Thymus Gland
Thymus Hyperplasia
Myasthenia Gravis
Salivary Glands
Exocrine Glands
Submandibular Gland
Parotid Gland
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Adrenal Glands
Harderian Gland
Thymus Extracts
Thymus Hormones
Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. (1/8961)
A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we studied the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in three patients thymectomized for myasthenia gravis and determined the effect of antiretroviral therapy on CD4(+) T cells. We found that five of seven patients had thymus tissue at autopsy and that all thymuses identified had inflammatory infiltrates surrounding lymphodepleted thymic epithelium. Two of seven patients also had areas of thymopoiesis; one of these patients had peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell levels of <50/mm3 for 51 months prior to death. Of three thymectomized patients, one rapidly progressed to AIDS, one progressed to AIDS over seven years (normal progressor), whereas the third remains asymptomatic at least seven years after seroconversion. Both latter patients had rises in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells after antiretroviral therapy. Most patients who died of complications of HIV-1 infection did not have functional thymus tissue, and when present, thymopoiesis did not prevent prolonged lymphopenia. Thymectomy before HIV-1 infection did not preclude either peripheral CD4(+) T-cell rises or clinical responses after antiretroviral therapy. (+info)The mouse Aire gene: comparative genomic sequencing, gene organization, and expression. (2/8961)
Mutations in the human AIRE gene (hAIRE) result in the development of an autoimmune disease named APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy; OMIM 240300). Previously, we have cloned hAIRE and shown that it codes for a putative transcription-associated factor. Here we report the cloning and characterization of Aire, the murine ortholog of hAIRE. Comparative genomic sequencing revealed that the structure of the AIRE gene is highly conserved between human and mouse. The conceptual proteins share 73% homology and feature the same typical functional domains in both species. RT-PCR analysis detected three splice variant isoforms in various mouse tissues, and interestingly one isoform was conserved in human, suggesting potential biological relevance of this product. In situ hybridization on mouse and human histological sections showed that AIRE expression pattern was mainly restricted to a few cells in the thymus, calling for a tissue-specific function of the gene product. (+info)Diverse developing mouse lineages exhibit high-level c-Myb expression in immature cells and loss of expression upon differentiation. (3/8961)
The c-myb gene encodes a sequence specific transactivator that is required for fetal hematopoiesis, but its potential role in other tissues is less clear because of the early fetal demise of mice with targeted deletions of the c-myb gene and incomplete of knowledge about c-myb's expression pattern. In the hematopoietic system, c-Myb protein acts on target genes whose expression is restricted to individual lineages, despite Myb's presence and role in multiple immature lineages. This suggests that c-Myb actions within different cell type-specific contexts are strongly affected by combinatorial interactions. To consider the possibility of similar c-Myb actions could extend into non-hematopoietic systems in other cell and tissue compartments, we characterized c-myb expression in developing and adult mice using in situ hybridization and correlated this with stage-specific differentiation and mitotic activity. Diverse tissues exhibited strong c-myb expression during development, notably tooth buds, the thyroid primordium, developing trachea and proximal branching airway epithelium, hair follicles, hematopoietic cells, and gastrointestinal crypt epithelial cells. The latter three of these all maintained high expression into adulthood, but with characteristic restriction to immature cell lineages prior to their terminal differentiation. In all sites, during fetal and adult stages, loss of c-Myb expression correlated strikingly with the initiation of terminal differentiation, but not the loss of mitotic activity. Based on these data, we hypothesize that c-Myb's function during cellular differentiation is both an activator of immature gene expression and a suppressor of terminal differentiation in diverse lineages. (+info)Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (4/8961)
In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed. (+info)Partial purification and properties of porcine thymus lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. (5/8961)
Porcine thymus lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase was purified by a simple procedure. In the final step of isoelectric focusing the enzyme was separated into two peaks of pI 6.3 (peak I) and 7.0 (peak II), which showed 3,600- and 4,000-fold enhancement of lactosylceramide-hydrolysing activity, respectively. The two peaks had identical mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight was 34,000. Neither monosialoganglioside (GM1) nor galactosylceramide was hydrolysed by the purified enzyme fractions. The optimal pH was at 4.6, and sodium taurocholate was essential for the reaction. The apparent Km was 2.3 x 10-5 M. The reaction was stimulated by sodium chloride and linoleic acid, while it was strongly inhibited by Triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin. Galactosylceramide, p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside, and p-nitrophenol were weak inhibitors. No effects of GM1 and galactose were observed on the hydrolysis of lactosylceramide. (+info)The effects of a t-allele (tAE5) in the mouse on the lymphoid system and reproduction. (6/8961)
Mice homozygous for tAE5, a recessive allele at the complex T-locus, are characterized by their unique short-tailed phenotype as well as by runting and low fertility. Histological and histochemical studies of the lymphoid and reproductive systems disclosed structural changes in the mutant spleen resembling those found in autoimmune conditions. Involution of the mutant thymus was greatly accelerated compared to normal. Necrotic changes occurred during spermiogenesis whereas ovarian structure was normal in mutants. The possible mechanisms of the mutant effects are discussed in the framework of other similar syndromes and the mode of action of alleles at the complex T-locus. (+info)Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood cytotoxic to autologous fibroblasts. (7/8961)
A naturally occurring subpopulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes is cytotoxic to autologous and/or allogeneic fibroblasts. The autocytotoxic lymphocytes have a receptor for the third component of complement and for aggregated gamma globulin, do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, and are not removed by passage through nylon. The autocytotoxic subpopulation is not present in the thymus and tonsils of normal children or in the peripheral blood of individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Fibroblast absorption experiments demonstrate that the autocytotoxic cells are "sensitized" to antigens expressed on allogeneic fibroblasts in addition to the antigens expressed on autologous cells. Some normal individuals have a second subpopulation of lymphocytes that may "regulate" the autocytotoxic cells. The relevance of these observations to the murine autocytotoxic cells is discussed. (+info)Antitumor agents. I. Effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on liver microsomes and thymus of rat. (8/8961)
Effects of antitumor agents on rat liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and thymus lymphocytes were studied in male Wistar rats. High doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide (CP) given parenterally for 6 days caused a partial decrease in whole body weight and the microsomal enzyme content such as cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5. Aniline p-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities also decreased in rats dosed for 5 days decreased compared with the control. Both compounds in the high concentrations produced spectral change of "modified type II". However, the magnitude of the spectral changes observed was independent of the the concentration of substrate added. The addition of NADPH to the microsomes-substrate mixture modified the spectral change. Both drugs caused a considerable decrease in thymus weight and the number of thymus lymphocytes, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced in 5-FU groups, indicating that the agents cause a significant involution of the thymus. Decrease in the total number of the lymphocytes was greater than that in the blood leucocytes. (+info)The thymus gland is an essential organ of the immune system, located in the upper chest, behind the sternum and surrounding the heart. It's primarily active until puberty and begins to shrink in size and activity thereafter. The main function of the thymus gland is the production and maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are crucial for cell-mediated immunity, helping to protect the body from infection and cancer.
The thymus gland provides a protected environment where immune cells called pre-T cells develop into mature T cells. During this process, they learn to recognize and respond appropriately to foreign substances while remaining tolerant to self-tissues, which is crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.
Additionally, the thymus gland produces hormones like thymosin that regulate immune cell activities and contribute to the overall immune response.
Thymus hyperplasia is a condition where the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest beneath the breastbone, becomes enlarged due to an increase in the number of cells. This is different from a tumor, where there is an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign or cancerous.
Thymus hyperplasia can be classified into two types: true hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. True hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of thymic epithelial cells, while lymphoid hyperplasia is an increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) within the thymus gland.
Thymus hyperplasia can occur as a result of various factors, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain medications. In some cases, it may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered incidentally during imaging studies or other medical tests. However, in other cases, it may cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and swallowing.
Treatment for thymus hyperplasia depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medications or surgery may be required.
Thymectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the thymus gland. The thymus gland is a part of the immune system located in the upper chest, behind the sternum (breastbone), and above the heart. It is responsible for producing white blood cells called T-lymphocytes, which help fight infections.
Thymectomy is often performed as a treatment option for patients with certain medical conditions, such as:
* Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. In some cases, the thymus gland may contain abnormal cells that contribute to the development of myasthenia gravis. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients with this condition.
* Thymomas: tumors that develop in the thymus gland. While most thymomas are benign (non-cancerous), some can be malignant (cancerous) and may require surgical removal.
* Myasthenic syndrome: a group of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, similar to myasthenia gravis. In some cases, the thymus gland may be abnormal and contribute to the development of these conditions. Removing the thymus gland can help improve symptoms in some patients.
Thymectomy can be performed using various surgical approaches, including open surgery (through a large incision in the chest), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS, using small incisions and a camera to guide the procedure), or robotic-assisted surgery (using a robot to perform the procedure through small incisions). The choice of surgical approach depends on several factors, including the size and location of the thymus gland, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise.
Thymus neoplasms are abnormal growths in the thymus gland that result from uncontrolled cell division. The term "neoplasm" refers to any new and abnormal growth of tissue, also known as a tumor. Thymus neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Malignant thymus neoplasms are called thymomas or thymic carcinomas. Thymomas are the most common type and tend to grow slowly, invading nearby tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Thymic carcinomas are rarer and more aggressive, growing and spreading more quickly than thymomas.
Symptoms of thymus neoplasms may include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the neck or upper chest. Treatment options for thymus neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Myasthenia Gravis is a long-term autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that leads to muscle weakness. It occurs when communication between nerves and muscles is disrupted at the nerve endings, resulting in fewer impulses being transmitted to activate the muscles. This results in muscle weakness and rapid fatigue. The condition can affect any voluntary muscle, but it most commonly affects muscles of the eyes, face, throat, and limbs. Symptoms may include drooping eyelids (ptosis), double vision (diplopia), difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, and weakness in the arms and legs. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly from person to person, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
The disorder is caused by an abnormal immune system response that produces antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. These antibodies block or destroy the receptors, which leads to a decrease in the number of available receptors for nerve impulses to activate the muscle fibers.
Myasthenia Gravis can be treated with medications that improve communication between nerves and muscles, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressants, and plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to remove the harmful antibodies from the blood. With proper treatment, many people with Myasthenia Gravis can lead normal or nearly normal lives.
Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.
Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.
In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.
Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.
Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.
Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.
Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:
1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.
The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.
The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.
Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.
Sweat glands are specialized tubular structures in the skin that produce and secrete sweat, also known as perspiration. They are part of the body's thermoregulatory system, helping to maintain optimal body temperature by releasing water and heat through evaporation. There are two main types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.
1. Eccrine sweat glands: These are distributed throughout the body, with a higher concentration on areas like the palms, soles, and forehead. They are responsible for producing a watery, odorless sweat that primarily helps to cool down the body through evaporation.
2. Apocrine sweat glands: These are mainly found in the axillary (armpit) region and around the anogenital area. They become active during puberty and produce a thick, milky fluid that does not have a strong odor on its own but can mix with bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to body odor.
Sweat glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, meaning they function involuntarily in response to various stimuli such as emotions, physical activity, or changes in environmental temperature.
Sebaceous glands are microscopic, exocrine glands that are found in the dermis of mammalian skin. They are attached to hair follicles and produce an oily substance called sebum, which is composed of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-producing cells (fatty acids, cholesterol). Sebum is released through a duct onto the surface of the skin, where it forms a protective barrier that helps to prevent water loss, keeps the skin and hair moisturized, and has antibacterial properties.
Sebaceous glands are distributed throughout the body, but they are most numerous on the face, scalp, and upper trunk. They can also be found in other areas of the body such as the eyelids (where they are known as meibomian glands), the external ear canal, and the genital area.
Abnormalities in sebaceous gland function can lead to various skin conditions, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and certain types of skin cancer.
The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.
The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.
Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.
The adrenal glands are a pair of endocrine glands that are located on top of the kidneys. Each gland has two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and other vital functions. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.
The Harderian gland is a specialized exocrine gland located in many vertebrate species, including birds and mammals. In humans, it is rudimentary and not fully developed. However, in other animals like rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and some reptiles, this gland plays a significant role.
The Harderian gland is primarily responsible for producing and secreting lipids, which help to lubricate the eye's surface and the nictitating membrane (third eyelid). This lubrication ensures that the eyes remain moist and protected from dryness and external irritants. Additionally, the secretions of the Harderian gland contain immunoglobulins, which contribute to the animal's immune defense system by providing protection against pathogens.
In some animals, the Harderian gland also has a role in pheromone production and communication. The study and understanding of this gland are particularly important in toxicological research, as it is often used as an indicator of environmental pollutant exposure and their effects on wildlife.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Thymus Plant" refers to a type of plant and does not have a medical definition. The Thymus plant belongs to the mint family and is commonly used as an herb in cooking. It is known for its small, fragrant leaves and is often used to add flavor to dishes. In some cases, the essential oil from the thymus plant may be used in medicinal products, such as throat lozenges or mouthwashes, due to its antiseptic properties. However, a "Thymus plant" itself does not have a medical definition. If you have any questions about medicinal plants or herbs, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.
Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.
Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.
Thymus extracts are pharmaceutical preparations made from the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the chest behind the breastbone. The thymus gland plays an essential role in the development and maturation of immune cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells.
Thymus extracts contain various immunomodulatory substances, including thymosins, thymopoietin, and other peptides, that are believed to help regulate and boost the immune system's function. These extracts have been used in medical research and some clinical applications, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems due to conditions such as primary immunodeficiency disorders, cancer, or HIV/AIDS.
It is important to note that the use of thymus extracts remains controversial, and their efficacy and safety have not been fully established. Therefore, they should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Thymus hormones, also known as thymic factors or thymic humoral factors, refer to the biologically active molecules secreted by the thymus gland. The two main thymus hormones are thymosin and thymopoietin. These hormones play crucial roles in the differentiation, maturation, and function of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Thymosin is involved in the maturation of T-cells, helping them to distinguish between self and non-self antigens, while thymopoietin contributes to the differentiation of T-cells into their various subsets and supports their proliferation and activation.
The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ located in the upper chest region, anterior to the heart. It plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system, particularly during fetal development and early childhood. The thymus gland begins to atrophy after puberty, leading to a decrease in the production of thymus hormones. This natural decline in thymic function is believed to contribute to the decreased immune response observed in older individuals.
Supplementation with thymus hormones has been explored as a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing immune function in various clinical settings, including immunodeficiency disorders, cancer, and aging. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential benefits and risks.
The parathyroid glands are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually near or behind the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. PTH helps maintain the balance of these minerals by increasing the absorption of calcium from food in the intestines, promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones when needed. Additionally, PTH decreases the excretion of calcium through urine and reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive glands), which can have significant impacts on calcium and phosphate homeostasis and overall health.
Astley Cooper
Ectopic thymus
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
Neural top-down control of physiology
Graft-versus-host disease
Nezelof syndrome
Epitalon
List of -ectomies
Germ layer
Thymus hyperplasia
Cardiac neural crest
Myasthenia gravis
Henry Harrington Janeway
Bernard Lefkowitz
Culinary name
Thymic cancer
Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3
FAM71E2
T cell
Thorax
Face and neck development of the human embryo
Thomas Boehm (biologist)
HOXA3
Regeneration in humans
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
13q deletion syndrome
Geoffrey Keynes
Histiocyte
IFFO1
Blood
Surgery of Thymus Gland: Background, Embryology, Anatomy
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Thyroid gland9
- A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum , extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage . (lookfordiagnosis.com)
- The thymus extends from the lower edge of the thyroid gland to the fourth intercostal space of the vertebrae. (microbenotes.com)
- The thymus gland is located behind the breastbone in the front of the windpipe, just below the thyroid gland, and in front of the heart. (uniqacare.com)
- It is composed of two soft pinkish-grey lobes lying in a bib-like fashion just below the thyroid gland and above the heart. (homegrownwellness.ca)
- Thyroxin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. (proprofs.com)
- Calcitonin, on the other hand, is produced by the thyroid gland as well and helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. (proprofs.com)
- Usually, 4 parathyroid glands are situated posterior to the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
- Hashimoto Thyroiditis Hashimoto thyroiditis is chronic, autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland. (msdmanuals.com)
- Hashimoto thyroiditis results when antibodies in the body attacks the cells of the thyroid gland-an autoimmune. (msdmanuals.com)
Pineal gland2
- It is produced by the pineal gland in the brain and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. (proprofs.com)
- Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. (nel.edu)
Salivary glands2
- The accumulation of 14C-activity in the brain, thymus, salivary glands and tongue was prominent at 1 h. (cdc.gov)
- AN - do not confuse with SURGICAL STOMATA HN - 2008 BX - Diaphragmatic Stomata BX - Lymphatic Stomata BX - Stomata, Peritoneal FX - Surgical Stomas MH - Von Ebner Glands UI - D054838 MN - A03.556.500.760.906 MN - A10.336.779.906 MN - A14.549.760.906 MS - Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae. (bvsalud.org)
Pancreas2
- Sweetbreads are the thymus and pancreas glands of animals. (whatscookingamerica.net)
- Contrary to other tissues, however, the central nervous system, thymus and pancreas started to accumulate the radioactivity at later time periods. (cdc.gov)
Spleen1
- The thymus gland is part of both the lymphatic and endocrine systems, along with the tonsils, adenoids, and spleen. (uniqacare.com)
Immune25
- It is the master gland of your immune system. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- These feelings have to be addressed if you want to clear the negative energy that is blocking your Thymus and your general immune system. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- Tapping your thymus gland -to wake it and align it- is recommended every time you feel bombarded by negative energy or when you are fighting and infection or feel that your immune system is being challenged, as Donna Eden advises. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- The thymus gland is a critical organ of the immune system as it serves as a defense mechanism against different pathogens, tumors, and antigens. (microbenotes.com)
- The thymus is particularly important for the thymus-dependent or adaptive arm of the immune system as the thymus is essential for the development and activation of immune cells. (microbenotes.com)
- In addition to the secretory cells of the thymus, it also contains other immune cells like macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells . (microbenotes.com)
- As an indispensable organ of the immune system, the thymus gland is larger during childhood and becomes much smaller during adolescence. (uniqacare.com)
- The thymus gland is responsible for producing one of the key components of the immune system, T cells. (uniqacare.com)
- These T cells created by the thymus gland also help ensure the proper growth of other organs in the immune system. (uniqacare.com)
- The thymus is a primary organ of the immune system and is located behind the third rib, behind the sternum or breastbone in the upper chest just below the throat. (tech-follow.com)
- Keeping the thymus functioning optimally requires personal diligence to what weakens the immune system, such as excess stress, worry and the myriad of health-destroying addictive substances, but, also, emotively charged wrong thinking. (tech-follow.com)
- The thymus gland , despite containing glandular tissue and producing several hormones, is much more closely associated with the immune system than with the endocrine system. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- Life Choice - Thymus Gland - 60 veggie Capsule(s) - NPN: 80051446 -- Helps to maintain immune functionOrganic, New Zealand Ovine (sheep)With added Zinc Picolinate and Vitamin B6 (P5P)100% USP Pharmaceutical gradeUSP Grade - Non-GMO - Cruelty FreeThe thymus gland is one of the principle glands for the auto immune system. (homegrownwellness.ca)
- The function of the thymus gland is to program white blood cells, the bodys immune army, in their various tasks and then send them into the blood to recognize and destroy pathogens. (homegrownwellness.ca)
- The findings suggest it could be helpful to stimulate the stem cells to regrow the thymus and rejuvenate the immune system. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- There are so many important implications of stimulating the thymus to produce more T cells, like helping the immune system in the elderly or improving the immune response to cancer. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Thymus extracts reduce the number and severity of recurrent infections in immune-suppressed persons and increase lymphoproliferative response to HSV, natural killer cell activity, and interferon production. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Reported in the April 2023 Journal of Stem Cells Research Development & Therapy, " Studies have suggested that thymus extract can stimulate the production of T-cells and enhance immune function, which may lead to improved outcomes in cancer patients. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Newer research indicates that other graft-versus-host disease target organs include the immune system (the hematopoietic system , e.g., the bone marrow and the thymus ) itself, and the lungs in the form of immune-mediated pneumonitis . (wikipedia.org)
- The thymus gland, which is part of your immune system, may play a role in myasthenia gravis. (medlineplus.gov)
- The thymus gland is responsible for the normal development of the immune response. (proprofs.com)
- People with a specific variant had more active thymus glands, which produce immune cells that fight off infection. (nature.com)
- A type of immune cell produced by the thymus gland. (innvista.com)
- In the thymus gland, certain cells of the immune system learn how to differentiate between the body and foreign substances. (msdmanuals.com)
- For unknown reasons, the thymus gland may instruct the immune system cells to produce antibodies that attack the acetylcholine receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
Lymphocytes12
- Normal peripheral lymph nodes depend on seeding by small lymphocytes from the thymus. (medscape.com)
- The thymus reaches its greatest size at puberty, after which time it undergoes slow involution and both cortical and T lymphocytes are reduced in peripheral blood. (medscape.com)
- Your thymus gland stimulates the production of white blood cells (lymphocytes), which are an important defense against disease and infection. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- The outer cortex of the gland contains loosely packed lymphocytes, and the medulla contains reticulocytes rich in the cytoplasm. (microbenotes.com)
- But, interestingly, something which almost certainly will go unobserved from a stimulated thymus, is the release of the miracalous antiviral proteins, the mature white blood cells known as T cells, the antibodies or T lymphocytes responsible for defending against foreign antigens entering the body. (tech-follow.com)
- The thymus serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- It is also known as the longevity gland.The thymus produces T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell responsible for cell-mediated immunity. (homegrownwellness.ca)
- The primary function of the thymus gland is to train special white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Obesity accelerated the age-related reduction of T-cell receptor (TCR) excision circle bearing peripheral lymphocytes, an index of recently generated T cells from thymus. (nih.gov)
- Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 2931 : Cytotoxic Effects Induced by Various Agents in Rat Thymus Lymphocytes. (erowid.org)
- The thymus is composed predominantly of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
- Precursor cells migrate to the thymus and differentiate into lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
Adrenal gland3
- Located on top of each kidney, the adrenal gland works very closely with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release corticosteroids like cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. (bistromd.com)
- Provides tissue from the cortex portion of the adrenal gland. (nutricology.com)
- Provides tissue from the entire adrenal gland, both medulla and cortex portions. (nutricology.com)
Thymic11
- The first indication of an association between myasthenia and the thymus gland was in 1901, when the German neurologist Hermann Oppenheim reported a tumor found growing from the thymic remnant at necropsy in a patient with myasthenia. (medscape.com)
- Thymic agenesis is an autosomal recessive disease often associated with agenesis of the parathyroid glands ( DiGeorge syndrome ), which leads to early death from infections or cardiac defects. (medscape.com)
- In thymic aplasia, the thymus is small. (medscape.com)
- The epithelial cells of the thymus gland are divided into four distinct subtypes depending on different factors like antigenic expression, ultrastructure, and their capacity to produce thymic hormones. (microbenotes.com)
- The other rare type of cancer that can occur in the thymus gland is called thymic carcinoma. (uniqacare.com)
- Thymic carcinoma tumors are the rarest type of thymus gland cancer. (uniqacare.com)
- Here, we focus attention on the contribution of NES to thymic microenvironments, including their phenotypic identification and functional classification, and explore their impact on thymus function. (frontiersin.org)
- While adult lymphoid progenitor cells are produced by the bone marrow, their lineage commitment and development into mature T-cells is dependent on their migration into the thymus, where essential interactions with heterogeneous thymic stromal cells take place ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Arguably, the most recognized and well-studied stromal populations in thymus biology are thymic epithelial cells (TEC) within the cortical and medullary areas, which are defined by their anatomical separation and function. (frontiersin.org)
- In this review, we cover how the non-epithelial compartment of thymic stroma represent essential cell populations in regulating thymus function. (frontiersin.org)
- These findings were confirmed in later studies in which removal of mesenchyme from embryonic day 12 murine thymic lobes impaired thymus growth in vitro ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Epithelial7
- Thymosin is produced by the epithelial cells of the cortex and medulla, and it is the primary hormone secreted by the gland. (microbenotes.com)
- Epithelial tissues and lymphatic tissues containing dendritic cells and macrophages make up the majority of both regions of the thymus. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- T cells first reside within the cortex of the thymus where they come in contact with epithelial cells presenting various antigens. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- Paola Bonfanti, senior group leader of the Epithelial Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory at the Crick, said: "This research is a pivotal shift in our understanding of why we have a thymus capable of regeneration. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Broadly separated into mesenchymal and endothelial cells, NES have been implicated in thymus organogenesis, thymocyte development, tolerance induction and development/maintenance of epithelial stroma. (frontiersin.org)
- In early experiments, physical separation of mesenchymal and epithelial stroma from embryonic murine thymus resulted in defective thymus development when epithelium was cultured in vitro in the absence of mesenchyme ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Thymoma originates within the epithelial cells of the thymus, a lymphoid organ located in the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
Lymphoid organ1
- The thymus is the first lymphoid organ that develops. (medscape.com)
Pituitary gland6
- Several hormones are synthesizes in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. (proprofs.com)
- This system allows hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus to be transported directly to the anterior pituitary gland. (proprofs.com)
- The hypophyseal portal system consists of a network of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland, enabling the hormones to reach their target organ more efficiently. (proprofs.com)
- This specialized transportation mechanism ensures that the hormones produced by the hypothalamus can directly influence the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland. (proprofs.com)
- Located at the base of the brain, the hypothalamus stimulates and suppresses the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. (bistromd.com)
- This chakra is located between the eyebrows and governs our pituitary gland, lower brain, eyes, and skull. (lifepositive.com)
Hormones5
- Several hormones produced by the thymus promote the maturation of the T cells prior to their release into the bloodstream. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- Endocrine system is a series of organs and glands in your body that secret chemical messengers called hormones in to your blood stream. (proprofs.com)
- Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands are called hormones. (proprofs.com)
- Unlike exocrine glands that release their secretions through ducts, endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream for widespread distribution. (proprofs.com)
- A pea-sized gland that sits directly under the hypothalamus, it is often called the master gland because it secretes its own hormones and also signals other glands to produce or halt other hormones. (bistromd.com)
Organs5
- The thymus gland is one of the key organs in the lymphatic system , which occurs in the mediastinum below the sternum. (microbenotes.com)
- The thymus gland, one of the lesser-known organs in the body, plays important roles. (uniqacare.com)
- Unlike most organs that grow until the age of maturity, the thymus enlarges throughout childhood but slowly shrinks from the onset of puberty and throughout adulthood. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- [6] Chronic graft-versus-host disease also attacks the above organs, but over its long-term course can also cause damage to the connective tissue and exocrine glands . (wikipedia.org)
- The endocrine system is a complex web of glands and organs, including the following introduced right below. (bistromd.com)
Cortex2
- The thymus is composed of two distinct lobes, each of which is surrounded by a collagenous capsule with septa that extend into the corticomedullary junction, dividing the cortex further into lobules. (medscape.com)
- The thymus gland is a bilobed gland consisting of two pyramid-shaped lobes, each with a lobulated surface differentiated into the outer cortex and inner medulla. (microbenotes.com)
Parathyroid hormone3
- Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone is most frequently caused by an adenoma of ≥1 parathyroid gland. (snmjournals.org)
- Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is due to excessive secretion of parathormone (parathyroid hormone [PTH]) by ≥1 enlarged parathyroid gland ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
- Through their secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the parathyroid glands are primarily responsible for maintaining extracellular calcium concentrations. (medscape.com)
Endocrine gland2
- As an endocrine gland, the thymus is known to produce human growth hormone, which is essential for the growth and development of the body. (microbenotes.com)
- An endocrine gland located behind the breastbone near the throat. (innvista.com)
Lymph nodes2
- Those who do may have enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) in the neck, above the collarbone, in the underarm area, or groin. (rchsd.org)
- Lymphoma may cause enlarged lymph nodes (swollen glands) anywhere in the body. (akronchildrens.org)
Antigens1
- However, it has been proposed that thymus cells do not form antibodies in situ as there is no entry of systemically administered antigens into the thymus. (erowid.org)
Myasthenia5
- The report by Oppenheim led the German thoracic surgeon Ernst Sauerbruch to perform a cervical thymectomy in 1911 on a 20-year-old woman with a radiologically enlarged thymus who had myasthenia. (medscape.com)
- The structure and function of the gland can be influenced by autoimmune diseases like myasthenia gravis. (microbenotes.com)
- But in many adults with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland stays large. (medlineplus.gov)
- And some people with myasthenia gravis can get thymomas, which are tumors of the thymus. (medlineplus.gov)
- About 65% of people who have myasthenia gravis have an enlarged thymus gland, and about 10% have a tumor of the thymus gland (thymoma). (msdmanuals.com)
Differentiation3
- The most important function of the thymus gland is to induce the development, activation, and differentiation of T cells so that they can perform their function as mediators of cellular immunity. (microbenotes.com)
- Various subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells with different cytokine productions develop in the mouse thymus, but the factors driving their differentiation remain unclear. (nih.gov)
- The decrease in sebum secretion is temporary and is related to the dose and duration of treatment with isotretinoin capsules, and reflects a reduction in sebaceous gland size and an inhibition of sebaceous gland differentiation. (nih.gov)
Bone5
- White blood cells originate from bone marrow which travel through the bloodstream to the thymus gland from where these immature cells become mature cells - qualified defenders against viruses. (tech-follow.com)
- The function of the thymus is to receive immature T cells that are produced in the red bone marrow and train them into functional, mature T cells that attack only foreign cells. (anatomy-medicine.com)
- These cells start growing in bone marrow and then travel to the thymus gland to mature. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- 7,14 Liposarcomas look similar to lipomas and are usually found near the keel bone or uropygial gland. (ivis.org)
- The parathyroid gland located on top of the thyroid largely regulates calcium balance and therefore, bone health. (bistromd.com)
Inferior5
- The blood supply to the thymus gland is provided by the inferior thyroid, internal thyroid, and intercostals arteries. (microbenotes.com)
- The glands are identified based on their location as right or left and superior or inferior. (medscape.com)
- The inferior glands are derived from the third pharyngeal pouch. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, the inferior glands originate more cephalad than the superior glands, but they migrate along with the thymus to finally become situated more inferiorly than the superior glands. (medscape.com)
- however, the gland also is supplied with blood by the inferior thyroid and pericardiophrenic arteries. (medscape.com)
Thymoma4
- The most common type of thymus gland cancer is known as thymoma tumor. (uniqacare.com)
- The most common type of cancer in the thymus gland is called thymoma cancer. (uniqacare.com)
- Thymoma is the most common tumor originating from the thymus gland in adults. (uniqacare.com)
- Thymus gland's surrounding vascular and neural structures may be invaded during spread of thymoma. (medscape.com)
Autoimmune2
- Research published in the August 2023 New England Journal of Medicine from Massachusetts General Hospital reveals evidence that the thymus is in fact critical for adult health generally and for preventing cancer and perhaps autoimmune disease. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Interestingly, thymus extracts have also been shown to normalize the ratio of T-helper cells to suppressor cells, whether the ratio is low, as in chronic infections, and cancer, or high, as in allergies, migraine headaches, and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
Pathology1
- Sir Astley Paston Cooper, 1st Baronet GCH FRS (23 August 1768 - 12 February 1841) was a British surgeon and anatomist, who made contributions to otology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia. (wikipedia.org)
Throat1
- 2) neck (throat or gullet) sweetbreads, an animal's thymus gland. (whatscookingamerica.net)
Surgery2
- The Department of Thoracic Surgery of Uniqacare Clinic provided information about the thymus gland, thymus gland cancers, the causes of thymus gland cancer, and treatment methods. (uniqacare.com)
- Surgery to remove the thymus gland may be helpful in some cases. (wellspan.org)
Size at puberty1
- The size of the thymus is large in infants and young children, with the largest size at puberty. (microbenotes.com)
Posterior1
- The thymus is a soft, roughly triangular organ located in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity anterior and superior to the heart and posterior to the sternum. (anatomy-medicine.com)
Gland's1
- A particularly negative attitude that weakens the Thymus gland's energy is the one of feeling "attacked" by life, as Louise Hay has pointed out. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
Replaced by adipose tissue3
- The gland grows the largest at puberty, after which the gland is slowly replaced by adipose tissue. (microbenotes.com)
- The gland then slowly begins to coalesce after puberty to be replaced by adipose tissue. (microbenotes.com)
- As the thymus shrinks, its tissues are replaced by adipose tissue. (anatomy-medicine.com)
Glandular1
- Thymus glandular pills or tablets of Thymus extract are available in some countries. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
Reticular cells1
- Most of the mass in the gland is occupied by a three-dimensional network of star-shaped reticular cells. (microbenotes.com)
Connective tissue1
- Each lobe of the gland is surrounded by a dense capsule of connective tissue and divided internally by a connective tissue septum. (microbenotes.com)
Liver1
- Thymus and fetal liver implants to reconstitute T- and B-cell function have met with some success. (medscape.com)
Produces1
- The thymus produces white blood cells that fight infections and destroy harmful cells. (bistromd.com)
Bilateral2
- Undescended thymus can be bilateral, but it is more commonly unilateral on the left side. (medscape.com)
- The gland is attached to the sternum by sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, both of which are bilateral. (microbenotes.com)
Regulates1
- From a holistic perspective, your thymus also regulates the energy flow throughout your body's energy system. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
Shrinks1
- Although the thymus gland may become less visible as it shrinks after adolescence, it continues to function throughout one's lifetime. (uniqacare.com)
Lymphocyte1
- A thymus-derived lymphocyte primarily involved in cellular-type immunity. (innvista.com)
Mediastinum1
- In mammals, the thymus gland develops from the ventral portion of the third branchial pouch as tubular primordia elongate caudally and fuse at the midline, losing their connection with the pharynx and leaving the definitive thymus in the mediastinum. (medscape.com)
Puberty1
- The thymus gland is distinct from other endocrine glands in that it is active only before puberty. (microbenotes.com)
Immunological2
- Your thymus gland controls the immunological defense system of your body. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- Thymopoietin is a polypeptide hormone of the thymus that has neuromuscular functions than immunological ones. (microbenotes.com)
Cells12
- The gland also induces the release of cytokines that are essential for controlling the development of T cells through different stages. (microbenotes.com)
- T cells, which are essential for eliminating infected or cancerous cells in the body, are produced by the thymus gland. (uniqacare.com)
- Known as interferons, antiviral proteins are powerful inhibitors at preventing development of virus in the cells, when the thymus works like an incubator in developing mature antibodies. (tech-follow.com)
- Like coaching, the thymus 'trains' white blood cells known as T cells to recognize foreign cell invaders entering the body. (tech-follow.com)
- A study published in January 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found a hormone that extends lifespan in mice by 40% is produced by specialized cells in the thymus gland. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- If the thymus does not work properly, we can end up with too few T cells to protect ourselves - this is called immunodeficiency - or we can produce T cells that attack our own body - which is called autoimmunity. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- From the June 2023 journal, Science Immunology , researchers looked at the role of 'gamma delta T cells' within the thymus gland and by understanding the function of these cells, they could be harnessed to help prevent cancer and highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19, Strep A and tuberculosis. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- They identified stem-cell niches (areas where stem cells are clustered) in two locations in the thymus. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
- Neurons are nerve cells that transmit electrical signals, not chemical messengers released by endocrine glands. (proprofs.com)
- A sagittal section of this stage is shown in figure 2 A . The foregut is here more inclosed, and the notochord, nt , having separated from the entoderm, en , is seen as a distinct layer of cells extending from the foregut to the blastopore. (gutenberg.org)
- However, experimental evidence suggests these cells are important for thymus function by either directly influencing T-cell development, or by indirectly regulating TEC development and/or function. (frontiersin.org)
- HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
Childhood2
- Undescended thymus is usually diagnosed in childhood. (medscape.com)
- The thymus is a part of fetal immunity by the 12 th week of pregnancy and remains active through fetal life as well as childhood. (microbenotes.com)
Sternum2
- The Emotional Freedom Technique (E.F.T.), as well as Energy medicine, advice to physically tap your thymus point (located in the center of the upper part of your chest and your sternum, about 2 inches below the so called K-27 points) with the four fingers of each hand for about 20 seconds. (personal-growth-can-be-fun.com)
- The thymus gland is found in your upper chest behind your breastbone (sternum), just in front of and above your heart. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
Immunity1
- Zinc, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin C have been shown to be essential to improving thymus gland function and overall strengthened immunity. (tolwellnesscenter.com)
Maturation1
- In early life, the thymus is responsible for the development and maturation of cell-mediated immunologic functions. (medscape.com)
Longevity1
- Known also as the happiness centre, the thymus promotes healthy ageing and longevity. (tech-follow.com)