Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
A humoral factor that stimulates the production of thrombocytes (BLOOD PLATELETS). Thrombopoietin stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow MEGAKARYOCYTES and their release of blood platelets. The process is called THROMBOPOIESIS.
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
Cell surface receptors that are specific for THROMBOPOIETIN. They signal through interaction with JANUS KINASES such as JANUS KINASE 2.
Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.
The process of generating thrombocytes (BLOOD PLATELETS) from the pluripotent HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS in the BONE MARROW via the MEGAKARYOCYTES. The humoral factor with thrombopoiesis-stimulating activity is designated THROMBOPOIETIN.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Enlargement of the spleen.
Pathologic inclusions occurring in erythrocytes.
A tumor-like mass resulting from the enlargement of a tuberculous lesion.
Unstable isotopes of selenium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Se atoms with atomic weights 70-73, 75, 79, 81, and 83-85 are radioactive selenium isotopes.
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor.
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).

A role for changes in platelet production in the cause of acute coronary syndromes. (1/246)

Platelets are heterogeneous with respect to their size, density, and reactivity. Large platelets are more active hemostatically, and platelet volume has been found to be increased both in patients with unstable angina and with myocardial infarction. Furthermore, platelet volume is a predictor of a further ischemic event and death when measured after myocardial infarction. Platelets which are anucleate cells with no DNA are derived from their precursor, the megakaryocyte. Therefore, it is suggested that changes in platelet size are determined at thrombopoiesis in the megakaryocyte and that those changes might precede acute cardiac events. Understanding of the signaling system that controls platelet production may also further elucidate the cascade of events leading to acute vascular occlusion in some patients.  (+info)

Patients with thrombocytosis have normal or slightly elevated thrombopoietin levels. (2/246)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The distinction between clonal and reactive thrombocytoses is a frequent problem and implies different therapeutic options. As thrombopoietin (TPO) is the main regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, we measured TPO levels in patients with thrombocytosis in an attempt to understand the regulation and potential utility of distinguishing thrombocytoses. DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum TPO levels, platelet counts, mean platelet volume, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age were evaluated in 25 patients with clonal thrombocytosis (15 with essential thrombocythemia, 6 with polycythemia vera and 4 with chronic myeloid leukemia) and in 50 patients with reactive thrombocytosis distributed in three groups: 1) patients in post-surgical states; 2) patients with solid tumors; and 3) patients with inflammatory diseases. RESULTS: TPO levels were slightly increased in patients with clonal (135+/-50 pg/mL) and reactive (147+/-58 pg/mL) thrombocytosis compared with controls (121+/-58 pg/mL). Analyzing the different groups, patients with essential thrombocythemia had the lowest TPO levels (120+/-28 pg/mL) and patients with solid tumors the highest levels (162+/-59 pg/mL). Patients with clonal thrombocytosis were older, had higher platelet counts, mean platelet volume and hemoglobin, and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate than patients with reactive thrombocytosis. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Minor differences were observed in TPO levels between patients with primary and secondary thrombocytoses. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, but not TPO levels, may be a useful tool for discriminating both types of thrombocytoses.  (+info)

Hydroxyurea in the management of the hematologic complications of chronic granulocytic leukemia. (3/246)

The effect of hydroxyurea in 35 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), who either had entered an accelerated phase of the disease or had experienced excessive myelosuppression following alkylating agents, was studied. By either intravenous or oral administration, the drug was successful in reducing peripheral leukocyte and blast counts in all cases and in reducing splenomegaly in 13 of 17 patients. The median duration of disease control was 75 days in myeloproliferative acceleration and 27 days in frank blastic transformation. Mild nausea and vomiting were experienced by most patients, but reversible bone marrow suppression occured in only three patients. The drug proved useful in 19 patients who demonstrated myeloproliferative acceleration, especially in controlling excessive leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis. Rapid reduction of an elevated blast cell count was achieved in nine patients who presented in blastic crisis, in an attempt to eliminate the associated risk of cerebral vascular leukostasis. Five patients who required treatment for their disease following splenectomy in the chronic phase were also well controlled. Hydroxyurea appears to have a definite role in the management of these hematologic complications of CGL.  (+info)

Mother cell of megakaryocyte. (4/246)

It was attempted to describe the morphology of the most immature cell of megakaryocytic series. The megakaryocytes were observed with the electron microscope in five cases, being traced back to their immature forms. In two cases the most immature cells of megakaryocytic series were considered to be the cells which were probably identified as lymphocytes under the light microscope, but they were not lymphocytes with the electron microscope. In other two cases it was presumed that neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were derived from morphologically similar immature cells, since the most immature cells of neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were not distinguished when they were traced back to their immature forms. These findings suggest that mother cells of megakaryocytes in the adult bone marrow may be identified as lymphoid cells with the light microscope.  (+info)

Mechanism of platelet liberation. (5/246)

Megakaryocytes from 5 patients and 1 normal person were observed electronmicroscopically. In some pathologic states platelets seemed to be liberated without demarcation membrane system (DMS) and in a normal individual they seemed to be liberated independently of DMS. These findings suggest that DMS is not concerned with platelet liberation and that platelets are liberated through pseudopodia and bleb formation. In mature megakaryocytes vigorous amoeboid movement seems to exist and both pseudopodia and blebs may represent this movement. Structural similarity between surface connected system (SCS) of platelet and DMS of megakaryocyte suggests that the structure called DMS is transported as SCS into platelet.  (+info)

Splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a single-institution experience with 223 patients. (6/246)

In a 20-year period, 223 patients (median age, 64.8 years) with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) had therapeutic splenectomy at our institution. Primary indications for surgery were transfusion-dependent anemia (45.3%), symptomatic splenomegaly (39. 0%), portal hypertension (10.8%), and severe thrombocytopenia (4.9%). Operative mortality and morbidity rates were 9% and 31%, respectively. The 203 survivors of surgery had a median postsplenectomy survival time (PSS) of 27 months (range, 0-155). Among preoperative variables, thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100 x 10(9/)L) and nonhypercellular bone marrow were identified as independent risk factors for decreased PSS. Durable remissions in constitutional symptoms, transfusion-dependent anemia, portal hypertension, and severe thrombocytopenia were achieved in 67%, 23%, 50%, and 0% of the patients, respectively. Histologic or cytogenetic features of bone marrow obtained before splenectomy did not predict a response in cytopenias. After splenectomy, substantial enlargement of the liver and marked thrombocytosis occurred in 16.1% and 22.0% of the patients, respectively. The thrombocytosis was associated with an increased risk of perioperative thrombosis and decreased PSS. The rate of blast transformation (BT) was 16.3%, and the risk of BT was higher in the presence of increased spleen mass and preoperative thrombocytopenia. However, the PSS of patients with BT was not significantly different from that of patients without BT. We conclude that presplenectomy thrombocytopenia in MMM may be a surrogate for advanced disease and is associated with an increased risk of BT and inferior PSS. However, the development of BT after splenectomy may not affect overall survival and does not undermine the palliative role of the procedure for the other indications.  (+info)

Artefactual serum hyperkalaemia and hypercalcaemia in essential thrombocythaemia. (7/246)

AIM: To investigate possible abnormalities of serum potassium and calcium levels in patients with essential thrombocythaemia and significant thrombocytosis. METHODS: 24 cases of essential thrombocythaemia with significant thrombocytosis (platelet count > 700 x 10(9)/litre) had serum potassium and calcium estimations performed at the time of maximum thrombocytosis before treatment, and at the time of low platelet count after treatment with cytoreductive drugs. Selected patients were further investigated with plasma sampling and estimation of ionised calcium and parathyroid hormone. RESULTS: At the time of maximum thrombocytosis six patients had serum hyperkalaemia (> 5.5 mmol/litre) and five had serum hypercalcaemia (> 2.6 mmol/litre). Following treatment and reduction of the platelet count, hyperkalaemia resolved in all cases and hypercalcaemia in four of the five cases. Mean serum potassium and calcium concentrations were raised (p < 0.0001) at maximum thrombocytosis compared with the values when the platelet count was low. Serum potassium and calcium values were significantly correlated at all stages. Measurements on plasma consistently corrected the hyperkalaemia but not the hypercalcaemia. Serum hypercalcaemia was associated with raised ionised calcium and normal parathyroid hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Essential thrombocythaemia with significant thrombocytosis is associated with serum hyperkalaemia and hypercalcaemia. The probable mechanism of hypercalcaemia is the secretion of calcium in vitro from an excessive number of abnormally activated platelets. It is thus likely that the hypercalcaemia is an artefact, as is the hyperkalaemia.  (+info)

The physiology of platelet production. (8/246)

The production of platelets from the bone marrow megakaryocytes is a well-regulated process. Nearly 100 years ago, James Homer Wright described how platelets formed from megakaryocytes and entered the circulation. Subsequent clinical and animal studies have enumerated a number of principles of platelet physiology: the platelet count is constant in any one individual but varies greatly between individuals; an inverse relationship exists between the platelet count and platelet size; the body conserves the mass, not the number, of platelets; and megakaryocyte number, size and ploidy vary in response to changing demands for platelets. With the discovery of thrombopoietin (TPO), a number of additional physiological principles have emerged: TPO takes 24 h to rise maximally and has a maximal half-life of 45 min; TPO levels are inversely and exponentially proportional to the platelet mass; platelets bind and clear TPO from the circulation; and hepatic TPO product on is not altered by changes in the platelet mass. Using these principles, a model for the regulation of platelet production by TPO has been proposed in which the constitutive hepatic TPO produced is removed from the circulation by the platelet mass. Changes in the platelet mass or its ability to clear TPO produce changes in TPO levels resulting in an altered platelet production rate. Using this model, a number of pathological disorders of platelet production, such as essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, are analyzed.  (+info)

Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high platelet count (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytosis is typically defined as a platelet count exceeding 450,000-500,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytosis can be classified into two types: reactive (or secondary) thrombocytosis and primary (or essential) thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is more common and occurs as a response to an underlying condition, such as infection, inflammation, surgery, or certain types of cancer. Primary thrombocytosis, on the other hand, is caused by intrinsic abnormalities in the bone marrow cells responsible for platelet production (megakaryocytes), and it is often associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms like essential thrombocythemia.

While mild thrombocytosis may not cause any symptoms, higher platelet counts can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding disorders due to excessive platelet aggregation. Symptoms of thrombocytosis may include headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, or chest pain if a blood clot forms in the brain or heart. Bleeding symptoms can manifest as easy bruising, nosebleeds, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Treatment for thrombocytosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis, treating the underlying disorder often resolves the high platelet count. For primary thrombocytosis, medications like aspirin or cytoreductive therapy (such as hydroxyurea) may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots and control platelet production. Regular monitoring of platelet counts is essential for managing this condition and preventing potential complications.

A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.

A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.

Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), a type of blood cancer characterized by the overproduction of platelets (thrombocytosis) in the bone marrow. In ET, there is an excessive proliferation of megakaryocytes, the precursor cells that produce platelets. This leads to increased platelet counts in the peripheral blood, which can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding episodes (hemorrhage).

The term "essential" is used to indicate that the cause of this condition is not known or idiopathic. ET is primarily a disease of older adults, but it can also occur in younger individuals. The diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia requires careful evaluation and exclusion of secondary causes of thrombocytosis, such as reactive conditions, inflammation, or other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

The clinical presentation of ET can vary widely among patients. Some individuals may be asymptomatic and discovered only during routine blood tests, while others may experience symptoms related to thrombosis or bleeding. Common symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, dizziness, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the extremities, if there are complications due to blood clots in the brain or other parts of the body. Excessive bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in the stool can indicate bleeding complications.

Treatment for essential thrombocythemia is aimed at reducing the risk of thrombosis and managing symptoms. Hydroxyurea is a commonly used medication to lower platelet counts, while aspirin may be prescribed to decrease the risk of blood clots. In some cases, interferon-alpha or ruxolitinib might be considered as treatment options. Regular follow-up with a hematologist and monitoring of blood counts are essential for managing this condition and detecting potential complications early.

Refractory anemia is a type of anemia that does not respond to typical treatments, such as iron supplements or hormonal therapy. It is often associated with various bone marrow disorders, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a group of conditions characterized by abnormal blood cell production in the bone marrow.

In refractory anemia, the bone marrow fails to produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. The condition can be difficult to treat, and treatment options may include more aggressive therapies such as immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.

It is important to note that the term "refractory" in this context refers specifically to the lack of response to initial treatments, rather than a specific severity or type of anemia.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production, also known as thrombopoiesis. It is primarily produced by the liver and to some extent by megakaryocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing platelets.

TPO binds to its receptor, c-Mpl, on the surface of megakaryocytes and their precursor cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into platelets. By regulating the number of platelets in circulation, TPO helps maintain hemostasis, the process that prevents excessive bleeding after injury.

In addition to its role in thrombopoiesis, TPO has been shown to have potential effects on other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and certain immune cells. However, its primary function remains the regulation of platelet production.

Sideroblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow. Ringed sideroblasts are red blood cell precursors that have an abnormal amount of iron accumulated in their mitochondria, which forms a ring around the nucleus. This results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin and impaired oxygen transport.

Sideroblastic anemia can be classified as congenital or acquired. Congenital sideroblastic anemias are caused by genetic defects that affect heme synthesis or mitochondrial function, while acquired sideroblastic anemias are associated with various conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic alcoholism, lead toxicity, and certain medications.

Symptoms of sideroblastic anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pallor. Diagnosis is typically made through a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, which can identify the presence of ringed sideroblasts. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron chelation therapy, vitamin B6 supplementation, or blood transfusions.

Polycythemia Vera is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of rare blood cancers. In Polycythemia Vera, the body produces too many red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and thickening of the blood, which can cause various symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, and itching. It can also lead to enlargement of the spleen. The exact cause of Polycythemia Vera is not known, but it is associated with genetic mutations in the JAK2 gene in most cases. It is a progressive disease that can lead to complications such as bleeding, thrombosis, and transformation into acute leukemia if left untreated.

Thrombopoietin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found on megakaryocytes and platelets. They are also known as MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) receptors. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets in the body, and it binds to these receptors to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

The thrombopoietin receptor is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain that contains the thrombopoietin-binding site, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that contains several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated upon thrombopoietin binding. This triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various downstream pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene have been associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which are characterized by excessive platelet production and bone marrow fibrosis.

Megakaryocytes are large, specialized bone marrow cells that are responsible for the production and release of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) into the bloodstream. Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis, helping to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries or trauma.

Megakaryocytes have a unique structure with multilobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm rich in organelles called alpha-granules and dense granules, which store various proteins, growth factors, and enzymes necessary for platelet function. As megakaryocytes mature, they extend long cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets into the bone marrow sinuses, where these extensions fragment into individual platelets that are released into circulation.

Abnormalities in megakaryocyte number, size, or function can lead to various hematological disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombocytosis (high platelet count), and certain types of leukemia.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare, chronic bone marrow disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with fibrous scar tissue, leading to impaired production of blood cells. This results in cytopenias (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), which can cause fatigue, infection susceptibility, and bleeding tendencies. Additionally, PMF is often accompanied by the proliferation of abnormal megakaryocytes (large, atypical bone marrow cells that produce platelets) and extramedullary hematopoiesis (blood cell formation outside the bone marrow, typically in the spleen and liver).

PMF is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), which is a group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of one or more types of blood cells. PMF can present with various symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal discomfort due to splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and bone pain. In some cases, PMF may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of PMF remains unclear; however, genetic mutations are known to play a significant role in its development. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and MPL genes have been identified as commonly mutated in PMF patients. These genetic alterations contribute to the dysregulated production of blood cells and the activation of signaling pathways that promote fibrosis.

Diagnosis of PMF typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to identify genetic mutations. Treatment options depend on the individual patient's symptoms, risk stratification, and disease progression. They may include observation, supportive care, medications to manage symptoms and control the disease (such as JAK inhibitors), and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients.

Thrombopoiesis is the process of formation and development of thrombocytes or platelets, which are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in clotting. Thrombopoiesis occurs inside the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate into megakaryoblasts, then progressively develop into promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes. These megakaryocytes subsequently undergo a process called cytoplasmic fragmentation to produce platelets.

The regulation of thrombopoiesis is primarily controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), which is produced mainly in the liver and binds to the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) on megakaryocytes and their precursors. This binding stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of megakaryocytes, leading to an increase in platelet production.

Abnormalities in thrombopoiesis can result in conditions such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count), which may be associated with bleeding disorders or increased risk of thrombosis, respectively.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that plays a crucial role in intracellular signal transduction. It is named after the Roman god Janus, who is depicted with two faces, as JAK2 has two similar phosphate-transferring domains. JAK2 is involved in various cytokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways and contributes to hematopoiesis, immune function, and cell growth.

Mutations in the JAK2 gene have been associated with several myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. The most common mutation is JAK2 V617F, which results in a constitutively active enzyme that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival, contributing to the development of these MPNs.

Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous (malignant) tumor. These syndromes are characterized by symptoms or signs that do not result directly from the growth of the tumor itself, but rather from substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune system in response to the tumor.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, endocrine system, skin, and joints. Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which affects nerve function and causes muscle weakness; cerebellar degeneration, which can cause difficulty with coordination and balance; and dermatomyositis, which is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and muscles.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in association with a variety of different types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer, as well as managing the symptoms of the paraneoplastic syndrome.

Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

Erythrocyte inclusions refer to the presence of abnormal structures or substances within red blood cells (erythrocytes). These inclusions can be composed of various materials such as proteins, pigments, or foreign bodies. They may be seen in a variety of medical conditions and can provide important diagnostic clues.

Some examples of erythrocyte inclusions include:

1. Howell-Jolly bodies: small remnants of nuclear material left behind after the red blood cell matures. They are typically seen in individuals with an absent or nonfunctional spleen.
2. Heinz bodies: denatured hemoglobin that forms clumps within the red blood cells. They can be seen in conditions such as hemolytic anemia, G6PD deficiency, and exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Pappenheimer bodies: aggregates of iron-containing proteins called ferritin or hemosiderin. They are typically seen in conditions associated with increased red blood cell destruction, such as thalassemia or lead poisoning.
4. Basophilic stippling: small, basophilic (blue-staining) granules within the red blood cells. They can be seen in various conditions, including lead poisoning, megaloblastic anemias, and certain inherited disorders.
5. Parasites: organisms such as malaria or babesia that infect and multiply within the red blood cells.

The detection of erythrocyte inclusions typically requires specialized testing, such as peripheral blood smears stained with specific dyes to highlight the abnormal structures. The presence and type of inclusions can help diagnose certain medical conditions and guide appropriate treatment.

A tuberculoma is a granulomatous lesion in the brain caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically consists of caseating necrosis surrounded by a layer of epithelioid histiocytes, Langhans' giant cells, and lymphocytes. Tuberculomas can be single or multiple and may cause various neurological symptoms depending on their size and location. They are often associated with tuberculous meningitis but can also occur in immunocompromised individuals without obvious systemic infection.

Selenium radioisotopes are unstable forms of the element selenium that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be produced through various nuclear reactions, such as irradiating a stable selenium target with protons or alpha particles. Some examples of selenium radioisotopes include selenium-75, selenium-79, and selenium-81.

Selenium-75 is commonly used in medical imaging to study the function of the thyroid gland, as it accumulates in this gland and can be detected using a gamma camera. Selenium-79 and selenium-81 have potential uses in cancer treatment, as they can be incorporated into compounds that selectively target and destroy cancer cells. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using these radioisotopes in medical treatments.

It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires special training and precautions, as they can be dangerous if not handled properly. Exposure to radiation from radioisotopes can increase the risk of cancer and other health problems, so it's essential to use them only under controlled conditions and with appropriate safety measures in place.

Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. A healthy adult typically has a platelet count between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytopenia is usually diagnosed when the platelet count falls below 150,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytopenia can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying cause:

1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count. ITP can be further divided into primary or secondary forms, depending on whether it occurs alone or as a result of another medical condition or medication.
2. Decreased production: Thrombocytopenia can occur when there is insufficient production of platelets in the bone marrow due to various causes, such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
3. Increased destruction or consumption: Thrombocytopenia can also result from increased platelet destruction or consumption due to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or severe bacterial infections.

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and skin rashes like petechiae (small red or purple spots) or purpura (larger patches). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the degree of thrombocytopenia and the presence of any underlying conditions. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and may include medications, transfusions, or addressing the underlying condition.

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.

There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:

* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia

A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.

It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.

Plateletpheresis is a medical procedure that involves the collection of platelets from a donor's blood through a process called apheresis. In this process, whole blood is withdrawn from the donor, and the platelets are separated from other blood components using a specialized machine. The separated platelets are then collected in a sterile bag, while the remaining blood components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma) are returned to the donor's body.

Plateletpheresis is often used to collect platelets for transfusion purposes, particularly for patients who require large volumes of platelets due to conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or other forms of cancer. It is also used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia, a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.

The procedure typically takes between one to two hours and requires the use of a specialized machine and trained medical staff. Donors may experience mild side effects such as fatigue, bruising, or discomfort at the site where the needle was inserted, but serious complications are rare.

Eye manifestations refer to any changes or abnormalities in the eye that can be observed or detected. These manifestations can be related to various medical conditions, diseases, or disorders affecting the eye or other parts of the body. They can include structural changes, such as swelling or bulging of the eye, as well as functional changes, such as impaired vision or sensitivity to light. Examples of eye manifestations include cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and uveitis.

Pyoderma is a term used in medicine to describe a bacterial skin infection. It's derived from two Greek words: "pyon" meaning pus and "derma" meaning skin.

The infection can result in inflammation, often characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. Pus-filled blisters or boils may also form, which can rupture and crust over as the infection progresses.

Pyoderma can occur in people of all ages but is particularly common in children. The causative bacteria are often Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. The condition can be superficial, affecting only the top layer of the skin (epidermis), or it can be deeper, involving the dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and extent of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and keeping skin clean and dry can help reduce the risk of pyoderma.

"Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). U.S. Department of Health and Human ... Schafer AI (March 2004). "Thrombocytosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (12): 1211-1219. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035363. ... and thrombocytosis (when the cause is known). Thrombocytopenia usually has no symptoms and is picked up on a routine complete ...
... thrombocytosis (especially primary thrombocytosis) is a potential cause of thrombophilia. Conversely, secondary thrombocytosis ... Pediatric Thrombocytosis at eMedicine Bleeker JS, Hogan WJ (8 June 2011). "Thrombocytosis: diagnostic evaluation, thrombotic ... as either secondary or reactive thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is the most common type and though it can often have no ... no treatment is required or necessary for reactive thrombocytosis. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis of more than 1,000x109/L ...
No cause for a reactive thrombocytosis normal inflammatory indices B2. No evidence of iron deficiency stainable iron in the ... Ashorobi, Damilola; Gohari, Pouyan (August 6, 2023). Essential Thrombocytosis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing - ...
1984). "Platelet glyoxalases in thrombocytosis". Scandinavian Journal of Haematology. 33 (1): 91-4. doi:10.1111/j.1600- ...
Thrombocytosis, or an elevated platelet count, can also result. A lack of sufficient iron levels in the blood is one reason ...
May 2004). "Thrombocytosis associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal carcinoma". Journal of the American ... In humans, platelet counts and thrombocytosis within the upper end of the normal range have been associated with advanced, ... Hernandez E, Lavine M, Dunton CJ, Gracely E, Parker J (June 1992). "Poor prognosis associated with thrombocytosis in patients ... Zeimet AG, Marth C, Müller-Holzner E, Daxenbichler G, Dapunt O (February 1994). "Significance of thrombocytosis in patients ...
Tremblay D, Alpert N, Taioli E, Mascarenhas J (August 2021). "Prevalence of unexplained erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis - an ...
Tyrrell suffered from essential thrombocytosis, a disease of the blood. In early 2000, her disease necessitated bilateral below ...
Thrombocytosis* is a condition characterized by an excess of platelets. Most cases are physiologic (caused by exercise) or ...
... essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis. In one review of adult-AMKL, 25% of 49 cases were considered as secondary ... essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, or mediastinal germ cell tumor. AMKL associated with mediastinal germ cell ...
"Thrombocytosis induced in mice after subacute and subchronic V2O5 inhalation". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 22 (3): 113- ...
Specific testing may include the following: A complete blood count is done to check for anemia; thrombocytosis, a high platelet ... A complete blood count may demonstrate anemia, leukocytosis, or thrombocytosis. Anemia may be caused by inflammation or ...
... or RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS-T; which is a myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm). There is also an ...
2006). "Thrombocytosis induced in mice after subacute and subchronic V2O5 inhalation". Toxicology and Industrial Health. 22 (3 ...
"Myocardial infarction and multiple thromboses in a child with primary thrombocytosis". Pediatrics. 31: 268-276. ISSN 0031-4005 ...
Desquamation of the fingers and toes and thrombocytosis are seen during this stage, which generally lasts until about four ... Blood tests Complete blood count may reveal normocytic anemia and eventually thrombocytosis. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ...
Essential thrombocytosis patients who are suitable for anagrelide often meet one or more of the following factors: age over 60 ... Anagrelide is used to treat essential thrombocytosis, especially when the current treatment of the patient is insufficient. ... Due to these issues, anagrelide should not generally be considered for first line therapy for essential thrombocytosis. ... May 2010). "Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis". Br. J. ...
50% of POEMS patients have thrombocytosis and polyglobulia develops in 15% of patients. Those with thrombocytosis and ... and Thrombocytosis/erythrocytosis (i.e. increased in blood platelets and red blood cells). Other features of the disease ...
Susan Tyrrell, 67, American actress (Cry-Baby, Fat City, The Chipmunk Adventure), essential thrombocytosis. Stéphane Brosse, 40 ...
"Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis" (PDF). BCSH. 2010. Archived ... "Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis" the "Management of bleeding ...
Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis) may be premalignant. ...
Zahid, Mohammad Faizan; Alsammak, Mohamed S. (2018). "Spurious thrombocytosis in the setting of hemolytic anemia and ...
10 × 109/L), unresponsive to therapy Persistent or increasing splenomegaly, unresponsive to therapy Persistent thrombocytosis ...
Patients with RA or RAEB occasionally present with leukocytosis or thrombocytosis instead of the usual cytopenia. The goals of ...
iMCD with idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (iMCD-IPL): characterized by thrombocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and a ...
... thrombocytosis, T cell lymphopenia with normal B cells and hypergammaglobulinemia may occur.[citation needed] Autoantibodies ...
V617F JAK2 positive polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis, and refractory neuroblastoma. The most significant effort ... a multi-center Phase II trial involving 37 patients with V617F JAK2 positive polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis; ...
Abnormalities in this gene occur in some hereditary forms of thrombocytosis (high platelet count) and in some cases of leukemia ...
... coupled with thrombocytosis is common. This severe symptomatology may require urgent attention. If basophilia and the ...
Systemic symptoms including fever, fatigue, arthralgia, anemia, elevated white blood cell count, thrombocytosis, ...
This is called reactive or secondary thrombocytosis, which is a benign form of thrombocytosis. ... and it is a benign form of thrombocytosis. In contrast, clonal thrombocytosis (primary or essential thrombocytosis) is an ... Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocytosis. In a series from a large US university hospital that ... In general, secondary thrombocytosis (reactive thrombocytosis) is a temporary laboratory anomaly that resolves when the primary ...
Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis - What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis? - Causes Primary Thrombocythemia. In this ... Secondary Thrombocytosis. This condition occurs if another disease, condition, or outside factor causes the platelet count to ... Although the platelet count is high in secondary thrombocytosis, the platelets are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia). ... Thus, people who have secondary thrombocytosis have a lower risk of blood clots and bleeding. ...
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Thrombocytosis_screening&oldid=1148479" ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Secondary Thrombocytosis. You might be at risk for secondary thrombocytosis if you have a disease, condition, or factor that ... Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis*Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis. *What Causes Thrombocythemia and ... Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis*Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis. *What Causes Thrombocythemia and ... Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocythemia. Studies have shown that most people who have platelet ...
Background: Preoperative thrombocytosis (PTC) is frequently observed in various solid malignancies and often associated with an ... Preoperative Thrombocytosis in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder: An Independent ...
Reactive Thrombocytosis (Secondary Thrombocythemia) - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from ... With secondary thrombocytosis, the platelet count is usually < 1,000,000/mcL (< 1000 × 109/L), and the cause may be obvious ... Reactive thrombocytosis is an elevated platelet count (> 450,000/mcL [> 450 × 109/L]) that develops secondary to another ... Reactive Thrombocytosis (Secondary Thrombocythemia) By Jane Liesveld , MD, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of ...
Thrombocytosis answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web. ... Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Diagnosaurus/114658/all/Thrombocytosis. Zeiger RFR. Thrombocytosis. ... Reactive thrombocytosis (usually platelets ,1,000,000)* Inflammatory disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis ... Zeiger, Roni F.. "Thrombocytosis." Diagnosaurus, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. ...
Are you an adult with polycythemia vera or thrombocytosis? This study aims to find a new treatment or cure for polycythemia ... or thrombocytosis with an elevated platelet count (higher than 450,000). This study takes place in Salt Lake City, Utah. ... vera and thrombocytosis by locating genes and their changes, or mutations, that may contribute to these disorders. To ...
This GPnotebook Shortcut is produced in conjunction with Cancer Research UK and provides evidence that thrombocytosis is a risk ...
Can thrombocytosis lead to leukemia?. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) On average, individuals with ET have a normal life ... Can thrombocytosis go away?. Although theres no cure for essential thrombocythemia, treatments can control symptoms and reduce ... What are the side effects of thrombocytosis?. Symptoms of thrombocythemia include:. *Blood clots in arteries and veins, most ... What is the most common cause of thrombocytosis?. Essential thrombocythemia (ET) was the most common cause of primary ...
"Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). U.S. Department of Health and Human ... Schafer AI (March 2004). "Thrombocytosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 350 (12): 1211-1219. doi:10.1056/NEJMra035363. ... and thrombocytosis (when the cause is known). Thrombocytopenia usually has no symptoms and is picked up on a routine complete ...
Thrombocytosis is a common finding on routine CBCs. This activity provides pathologists with a stepwise approach for laboratory ... Differentiate between reactive and neoplastic causes of thrombocytosis.. *Use appropriate molecular genetic testing in the ... setting of thrombocytosis.. *Identify subcategories of myeloid neoplasms associated with thrombocytosis using WHO 2017 criteria ... 2022 CPIP-G Case 7: Hematology - Thrombocytosis: An Integrated Diagnostic Approach - CPIP0707W.2022. ...
Management of extreme thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: an international physician survey. Annals of hematology. ... Management of extreme thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: an international physician survey. Maya Koren-Michowitz, ... Management of extreme thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms : an international physician survey. In: Annals of ... Extreme thrombocytosis (ExT) has been associated with an increased bleeding risk in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients ...
Addisons disease, or chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex, affects the adrenal glands. Learn about the possible causes of this condition.
Enoxaparin induced reactive thrombocytosis: a rare adverse drug reaction. Saleel Salman Meenpidiyil, Shihas Azeez, Vaisakh ... Conclusions We conclude that reactive thrombocytosis is a probable adverse drug reaction and close monitoring of blood counts ... Case Presentation A 57-year-old women diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome developed reactive thrombocytosis following the ...
Primary thrombocytosis. Additional Information & Resources. Genetic Testing Information. *Genetic Testing Registry: ...
Open the PDF for Thrombocytosis, Thrombocythaemia and ,span class=search-highlight,Iron,/span, ,span class=search-highlight ... View article titled, Thrombocytosis, Thrombocythaemia and ,span class=search-highlight,Iron,/span, ,span class=search- ...
Reactive thrombocytosis is a typical feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The question arose as to whether the normal ... N2 - Reactive thrombocytosis is a typical feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The question arose as to whether the ... AB - Reactive thrombocytosis is a typical feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The question arose as to whether the ... abstract = "Reactive thrombocytosis is a typical feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The question arose as to whether ...
In cases of splenectomy, thrombocytosis occurs in more than 50% of cases. A very high platelet count (,1,000,000/μL) ...
Evaluation of clinical and laboratory findings with JAK2 V617F mutation as an independent variable in essential thrombocytosis ... characterized by thrombocytosis with megakaryocytic hyperplasia and thrombocytes are increased with abnormal functions. ...
Increased Platelet Count (Thrombocytosis). Mechanisms of Thrombocytosis. Platelet Function Disorders (Thrombocytopathia. or ...
The Rush Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center is one of the busiest centers in Illinois, treating adults and children with bleeding and clotting disorders.
A Case of Pseudohyperkalaemia and Thrombocytosis. T G Seah, T W K Lew, N M Chin ...
Thrombocytosis. : Absolutely, if its reactive. It can be treated with it is essential.. Created for people with ongoing ...
  • Secondary thrombocytosis (reactive thrombocytosis) is a relatively common condition. (medscape.com)
  • reactive thrombocytosis does not increase the risk of thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications unless patients have severe arterial disease or prolonged immobility. (msdmanuals.com)
  • DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our goal is to develop an In Vitro Diagnostic Multivariate Assay (IVDMIA) to distinguish Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) from non-clonal reactive thrombocytosis (RT) etiologies. (sbir.gov)
  • Differentiate between reactive and neoplastic causes of thrombocytosis. (cap.org)
  • Reactive thrombocytosis is a typical feature in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Although the platelet count is high in secondary thrombocytosis, the platelets are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia). (nih.gov)
  • What are the Risk Factors in Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis? (hoacny.com)
  • Essential thrombocythemia (ET) was the most common cause of primary thrombocytosis. (drinksavvyinc.com)
  • Thrombocytopenia can be contrasted with the conditions associated with an abnormally high level of platelets in the blood - thrombocythemia (when the cause is unknown), and thrombocytosis (when the cause is known). (wikipedia.org)
  • Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is an entity of classic Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), characterized by thrombocytosis with megakaryocytic hyperplasia and thrombocytes are increased with abnormal functions. (istanbul.edu.tr)
  • 0.05) in association with thrombocytosis (428 platelets/nl blood vs. 241 platelets/nl blood in controls), leukocytosis, and increased IL-6 levels (12.9 pg/ml vs. 2.5 pg/nl in controls). (uni-luebeck.de)
  • A retrospective chart review of 305 patients with extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count of 1,000 × 10 9 /L or greater) found that in appromixmately 80% of cases, the cause was multifactorial. (medscape.com)
  • In a series from a large US university hospital that included 280 patients with extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count 1,000 × 10 9 /L or greater), 82% had secondary thrombocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Extreme thrombocytosis (ExT) has been associated with an increased bleeding risk in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients and is included in the high risk category in treatment guidelines. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Learn to classify myeloid neoplasms associated with thrombocytosis using WHO 2017 criteria. (cap.org)
  • For pathologists involved in hematopathology sign out, this activity demonstrates application of WHO 2017 criteria for the diagnosis and subclassification of both common and uncommon myeloid neoplasms associated with thrombocytosis. (cap.org)
  • Identify subcategories of myeloid neoplasms associated with thrombocytosis using WHO 2017 criteria. (cap.org)
  • If the clinical presentation does not clearly differentiate between primary (clonal) and secondary thrombocytosis, further tests may be indicated to exclude or confirm a diagnosis of disorders that cause clonal thrombocytosis (see Workup ). (medscape.com)
  • Acute infantile thrombocytosis and vitamin K deficiency associated with intracranial haemorrhage. (bmj.com)
  • With secondary thrombocytosis, the platelet count is usually 1,000,000/mcL ( 1000 × 10 9 /L), and the cause may be obvious from the history and physical examination (perhaps with confirmatory testing). (msdmanuals.com)
  • In contrast, clonal thrombocytosis (primary or essential thrombocytosis ) is an unregulated abnormality of platelet production due to a clonal expansion of bone marrow progenitor cells. (medscape.com)
  • The MPN designation also includes essential thrombocytosis (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the research projects are evaluating risk factors associated with the development of PV, essential thrombocytosis (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) in the tri-county area. (cdc.gov)
  • This activity provides pathologists with a stepwise approach for laboratory workup of thrombocytosis with emphasis on cytogenetic and molecular testing. (cap.org)
  • There are also congenital familial thrombocytoses such as those due to thrombopoietin and thrombopoietin receptor gene mutations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Background: Preoperative thrombocytosis (PTC) is frequently observed in various solid malignancies and often associated with an unfavourable oncological outcome. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • This GPnotebook Shortcut is produced in conjunction with Cancer Research UK and provides evidence that thrombocytosis is a risk marker for some solid tumour malignancies. (gpnotebookeducation.com)
  • Although the observation of increased TPO and IL-6 levels provides an explanation for the occurrence of thrombocytosis in IBD, the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the elevated TPO level still need to be identified. (uni-luebeck.de)
  • Secondary thrombocytosis is usually identified on routine laboratory evaluation, as most patients are asymptomatic, However, patients may have symptoms related to the primary condition that precipitated the thrombocytosis (see Presentation ). (medscape.com)
  • Overall, secondary thrombocytosis occurs in 3-13% of hospitalized children. (medscape.com)
  • No sex predilection exists for secondary thrombocytosis, except that iron deficiency is more prevalent in females during childbearing years. (medscape.com)
  • Apart from IDA, other hematologic abnormalities seen in patients with CD are thrombocytosis, splenic hypofunction, leukopenia, IgA deficiency, enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), and rarely venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). (hindawi.com)
  • The most common infectious causes of thrombocytosis were soft-tissue, pulmonary and GI infections. (drinksavvyinc.com)
  • Thus, people who have secondary thrombocytosis have a lower risk of blood clots and bleeding. (nih.gov)
  • You might be at risk for secondary thrombocytosis if you have a disease, condition, or factor that can cause it. (hoacny.com)
  • Pseudohyperkaliemia in case of thrombocytosis is not an exclusion criterion. (who.int)
  • The primary treatment of secondary thrombocytosis should address the underlying cause of the thrombocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombocytosis may require treatment when the platelet count exceeds 1 million/μL. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombocytosis is a common finding on routine CBCs. (cap.org)
  • Medicine Central , im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Diagnosaurus/114658/all/Thrombocytosis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Studies have shown that most people who have platelet counts over 500,000 have secondary thrombocytosis. (hoacny.com)
  • This new agent appears promising in the treatment of thrombocytosis in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disease. (nih.gov)
  • We therefore evaluated it in the treatment of thrombocytosis, and to date, platelet levels in 15 of 17 patients with primary thrombocythemia, 2 patients with polycythemia vera and thrombocytosis, and 1 patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia and thrombocytosis have been well controlled with the use of this agent. (nih.gov)
  • Are you an adult with polycythemia vera or thrombocytosis? (nih.gov)
  • This study aims to find a new treatment or cure for polycythemia vera and thrombocytosis by locating genes and their changes, or mutations, that may contribute to these disorders. (nih.gov)
  • To participate in this study, you must have polycythemia vera with elevated hemoglobin (higher than 18 in men and 16 in women) or thrombocytosis with an elevated platelet count (higher than 450,000). (nih.gov)
  • Evolution of primary thrombocytosis to frank acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), myelofibrosis/AMM, or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has been documented in adults and represents a progression of disease. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis are conditions that occur when your blood has a higher-than-normal platelet count. (nih.gov)
  • Clinical course of myeloproliferative leukaemia virus oncogene (MPL) mutation-associated familial thrombocytosis: a review of 64 paediatric and adult patients. (nih.gov)
  • There are also congenital familial thrombocytoses such as those due to thrombopoietin and thrombopoietin receptor gene mutations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thrombocytosis in HCC is associated with a high tumor burden, portal vein thrombosis (PVT), serum AFP levels and a poor prognosis. (gastrores.org)
  • For example, Hernandez et al 11 reported that thrombocytosis can be an indie sign of poor prognosis for sufferers with cervical tumor. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • This condition is often called secondary or reactive thrombocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • The two main classes of genuine thrombocytosis are of secondary or reactive cause and primary or clonal causes (hematologic malignancies). (kalstein.pk)
  • 5. Thrombopoietin Measurement as a Key Component in the Evaluation of Pediatric Thrombocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • Clonal evolution in hereditary thrombocytosis with MPL T487A mutation. (nih.gov)
  • Plasma levels of thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 were significantly elevated in patients who had thrombocytosis as compared with those who did not. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In mouse models, increased hepatic thrombopoietin synthesis in response to tumor-derived interleukin-6 was an underlying mechanism of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Tumorderived interleukin-6 and hepatic thrombopoietin were also linked to thrombocytosis in patients. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Silencing thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 abrogated thrombocytosis in tumor-bearing mice. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Thrombocytosis is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in HCC mediated by thrombopoietin (TPO) production. (gastrores.org)
  • Bleeding occurs when blood clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis use up your body's platelets. (nih.gov)
  • Thrombocytosis is a blood disorder in which the body produces a surplus of platelets (thrombocytes). (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Background: The mechanisms of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer and the role that platelets play in abetting cancer growth are unclear. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Thrombocytopenia can be contrasted with the conditions associated with an abnormally high level of platelets in the blood - thrombocythemia (when the cause is unknown), and thrombocytosis (when the cause is known). (wikipedia.org)
  • Why High Platelets Count (Thrombocytosis) with Iron Deficiency Anemia IDA (What do High Platelets Low Hemoglobin Low Iron mean? (bloodtestsresults.com)
  • Some patients with CML actually have too many platelets (thrombocytosis). (cancer.org)
  • Thrombocytosis in Iron Deficiency Anemia: What the Primary Care Physician Needs To Know. (medscape.com)
  • However, in primary thrombocytosis, with platelet counts over 750,000, and especially if there are other risk factors for thrombosis, aspirin at low doses is thought to be protective, and extreme levels are treated with hydroxyurea (a cytoreducing agent). (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Plasma interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels in reactive versus clonal thrombocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Reactive and clonal thrombocytosis: proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines and acute phase proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Thrombocytosis at secondary cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer predicts suboptimal resection and poor survival. (medscape.com)
  • Human samples and mouse models of epithelial ovarian cancer were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of paraneoplastic thrombocytosis. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Hereditary erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis and neutrophilia. (nih.gov)
  • There are a variety of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with HCC including erythrocytosis, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoglycemia and Thrombocytosis [ 5 ]. (gastrores.org)
  • Conclusions: These findings support the existence of a paracrine circuit wherein increased production of thrombopoietic cytokines in tumor and host tissue leads to paraneoplastic thrombocytosis, which fuels tumor growth. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Therefore, the relationship of preoperative thrombocytosis with disease prognosis boosts the chance that proclaimed serum levels could be associated with PLM in cervical tumor. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • We speculate that countering paraneoplastic thrombocytosis either directly or indirectly by targeting these cytokines may have therapeutic potential. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • We report a case of thrombocytosis as a paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with HCC and hepatitis C cirrhosis. (gastrores.org)
  • Thrombocytosis is a rare paraneoplastic condition seen in HCC. (gastrores.org)
  • Thrombocytosis in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. (nih.gov)
  • Two-thirds of those with thrombocytosis do not have any symptoms of the disease at the time of diagnosis. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Thrombocytosis following splenectomy: with or without additional organ resection. (medscape.com)
  • Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/thrombocytosis. (merriam-webster.com)
  • Enlargement of the spleen is detected in 60% of patients with thrombocytosis. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Many patients with thrombocytosis remain free of complications for long periods. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Effect of anagrelide on platelet count and function in patients with thrombocytosis and myeloproliferative disorders. (nih.gov)
  • reactive thrombocytosis does not increase the risk of thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications unless patients have severe arterial disease or prolonged immobility. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In a study of 732 people with increased platelet count, thrombocytosis in 80-90% of patients was reactive to an underlying inflammatory cause. (kalstein.pk)
  • An individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of the impact of thrombocytosis (?plts) on overall survival (OS) whilst using an intermittent chemotherapy (iCTx) strategy in advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Harrison MT, Short P, Williamson PA, Singanayagam A, Chalmers JD, Schembri S. Thrombocytosis is associated with increased short and long term mortality after exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a role for antiplatelet therapy? (medscape.com)
  • Secondary thrombocytosis can be traced to another cause, such as inflammation, severe bleeding, iron deficiency, or some cancers. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Raising evidence works with that thrombocytosis has Vargatef cost a significant function in improving cancers biology. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Anagrelide for thrombocytosis in myeloproliferative disorders: a prospective study to assess efficacy and adverse event profile. (nih.gov)
  • Thrombocytopenia has been reported as a risk factor and as a prognostic indicator for HCC [ 4 ], however, thrombocytosis is rare. (gastrores.org)
  • Thrombocytosis refers to a high platelet count caused by another disease or condition. (nih.gov)
  • ddC alone induced anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytosis at the high dose. (nih.gov)
  • 1. Thrombocytosis in children and adolescents-classification, diagnostic approach, and clinical management. (nih.gov)
  • Ari Zimran We describe a patient with an intact spleen and moderately severe symptoms of Gaucher disease in whom, after initiation of (low-dose) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), thrombocytosis (720 × 10 9 /l) was documented. (karger.com)
  • ddC alone induced marginal anemia and thrombocytosis combination, AZT and ddC produced additive, and/or synergistic effects on the hematologic toxicities induced by each agent alone. (nih.gov)
  • In the females (a), AZT alone induced marginal anemia and thrombocytosis. (nih.gov)
  • In combination, AZT and ddC produced additive and/or synergistic effects on hematologic toxicities in both the females (a) and females (b), with anemia, reticulocytopenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytosis/thrombolcytopenia observed. (nih.gov)
  • A Case of Thrombocytosis Associated with Enoxaparin Therapy in an Adolescent. (medscape.com)
  • Complications of thrombocytosis include stroke , heart attack, and formation of blood clots in the arms and legs. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Results: Thrombocytosis was significantly associated with advanced disease and shortened survival. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The laboratory hallmarks of GCA include elevation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level and thrombocytosis. (medscape.com)
  • Many people who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis do not have symptoms. (nih.gov)
  • The patient's symptoms suggest the presence of thrombocytosis. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • In this scholarly study, we attemptedto identify the elements linked to PLM also to determine the importance of preoperative SCC-Ag and thrombocytosis in predicting PLM for SCC in FIGO levels IA-IIA. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Obviously, the key to treating secondary thrombocytosis is treating the underlying condition. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • Thrombocytosis in a cirrhotic patient should alert the presence of HCC and is associated with poor outcomes. (gastrores.org)
  • Haidopoulou K, Goutaki M, Lemonaki M, Kavga M, Papa A. Reactive thrombocytosis in children with viral respiratory tract infections. (medscape.com)
  • Incidence and clinical significance of reactive thrombocytosis in children aged 1 to 24 months, hospitalized for community-acquired infections. (medscape.com)