Thrombocytopenia, Neonatal Alloimmune
Antigens, Human Platelet
Isoantibodies
HLA-DRB3 Chains
Isoantigens
Platelet Transfusion
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Maternal-Fetal Exchange
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Integrin alpha2
Integrin beta3
Blood Platelets
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
Pregnancy
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Graft Rejection
Transplantation, Homologous
Thrombopoietin
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous
Platelet Factor 4
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine
Transplantation Tolerance
Skin Transplantation
Receptors, Thrombopoietin
Heparin
Transplantation Immunology
Graft Survival
Erythroblastosis, Fetal
Phlebovirus
Leukopenia
Thrombopoiesis
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic
Management of bleeding disorders in children. (1/31)
Diagnosis and management of congenital and acquired bleeding disorders in children requires not only an understanding of the unique characteristics of pediatric hemostasis but also the natural course of bleeding disorders in children, which may differ substantially from the course observed in adult patients. In this article, three bleeding disorders of great importance to the pediatric hematologist are reviewed: neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), hemophilia and immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Current aspects of management are outlined. The unique physiology of transplacental transfer of maternally derived anti-platelet antibodies can result in neonatal immune thrombocytopenia, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from bleeding in affected infants. For patients with hemophilia, approaches to treatment have shifted over the past decade from on-demand therapy to prophylaxis, either primary of secondary, resulting in delay of onset or complete avoidance of hemophilic arthropathy. Hemophilic inhibitors often develop in young children, prompting the need for a thorough understanding of the use of bypassing agents as well as immune tolerance induction in the young child. Finally, although several management strategies for ITP of childhood have been shown to improve the platelet count, side effects associated with corticosteroids, IVIg, anti-D and splenectomy force the practitioner to also consider the option of carefully observing, but not treating, the child with ITP. (+info)Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with maternal-fetal incompatibility for blood group B. (2/31)
BACKGROUND: Blood group A and B antigens are expressed only weakly on platelets (PLTs) of most individuals but are very strongly expressed on PLTs from approximately 1 percent of normal subjects (Type II high expressers). The implications of this trait for transfusion medicine are undefined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A family was studied in which two Group B infants were born with neonatal thrombocytopenia, whereas a third infant whose blood group was A(2) had a normal PLT count at birth. RESULTS: Serologic studies demonstrated a maternal antibody that reacted strongly with PLTs from the father and the two group B children in flow cytometry and with GPIIb/IIIa from their PLTs in solid-phase assays. No PLT-specific antibodies were detected in maternal serum sample, but it contained a high-titer immunoglobulin G antibody specific for blood group B. All PLT-reactive antibody in the mother's serum was removed by absorption with pooled, washed group A and B red cells (RBCs). Studies with monoclonal anti-B and measurement of serum B-glycosyltransferase activity showed that the father and both group B children were Type II high expressers of blood group B. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that high-titer blood group antibodies acquired from the mother can cause thrombocytopenia in infants possessing the Type II high-expresser phenotype despite competition for antibody binding by blood group antigens expressed on RBCs and other tissues. (+info)Developing recombinant HPA-1a-specific antibodies with abrogated Fcgamma receptor binding for the treatment of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. (3/31)
(+info)Fc receptors in immune thrombocytopenias: a target for immunomodulation? (4/31)
(+info)Thrombocytopenia in preterm infants with intrauterine growth restriction. (5/31)
Sick preterm infants often have thrombocytopenia at birth, and this is often associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or birth weights less than the 10th percentile. The pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia and its importance in IUGR are still unclear. We studied the characteristics of preterm IUGR infants with thrombocytopenia. Twenty-seven singleton Japanese preterm IUGR infants were born between January 2002 and June 2007 at Okayama University Hospital. Infants with malformation, chromosomal abnormalities, alloimmune thrombocytopenia, sepsis, and maternal aspirin ingestion were excluded. The infants were divided into group A (n=8), which had thrombocytopenia within 72 h after birth, and group B (n=19), which did not. There were significant differences in birth weight, head circumference, umbilical artery (UA)-pulsatility index (PI), middle cerebral artery-PI, UA-pH, UA-pO2, and UA-pCO2. The infants in group A were smaller, had abnormal blood flow patterns, and were hypoxic at birth. We speculate that the infants with thrombocytopenia were more severely growth-restricted by chronic hypoxia. Thrombocytopenia is an important parameter for chronic hypoxia in the uterine. (+info)Platelet transfusion practices among neonatologists in the United States and Canada: results of a survey. (6/31)
(+info)T-cell responses associated with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: isolation of HPA-1a-specific, HLA-DRB3*0101-restricted CD4+ T cells. (7/31)
(+info)Platelet count and neonatal sepsis: a high prevalence of Enterobacter spp. (8/31)
INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a common complication in the neonatal intensive care unit. It is most common in the smallest and most premature infants in whom the clinical presentation can be subtle and nonspecific. The objectives of the present study were to identify the most common organisms causing sepsis and their associations with thrombocytopenia. METHODS: This is a retrospective case analysis of blood culture positive patients between March 2003 and July 2007 in a single centre. We enrolled 53 eligible neonates whose blood culture yielded positively for any organism. Blood for the culture was obtained from a peripheral vessel. The data was analysed for differences in platelet and neutrophil count in terms of the microorganisms causing sepsis using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis, as appropriate. RESULTS: The most common organism in the blood culture was Enterobacter spp. with 21 cases (39.6 percent) and the least common was coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. The most common organisms in infants with normal weight and early onset sepsis were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (50 percent and 36.7 percent, respectively), while in other neonates with low birth weight, very low birth weight and late onset sepsis, the most common organism was Enterobacter spp. (40.9 percent, 71.4 percent and 47.8 percent, respectively). The patients with Enterobacter spp. sepsis had a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia. The mortality rate was 15.1 percent (8/53 cases), which was significantly higher among those with the Enterobacter spp. sepsis (five cases, p-value is 0.033). CONCLUSION: Our study shows the changes in the pattern of late onset neonatal infections in the neonatal intensive care unit. Enterobacter spp. is the most common organism causing neonatal sepsis accompanying thrombocytopenia. (+info)Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a medical condition that occurs in newborns when the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the baby's platelets. This happens because the baby inherits platelet antigens from the father that are different from those of the mother, causing an immune response that destroys the baby's platelets.
NAIT is a rare but serious condition that can lead to severe bleeding in newborns, particularly in the brain, which can result in long-term neurological damage or even death. Symptoms of NAIT may include petechiae (small red spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin), bruising, and excessive bleeding during delivery or after circumcision.
Diagnosis of NAIT is typically made through blood tests that measure platelet counts and identify the specific platelet antigens involved. Treatment may include transfusions of platelets or plasma, corticosteroids to suppress the mother's immune response, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy to help prevent further destruction of the baby's platelets. In severe cases, exchange transfusion may be necessary to remove the antibodies from the baby's bloodstream.
Prevention of NAIT involves identifying mothers at risk and administering prophylactic treatment during pregnancy or before delivery. This is typically done through testing for platelet antigens in both parents and providing immunoglobulin therapy to the mother if there is a mismatch.
Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are a group of cell surface proteins found on platelets and megakaryocytes, which are the precursor cells that produce platelets. These antigens can stimulate an immune response when they are recognized as foreign by the body's immune system, leading to the production of antibodies against them.
HPAs are classified into several different systems based on their genetic inheritance and immunological properties. The most well-known HPA systems are HPA-1, HPA-2, HPA-3, HPA-4, and HPA-5. Each system consists of a pair of alleles, one inherited from each parent, that code for different variants of the antigen.
HPAs can play a role in the development of certain bleeding disorders, such as neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and post-transfusion purpura (PTP). NAIT occurs when a pregnant woman develops antibodies against her fetus's HPAs, leading to low platelet counts and bleeding in the newborn. PTP can occur after a transfusion of blood products containing HPAs that are not compatible with the recipient's HPAs, leading to an immune response and destruction of the transfused platelets.
It is important for healthcare providers to consider HPA compatibility when performing platelet transfusions or managing pregnant women at risk of developing antibodies against HPAs.
Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. A healthy adult typically has a platelet count between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytopenia is usually diagnosed when the platelet count falls below 150,000 platelets/µL.
Thrombocytopenia can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying cause:
1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count. ITP can be further divided into primary or secondary forms, depending on whether it occurs alone or as a result of another medical condition or medication.
2. Decreased production: Thrombocytopenia can occur when there is insufficient production of platelets in the bone marrow due to various causes, such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
3. Increased destruction or consumption: Thrombocytopenia can also result from increased platelet destruction or consumption due to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or severe bacterial infections.
Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and skin rashes like petechiae (small red or purple spots) or purpura (larger patches). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the degree of thrombocytopenia and the presence of any underlying conditions. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and may include medications, transfusions, or addressing the underlying condition.
Isoantibodies are antibodies produced by the immune system that recognize and react to antigens (markers) found on the cells or tissues of another individual of the same species. These antigens are typically proteins or carbohydrates present on the surface of red blood cells, but they can also be found on other cell types.
Isoantibodies are formed when an individual is exposed to foreign antigens, usually through blood transfusions, pregnancy, or tissue transplantation. The exposure triggers the immune system to produce specific antibodies against these antigens, which can cause a harmful immune response if the individual receives another transfusion or transplant from the same donor in the future.
There are two main types of isoantibodies:
1. Agglutinins: These are IgM antibodies that cause red blood cells to clump together (agglutinate) when mixed with the corresponding antigen. They develop rapidly after exposure and can cause immediate transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.
2. Hemolysins: These are IgG antibodies that destroy red blood cells by causing their membranes to become more permeable, leading to lysis (bursting) of the cells and release of hemoglobin into the plasma. They take longer to develop but can cause delayed transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the newborn in pregnant women.
Isoantibodies are detected through blood tests, such as the crossmatch test, which determines compatibility between a donor's and recipient's blood before transfusions or transplants.
HLA-DRB3 chains are part of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, which is located on chromosome 6 and plays a critical role in the immune system. The HLA system encodes proteins that present pieces of protein or peptides to T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that is involved in the immune response.
HLA-DRB3 chains are specifically part of the HLA class II antigens, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells such as B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The HLA-DRB3 gene encodes for the beta-chain of the HLA-DRB3 heterodimer, which is a complex formed by the association of an alpha and a beta chain.
HLA-DRB3 chains are highly polymorphic, meaning that there are many different variants of this protein in the population. This genetic diversity allows for a wide range of peptides to be presented to T-cells, enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to a variety of pathogens.
It is worth noting that HLA-DRB3 chains are not present in all individuals, as some people may have null or deletion alleles that prevent the expression of this protein. Additionally, HLA-DRB3 chains have been associated with certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, although the exact role of these proteins in the development of these conditions is not fully understood.
Isoantigens are antigens that are present on the cells or tissues of one individual of a species, but are absent or different in another individual of the same species. They are also known as "alloantigens." Isoantigens are most commonly found on the surface of red blood cells and other tissues, and they can stimulate an immune response when transplanted into a different individual. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the isoantigens as foreign and mounts a defense against them. Isoantigens are important in the field of transplantation medicine, as they must be carefully matched between donor and recipient to reduce the risk of rejection.
A platelet transfusion is the process of medically administering platelets, which are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. Platelet transfusions are often given to patients with low platelet counts or dysfunctional platelets due to various reasons such as chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and other medical conditions leading to increased consumption or destruction of platelets. This procedure helps to prevent or treat bleeding complications in these patients. It's important to note that platelet transfusions should be given under the supervision of a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's clinical condition, platelet count, and potential risks associated with transfusion reactions.
A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.
A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.
Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.
Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the abnormal breakdown of platelets, leading to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Platelets are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. A low platelet count can cause purple spots on the skin (purpura) and easy or excessive bruising or bleeding.
TTP is caused by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body, which can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys if left untreated. The condition can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term).
TTP is often caused by an autoimmune response where the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy a protein called ADAMTS13, which is necessary for breaking down large von Willebrand factor proteins in the blood. Without enough ADAMTS13, these proteins can form clots and deplete platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia and purpura.
Treatment typically involves plasma exchange therapy to replace the missing or nonfunctional ADAMTS13 protein and suppress the immune system's production of antibodies. Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and rituximab may also be used in treatment.
Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.
The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.
A "newborn infant" refers to a baby in the first 28 days of life outside of the womb. This period is crucial for growth and development, but also poses unique challenges as the infant's immune system is not fully developed, making them more susceptible to various diseases.
"Newborn diseases" are health conditions that specifically affect newborn infants. These can be categorized into three main types:
1. Congenital disorders: These are conditions that are present at birth and may be inherited or caused by factors such as infection, exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy, or chromosomal abnormalities. Examples include Down syndrome, congenital heart defects, and spina bifida.
2. Infectious diseases: Newborn infants are particularly vulnerable to infections due to their immature immune systems. Common infectious diseases in newborns include sepsis (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis. These can be acquired from the mother during pregnancy or childbirth, or from the environment after birth.
3. Developmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the normal growth and development of the newborn infant. Examples include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, and vision or hearing impairments.
It is important to note that many newborn diseases can be prevented or treated with appropriate medical care, including prenatal care, proper hygiene practices, and timely vaccinations. Regular check-ups and monitoring of the newborn's health by a healthcare provider are essential for early detection and management of any potential health issues.
Integrin alpha2, also known as CD49b or ITGA2, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that forms a heterodimer with integrin beta1 to create the collagen receptor very late antigen-2 (VLA-2) or α2β1 integrin. This integrin plays crucial roles in various cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, and signaling during embryonic development, hemostasis, and tissue repair. It specifically binds to collagen types I, II, and IV, contributing to the regulation of cell-matrix interactions in several tissues, including bone, cartilage, and vascular systems. Integrin alpha2 also participates in immune responses by mediating lymphocyte adhesion and activation.
Integrin β3 is a subunit of certain integrin heterodimers, which are transmembrane receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Integrin β3 combines with either integrin αv (to form the integrin αvβ3) or integrin αIIb (to form the integrin αIIbβ3). These integrins are involved in various cellular processes, including platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis.
Integrin αIIbβ3 is primarily expressed on platelets and mediates platelet aggregation by binding to fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins in the ECM. Integrin αvβ3 is widely expressed in various cell types and participates in diverse functions such as cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It binds to a variety of ECM proteins, including fibronectin, vitronectin, and osteopontin, as well as to soluble ligands like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).
Dysregulation of integrin β3 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, tumor metastasis, and inflammatory diseases.
Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Platelet membrane glycoproteins are specialized proteins found on the surface of platelets, which are small blood cells responsible for clotting. These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various processes related to hemostasis and thrombosis, including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation.
There are several key platelet membrane glycoproteins, such as:
1. Glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa (also known as integrin α2β1): This glycoprotein mediates the binding of platelets to collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix, facilitating platelet adhesion and activation.
2. GP IIb/IIIa (also known as integrin αIIbβ3): This is the most abundant glycoprotein on the platelet surface and functions as a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. Upon activation, GP IIb/IIIa undergoes conformational changes that enable it to bind these ligands, leading to platelet aggregation and clot formation.
3. GPIb-IX-V: This glycoprotein complex is involved in the initial tethering and adhesion of platelets to von Willebrand factor (vWF) in damaged blood vessels. It consists of four subunits: GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV.
4. GPVI: This glycoprotein is essential for platelet activation upon contact with collagen. It associates with the Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ) to form a signaling complex that triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to platelet activation and aggregation.
Abnormalities in these platelet membrane glycoproteins can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic conditions. For example, mutations in GPIIb/IIIa can result in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, a severe bleeding disorder characterized by impaired platelet aggregation. On the other hand, increased expression or activation of these glycoproteins may contribute to the development of arterial thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) in the blood without an identifiable cause. Platelets are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. When you don't have enough platelets, you may bleed excessively or spontaneously, causing purpura, which refers to purple-colored spots on the skin that result from bleeding under the skin.
In ITP, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to their decreased levels in the blood. This condition can occur at any age but is more common in children following a viral infection, and in adults after the age of 30-40 years. Symptoms may include easy or excessive bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous bleeding from the gums or nose, blood blisters, and small red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae).
Depending on the severity of thrombocytopenia and the presence of bleeding symptoms, ITP treatment may include observation, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or other medications that modify the immune system's response. In severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) might be considered.
Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.
Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.
For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.
Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.
Megakaryocytes are large, specialized bone marrow cells that are responsible for the production and release of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) into the bloodstream. Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis, helping to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries or trauma.
Megakaryocytes have a unique structure with multilobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm rich in organelles called alpha-granules and dense granules, which store various proteins, growth factors, and enzymes necessary for platelet function. As megakaryocytes mature, they extend long cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets into the bone marrow sinuses, where these extensions fragment into individual platelets that are released into circulation.
Abnormalities in megakaryocyte number, size, or function can lead to various hematological disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombocytosis (high platelet count), and certain types of leukemia.
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production, also known as thrombopoiesis. It is primarily produced by the liver and to some extent by megakaryocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing platelets.
TPO binds to its receptor, c-Mpl, on the surface of megakaryocytes and their precursor cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into platelets. By regulating the number of platelets in circulation, TPO helps maintain hemostasis, the process that prevents excessive bleeding after injury.
In addition to its role in thrombopoiesis, TPO has been shown to have potential effects on other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and certain immune cells. However, its primary function remains the regulation of platelet production.
Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG) are a preparation of antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins, that are derived from the plasma of healthy donors. They are administered intravenously to provide passive immunity and help boost the immune system's response in individuals with weakened or compromised immune systems. IVIG can be used for various medical conditions such as primary immunodeficiency disorders, secondary immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. The administration of IVIG can help prevent infections, reduce the severity and frequency of infections, and manage the symptoms of certain autoimmune disorders. It is important to note that while IVIG provides temporary immunity, it does not replace a person's own immune system.
Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), also known as CXCL4, is a chemokine that is primarily secreted by activated platelets and involved in hemostasis and inflammation. It is a small protein with a molecular weight of approximately 8 kDa and is stored in the alpha granules of resting platelets. Upon activation, platelets release PF4 into the bloodstream, where it plays a role in attracting immune cells to sites of injury or infection.
PF4 can bind to various negatively charged molecules, including heparin, DNA, and RNA, which can lead to the formation of immune complexes. In some cases, these immune complexes can trigger an abnormal immune response, resulting in conditions such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).
In summary, Platelet Factor 4 is a chemokine released by activated platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and inflammation but can also contribute to the development of certain immune-related disorders.
Intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT) is a medical procedure in which blood is transfused into the fetal circulation through the umbilical vein while the fetus is still in the uterus. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe anemia in the fetus, most commonly caused by hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility between the mother and fetus.
During the procedure, ultrasound guidance is used to insert a thin needle through the mother's abdomen and uterus and into the umbilical vein of the fetus. The blood is then transfused slowly, allowing the fetal body to adjust to the increased volume. The procedure may need to be repeated every 2-4 weeks until the baby is mature enough for delivery.
IUT is a highly specialized procedure that requires significant expertise and experience in maternal-fetal medicine and interventional radiology. It carries risks such as preterm labor, infection, fetal bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), and fetal loss, but it can be life-saving for the fetus when performed appropriately.
Heart transplantation is a surgical procedure where a diseased, damaged, or failing heart is removed and replaced with a healthy donor heart. This procedure is usually considered as a last resort for patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease who have not responded to other treatments. The donor heart typically comes from a brain-dead individual whose family has agreed to donate their loved one's organs for transplantation. Heart transplantation is a complex and highly specialized procedure that requires a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses, and other support staff. The success rates for heart transplantation have improved significantly over the past few decades, with many patients experiencing improved quality of life and increased survival rates. However, recipients of heart transplants require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the donor heart, which can increase the risk of infections and other complications.
Transplantation tolerance, also known as immunological tolerance or transplant tolerance, is a state in which the immune system of a transplant recipient does not mount an immune response against the transplanted organ or tissue. This is an important goal in transplantation medicine to prevent graft rejection and reduce the need for long-term immunosuppressive therapy, which can have significant side effects.
Transplantation tolerance can be achieved through various mechanisms, including the deletion or regulation of donor-reactive T cells, the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress immune responses against the graft, and the modulation of innate immune responses. The development of strategies to induce transplantation tolerance is an active area of research in transplantation medicine.
Skin transplantation, also known as skin grafting, is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of healthy skin from one part of the body (donor site) and its transfer to another site (recipient site) that has been damaged or lost due to various reasons such as burns, injuries, infections, or diseases. The transplanted skin can help in healing wounds, restoring functionality, and improving the cosmetic appearance of the affected area. There are different types of skin grafts, including split-thickness grafts, full-thickness grafts, and composite grafts, which vary in the depth and size of the skin removed and transplanted. The success of skin transplantation depends on various factors, including the size and location of the wound, the patient's overall health, and the availability of suitable donor sites.
Thrombopoietin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found on megakaryocytes and platelets. They are also known as MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) receptors. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets in the body, and it binds to these receptors to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.
The thrombopoietin receptor is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain that contains the thrombopoietin-binding site, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that contains several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated upon thrombopoietin binding. This triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various downstream pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene have been associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which are characterized by excessive platelet production and bone marrow fibrosis.
Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.
Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.
It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.
Transplantation Immunology is a branch of medicine that deals with the immune responses occurring between a transplanted organ or tissue and the recipient's body. It involves understanding and managing the immune system's reaction to foreign tissue, which can lead to rejection of the transplanted organ. This field also studies the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection and the potential risks and side effects associated with their use. The main goal of transplantation immunology is to find ways to promote the acceptance of transplanted tissue while minimizing the risk of infection and other complications.
A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.
There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:
* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia
A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.
It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.
Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.
Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.
Erythroblastosis, fetal is a medical condition that occurs in the fetus or newborn when there is an incompatibility between the fetal and maternal blood types, specifically related to the Rh factor or ABO blood group system. This incompatibility leads to the destruction of the fetal red blood cells by the mother's immune system, resulting in the release of bilirubin, which can cause jaundice, anemia, and other complications.
In cases where the mother is Rh negative and the fetus is Rh positive, the mother may develop antibodies against the Rh factor during pregnancy or after delivery, leading to hemolysis (breakdown) of the fetal red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies if preventive measures are not taken. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
Similarly, incompatibility between the ABO blood groups can also lead to HDN, although it is generally less severe than Rh incompatibility. In this case, the mother's immune system produces antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction and subsequent complications.
Fetal erythroblastosis is a serious condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Treatment options include intrauterine transfusions, phototherapy, and exchange transfusions in severe cases. Preventive measures such as Rh immune globulin (RhIG) injections can help prevent the development of antibodies in Rh-negative mothers, reducing the risk of HDN in subsequent pregnancies.
Phlebovirus is a type of virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae. These viruses have a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome and are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected insects, such as sandflies or ticks. Some examples of diseases caused by Phleboviruses include sandfly fever, Toscana virus infection, and Rift Valley fever.
The term "Phlebovirus" comes from the Greek word "phleps," which means "vein," reflecting the viruses' tendency to cause febrile illnesses characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The virus was first identified in the 1960s and has since been found in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with warm climates where sandflies and ticks are more common.
Phleboviruses have a complex structure, consisting of three segments of RNA enclosed within a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. The viral membrane contains two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which are important for attachment to and entry into host cells. Once inside the cell, the virus uses its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate its genome and produce new virions, which can then infect other cells or be transmitted to a new host through the bite of an infected insect.
Prevention and treatment of Phlebovirus infections are focused on avoiding exposure to infected insects and reducing symptoms through supportive care. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for these infections, although research is ongoing to develop effective therapies. Vaccines are also being developed for some Phleboviruses, such as Rift Valley fever, which can cause severe illness and death in humans and animals.
Leukopenia is a medical term used to describe an abnormally low white blood cell (WBC) count in the blood. White blood cells are crucial components of the body's immune system, helping to fight infections and diseases. A normal WBC count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter (μL) of blood in most laboratories. Leukopenia is typically diagnosed when the WBC count falls below 4,500 cells/μL.
There are several types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutropenia, a specific type of leukopenia, refers to an abnormally low neutrophil count (less than 1,500 cells/μL). Neutropenia increases the risk of bacterial and fungal infections since neutrophils play a significant role in combating these types of pathogens.
Leukopenia can result from various factors, such as viral infections, certain medications (like chemotherapy or radiation therapy), bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, or congenital conditions affecting white blood cell production. It is essential to identify the underlying cause of leukopenia to provide appropriate treatment and prevent complications.
Thrombopoiesis is the process of formation and development of thrombocytes or platelets, which are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in clotting. Thrombopoiesis occurs inside the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate into megakaryoblasts, then progressively develop into promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes. These megakaryocytes subsequently undergo a process called cytoplasmic fragmentation to produce platelets.
The regulation of thrombopoiesis is primarily controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), which is produced mainly in the liver and binds to the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) on megakaryocytes and their precursors. This binding stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of megakaryocytes, leading to an increase in platelet production.
Abnormalities in thrombopoiesis can result in conditions such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count), which may be associated with bleeding disorders or increased risk of thrombosis, respectively.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex medical condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This process can result in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which can then lead to bleeding complications. DIC can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric emergencies.
The term "disseminated" refers to the widespread nature of the clotting activation, while "intravascular" indicates that the clotting is occurring within the blood vessels. The condition can manifest as both bleeding and clotting complications, which can make it challenging to diagnose and manage.
The diagnosis of DIC typically involves laboratory tests that evaluate coagulation factors, platelet count, fibrin degradation products, and other markers of coagulation activation. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition while also managing any bleeding or clotting complications that may arise.
Hematologic pregnancy complications refer to disorders related to the blood and blood-forming tissues that occur during pregnancy. These complications can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus if not properly managed. Some common hematologic pregnancy complications include:
1. Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy.
2. Thrombocytopenia: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets (cells that help blood clot) in the blood. Mild thrombocytopenia is relatively common during pregnancy, but severe thrombocytopenia can increase the risk of bleeding during delivery.
3. Gestational thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (GTTP): A rare but serious disorder that can cause blood clots to form in small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells. GTTP can cause serious complications such as stroke, kidney failure, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.
4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): A condition characterized by abnormal clotting and bleeding throughout the body. DIC can be triggered by various conditions such as severe infections, pregnancy complications, or cancer.
5. Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome: A serious complication of pregnancy that can cause damage to the liver and lead to bleeding. HELLP syndrome is often associated with preeclampsia, a condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys.
It's important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care to monitor for these and other potential complications, and to seek prompt medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise.
Histocompatibility, maternal-fetal, refers to the compatibility between the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and other antigenic proteins expressed on the fetal tissues and those present in the mother's immune system. The HLAs are a group of proteins encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and play a crucial role in the recognition and presentation of foreign peptides to the immune cells.
During pregnancy, the fetal tissues express paternal HLA antigens that can be recognized as non-self by the mother's immune system. However, the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and decidua, has several mechanisms to prevent the activation of the maternal immune response against the fetus. These mechanisms include the expression of unique HLA molecules (HLA-G, -C, and -E) by the trophoblast cells, which have immunomodulatory functions, as well as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and the suppression of pro-inflammatory responses.
Despite these immune tolerance mechanisms, in some cases, the maternal immune system may still recognize the fetal tissues as foreign and mount an immune response, leading to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, or intrauterine growth restriction. The degree of histocompatibility between the mother and fetus can influence the risk of these complications, with a higher degree of mismatch increasing the risk.
In transplantation medicine, the concept of histocompatibility is critical in matching donors and recipients to minimize the risk of rejection. However, in pregnancy, the unique immune environment at the maternal-fetal interface allows for the coexistence of two genetically distinct individuals without the need for full histocompatibility.
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Stefan Kutzsche
Post-transfusion purpura
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia
Human platelet antigen
CD109
Nat
Thrombocytopenia
Infant
NAIT
Platelet
List of diseases (F)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)
Alloimmunity
Neonatology
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia - Wikipedia
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia (NAIT)-Initial Testing Maternal and Paternal (5603/5703) | Rady Children's Hospital
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia - CheckOrphan
Prospective epidemiologic study of the outcome and cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening to detect neonatal alloimmune...
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. - Radcliffe Department of Medicine
Platelet Disorders: Overview of Platelet Disorders, Pathophysiology of Platelet Disorders, Autoimmune Thrombocytopenias
NAIT, Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia - ANALYSI
What Is Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia?
Platelet Disorders: Overview of Platelet Disorders, Pathophysiology of Platelet Disorders, Autoimmune Thrombocytopenias
Compare Current Neonatal+Alloimmune+Thrombocytopenia Drugs and Medications with Ratings & Reviews
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: two different neonatal manifestations of the same disease | International Journal...
A prospective epidemiological study of the outcome and cost effectiveness of antenatal screening to detect HPA-1a neonatal...
Gestational Thrombocytopenia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications
Frontiers | Blood and Blood Components: From Similarities to Differences
Thrombocytopenia Causes
The AMEDEO Literature Guide
Hematology - 9780323733885
SMART: Schnipsel domain Int alpha
SMART: Int alpha domain annotation
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
6 Johnson & Johnson Leaders Working on Inspiring Innovations
Evidence and Ethics on: Circumcision - Evidence Based Birth®
Cosette Nickles, NNP-BC| Neonatology | MedStar Health
Dr Penelope Motum
DRI Healthcare Trust Announces C$90 Million Bought Deal Public Offering of Units
SMART: MHC II alpha domain annotation
PMM.24 The management of Bernard Soulier Syndrome in Pregnancy | ADC Fetal & Neonatal Edition
Publikationen - FB 11 - Medizin
NAIT7
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP, NAIT, NATP or NAT) is a disease that affects babies in which the platelet count is decreased because the mother's immune system attacks her fetus' or newborn's platelets. (wikipedia.org)
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP, NAIT, NATP or NAT) is a disease that affects babies in which the platelet count is decreased. (checkorphan.org)
- During the first pregnancy, NAIT is often not detected until birth when the newborn presents with classic symptoms of thrombocytopenia including petechiae, bruising or intracranial hemorrhage. (checkorphan.org)
- In utero intracranial hemorrhage occurs in about 10% to 30% of affected cases (and NAIT is thought to be the underlying cause in the majority of cases of intracranial hemorrhage due to thrommbocytopenia- greater than all other causes of thrombocytopenia combined). (checkorphan.org)
- To assess the value of antenatal screening to detect neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) due to anti-HPA-1a, a prospective study was carried out to quantify the potential clinical benefits and determine whether screening would be cost-effective. (napier.ac.uk)
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a uncommon however doubtlessly extreme situation that impacts newborns. (dietbab.com)
- When my daughter was born, she was diagnosed with a rare genetic blood disorder, neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT)-the effect of which was the catalyst for me to become a midwife Although. (britishjournalofmidwifery.com)
Antibody1
- Killie MK, Husebekk A, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Skogen B. A prospective study of maternal anti-HPA 1a antibody level as a potential predictor of alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the newborn. (ijrcog.org)
Platelets4
- Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), sometimes called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a condition in which autoantibodies are directed against a patient's own platelets, causing platelet destruction and thrombocytopenia. (wikipedia.org)
- Autoimmune thrombocytopenia, extra generally often called immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), happens when the immune system wrongly targets and destroys its personal platelets. (dietbab.com)
- Disorders of platelets can be divided into acquired or congenital thrombocytopenias and acquired or congenital functional disorders (thrombocytopathias), with acquired thrombocytopenia being the most common. (msdvetmanual.com)
- Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a rare disorder that occurs when maternal antibodies are produced against a paternal antigen on fetal platelets. (msdvetmanual.com)
Purpura2
- One such disease in children is immune thrombocytopenia (also called immune thrombocytopenic purpura or ITP), which is the most common acquired bleeding illness in children [3]. (who.int)
- The incidence of the disease in high-income mune thrombocytopenia (also called im- countries is about 3-10 per 100 000 chil- mune thrombocytopenic purpura or ITP), dren per year below 16 years of age [ 8,9 ]. (who.int)
Gestational thrombocytopenia8
- Gestational thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) is common during pregnancy and usually doesn't cause complications. (healthline.com)
- This condition, known as gestational thrombocytopenia (GT), is often mild and doesn't cause complications. (healthline.com)
- What causes gestational thrombocytopenia? (healthline.com)
- What are the symptoms of gestational thrombocytopenia? (healthline.com)
- How do doctors diagnose gestational thrombocytopenia? (healthline.com)
- What is the treatment for gestational thrombocytopenia? (healthline.com)
- How does gestational thrombocytopenia affect my pregnancy? (healthline.com)
- In contrast, other conditions, such as gestational thrombocytopenia, are benign and pose no maternal or fetal risks. (nih.gov)
FNAIT4
- Doctors additionally name it fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT), as it could possibly additionally have an effect on fetuses. (dietbab.com)
- Current research have demonstrated that maternal anti-CD36 antibodies signify a frequent explanation for fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) in Asian and African populations. (aabioetica.org)
- Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a rare immune disorder. (javararesearch.com)
- Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a rare, alloimmune thrombocytopenic disorder affecting fetuses / neonates, characterized in severe cases by intracranial hemorrhage. (clarivate.com)
Maternal5
- Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a rare disorder in which maternal alloantibodies cross the placenta and cause fetal thrombocytopenia. (ijrcog.org)
- 12. Sachs UJ, Wienzek-Lischka S, Duong Y, Qiu D, Hinrichs W, Cooper N, Santoso S, Bayat B, Bein G (2020) Maternal antibodies against paternal class I human leukocyte antigens are not associated with foetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. (uni-giessen.de)
- Some causes of thrombocytopenia are serious medical disorders that have the potential for maternal and fetal morbidity. (nih.gov)
- Because of the increased recognition of maternal and fetal thrombocytopenia, there are numerous controversies about obstetric management of this condition. (nih.gov)
- Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. (uab.cat)
Antibodies3
- Anti-platelet antigens and HLA antibodies were monitored monthly throughout the pregnancy to assess the risk of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. (bmj.com)
- 1. Chen S, Cooper N, Müller M, Bein G, Sachs UJ (2020) Piperacillin-dependent anti-platelet antibodies are a relevant, easy to confirm differential diagnosis in patients with rapid-onset thrombocytopenia. (uni-giessen.de)
- 17. Wu Y, Chen D, Xu X, Mai M, Ye X, Li C, Santoso S, Xia W, Fu Y (2020) Hydrops fetalis associated with anti-CD36 antibodies in fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Possible underlying mechanism. (uni-giessen.de)
Pregnancy6
- Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: Parental evaluation and pregnancy management. (ijrcog.org)
- But there could be other causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy that may require treatment. (healthline.com)
- What else can cause thrombocytopenia in pregnancy? (healthline.com)
- To diagnose GT, your doctor will rule out other potential causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy by asking about your symptoms, medical history, and family history. (healthline.com)
- Thrombocytopenia can result from a variety of physiologic or pathologic conditions, several of which are unique to pregnancy. (nih.gov)
- This Practice Bulletin is a targeted revision to reflect limited changes to information about new estimates for thrombocytopenia in pregnancy and the risk of recurrence of fetal-neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in subsequent pregnancies, and to provide new information on the level of thrombocytopenia that permits regional anesthesia. (nih.gov)
Transfusion2
- Newborns with thrombocytopenia sometimes obtain a platelet transfusion. (dietbab.com)
- Platelet transfusion in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. (ijrcog.org)
Benign1
- ABSTRACT Immune thrombocytopenia is a benign and self-limiting disorder. (who.int)
Prenatal1
- Our dedicated team of experts is committed to providing excellent, innovative, comprehensive and compassionate care to patients and their families, from prenatal diagnosis, to fetal intervention, intra-partum care and neonatal support. (ontariofetalcentre.ca)
Severe4
- In case of severe thrombocytopenia, the neonates may exhibit bleeding complications at or a few hours after delivery. (wikipedia.org)
- Mild to severe thrombocytopenia can be seen, and excessive bleeding is a potential complication. (msdvetmanual.com)
- This diagnosis should be considered for foals with severe thrombocytopenia when other causes can be excluded. (msdvetmanual.com)
- A group of lambs artificially reared and fed bovine colostrum developed severe thrombocytopenia with prolonged bleeding from puncture wounds from ear tag placement, subcutaneous bruising, weakness, and pale mucous membranes. (msdvetmanual.com)
Congenital1
- The American Society of Hematology defines it as an isolated thrombocytopenia with clinically no apparent associated conditions or no other cause of thrombocytopenia, such as HIV infection, systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoproliferative disorders, myelodysplasia, agammaglobulinaemia or hypogammaglobulinaemia, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, alloimmune thrombocytopenia or congenital/hereditary non-immune thrombocytopenia [7]. (who.int)
Newborn1
- The stabilization of a hydropic newborn requires a high level of intensive coordinated management by a neonatal team well prepared for the possibly affected infant. (medscape.com)
Pregnancies1
- In this article we present two clinical cases of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in first-born children, after uneventful pregnancies, with different outcomes and discuss the obstetric management and follow-up in future pregnancies. (ijrcog.org)
Diagnosis1
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. (ijrcog.org)
Immune-mediated1
- Neonatal immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. (ijrcog.org)
Intracranial hemorrhage2
- Delbos F, Bertrand G, Croisille L, Ansart-Pirenne H, Bierling P, Kaplan C. Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: predictive factors of intracranial hemorrhage. (ijrcog.org)
- Intracranial hemorrhage in alloimmune thrombocytopenia: stratified management to prevent recurrence in the subsequent affected fetus. (ijrcog.org)
Systematic review2
- Kamphuis M, Paridaans NP, Porcelijn L, Lopriore E, Oepkes D. Incidence and consequences of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review. (ijrcog.org)
- The histologic fetal inflammatory response and neonatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. (amedeo.com)
Mild1
- Frequently, the thrombocytopenia is mild and the affected neonates remain largely asymptomatic. (checkorphan.org)
Antenatal2
- Prospective epidemiologic study of the outcome and cost-effectiveness of antenatal screening to detect neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-1a. (napier.ac.uk)
- Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/7400069_Prospective_epidemiologic_study_of_the_outcome_and_cost-effectiveness_of_antenatal_screening_to_detect_neonatal_alloimmune_thrombocytopenia_due_to_anti-HPA-1a [accessed Nov 13, 2015]. (napier.ac.uk)
Outcomes3
- The incidence and outcomes of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a UK national study using three data sources. (ijrcog.org)
- Neonatal Outcomes Associated with In Utero Cannabis Exposure: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. (amedeo.com)
- The impact of increasing body mass index on in vitro fertilization treatment, obstetric, and neonatal outcomes. (amedeo.com)
20221
- According to research summarized in the 2022 research review above, around 75% of pregnant people who experience thrombocytopenia have GT. (healthline.com)
Newborns1
- Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a uncommon however doubtlessly life threatening situation in newborns. (dietbab.com)
Symptoms1
- Below is a list of common medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of neonatal+alloimmune+thrombocytopenia. (webmd.com)
Diagnose1
- How do medical doctors diagnose neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia? (dietbab.com)
Complications1
- Placental SARS-CoV-2 viral replication is associated with placental coagulopathy and neonatal complications. (amedeo.com)
Detect1
- It's tough to detect thrombocytopenia in a fetus throughout being pregnant. (dietbab.com)
Consequences1
- Fetal and neonatal consequences include low birth weight and poor mental and psychomotor performance. (medscape.com)
Infection1
- Swiss children found significant differences bocytopenia with clinically no apparent in history of infection preceding the onset associated conditions or no other cause of of ITP between the Asian and European thrombocytopenia, such as HIV infection, cohorts [ 16 ]. (who.int)
Pregnant women1
- 16. Wienzek-Lischka S, Sawazki A, Ehrhardt H, Sachs UJ, Axt-Fliedner R, Bein G (2020) Non-invasive risk-assessment and bleeding prophylaxis with IVIG in pregnant women with a history of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: management to minimize adverse events. (uni-giessen.de)
Management1
- Pacheco LD, Berkowitz RL, Moise KJ Jr, Bussel JB, McFarland JG, Saade GR. Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a management algorithm based on risk stratification. (ijrcog.org)
Medication1
- Considering taking medication to treat neonatal+alloimmune+thrombocytopenia? (webmd.com)
Bleeding2
- Babies of HPA-1a-negative women were tested at delivery for thrombocytopenia and examined for signs of bleeding. (napier.ac.uk)
- Bleeding linked to thrombocytopenia also can happen within the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and eyes, resulting in further issues. (dietbab.com)
Blood1
- While a complete blood count (CBC) can identify platelet levels that fall below the threshold for thrombocytopenia, it does not explain the cause. (healthline.com)
Laboratory1
- Neonatal platelet counts on laboratory testing are typically under 20,000 μL −1 . (checkorphan.org)