad category of abnormal growths or tumors that originate within the thorax, encompassing malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) forms, which can affect structures such as the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air.
In a medical context, the term "wing" is not typically used as a standalone definition; however, it can refer to various flat, wing-shaped structures in anatomy, such as the iliac wings of the pelvis or the zygomatic wings of the cheekbone.
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.
That portion of the body that lies between the THORAX and the PELVIS.
'Pleural diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the pleura, the thin, double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, including inflammation (pleurisy), effusions (excess fluid buildup), thickening, or tumors, which may cause chest pain, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
A membrane in the midline of the THORAX of mammals. It separates the lungs between the STERNUM in front and the VERTEBRAL COLUMN behind. It also surrounds the HEART, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, THYMUS, and LYMPH NODES.
Radiographic visualization of the body between the thorax and the pelvis, i.e., within the peritoneal cavity.
Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)
The outer margins of the thorax containing SKIN, deep FASCIA; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; RIBS; STERNUM; and MUSCLES.
Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.
A long, narrow, and flat bone commonly known as BREASTBONE occurring in the midsection of the anterior thoracic segment or chest region, which stabilizes the rib cage and serves as the point of origin for several muscles that move the arms, head, and neck.
Dwarfism occurring in association with defective development of skin, hair, and teeth, polydactyly, and defect of the cardiac septum. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Light sensory organ in ARTHROPODS consisting of a large number of ommatidia, each functioning as an independent photoreceptor unit.
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
Timing the acquisition of imaging data to specific points in the breathing cycle to minimize image blurring and other motion artifacts. The images are used diagnostically and also interventionally to coordinate radiation treatment beam on/off cycles to protect healthy tissues when they move into the beam field during different times in the breathing cycle.
Surgical incision into the chest wall.
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
An order of insects comprising three suborders: Anisoptera, Zygoptera, and Anisozygoptera. They consist of dragonflies and damselflies.
Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of congenital or traumatic defects in the respiratory DIAPHRAGM.
Specialized organs adapted for the reception of stimuli by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An inactive stage between the larval and adult stages in the life cycle of insects.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.
Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.
The physical or mechanical action of the LUNGS; DIAPHRAGM; RIBS; and CHEST WALL during respiration. It includes airflow, lung volume, neural and reflex controls, mechanoreceptors, breathing patterns, etc.
The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).
Automotive safety devices consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. (American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a homeobox protein involved in limb patterning in ARTHROPODS. Mutations in the gene for the antennapedia homeodomain protein are associated with the conversion of antenna to leg or leg to antenna DROSOPHILA.
A syndrome inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and incompatible with life. The main features are narrow thorax, short ribs, scapular and pelvic dysplasia, and polydactyly.
Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.
Surgery performed on the thoracic organs, most commonly the lungs and the heart.
The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs (LUNG) and lining the THORACIC CAVITY. Pleura consist of two layers, the inner visceral pleura lying next to the pulmonary parenchyma and the outer parietal pleura. Between the two layers is the PLEURAL CAVITY which contains a thin film of liquid.
Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis.
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Radiography of the bronchial tree after injection of a contrast medium.
The functional hereditary units of INSECTS.
Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.
Conjoined twins are a rare type of monozygotic twinning where genetically identical individuals form a single organism with varying degrees of physical connection and shared anatomy due to incomplete division during embryonic development.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Proteins found in any species of insect.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
The amount of radiation energy that is deposited in a unit mass of material, such as tissues of plants or animal. In RADIOTHERAPY, radiation dosage is expressed in gray units (Gy). In RADIOLOGIC HEALTH, the dosage is expressed by the product of absorbed dose (Gy) and quality factor (a function of linear energy transfer), and is called radiation dose equivalent in sievert units (Sv).
Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

Modulation of the thermoregulatory sweating response to mild hyperthermia during activation of the muscle metaboreflex in humans. (1/1124)

1. To investigate the effect of the muscle metaboreflex on the thermoregulatory sweating response in humans, eight healthy male subjects performed sustained isometric handgrip exercise in an environmental chamber (35 C and 50 % relative humidity) at 30 or 45 % maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), at the end of which the blood circulation to the forearm was occluded for 120 s. The environmental conditions were such as to produce sweating by increase in skin temperature without a marked change in oesophageal temperature. 2. During circulatory occlusion after handgrip exercise at 30 % MVC for 120 s or at 45 % MVC for 60 s, the sweating rate (SR) on the chest and forearm (hairy regions), and the mean arterial blood pressure were significantly above baseline values (P < 0.05). There were no changes from baseline values in the oesophageal temperature, mean skin temperature, or SR on the palm (hairless regions). 3. During the occlusion after handgrip exercise at 30 % MVC for 60 s and during the occlusion alone, none of the measured parameters differed from baseline values. 4. It is concluded that, under mildly hyperthermic conditions, the thermoregulatory sweating response on the hairy regions is modulated by afferent signals from muscle metaboreceptors.  (+info)

A pilot study on the human body vibration induced by low frequency noise. (2/1124)

To understand the basic characteristics of the human body vibration induced by low frequency noise and to use it to evaluate the effects on health, we designed a measuring method with a miniature accelerometer and carried out preliminary measurements. Vibration was measured on the chest and abdomen of 6 male subjects who were exposed to pure tones in the frequency range of 20 to 50 Hz, where the method we designed was proved to be sensitive enough to detect vibration on the body surface. The level and rate of increase with frequency of the vibration turned out to be higher on the chest than on the abdomen. This difference was considered to be due to the mechanical structure of the human body. It also turned out that the measured noise-induced vibration negatively correlated with the subject's BMI (Body Mass Index), which suggested that the health effects of low frequency noise depended not only on the mechanical structure but also on the physical constitution of the human body.  (+info)

Radiation induced endothelial cell retraction in vitro: correlation with acute pulmonary edema. (3/1124)

We determined the effects of low dose radiation (<200 cGy) on the cell-cell integrity of confluent monolayers of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMEC). We observed dose- and time-dependent reversible radiation induced injuries to PMEC monolayers characterized by retraction (loss of cell-cell contact) mediated by cytoskeletal F-actin reorganization. Radiation induced reorganization of F-actin microfilament stress fibers was observed > or =30 minutes post irradiation and correlated positively with loss of cell-cell integrity. Cells of irradiated monolayers recovered to form contact inhibited monolayers > or =24 hours post irradiation; concomitantly, the depolymerized microfilaments organized to their pre-irradiated state as microfilament stress fibers arrayed parallel to the boundaries of adjacent contact-inhibited cells. Previous studies by other investigators have measured slight but significant increases in mouse lung wet weight >1 day post thoracic or whole body radiation (> or =500 cGy). Little or no data is available concerning time intervals <1 day post irradiation, possibly because of the presumption that edema is mediated, at least in part, by endothelial cell death or irreversible loss of barrier permeability functions which may only arise 1 day post irradiation. However, our in vitro data suggest that loss of endothelial barrier function may occur rapidly and at low dose levels (< or =200 cGy). Therefore, we determined radiation effects on lung wet weight and observed significant increases in wet weight (standardized per dry weight or per mouse weight) in < or =5 hours post thoracic exposure to 50 200 cGy x-radiation. We suggest that a single fraction of radiation even at low dose levels used in radiotherapy, may induce pulmonary edema by a reversible loss of endothelial cell-cell integrity and permeability barrier function.  (+info)

External thoracic restriction, respiratory sensation, and ventilation during exercise in men. (4/1124)

Multiple factors may contribute to the dyspnea associated with restrictive ventilatory disease (RVD). Simple models that examine specific features of this problem are likely to provide insight into the mechanisms. Previous models of RVD utilizing elastic loads may not represent completely the impact on pulmonary and chest wall receptors derived from breathing at low thoracic volumes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory consequences of breathing at low lung volumes induced by external thoracic restriction in an attempt to further elucidate the etiology of dyspnea in this setting. Ten men were studied, with and without an inelastic corset applied at residual volume (restriction resulted in mean reductions in vital capacity, functional residual capacity, residual volume, and forced expired volume in 1 s of 44, 31, 12.5, and 42%, respectively). During 10-min steady-state exercise tests (at a workload set to achieve approximately 65% maximum heart rate), restriction resulted in significant increases, compared with control, in minute ventilation (61 vs. 49 l/min), respiratory frequency (43 vs. 23 breaths/min), and visual analog scale measurements of respiratory discomfort (65 vs. 20 mm). Alveolar hyperventilation (end-tidal PCO2 = 39 vs. 44 Torr for control) and mild O2 desaturation (arterial blood O2 saturation = 93 vs. 95% for control) occurred. Hypoxemia, atelectasis, increased work and effort of breathing, or a decrease in the volume-related feedback from chest wall and/or lungs could be responsible for the increased dyspnea reported. External thoracic restriction provides a useful model to study mechanisms of dyspnea in RVD.  (+info)

Core temperature and sweating onset in humans acclimated to heat given at a fixed daily time. (5/1124)

The thermoregulatory functions of rats acclimated to heat given daily at a fixed time are altered, especially during the period in which they were previously exposed to heat. In this study, we investigated the existence of similar phenomena in humans. Volunteers were exposed to an ambient temperature (Ta) of 46 degrees C and a relative humidity of 20% for 4 h (1400-1800) for 9-10 consecutive days. In the first experiment, the rectal temperatures (Tre) of six subjects were measured over 24 h at a Ta of 27 degrees C with and without heat acclimation. Heat acclimation significantly lowered Tre only between 1400 and 1800. In the second experiment, six subjects rested in a chair at a Ta of 28 degrees C and a relative humidity of 40% with both legs immersed in warm water (42 degrees C) for 30 min. The Tre and sweating rates at the forearm and chest were measured. Measurements were made in the morning (0900-1100) and afternoon (1500-1700) on the same day before and after heat acclimation. Heat acclimation shortened the sweating latency and decreased the threshold Tre for sweating. However, these changes were significant only in the afternoon. The results suggest that repeated heat exposure in humans, limited to a fixed time daily, alters the core temperature level and thermoregulatory function, especially during the period in which the subjects had previously been exposed to heat.  (+info)

A chest wall restrictor to study effects on pulmonary function and exercise. 1. Development and validation. (6/1124)

Chest wall-restrictive loading reduces a person's ability to expand the chest wall during inhalation and results in decrements in lung capacities, resting pulmonary function, and ultimately, exercise performance. Chest wall restriction is observed in some forms of skeletal and pulmonary diseases (e.g., scoliosis) as well as in occupational situations (e.g., bulletproof vests). We have designed a constant-pressure chest wall-restrictive device that provides a quantifiable and reproducible load on the chest. This paper describes the device and the initial pulmonary function tests conducted. Ten subjects participated in this study. Subjects wore the restrictive device while performing pulmonary function tests at four externally added restrictive loads on three separate occasions. A two-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant decreases in forced expiratory vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) at each load while the ratio of FEV1.0 to FVC (FEV1.0%) was maintained. No significant differences in any variable were found across time or between the seated and standing position. These results indicate that this chest wall-restrictive device provides a quantifiable added inspiratory load in the breathing cycle that results in reproducible decrements in pulmonary function representative of those seen in some restrictive pulmonary disease and occupational situations.  (+info)

A chest wall restrictor to study effects on pulmonary function and exercise. 2. The energetics of restrictive breathing. (7/1124)

Chest wall restriction, whether caused by disease or mechanical constraints such as protective outerwear, can cause decrements in pulmonary function and exercise capacity. However, the study of the oxygen cost associated with mechanical chest restriction has so far been purely qualitative. The previous paper in this series described a device to impose external chest wall restriction, its effects on forced spirometric volumes, and its test-retest reliability. The purpose of this experiment was to measure the oxygen cost associated with varied levels of external chest wall restriction. Oxygen uptake and electromyogram (EMG) of the external intercostals were recorded during chest restriction in 10 healthy males. Subjects rested for 9 min before undergoing volitional isocapnic hyperpnea for 6 min. Subjects breathed at minute ventilations (V.I) of 30, 60, and 90 liters/min with chest wall loads of 0, 25, 50 and 75 mm Hg applied. Frequency of breathing was set at 15, 30, and 45 breaths per minute with a constant tidal volume (VT) of 2 liters. Oxygen uptake was measured continuously at rest and throughout the hyperventilation bouts, while controlling V.I and VT. Integrated EMG (IEMG) from the 3rd intercostal space was recorded during each minute of rest and hyperventilation. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed that chest wall loading and hyperpnea significantly increased V.O2 values (p < 0.01). External intercostal IEMG levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) at higher restrictive load (50 and 75 mm Hg) and at the highest minute ventilation (90 liters/min). These data suggest that there is a significant and quantifiable increase in the oxygen cost associated with external chest wall restriction which is directly related to the level of chest wall restriction.  (+info)

Lung and chest wall mechanics in ventilated patients with end stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. (8/1124)

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an inflammatory disease which leads to chronic ventilatory insufficiency and is characterised by a reduction in pulmonary static and dynamic volumes. It has been suggested that lung elastance may also be abnormally increased, particularly in end stage disease, but this has not been systematically tested. The aim of this study was to assess the respiratory mechanics during mechanical ventilation in patients affected by end stage disease. METHODS: Respiratory mechanics were monitored in seven patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis being ventilated for acute respiratory failure (PaO2/FiO2 5.8 (0.3); pH 7. 28 (0.02); PaCO2 8.44 (0.82) kPa; tidal volume 3.4 (0.2) ml/kg; respiratory rate 35.1 (8.8) breaths/min) using an oesophageal balloon and airway occlusion during constant flow inflation. The total respiratory system mechanics (rs) was partitioned into lung (L) and chest wall (w) mechanics to measure static intrinsic positive end expiratory pressure (PEEPi), static (Est) and dynamic (Edyn) elastances, total respiratory resistance (Rrs), interrupter respiratory resistance (Rint,rs), and additional respiratory resistance (DeltaRrs). RESULTS: PEEPi was negligible in all patients. Edyn,rs and Est,rs were markedly increased (60.9 (7.3) and 51.9 (8. 0) cm H2O/l, respectively), and this was due to abnormal lung elastance (dynamic 53.9 (8.0) cm H2O/l, static 46.1 (8.1) cm H2O/l) while chest wall elastance was only slightly increased. Rrs and Rint, rs were also increased above the normal range (16.7 (4.5) and 13.7 (3.5) cm H2O/l/s, respectively). RL and Rint,L contributed 88% and 89%, on average, to the total. Edyn,rs, Est,rs, Rrs and Rint,rs were significantly correlated with the degree of hypercapnia (r = 0.64 (p<0.01), r = 0.54 (p<0.05), r = 0.84 (p<0.001), and r = 0.72 (p<0. 001), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The elastances and resistances of the respiratory system are significantly altered in ventilated patients with end stage idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These features are almost totally due to abnormalities in lung mechanics. These profound alterations in elastic and resistive mechanical properties at this stage of the disease may be responsible for the onset of hypercapnia.  (+info)

The thorax is the central part of the human body, located between the neck and the abdomen. In medical terms, it refers to the portion of the body that contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures within a protective cage made up of the sternum (breastbone), ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. The thorax is enclosed by muscles and protected by the ribcage, which helps to maintain its structural integrity and protect the vital organs contained within it.

The thorax plays a crucial role in respiration, as it allows for the expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. This movement is facilitated by the flexible nature of the ribcage, which expands and contracts with each breath, allowing air to enter and exit the lungs. Additionally, the thorax serves as a conduit for major blood vessels, such as the aorta and vena cava, which carry blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body.

Understanding the anatomy and function of the thorax is essential for medical professionals, as many conditions and diseases can affect this region of the body. These may include respiratory disorders such as pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks or aortic aneurysms, and musculoskeletal issues involving the ribs, spine, or surrounding muscles.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Thoracic injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the thorax, which is the part of the body that contains the chest cavity. The thorax houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Thoracic injuries can range from blunt trauma, caused by impacts or compressions, to penetrating trauma, resulting from stabbing or gunshot wounds. These injuries may cause various complications, including but not limited to:

1. Hemothorax - bleeding into the chest cavity
2. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung due to air accumulation in the chest cavity
3. Tension pneumothorax - a life-threatening condition where trapped air puts pressure on the heart and lungs, impairing their function
4. Cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
5. Rib fractures, which can lead to complications like punctured lungs or internal bleeding
6. Tracheobronchial injuries, causing air leaks and difficulty breathing
7. Great vessel injuries, potentially leading to massive hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability

Immediate medical attention is required for thoracic injuries, as they can quickly become life-threatening due to the vital organs involved. Treatment may include surgery, chest tubes, medications, or supportive care, depending on the severity and type of injury.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Thoracic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the thorax, which is the area of the body that includes the chest and lungs. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant thoracic neoplasms are often referred to as lung cancer, but they can also include other types of cancer such as mesothelioma, thymoma, and esophageal cancer.

Thoracic neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options for thoracic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

"Animal Flight" is not a medical term per se, but it is a concept that is studied in the field of comparative physiology and biomechanics, which are disciplines related to medicine. Animal flight refers to the ability of certain animal species to move through the air by flapping their wings or other appendages. This mode of locomotion is most commonly associated with birds, bats, and insects, but some mammals such as flying squirrels and sugar gliders are also capable of gliding through the air.

The study of animal flight involves understanding the biomechanics of how animals generate lift and propulsion, as well as the physiological adaptations that allow them to sustain flight. For example, birds have lightweight skeletons and powerful chest muscles that enable them to flap their wings rapidly and generate lift. Bats, on the other hand, use a more complex system of membranes and joints to manipulate their wings and achieve maneuverability in flight.

Understanding animal flight has important implications for the design of aircraft and other engineering systems, as well as for our broader understanding of how animals have evolved to adapt to their environments.

In medical terms, "wing" is not a term that is used as a standalone definition. However, it can be found in the context of certain anatomical structures or medical conditions. For instance, the "wings" of the lungs refer to the upper and lower portions of the lungs that extend from the main body of the organ. Similarly, in dermatology, "winging" is used to describe the spreading out or flaring of the wings of the nose, which can be a characteristic feature of certain skin conditions like lupus.

It's important to note that medical terminology can be highly specific and context-dependent, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information related to medical definitions or diagnoses.

Thoracic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the thorax, which is the part of the body that includes the chest cage, lungs, pleura (lining of the lungs), mediastinum (the area between the lungs), and diaphragm. Examples of thoracic diseases include:

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing, cough, and sputum production.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
3. Lung cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the tissues of the lungs, usually in the cells lining the air passages.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lung tissue that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall.
7. Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the pleural space that causes the lung to collapse.
8. Lung fibrosis: A condition characterized by scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
9. Esophageal cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach.
10. Thoracic aortic aneurysm: A bulging or weakened area in the wall of the thoracic aorta, the largest artery in the body.

These are just a few examples of thoracic diseases, and there are many others that can affect the chest and lungs.

The abdomen refers to the portion of the body that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis. It is a musculo-fascial cavity containing the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal cavity is divided into several regions and quadrants for medical description and examination purposes. These include the upper and lower abdomen, as well as nine quadrants formed by the intersection of the midline and a horizontal line drawn at the level of the umbilicus (navel).

The major organs located within the abdominal cavity include:

1. Stomach - muscular organ responsible for initial digestion of food
2. Small intestine - long, coiled tube where most nutrient absorption occurs
3. Large intestine - consists of the colon and rectum; absorbs water and stores waste products
4. Liver - largest internal organ, involved in protein synthesis, detoxification, and metabolism
5. Pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin
6. Spleen - filters blood and removes old red blood cells
7. Kidneys - pair of organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine
8. Adrenal glands - sit atop each kidney, produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response

The abdomen is an essential part of the human body, playing a crucial role in digestion, absorption, and elimination of food and waste materials, as well as various metabolic processes.

Pleural diseases refer to conditions that affect the pleura, which is the thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. The space between these two layers contains a small amount of fluid that helps the lungs move smoothly during breathing. Pleural diseases can cause inflammation, infection, or abnormal collections of fluid in the pleural space, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, cough, and difficulty breathing.

Some common examples of pleural diseases include:

1. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp chest pain, often worsened by breathing or coughing.
2. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can be caused by various underlying conditions such as heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, or autoimmune disorders.
3. Empyema: A collection of pus in the pleural space, usually resulting from a bacterial infection.
4. Pleural thickening: Scarring and hardening of the pleura, which can restrict lung function and cause breathlessness.
5. Mesothelioma: A rare form of cancer that affects the pleura, often caused by exposure to asbestos.
6. Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the pleural space, which can result from trauma or a rupture of the lung tissue.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of pleural diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, as well as fluid analysis or biopsy if necessary.

Radiation pneumonitis is a inflammatory reaction in the lung tissue that occurs as a complication of thoracic radiation therapy. It usually develops 1-3 months following the completion of radiation treatment. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, and chest discomfort. In severe cases, it can lead to fibrosis (scarring) of the lung tissue, which can cause permanent lung damage. Radiation pneumonitis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and sometimes through bronchoscopy with lavage. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and supportive care to manage symptoms.

The mediastinum is the medical term for the area in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. It contains various vital organs and structures, including:

* The heart and its blood vessels
* The trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (tube connecting the throat to the stomach)
* The thymus gland
* Lymph nodes
* Nerves, including the vagus nerve and phrenic nerves
* Connective tissue and fat

The mediastinum is enclosed by the breastbone in front, the spine in back, and the lungs on either side. Abnormalities in the structures contained within the mediastinum can lead to various medical conditions, such as tumors or infections.

Abdominal radiography, also known as a KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) X-ray, is a medical imaging technique used to examine the abdominal cavity. It involves using ionizing radiation to produce images of the internal structures of the abdomen, including the bones, organs, and soft tissues.

The procedure typically involves the patient lying down on a table while a specialized X-ray machine captures images of the abdomen from different angles. The images produced can help doctors diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions, such as kidney stones, intestinal obstructions, and abnormalities in the spine or other bones.

Abdominal radiography is a quick, painless, and non-invasive procedure that requires little preparation on the part of the patient. However, it does involve exposure to radiation, so it is typically only used when necessary and when other imaging techniques are not appropriate.

In the field of medical imaging, "phantoms" refer to physical objects that are specially designed and used for calibration, quality control, and evaluation of imaging systems. These phantoms contain materials with known properties, such as attenuation coefficients or spatial resolution, which allow for standardized measurement and comparison of imaging parameters across different machines and settings.

Imaging phantoms can take various forms depending on the modality of imaging. For example, in computed tomography (CT), a common type of phantom is the "water-equivalent phantom," which contains materials with similar X-ray attenuation properties as water. This allows for consistent measurement of CT dose and image quality. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phantoms may contain materials with specific relaxation times or magnetic susceptibilities, enabling assessment of signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution, and other imaging parameters.

By using these standardized objects, healthcare professionals can ensure the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of medical images, ultimately contributing to improved patient care and safety.

The thoracic wall refers to the anatomical structure that surrounds and protects the chest cavity or thorax, which contains the lungs, heart, and other vital organs. It is composed of several components:

1. Skeletal framework: This includes the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone) in the front, and the thoracic vertebrae in the back. The upper seven pairs of ribs are directly attached to the sternum in the front through costal cartilages. The lower five pairs of ribs are not directly connected to the sternum but are joined to the ribs above them.
2. Muscles: The thoracic wall contains several muscles, including the intercostal muscles (located between the ribs), the scalene muscles (at the side and back of the neck), and the serratus anterior muscle (on the sides of the chest). These muscles help in breathing by expanding and contracting the ribcage.
3. Soft tissues: The thoracic wall also contains various soft tissues, such as fascia, nerves, blood vessels, and fat. These structures support the functioning of the thoracic organs and contribute to the overall stability and protection of the chest cavity.

The primary function of the thoracic wall is to protect the vital organs within the chest cavity while allowing for adequate movement during respiration. Additionally, it provides a stable base for the attachment of various muscles involved in upper limb movement and posture.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a medical condition where air or gas collects in the subcutaneous tissue, which lies beneath the skin and above the muscle layer. This tissue covers the entire body, but the collection of air usually occurs in the chest wall, neck, or face. The accumulation of air can cause swelling, crepitus (a crackling or crunching sound when touched), and tightness in the affected area. Subcutaneous emphysema is often associated with underlying conditions such as trauma, pulmonary disease, or certain medical procedures that result in air leaks from the lungs or other structures into the subcutaneous tissue. It can be a serious condition if left untreated, as it may lead to complications like mediastinal emphysema or tension pneumothorax. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

In medical terms, the "head" is the uppermost part of the human body that contains the brain, skull, face, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. It is connected to the rest of the body by the neck and is responsible for many vital functions such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and thought processing. The head also plays a crucial role in maintaining balance, speech, and eating.

The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, located between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It is formed by the fusion of several bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis (which together form the hip bone on each side), and the sacrum and coccyx in the back. The pelvis has several functions including supporting the weight of the upper body when sitting, protecting the lower abdominal organs, and providing attachment for muscles that enable movement of the lower limbs. In addition, it serves as a bony canal through which the reproductive and digestive tracts pass. The pelvic cavity contains several vital organs such as the bladder, parts of the large intestine, and in females, the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.

"Bees" are not a medical term, as they refer to various flying insects belonging to the Apidae family in the Apoidea superfamily. They are known for their role in pollination and honey production. If you're looking for medical definitions or information, please provide relevant terms.

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long, flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It serves as the attachment point for several muscles and tendons, including those involved in breathing. The sternum has three main parts: the manubrium at the top, the body in the middle, and the xiphoid process at the bottom. The upper seven pairs of ribs connect to the sternum via costal cartilages.

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of bones and other organs. It is characterized by short limbs, narrow chest, extra fingers or toes (polydactyly), heart defects, and abnormalities of the teeth and nails. The condition is caused by mutations in the EVC or EVC2 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia.

A compound eye is a characteristic type of eye found in arthropods, including insects, crustaceans, and some extinct fossil groups. Each eye is composed of numerous individual photoreceptor units called ommatidia, which function together to provide a wide field of vision and excellent motion detection capabilities.

In an arthropod compound eye, each ommatidium contains a group of visual cells (called retinula cells) surrounding a central rhabdomere, which is the light-sensitive structure that converts light into electrical signals. The number of ommatidia in a compound eye can vary greatly between species and even within different regions of an individual's eye, ranging from just a few to tens of thousands.

Compound eyes offer several advantages for arthropods:

1. Wide Field of Vision: Compound eyes provide a panoramic view of the environment, allowing arthropods to detect predators, prey, or mates from various directions simultaneously.
2. Motion Detection: The apposition-type compound eye (one type of compound eye structure) is particularly adept at detecting motion due to the neural processing of signals between adjacent ommatidia. This allows arthropods to respond quickly to potential threats or opportunities.
3. Light Adaptation: Compound eyes can adapt to different light conditions, allowing arthropods to function effectively in both bright daylight and dimly lit environments. Some species have specialized regions within their compound eyes that are optimized for specific light conditions, such as the dorsal rim area in insects, which is sensitive to polarized skylight.
4. UV Sensitivity: Many arthropods can detect ultraviolet (UV) light due to the presence of photopigments within their ommatidia that absorb UV wavelengths. This ability allows them to perceive patterns and cues in their environment that are invisible to humans, such as floral guides in bees or mate-recognition signals in certain insects.

Despite their limitations in terms of resolution and image quality compared to vertebrate eyes, compound eyes have evolved to serve the unique needs and ecological roles of arthropods effectively.

Bronchiectasis is a medical condition characterized by permanent, abnormal widening and thickening of the walls of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). This can lead to recurrent respiratory infections, coughing, and the production of large amounts of sputum. The damage to the airways is usually irreversible and can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections, genetic disorders, immune deficiencies, or exposure to environmental pollutants. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Treatment typically includes chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.

Respiratory-gated imaging techniques are medical imaging procedures that synchronize the data acquisition with the patient's respiratory cycle, in order to reduce motion artifacts and improve image quality. These techniques are often used in CT (computed tomography) and MR (magnetic resonance) imaging for thoracic and abdominal examinations, where respiratory motion can degrade the images and compromise diagnostic accuracy.

In a respiratory-gated imaging technique, the patient's breathing pattern is monitored using sensors such as pressure belts or navigators, which detect the movement of the diaphragm or chest wall. The imaging data are then acquired only during specific phases of the respiratory cycle, typically during the end-expiration phase when motion is minimal. This allows for the creation of sharp and detailed images that accurately represent the anatomy and pathology of interest.

Respiratory gating can be particularly useful in imaging patients with lung cancer, liver tumors, or other conditions that involve moving structures in the chest and abdomen. By reducing motion artifacts, these techniques can help ensure more accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning.

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.

The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

Odonata is not a medical term, but rather an order in the classification system used in zoology and entomology. It refers to a group of insects commonly known as dragonflies and damselflies. These insects are characterized by their large, multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong wings that are similar in size and shape, and elongated bodies.

While Odonata is not directly related to medical terminology or human health, it is worth noting that dragonflies and damselflies play a beneficial role in controlling the populations of various insects that can be pests or vectors of diseases. For example, some species feed on mosquitoes, which can transmit harmful pathogens to humans and animals.

In summary, Odonata is an order of insects that includes dragonflies and damselflies, and while not a medical term itself, these insects contribute to the ecosystem by helping control other insect populations that may impact human health.

A diaphragmatic hernia is a type of hernia that occurs when the abdominal organs (such as the stomach, intestines, or liver) protrude through an opening in the diaphragm, the thin muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities. This condition can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired due to injury or surgery.

There are two main types of diaphragmatic hernias:

1. Bochdalek hernia: This is a congenital defect that occurs when the posterior portion of the diaphragm fails to close properly during fetal development, creating an opening through which abdominal organs can move into the chest cavity. It is more common on the left side and can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia (underdevelopment of the lungs) and other complications if not detected and treated early.
2. Morgagni hernia: This is a less common type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia that occurs when there is an opening in the anterior portion of the diaphragm, allowing abdominal organs to move into the chest cavity near the sternum. It tends to be asymptomatic and may not be discovered until adulthood.

Acquired diaphragmatic hernias can result from trauma, such as a car accident or penetrating injury, which causes a tear in the diaphragm. In some cases, surgical procedures involving the abdomen or chest can also lead to a diaphragmatic hernia.

Symptoms of a diaphragmatic hernia may include difficulty breathing, chest pain, vomiting, and bowel obstruction. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect in the diaphragm and return the abdominal organs to their proper position.

Sense organs are specialized structures in living organisms that are responsible for receiving and processing various external or internal stimuli, such as light, sound, taste, smell, temperature, and touch. They convert these stimuli into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system, allowing the organism to interact with and respond to its environment. Examples of sense organs include the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

I must clarify that the term 'pupa' is not typically used in medical contexts. Instead, it is a term from the field of biology, particularly entomology, which is the study of insects.

In insect development, a pupa refers to a stage in the life cycle of certain insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. During this phase, the larval body undergoes significant transformation and reorganization within a protective casing called a chrysalis (in butterflies and moths) or a cocoon (in other insects). The old larval tissues are broken down and replaced with new adult structures. Once this process is complete, the pupal case opens, and the adult insect emerges.

Since 'pupa' is not a medical term, I couldn't provide a medical definition for it. However, I hope this explanation helps clarify its meaning in the context of biology.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the two membranes that surround the lungs. The visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall. Under normal conditions, these two layers are in contact with each other, and the space between them is virtually nonexistent. However, when air, fluid or inflammation accumulates within this space, it results in the formation of a pleural effusion, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

Pectus Excavatum, commonly referred to as "Funnel Chest," is a congenital deformity of the chest wall where the sternum (breastbone) and rib cartilages grow inward, creating a sunken or caved-in appearance of the chest. This condition can vary in severity, from mild to severe, and may affect one's appearance, breathing, and overall health. In some cases, surgical intervention might be required to correct the deformity and improve related symptoms.

Respiratory mechanics refers to the biomechanical properties and processes that involve the movement of air through the respiratory system during breathing. It encompasses the mechanical behavior of the lungs, chest wall, and the muscles of respiration, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Respiratory mechanics includes several key components:

1. **Compliance**: The ability of the lungs and chest wall to expand and recoil during breathing. High compliance means that the structures can easily expand and recoil, while low compliance indicates greater resistance to expansion and recoil.
2. **Resistance**: The opposition to airflow within the respiratory system, primarily due to the friction between the air and the airway walls. Airway resistance is influenced by factors such as airway diameter, length, and the viscosity of the air.
3. **Lung volumes and capacities**: These are the amounts of air present in the lungs during different phases of the breathing cycle. They include tidal volume (the amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing), inspiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume), expiratory reserve volume (additional air that can be exhaled beyond the tidal volume), and residual volume (the air remaining in the lungs after a forced maximum exhalation).
4. **Work of breathing**: The energy required to overcome the resistance and elastic forces during breathing. This work is primarily performed by the respiratory muscles, which contract to generate negative intrathoracic pressure and expand the chest wall, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
5. **Pressure-volume relationships**: These describe how changes in lung volume are associated with changes in pressure within the respiratory system. Important pressure components include alveolar pressure (the pressure inside the alveoli), pleural pressure (the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall), and transpulmonary pressure (the difference between alveolar and pleural pressures).

Understanding respiratory mechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing various respiratory disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and restrictive lung diseases.

Medical Definition of Respiration:

Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.

In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:

1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.

In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.

An air bag is a type of vehicle safety device that uses a inflatable cushion to protect occupants from collision forces in the event of a car accident. When a crash occurs, a sensor triggers the inflation of the air bag, which then rapidly deploys and fills the space between the driver or passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard. This helps to absorb the impact and reduce the risk of injury. Air bags are typically installed in the steering wheel, dashboard, and sides of the vehicle, and they can significantly improve safety in the event of a crash. However, air bags can also pose a risk of injury if they deploy improperly or in certain types of crashes, so it is important for drivers to understand how they work and when they are most effective.

The Antennapedia (Antp) homeodomain protein is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development of insects. It is encoded by the Antennapedia gene, which is part of the homeotic complex in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies). The homeodomain is a conserved DNA-binding domain found in many transcription factors and is responsible for recognizing specific sequences of DNA to regulate gene expression.

The Antennapedia protein contains several functional domains, including the homeodomain, a homeobox, and a proline-rich region. The homeodomain binds to DNA, while the homeobox acts as a regulatory domain that interacts with other proteins. The proline-rich region is involved in protein-protein interactions and may play a role in mediating the activity of the Antennapedia protein.

During development, the Antennapedia protein helps regulate the expression of genes that are important for the proper formation of body segments and structures. Mutations in the Antennapedia gene can lead to homeotic transformations, where one body segment is transformed into another. For example, a mutation in the Antennapedia gene can cause the second thoracic segment to develop features normally found in the first thoracic segment, such as legs instead of antennae.

In summary, the Antennapedia homeodomain protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development of insects by regulating gene expression and helping to ensure proper body segment formation.

Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome (SRPS) is a group of rare, genetic bone disorders characterized by the shortening of ribs and limbs, and often accompanied by extra fingers or toes (polydactyly). The severity of this condition can vary significantly among individuals, even within the same family. SRPS is typically associated with severe respiratory distress due to the narrowing of the chest cavity, which restricts lung growth and development.

There are several types of Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome, including:

1. Type I (Saldino-Noonan syndrome): This is the most severe form, with short ribs, a narrow chest, underdeveloped lungs, and a bell-shaped abdomen. Affected individuals may also have cleft lip or palate, heart defects, and polydactyly.
2. Type II (Majewski syndrome): This form features short ribs, a narrow chest, underdeveloped lungs, and polydactyly. Some individuals with this type may also have kidney abnormalities, distinctive facial features, and intellectual disability.
3. Type III (Verma-Naumoff syndrome): This is a milder form of SRPS, characterized by short ribs, a narrow chest, underdeveloped lungs, and polydactyly. Affected individuals may not experience severe respiratory distress or other life-threatening complications.
4. Type IV (Beemer-Langer syndrome): This type is similar to Type III but has additional features such as distinctive facial features, spinal abnormalities, and hernias.

Short Rib-Polydactyly Syndrome is caused by mutations in various genes involved in bone development, including DVL1, DVL2, DVL3, IFT80, WDR19, WDR35, and WDR60. These genetic changes can be inherited from a parent or occur spontaneously during embryonic development.

Due to the severity of this condition, individuals with SRPS often require intensive medical support and management, including respiratory assistance, feeding tubes, and surgeries to correct skeletal abnormalities. The prognosis for individuals with SRPS varies depending on the type and severity of their symptoms.

Biological metamorphosis is a complex process of transformation that certain organisms undergo during their development from embryo to adult. This process involves profound changes in form, function, and structure of the organism, often including modifications of various body parts, reorganization of internal organs, and changes in physiology.

In metamorphosis, a larval or juvenile form of an animal is significantly different from its adult form, both morphologically and behaviorally. This phenomenon is particularly common in insects, amphibians, and some fish and crustaceans. The most well-known examples include the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog.

The mechanisms that drive metamorphosis are regulated by hormonal signals and genetic programs. In many cases, metamorphosis is triggered by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, or food availability, which interact with the organism's internal developmental cues to initiate the transformation. The process of metamorphosis allows these organisms to exploit different ecological niches at different stages of their lives and contributes to their evolutionary success.

Thoracic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the thorax, which is the part of the body that lies between the neck and the abdomen and includes the chest cage, lungs, heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, diaphragm, and other organs in the chest cavity. These surgical procedures can be either open or minimally invasive (using small incisions and specialized instruments) and are performed to diagnose, treat, or manage various medical conditions affecting the thoracic organs, such as:

1. Lung cancer: Thoracic surgeons perform lung resections (lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection) to remove cancerous lung tissue. They may also perform mediastinal lymph node dissection to assess the spread of the disease.
2. Esophageal surgery: Surgeries like esophagectomy are performed to treat esophageal cancer or other conditions affecting the esophagus, such as severe GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
3. Chest wall surgery: This includes procedures to repair or replace damaged ribs, sternum, or chest wall muscles and treat conditions like pectus excavatum or tumors in the chest wall.
4. Heart surgery: Thoracic surgeons collaborate with cardiac surgeons to perform surgeries on the heart, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve repair/replacement, and procedures for treating aneurysms or dissections of the aorta.
5. Diaphragm surgery: Procedures like diaphragm plication are performed to treat paralysis or weakness of the diaphragm that can lead to respiratory insufficiency.
6. Mediastinal surgery: This involves operating on the mediastinum, the area between the lungs, to remove tumors, cysts, or other abnormal growths.
7. Pleural surgery: Procedures like pleurodesis or decortication are performed to manage conditions affecting the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs), such as pleural effusions, pneumothorax, or empyema.
8. Lung surgery: Thoracic surgeons perform procedures on the lungs, including lobectomy, segmentectomy, or pneumonectomy to treat lung cancer, benign tumors, or other lung diseases.
9. Tracheal surgery: This includes procedures to repair or reconstruct damaged trachea or remove tumors and growths in the airway.
10. Esophageal surgery: Collaborating with general surgeons, thoracic surgeons perform esophagectomy and other procedures to treat esophageal cancer, benign tumors, or other conditions affecting the esophagus.

The pleura is the medical term for the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are called the parietal pleura, which lines the chest cavity, and the visceral pleura, which covers the surface of the lungs.

The space between these two layers is called the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that allows the lungs to move smoothly within the chest during breathing. The main function of the pleura is to protect the lungs and facilitate their movement during respiration.

An artifact, in the context of medical terminology, refers to something that is created or introduced during a scientific procedure or examination that does not naturally occur in the patient or specimen being studied. Artifacts can take many forms and can be caused by various factors, including contamination, damage, degradation, or interference from equipment or external sources.

In medical imaging, for example, an artifact might appear as a distortion or anomaly on an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan that is not actually present in the patient's body. This can be caused by factors such as patient movement during the scan, metal implants or other foreign objects in the body, or issues with the imaging equipment itself.

Similarly, in laboratory testing, an artifact might refer to a substance or characteristic that is introduced into a sample during collection, storage, or analysis that can interfere with accurate results. This could include things like contamination from other samples, degradation of the sample over time, or interference from chemicals used in the testing process.

In general, artifacts are considered to be sources of error or uncertainty in medical research and diagnosis, and it is important to identify and account for them in order to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Bronchography is a medical imaging technique that involves the injection of a contrast material into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs, followed by X-ray imaging to produce detailed pictures of the bronchial tree. This diagnostic procedure was commonly used in the past to identify abnormalities such as narrowing, blockages, or inflammation in the airways, but it has largely been replaced by newer, less invasive techniques like computed tomography (CT) scans and bronchoscopy.

The process of bronchography involves the following steps:

1. The patient is sedated or given a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
2. A radiopaque contrast material is introduced into the bronchi through a catheter that is inserted into the trachea, either via a nostril or through a small incision in the neck.
3. Once the contrast material has been distributed throughout the bronchial tree, X-ray images are taken from various angles to capture detailed views of the airways.
4. The images are then analyzed by a radiologist to identify any abnormalities or irregularities in the structure and function of the bronchi.

Although bronchography is considered a relatively safe procedure, it does carry some risks, including allergic reactions to the contrast material, infection, and bleeding. Additionally, the use of ionizing radiation during X-ray imaging should be carefully weighed against the potential benefits of the procedure.

Genes in insects refer to the hereditary units of DNA that are passed down from parents to offspring and contain the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of an organism. These genetic materials are located within the chromosomes in the nucleus of insect cells. They play a crucial role in determining various traits such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.

Insect genes, like those of other organisms, consist of exons (coding regions) that contain information for protein synthesis and introns (non-coding regions) that are removed during the process of gene expression. The expression of insect genes is regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene transcription.

Understanding the genetic makeup of insects has important implications for various fields, including agriculture, public health, and evolutionary biology. For example, genes associated with insect pests' resistance to pesticides can be identified and targeted to develop more effective control strategies. Similarly, genes involved in disease transmission by insect vectors such as mosquitoes can be studied to develop novel interventions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

In anatomical terms, the shoulder refers to the complex joint of the human body that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed by the union of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.

The shoulder complex includes not only the glenohumeral joint but also other structures that contribute to its movement and stability, including:

1. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint: where the clavicle meets the acromion process of the scapula.
2. The coracoclavicular (CC) ligament: connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, providing additional stability to the AC joint.
3. The rotator cuff: a group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround and reinforce the shoulder joint, contributing to its stability and range of motion.
4. The biceps tendon: originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the shoulder joint, helping with flexion, supination, and stability.
5. Various ligaments and capsular structures that provide additional support and limit excessive movement in the shoulder joint.

The shoulder is a remarkable joint due to its wide range of motion, but this also makes it susceptible to injuries and disorders such as dislocations, subluxations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Proper care, exercise, and maintenance are essential for maintaining shoulder health and function throughout one's life.

Conjoined twins, also known as Siamese twins, are a rare type of monozygotic (identical) twins who are born physically connected to each other. They develop from a single fertilized egg that fails to fully separate, resulting in various degrees of fusion between their bodies. The point of connection and the extent of sharing body parts can vary greatly between sets of conjoined twins. Some may be connected at the chest, abdomen, or hips, while others may share vital organs such as the heart or brain. Treatment options depend on the type of conjunction and whether separation is possible without causing harm to either twin. Conjoined twins occur in about 1 in every 200,000 live births.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.

In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.

However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

Hemothorax is a medical condition characterized by the presence of blood in the pleural space, which is the area between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of blood can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, rupture of a blood vessel, or complications from lung or heart surgery.

The buildup of blood in the pleural space can cause the affected lung to collapse, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough. In severe cases, hemothorax can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Treatment options may include chest tube drainage, blood transfusion, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.

A mediastinal cyst is a rare, abnormal fluid-filled sac located in the mediastinum, which is the central part of the chest cavity that separates the lungs and contains various organs such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and lymph nodes. Mediastinal cysts can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). They are usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms depending on their size and location. Symptoms may include chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, or swallowing. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst to prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or pressure on surrounding structures.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

The thorax (PL: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located ... The word thorax comes from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via Latin: thorax. In humans and other ... Thorax. Anterior view. Thorax. Anterior view. Clearly visible thorax of an artistic gymnast. Pectus carinatum Pectus excavatum ... The thorax bones also have the main function of protecting the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels in the thorax area, such ...
Thorax may also refer to: The thorax in arthropods, see Thorax (arthropod anatomy) Thorax (θώραξ), the Ancient Greek term for ... Look up Thorax or thorax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The thorax is the human chest, or division of an animal's body ... in which the names of Thorax and his lover Hippocleas are immortalized Thorax (journal). medical journal Thorax (Aetolia), a ... a species of cockroach Thorax of Larissa, an ancient Greek noble of the 5th century BC Thorax of Lacedaemonia, a Lacedaemonian ...
Thorax is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal specialising in both clinical and experimental research articles on ... "Thorax". 2022 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2023. Official website (Articles ... UK Thorax is abstracted and indexed by MEDLINE/Index Medicus, Science Citation Index, Current Contents, Excerpta Medica, and ...
... Saussure is a species of epilamprid cockroach occurring in Sri Lanka and India. Both sexes are fully winged, ... Louis M. Roth speculated in 1981 that the arched tegmina found in Phoraspis and Thorax were similar to that of Phlebonotus ... "genus Thorax Saussure, 1862: Blattodea Species File". blattodea.speciesfile.org. Retrieved 2014-04-30. "Breeding ecology of the ...
In most flying insects, the thorax allows for the use of asynchronous muscles. The thorax in various types of insect ... a membrane that separates the head from the thorax; and the pleuron, a lateral sclerite of the thorax. In dragonflies and ... The thorax is the midsection (tagma) of the hexapod body (insects and entognathans). It holds the head, legs, wings and abdomen ... In some insect pupae, like the mosquitoes', the head and thorax can be fused in a cephalothorax. Members of suborder Apocrita ( ...
In the following year we again find Thorax in command of the land-force which cooperated with the fleet under Lysander in the ... Thorax (Ancient Greek: Θώραξ) of Lacedaemonia is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus as acting under Spartan commander Callicratidas ... 76 Elder, Edward (1867). "Thorax (2)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. ... the Lacedaemonian government put Thorax to death, as he was a friend and colleague of the accused admiral, and they had found ...
Thorax (Greek: Θώραξ) of Larissa in Thessaly was a member of the powerful family of the Aleuadae. He was a son of an Aleuas who ... Thorax and his brothers, Eurypylus and Thrasydaeus, wishing to confirm or to increase their power, were among those who urged ... Elder, Edward (1867). "Thorax (1)". In William Smith (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. ... In Xerxes' retreat, after the Battle of Salamis, Thorax formed one of his escort, after which he still continued to show his ...
Thorax. 78 (3): 258-266. doi:10.1136/thorax-2021-218360. ISSN 0040-6376. PMC 9985744. PMID 36283827. Hoffmann, Daniel B.; ...
Thorax. 66 (8): 731-732. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.141655. PMID 21127357. (Articles with short description, Short description ...
2: genetic aspects of alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency: phenotypes and genetic modifiers of emphysema risk". Thorax. 59 (3): 259 ...
Sakula, A. (1982). "Robert Koch: centenary of the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, 1882". Thorax. 37 (4): 246-251. doi: ...
N Engl J Med 259: 117, 1958 Fontan F, Baudet E (1971). "Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia". Thorax. 26 (3): 240-8. doi: ...
Gibson, G. J. (2004-09-01). "Moran Campbell and clinical science". Thorax. 59 (9): 737-740. doi:10.1136/thx.2004.032219. ISSN ...
Thorax. 70 (12): 1156-1162. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207653. ISSN 0040-6376. PMC 4848007. PMID 26514407. Neerja Gulati (2019- ...
Thorax. 58 (5): 377-82. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.5.377. PMC 1746657. PMID 12728155. Howell MD, Donnino MW, Talmor D, Clardy P, Ngo ... Thorax. 56 (4): 296-301. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.4.296. PMC 1746017. PMID 11254821. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care ... Committee (2001). "BTS Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults". Thorax. 56. Suppl 4 (Suppl 4 ...
Thorax. 58 (6): 494-9. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.6.494. PMC 1746693. PMID 12775859. Miedinger D, Chhajed PN, Tamm M, Stolz D, ... Thorax. 59 (9): 757-60. doi:10.1136/thx.2003.014894. PMC 1747143. PMID 15333851. Brindicci C, Ito K, Barnes PJ, Kharitonov SA ( ... Thorax. 61 (9): 817-27. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.056093. PMC 2117092. PMID 16936238. (Articles with short description, Short ...
Thorax 1947;2:21-57 AIM25 archive of Norman Barrett (EngvarB from September 2014, Use dmy dates from September 2014, British ... In 1946, he wrote a paper for the first issue of Thorax on spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus (Boerhaave syndrome), in which ... Review of the literature and report of three new cases Thorax 1946.1:103-6 Barrett NR. Report of a case of spontaneous ... Allison, P. R. (1 March 1948). "Peptic Ulcer of the Oesophagus". Thorax. 3 (1): 20-42. doi:10.1136/thx.3.1.20. ISSN 0040-6376. ...
doi:10.1136/thorax.58.11.998. PMC 1746521. PMID 14586058. Dybing E, Sanner T (April 1999). "Passive smoking, sudden infant ... de Jongste JC, Shields MD (November 2003). "Cough . 2: Chronic cough in children". Thorax. 58 (11): 998-1003. ...
Thorax. 69 (2): 190-2. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204367. PMID 24186921. Feistritzer C, Riewald M (April 2005). "Endothelial ...
Thorax. 65 (3): 252-257. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.121293. PMID 20335296. Pignatti, P.; Frossi, B.; Pala, G.; Negri, S.; Oman, H.; ...
Thorax. 65 (7): 654-8. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.131532. PMC 2921289. PMID 20627927. Gautam Mehta and Bilal Iqbal. Clinical Medicine ...
Casaburi, R (2006). "Combination therapy for exercise intolerance in COPD". Thorax. 61 (7): 551-552. doi:10.1136/thx. ...
Fisher, P.; Chatfield, K.; Mathie, R. (2003). "Homeopathy in childhood asthma". Thorax. 58 (9): 827, author reply 828. PMID ...
Thorax. 69 (6): 558-564. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204574. PMC 4033138. PMID 24613990. Portals: Biology Medicine (Bronchus ...
"Non-specific suppurative pneumonia". Thorax. 4 (3): 125-133. September 1949. doi:10.1136/thx.4.3.125. PMC 1018300. PMID ...
Thorax. 64 (2): 139-43. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.100545. PMID 18852159. Chian CF, Su WL, Soh LH, Yan HC, Perng WC, Wu CP (July 2004 ... Thorax. 65 (Suppl 2): ii32-40. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136994. PMID 20696691. Feller-Kopman DJ, Reddy CB, DeCamp MM, Diekemper RL ...
Direct signs of atelectasis include displacement of interlobar fissures and mobile structures within the thorax, overinflation ... Thorax. 35 (12): 936-940. doi:10.1136/thx.35.12.936. PMC 471419. PMID 7268670. Grott, K.; Chauhan, S.; Dunlap, J. D. (2021). " ...
Thorax. 67 (1): 6-11. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200711. PMID 21890573. Zoidis, John D. (1999). "The Impact of Air Pollution on ...
Høiby N (June 1994). "Diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis: East meets West". Thorax. 49 (6): 531-2. doi:10.1136/thx. ... Thorax. 51 (10): 1065-7. doi:10.1136/thx.51.10.1065. PMC 472677. PMID 8977613. Yamanaka A, Saiki S, Tamura S, Saito K (March ...
Thorax. 41 (3): 210-4. doi:10.1136/thx.41.3.210. PMC 460296. PMID 3715778. 00762 at CHORUS v t e (Articles with short ...
The thorax (PL: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located ... The word thorax comes from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet" via Latin: thorax. In humans and other ... Thorax. Anterior view. Thorax. Anterior view. Clearly visible thorax of an artistic gymnast. Pectus carinatum Pectus excavatum ... The thorax bones also have the main function of protecting the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels in the thorax area, such ...
Anatomy, Thorax, Cervical Rib. Brian E. Fliegel; Ritesh G. Menezes.. Author Information and Affiliations. Authors. Brian E. ... Anatomy, Thorax, Cervical Rib. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Thoracic Society. All rights reserved.. ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Thoracic Society. All rights reserved.. ...
Explore the anatomy and structure of the thorax nerves with Innerbodys 3D model. ... and innervates many vital organs in the thorax and abdomen. In the thorax it sends parasympathetic signals to slow the heart ... The spinal cord represents the CNS in the thorax and serves as the vital link between the brain and the body. While it is only ... The nervous system of the thorax is a vital part of the nervous system as a whole, as it includes the spinal cord, peripheral ...
Its been an interesting week. The floods down South didnt appear up here, but there was enough wind to blow the Tay half way across the city. And this weekend weve had the first proper frost of the year: -2.5 when I started to defrost the car this morning to go and set up parkrun. […]. Read More…. ...
Start citing books, websites, journals, and more with the Citation Machine® THORAX Citation Generator. ...
I have been on call this weekend. Recently in an RCPE survey the consultant body was asked specifically "Do you frequently carry out duties previous carried out by more junior roles", or words to that effect. Many a time do I hear my colleagues saying "I do the same job today as I did xx […]. Read More…. ...
Wireclub is a social network that is all about chat and conversations. Discover endless topics with interesting people and chat rooms ...
The correct answer is "სასულე და მთავარი ბრონქები" because it refers to the main bronchi, which are the two branches that arise from the trachea and lead into the lungs. The other options mentioned, such as "მკერდუკანა ჯირკვალი" (esophagus) and "საყლაპავი" (stomach), are not related to the respiratory system. "აორტა" (aorta) is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, not specifically related to the lungs ...
Allgemein-, Thorax-, Gefäß- und Transplantationschirurgie, Chirurgische Universitätsklinik Rostock, Deutschland. › Author ...
The Thorax is an important book for all practitioners who wish to broaden their skills in visceral manipulation. ... Barral begins by describing the thorax as an area of conflict and contrast: it must protect the organs enclosed within, yet ... Among the special topics contained in this volume are global and local listening of the thorax; utilization of the completed ... in The Thorax the author turns his unique gaze to the thoracic cage and its contents. ...
Presented by Nidhisha Sadhwani at the "SS03: HPB" session during the SAGES 2019 Annual Meeting in Baltimore, MD on Wednesday, April 3, 2019. This was a peer-reviewed presentation, program number V003. ...
Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie LinksClose Window ...
The Haley Strategic Thorax Chicken Strap Side Plate Pocket integrates hard armor into the Chicken Straps without compromising ...
Zentralblatt für Chirurgie - Zeitschrift für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie Issue 05 · Volume 146 · October ...
http://thorax.bmj.com/ * The purpose of this podcast is to educate and to inform. The content of this podcast does not ... Thorax, the official journal of the British Thoracic Society, publishes influential clinical and experimental research in ... The Thorax Podcast is back! Meet the new Editors. Welcome back to the Thorax Podcast, home to the discussion of new research ... thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2022/08/04/thorax-2021-218139 Please engage in the conversation through the social media channels ...
Proponents of thorax style flies say they are more realistic and fish sip them. CDC features lifelike action that tickles the ... Thorax style flies feature a single wing, and more hackling. Often fished with a V cut in the bottom hackle to allow it ride ... Thorax style flies feature a single wing, and more hackling.. *Often fished with a V cut in the bottom hackle to allow it ... Proponents of thorax style flies say they are more realistic and fish sip them. ...
Upper Limb and Thorax, Volume 2 : Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis, Volume 3 by V. Subhadra Devi, unknown edition, ... Inderbir Singhs Textbook of Anatomy : Volume 1 : Upper Limb and Thorax, Volume 2 : Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis, Volume 3 ... Inderbir Singhs Textbook of Anatomy : Volume 1 : Upper Limb and Thorax, Volume 2 : Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis, Volume 3. ... Inderbir Singhs Textbook of Anatomy : Volume 1 : Upper Limb and Thorax, Volume 2 : Lower Limb, Abdomen and Pelvis, Volume 3. ...
2021 The Missoulian Angler Fly Shop - 802 South Higgins Ave. - (406) 728-7766 , Website by Gecko Designs. ...
Lateral Decubitus Improves Transoral Endoscopic Access to the Lateral and Posterior Aspects of the Thorax. Yun-Hen Liu, MD, Po- ... In conclusion, we believe that the lack of good exposure to the posterior aspect of the thorax in the canine that is ... No evidence of injury to the thoracic entrance, mediastinum, or thorax was noted in both animals. ...
Thorax assembly from our SC-018A Sabertooth Cat Skeleton. This assembled combination of the sternum and costal cartilages was ... Sabertooth Cat Smilodon Thorax Assembly, Antique. SC-018A-TX $440.00 Thorax assembly from our SC-018A Sabertooth Cat Skeleton. ... Those who have assembled the skeleton before and after we supplied them with the thorax assembly tell us that assembly time is ...
Gated cone-beam CT imaging of the thorax: a reconstruction study. Title. Gated cone-beam CT imaging of the thorax: a ...
2021 The Missoulian Angler Fly Shop - 802 South Higgins Ave. - (406) 728-7766 , Website by Gecko Designs. ...
ICD-10 code S25.812A for Laceration of other blood vessels of thorax, left side, initial encounter is a medical classification ... ICD-10-CM Code for Laceration of other blood vessels of thorax, left side, initial encounter S25.812A ICD-10 code S25.812A for ... Laceration of other blood vessels of thorax, left side, initial encounter S25 ... Laceration of other blood vessels of thorax, left side, initial encounter is a medical classification as listed by WHO under ...
ICD-10 code S21.329A for Laceration with foreign body of unspecified front wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity ... Laceration with foreign body of unspecified front wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity, initial encounter S21 ... Excludes1: traumatic amputation (partial) of thorax (S28.1). Code also: any associated injury, such as:. injury of heart (S26 ... ICD-10-CM Code for Laceration with foreign body of unspecified front wall of thorax with penetration into thoracic cavity, ...
What is a thorax? And other discoveries in weeks 1-3 of the Barbara Brink Internship. ...
Home / Anatomy Trains Store / Courses / Manual Neurovascular Release (NVR) Part 2 - Lower Thorax, Pelvis, and Hips ... Manual Neurovascular Release (NVR) Part 2 - Lower Thorax, Pelvis, and Hips. $700.00. ...
To find out more have a look at the online-ahead-of-print version of a Thorax Editorial that I have written about this (due out ... Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD - quantifying risks and benefits (Thorax 2013). Calculating Numbers Needed to Treat (NNT) may ...
  • The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • The thorax (PL: thoraces or thoraxes) or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that arises from the brain, passes through the neck, and innervates many vital organs in the thorax and abdomen. (innerbody.com)
  • While Jean-Pierre Barral's previous books, Visceral Manipulation and Visceral Manipulation II , focus on the abdomen, in The Thorax the author turns his unique gaze to the thoracic cage and its contents. (eastlandpress.com)
  • Barral begins by describing the thorax as an area of conflict and contrast: it must protect the organs enclosed within, yet must also allow exchanges with the neck and abdomen. (eastlandpress.com)
  • In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. (wikipedia.org)
  • The phrenic nerve originates in the cervical spinal nerves of the neck, but descends through the thorax to innervate the thoracic diaphragm. (innerbody.com)
  • The thorax is an area of the spine that has, historically, been under-explored. (physio-pedia.com)
  • The thorax bones also have the main function of protecting the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels in the thorax area, such as the aorta. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tårer i veggen av aorta (disseksjon) og ruptur av aorta er de viktigste komplikasjoner av thorax aortaaneurisme. (sun1001.com)
  • In this work, we propose a fully automated pipeline for reconstruction of the fetal thorax region for 21-36 weeks GA range T2-weighted MRI datasets. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thorax assembly from our SC-018A Sabertooth Cat Skeleton . (boneclones.com)
  • Those who have assembled the skeleton before and after we supplied them with the thorax assembly tell us that assembly time is cut in half with it. (boneclones.com)
  • METHODS: The results of the systematic quantitative review published as a series in Thorax are summarised and brought up to date by considering papers appearing on Embase or Medline up to June 1998. (who.int)
  • The parasympathetic system, mostly represented in the thorax by the vagus nerve, acts as the body's "rest and digest" system by counteracting the sympathetic system and relaxing the heart and lungs. (innerbody.com)
  • In the thorax it sends parasympathetic signals to slow the heart rate and to the lungs to reduce the respiratory rate. (innerbody.com)
  • Head rest is specially designed to support the patient`s head specially on kidney and thorax area procedures where the head section is needed close to back section joint, or above of operating table back section. (merivaara.com)
  • Each thoracic spinal nerve forms many smaller branches to carry information to and from the many muscles and sensory receptors spread throughout the thorax. (innerbody.com)
  • The muscles of the vertebral column, thorax, and abdominal wall extend, flex, and stabilize different parts of the body's trunk. (lumenlearning.com)
  • Elements of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are found in the thorax and play important roles in this region. (innerbody.com)
  • Several nerves that originate outside of the thorax also play vital roles in the function of the thoracic region. (innerbody.com)
  • In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. (wikipedia.org)
  • SEGULA is developing a complete digital model of organ movements in the thorax and of possible damage in order to detect non-visible traumas. (segulatechnologies.com)
  • The Thorax is an important book for all practitioners who wish to broaden their skills in visceral manipulation. (eastlandpress.com)
  • The nervous system of the thorax is a vital part of the nervous system as a whole, as it includes the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and autonomic ganglia that communicate with and control many vital organs. (innerbody.com)
  • The THORAX project enables the generation of a simulation of what happens in the human body by taking into account the conditions of the accident. (segulatechnologies.com)
  • This grant supports the Thorax Foundation's scholarship program in the areas of intensive care and emergency medicine, as part of the organization's work promoting research related to thoracic medicine in these areas. (snf.org)
  • These tungsten bodies are best used as a thorax on nymphs where you don't want a bead on the front of a dressed fly as they add a lot of weight while still keeping a nice slim profile. (funkyflytying.com)
  • Showing the Thorax board pressure bow in function. (candor-dk.com)
  • The spinal cord represents the CNS in the thorax and serves as the vital link between the brain and the body. (innerbody.com)
  • No evidence of injury to the thoracic entrance, mediastinum, or thorax was noted in both animals. (sages.org)