Tongue
Tongue Diseases
Tongue, Fissured
Hypoglossal Nerve
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
Taste Buds
Hyoid Bone
Halitosis
Deglutition
Palate, Soft
Lingual Nerve
Mouth
Palate
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Mouth Mucosa
Taste
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Speech Articulation Tests
Pharynx
Pharyngeal Muscles
Expression of Mash1 in basal cells of rat circumvallate taste buds is dependent upon gustatory innervation. (1/1447)
Mash1, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila achaete-scute proneural gene complex, plays an essential role in differentiation of subsets of peripheral neurons. In this study, using RT-PCR and in situ RT-PCR, we investigated if Mash1 gene expression occurs in rat taste buds. Further, we examined dynamics of Mash1 expression in the process of degeneration and regeneration in denervated rat taste buds. In rat tongue epithelium, Mash1 gene expression is confined to circumvallate, foliate, and fungiform papilla epithelia that include taste buds. In taste buds, Mash1-expressing cells are round cells in the basal compartment. In contrast, the mature taste bud cells do not express the Mash1 gene. Denervation and regeneration experiments show that the expression of Mash1 requires gustatory innervation. We conclude that Mash1 is expressed in cells of the taste bud lineage, and that the expression of Mash1 in rat taste buds is dependent upon gustatory innervation. (+info)Cephalometric abnormalities in non-obese and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. (2/1447)
The aim of this work was to comprehensively evaluate the cephalometric features in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and to elucidate the relationship between cephalometric variables and severity of apnoea. Forty-eight cephalometric variables were measured in 37 healthy males and 114 male OSA patients, who were classed into 54 non-obese (body mass index (BMI) <27 kg x m(-2), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI)=25.3+/-16.1 events x h(-1)) and 60 obese (BMI > or = 27 kg x m(-2), AHI=45.6+/-28.0 events h(-1)) groups. Diagnostic polysomnography was carried out in all of the OSA patients and in 19 of the normal controls. The non-obese OSA patients showed several cephalometric defects compared with their BMI-matched normal controls: 1) decreased facial A-P distance at cranial base, maxilla and mandible levels and decreased bony pharynx width; 2) enlarged tongue and inferior shift of the tongue volume; 3) enlarged soft palate; 4) inferiorly positioned hyoid bone; and 5) decreased upper airway width at four different levels. More extensive and severe soft tissue abnormalities with a few defects in craniofacial bony structures were found in the obese OSA group. For the non-obese OSA group, the stepwise regression model on AHI was significant with two bony structure variables as determinants: anterior cranial base length (S-N) and mandibular length (Me-Go). Although the regression model retained only linear distance between anterior vertebra and hyoid bone (H-VL) as an explainable determinant for AHI in the obese OSA group, H-VL was significantly correlated with soft tissue measurements such as overall tongue area (Ton), inferior tongue area (Ton2) and pharyngeal airway length (PNS-V). In conclusion, Japanese obstructive sleep apnoea patients have a series of cephalometric abnormalities similar to those described in Caucasian patients, and that the aetiology of obstructive sleep apnoea in obese patients may be different from that in non-obese patients. In obese patients, upper airway soft tissue enlargement may play a more important role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea, whereas in non-obese patients, bony structure discrepancies may be the dominant contributing factors for obstructive sleep apnoea. (+info)Morphology and mechanics of tongue movement in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum: a muscular hydrostatic model. (3/1447)
The goal of this study was to investigate morphological adaptations associated with hydrostatic elongation of the tongue during feeding in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum. Whereas previous studies had suggested that the tongue of H. marmoratum elongates hydraulically, the anatomical observations reported here favour a muscular hydrostatic mechanism of tongue elongation. H. marmoratum possesses a previously undescribed compartment of the m. genioglossus (m. genioglossus dorsoventralis), which is intrinsic to the tongue and whose muscle fibres are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the tongue. On the basis of the arrangement and orientation of muscle fibres in the m. genioglossus and m. hyoglossus, we propose a muscular hydrostatic model of tongue movement in which contraction of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, together with unfolding of the intrinsic musculature of the tongue, results in a doubling in tongue length. Electron micrographs of sarcomeres from resting and elongated tongues show that no special adaptations of the sarcomeres are necessary to accommodate the observed doubling in tongue length during feeding. Rather, the sarcomeres of the m. genioglossus longitudinalis are strikingly similar to those of anuran limb muscles. The ability to elongate the tongue hydrostatically, conferred by the presence of the m. genioglossus dorsoventralis, is associated with the appearance of several novel aspects of feeding behaviour in H. marmoratum. These include the ability to protract the tongue slowly, thereby increasing capture success, and the ability to aim the tongue in azimuth and elevation relative to the head. Compared with other frogs, the muscular hydrostatic system of H. marmoratum allows more precise, localized and diverse tongue movements. This may explain why the m. genioglossus of H. marmoratum is composed of a larger number of motor units than that of other frogs. (+info)Immunofluorescence detection of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins with their carboxyl-terminal threonine phosphorylated in cultured cells and tissues. (4/1447)
Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins are thought to play an important role in organizing cortical actin-based cytoskeletons through cross-linkage of actin filaments with integral membrane proteins. Recent in vitro biochemical studies have revealed that ERM proteins phosphorylated on their COOH-terminal threonine residue (CPERMs) are active in their cross-linking activity, but this has not yet been evaluated in vivo. To immunofluorescently visualize CPERMs in cultured cells as well as tissues using a mAb specific for CPERMs, we developed a new fixation protocol using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a fixative. Immunoblotting analyses in combination with immunofluorescence microscopy showed that TCA effectively inactivated soluble phosphatases, which maintained the phosphorylation level of CPERMs during sample processing for immunofluorescence staining. Immunofluorescence microscopy with TCA-fixed samples revealed that CPERMs were exclusively associated with plasma membranes in a variety of cells and tissues, whereas total ERM proteins were distributed in both the cytoplasm and plasma membranes. Furthermore, the amounts of CPERMs were shown to be regulated in a cell and tissue type-dependent manner. These findings favored the notion that phosphorylation of the COOH-terminal threonine plays a key role in the regulation of the cross-linking activity of ERM proteins in vivo. (+info)Interarticulator programming in VCV sequences: lip and tongue movements. (5/1447)
This study examined the temporal phasing of tongue and lip movements in vowel-consonant-vowel sequences where the consonant is a bilabial stop consonant /p, b/ and the vowels one of /i, a, u/; only asymmetrical vowel contexts were included in the analysis. Four subjects participated. Articulatory movements were recorded using a magnetometer system. The onset of the tongue movement from the first to the second vowel almost always occurred before the oral closure. Most of the tongue movement trajectory from the first to the second vowel took place during the oral closure for the stop. For all subjects, the onset of the tongue movement occurred earlier with respect to the onset of the lip closing movement as the tongue movement trajectory increased. The influence of consonant voicing and vowel context on interarticulator timing and tongue movement kinematics varied across subjects. Overall, the results are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a temporal window before the oral closure for the stop during which the tongue movement can start. A very early onset of the tongue movement relative to the stop closure together with an extensive movement before the closure would most likely produce an extra vowel sound before the closure. (+info)Assessment of the effects of endothelin-1 and magnesium sulphate on regional blood flows in conscious rats, by the coloured microsphere reference technique. (6/1447)
There is evidence to suggest that magnesium (Mg2+) is beneficial in the treatment of a number of conditions, including pre-eclampsia and acute myocardial infarction. The mode of action of Mg2+ in these conditions is not clear, although the vasodilator properties of Mg2+ are well documented both in vitro and in vivo. Previously, we demonstrated that i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) alone, or in the presence of vasoconstrictors, caused increases in flow and conductance in the common carotid, internal carotid and hindquarters vascular beds, in conscious rats. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the regional and subregional changes in haemodynamics in response to the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) and MgSO4 in more detail, using the coloured microsphere reference technique. Infusion of ET-1 and MgSO4 had similar effects on heart rate and mean arterial pressure as in our previous study. Infusion of ET-1 caused a rise in mean arterial pressure and a fall in heart rate, and infusion of MgSO4 returned mean arterial pressure to control levels with no effect on heart rate. The responses to MgSO4 in the presence of ET-1 showed considerable regional heterogeneity with blood flow increasing (e.g. skeletal muscle), decreasing (e.g. stomach) or not changing (e.g. kidney). Of particular interest was the finding that MgSO4 caused increases in flow in the cerebral and coronary vascular beds. This, and our previous studies, have shown that MgSO4 can reverse vasoconstriction in a number of vascular beds, and indicate that this compound may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with vasospasm. (+info)Hypoglossal nerve injury as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine. (7/1447)
Injury to the hypoglossal nerve is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. branchial cyst or carotid body tumour excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman with tuberculosis of C2-3. She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed hypoglossal nerve palsy in the immediate postoperative period, with dysphagia and dysarthria. It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and tuberculosis was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of hypoglossal lesion after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that hypoglossal nerve palsy following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified. (+info)Glossopharyngeal nerve transection eliminates quinine-stimulated fos-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the solitary tract: implications for a functional topography of gustatory nerve input in rats. (8/1447)
The relationship between specific gustatory nerve activity and central patterns of taste-evoked neuronal activation is poorly understood. To address this issue within the first central synaptic relay in the gustatory system, we examined the distribution of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) activated by the intraoral infusion of quinine using Fos immunohistochemistry in rats with bilateral transection of the chorda tympani (CTX), bilateral transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GLX), or combined neurotomy (DBLX). Compared with nonstimulated and water-stimulated controls, quinine evoked significantly more Fos-like-immunoreactive (FLI) neurons across the rostrocaudal extent of the gustatory NST (gNST), especially within its dorsomedial portion (subfield 5). Although the somatosensory aspects of fluid stimulation contributed to the observed increase in FLI neurons, the elevated number and spatial distribution of FLI neurons in response to quinine were remarkably distinguishable from those in response to water. GLX and DBLX produced a dramatic attenuation of quinine-evoked FLI neurons and a shift in their spatial distribution such that their number and pattern were indiscernable from those observed in water-stimulated controls. Although CTX had no effect on the number of quinine-evoked FLI neurons within subfield 5 at intermediate levels of the gNST, it produced intermediate effects elsewhere; yet, the spatial distribution of the quinine-evoked FLI neurons was not altered by CTX. These findings suggest that the GL provides input to all FLI neurons responsive to quinine, however, some degree of convergence with CT input apparently occurs in this subpopulation of neurons. Although the role of these FLI neurons in taste-guided behavioral responses to quinine remains speculative, their possible function in oromotor reflex control is considered. (+info)In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.
Tongue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tongue tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign tongue neoplasms may include entities such as papillomas, fibromas, or granular cell tumors. They are typically slow growing and less likely to spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tongue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant tongue neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the surface of the tongue.
Tongue neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening on the tongue, pain or burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and unexplained bleeding from the mouth. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.
Tongue diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause tongue inflammation (glossitis), pain, and ulcers. Common causes include streptococcus, herpes simplex, and candida albicans.
2. Traumatic injuries: These can result from accidental bites, burns, or irritation caused by sharp teeth, dental appliances, or habitual habits like tongue thrusting or chewing.
3. Neoplasms: Both benign and malignant growths can occur on the tongue, such as papillomas, fibromas, and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Congenital disorders: Some individuals may be born with abnormalities of the tongue, like ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) or macroglossia (enlarged tongue).
5. Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders can affect tongue movement and sensation, such as Bell's palsy, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Systemic diseases: Various systemic conditions can have symptoms that manifest on the tongue, like diabetes mellitus (which can cause dryness and furring), iron deficiency anemia (which may lead to atrophic glossitis), or Sjögren's syndrome (which can result in xerostomia).
7. Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of tongue symptoms remains unknown, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic glossitis or burning mouth syndrome.
Proper diagnosis and treatment of tongue diseases require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a dental or medical specialist such as an oral pathologist, otolaryngologist, or dermatologist.
A fissured tongue is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves or furrows on the surface of the tongue. These grooves can vary in number and depth, and they may cover the entire surface of the tongue or only appear in certain areas. A fissured tongue is also sometimes referred to as a "scrotal tongue" due to its appearance.
While a fissured tongue is usually asymptomatic and does not require treatment, it can occasionally be associated with other conditions such as down syndrome, oral cancer, or certain vitamin deficiencies. It may also increase the risk of tooth decay and gum disease due to the accumulation of food particles and bacteria in the grooves. In some cases, a fissured tongue may cause discomfort or pain, especially if it becomes infected or inflamed. If you have concerns about a fissured tongue or are experiencing symptoms related to this condition, it is recommended that you consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment options.
Tongue habits refer to the specific and repetitive ways in which an individual's tongue moves or rests inside their mouth. These habits can include things like tongue thrusting, where the tongue presses against the front teeth during speech or swallowing; tongue sucking, where the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth; or improper tongue positioning during rest, where the tongue may be positioned too far forward in the mouth or rest against the bottom teeth.
Tongue habits can have an impact on dental and oral health, as well as speech development and clarity. For example, persistent tongue thrusting can lead to an open bite, where the front teeth do not come together when the mouth is closed. Improper tongue positioning during rest can also contribute to the development of a deep overbite or an anterior open bite.
In some cases, tongue habits may be related to underlying conditions such as muscle weakness or sensory integration disorders. Speech-language pathologists and orthodontists may work together to assess and address tongue habits in order to improve oral function and overall health.
The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for innervating the muscles of the tongue, allowing for its movement and function. These muscles include the intrinsic muscles that alter the shape of the tongue and the extrinsic muscles that position it in the oral cavity. The hypoglossal nerve also has some minor contributions to the innervation of two muscles in the neck: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. These functions are related to head turning and maintaining head position. Any damage to this nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the tongue, causing difficulty with speech, swallowing, and tongue movements.
Glossitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the tongue. This condition can cause symptoms such as swelling, redness, pain, and smoothness or discoloration of the tongue's surface. Glossitis can have various causes, including nutritional deficiencies (such as vitamin B12 or folate deficiency), allergic reactions, infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal), irritants (such as hot and spicy foods, alcohol, or tobacco), and autoimmune disorders (such as pemphigus vulgaris or lichen planus). Treatment for glossitis depends on the underlying cause.
4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide is a chemical compound that is often used in laboratory research as a carcinogenic agent. Its molecular formula is C6H4N2O3, and it is known to cause DNA damage and mutations, which can lead to the development of cancer. It is primarily used in scientific research to study the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and to test the effectiveness of potential cancer treatments.
It is important to note that 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide is not a medication or a treatment for any medical condition, and it should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory setting.
Glossectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the partial or total removal of the tongue. This type of surgery may be performed for various reasons, such as treating certain types of cancer (like oral or tongue cancer) that have not responded to other forms of treatment, or removing a portion of the tongue that's severely damaged or injured due to trauma.
The extent of the glossectomy depends on the size and location of the tumor or lesion. A partial glossectomy refers to the removal of a part of the tongue, while a total glossectomy involves the complete excision of the tongue. In some cases, reconstructive surgery may be performed to help restore speech and swallowing functions after the procedure.
It is essential to note that a glossectomy can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, as the tongue plays crucial roles in speaking, swallowing, and taste sensation. Therefore, multidisciplinary care involving speech therapists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals is often necessary to help patients adapt to their new conditions and optimize their recovery process.
A taste bud is a cluster of specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue, soft palate, and cheek that are responsible for the sense of taste. They contain receptor cells which detect specific tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory). Each taste bud contains supporting cells and 50-100 taste receptor cells. These cells have hair-like projections called microvilli that come into contact with food or drink, transmitting signals to the brain to interpret the taste.
The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.
Halitosis is a medical term that refers to noticeably unpleasant breath. It's also commonly known as bad breath. This condition can result from several factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods, smoking, alcohol use, dry mouth, and various medical conditions (such as gastrointestinal issues, respiratory infections, or liver and kidney problems). Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices, like brushing twice a day and flossing daily, can help prevent halitosis. In some cases, mouthwashes, sugar-free gums, or mints may provide temporary relief. However, if bad breath persists, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dentist for further evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.
The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.
The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.
Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.
The lingual nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V). It provides general sensory innervation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including taste sensation from the same region. It also supplies sensory innervation to the floor of the mouth and the lingual gingiva (gum tissue). The lingual nerve is closely associated with the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and their ducts.
In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.
The palate is the roof of the mouth in humans and other mammals, separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. It consists of two portions: the anterior hard palate, which is composed of bone, and the posterior soft palate, which is composed of muscle and connective tissue. The palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing, as it helps to direct food and air to their appropriate locations during these activities.
In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.
The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.
The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.
The glossopharyngeal nerve, also known as the ninth cranial nerve (IX), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. It originates from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem and has several functions:
1. Sensory function: The glossopharyngeal nerve provides general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue, the tonsils, the back of the throat (pharynx), and the middle ear. It also carries taste sensations from the back one-third of the tongue.
2. Special visceral afferent function: The nerve transmits information about the stretch of the carotid artery and blood pressure to the brainstem.
3. Motor function: The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle, which helps elevate the pharynx during swallowing. It also provides parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland, stimulating saliva production.
4. Visceral afferent function: The glossopharyngeal nerve carries information about the condition of the internal organs in the thorax and abdomen to the brainstem.
Overall, the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a crucial role in swallowing, taste, saliva production, and monitoring blood pressure and heart rate.
The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.
The lingual frenum is a small fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth. It contains muscle fibers and can vary in length, thickness, and attachment level. In some individuals, the lingual frenum may be too short or tight, restricting tongue movement, which is known as being "tongue-tied" or having ankyloglossia. This condition can potentially impact speech, feeding, and oral hygiene, although in many cases, it does not cause any significant problems.
In a medical context, taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts with taste buds, which are specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue. The tongue's surface contains papillae, which house the taste buds. These taste buds can identify five basic tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savory). Different areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, but all taste buds can detect each of the five tastes, although not necessarily equally.
Taste is a crucial part of our sensory experience, helping us identify and differentiate between various types of food and drinks, and playing an essential role in appetite regulation and enjoyment of meals. Abnormalities in taste sensation can be associated with several medical conditions or side effects of certain medications.
In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.
In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.
Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.
This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.
Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.
Mastication is the medical term for the process of chewing food. It's the first step in digestion, where food is broken down into smaller pieces by the teeth, making it easier to swallow and further digest. The act of mastication involves not only the physical grinding and tearing of food by the teeth but also the mixing of the food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down carbohydrates. This process helps to enhance the efficiency of digestion and nutrient absorption in the subsequent stages of the digestive process.
Speech articulation tests are diagnostic assessments used to determine the presence, nature, and severity of speech sound disorders in individuals. These tests typically involve the assessment of an individual's ability to produce specific speech sounds in words, sentences, and conversational speech. The tests may include measures of sound production, phonological processes, oral-motor function, and speech intelligibility.
The results of a speech articulation test can help identify areas of weakness or error in an individual's speech sound system and inform the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve speech clarity and accuracy. Speech articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate children and adults with speech sound disorders, including those related to developmental delays, hearing impairment, structural anomalies, neurological conditions, or other factors that may affect speech production.
The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.
The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.
The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:
1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.
The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:
1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)
These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.
The mandible, also known as the lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone in the human face. It forms the lower portion of the oral cavity and plays a crucial role in various functions such as mastication (chewing), speaking, and swallowing. The mandible is a U-shaped bone that consists of a horizontal part called the body and two vertical parts called rami.
The mandible articulates with the skull at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) located in front of each ear, allowing for movements like opening and closing the mouth, protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement. The mandible contains the lower teeth sockets called alveolar processes, which hold the lower teeth in place.
In medical terminology, the term "mandible" refers specifically to this bone and its associated structures.
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Teeth & Tongue
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Tongue - Wikipedia
Tongue Disorders: MedlinePlus
Tongue Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Tongue Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
Tongue Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Your Tongue (for Kids) - Nemours KidsHealth
Tongue piercing healing: Day by day
Tongue problems: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
The whip-and-tongue grafting technique | Britannica
Urban Dictionary: silver tongue
Tongue fasciculations in the newborn
Homosexuality: Falwell Tames His Tongue | Christianity Today
Tip-of-the-Tongue Moments Explained | Live Science
Butterfly Tongues - Metacritic
Speaking in tongues
11 Classic Tongue Twisters | Mental Floss
Complex Tongue Laceration: Overview, Indications, Contraindications
Tongue-tied in Sindhi - The Hindu BusinessLine
Highland cow tongue Wallpaper | Spoonflower
Tongue Tie
Tongue Disorders: MedlinePlus
Butterfly's Tongue - Wikipedia
Fissured Tongue: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
A 'Magnetic Tongue' to Sample Tomatoes | MIT Technology Review
Woman Bites Off Teen's Tongue During Attack | The Smoking Gun
The Tongue by Chris Martin - Poems | Academy of American Poets
How dangerous is tongue-tie? - BBC Future
Language Log » Abandoning one's mother tongue
Burning Ourselves: The Tongue's Hidden Hurt
Glossitis4
- [ 2 ] and Down syndrome and in frequent association with benign migratory glossitis ( geographic tongue ). (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) is a benign condition that occurs in up to 3% of the general population. (medscape.com)
- Yarom N, Cantony U, Gorsky M. Prevalence of fissured tongue, geographic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis among Israeli adults of different ethnic origins. (medscape.com)
- A diagnosis of benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) is made by the appearance. (medscape.com)
Mother tongue14
- As you write, "Economics is the mother tongue of public policy. (dictionary.com)
- For the Gangwanis, their mother tongue, Sindhi, was 'good enough' for day-to-day family conversation, but not more. (thehindubusinessline.com)
- Those who are fortunate pick up one or more additional languages along the way, but they seldom supplant our mother tongue, much as we may love them. (upenn.edu)
- Gary Shteyngart has an enjoyable essay in The Threepenny Review called "Mother Tongue," about his attachment to his native Russian and the slow process by which he took up English while living in a house "Russian down to the last buckwheat kernel of kasha. (languagehat.com)
- Mother tongue" by Amy Tan and "How to Tame a Wild Tongue" by Gloria Anzaldua both share similar themes in their stories that demonstrate how they both deal with how different forms of the same language are portrayed in society. (ipl.org)
- It addresses topics concerning language and the loss of the mother tongue. (bvsalud.org)
- It focuses on the obstacles that appear when people need to make use of a foreign language with the obligation to abandon the mother tongue, in order to be able to communicate in the country of migration's language. (bvsalud.org)
- It is intended for active as well as future native language teachers and study assistants wishing to deepen the theoretical knowledge and practical skills in mother tongue instruction and study guidance. (lu.se)
- Course participants should already have acquired knowledge and skills about the subject of mother tongue instruction in schools, Swedish as a working language in schools, language acquisition with a focus on language and knowledge development in minority contexts, native language study guidance, multilingual literacy, language didactics with a focus on mother tongue instruction, issues relating to core values, or the equivalent. (lu.se)
- The course provides students with advanced knowledge of current research relating to pupils' learning in the mother tongue subject in schools, appropriate research methodology to apply to mother tongue instruction and skills in the assessment of professional practice and the documentation of the progress of pupils of mother tongue instruction. (lu.se)
- Based on research on multilingualism, language and knowledge development and language use in schools and in society, as well as on demonstrated professional practice in the assessment and documentation of pupils' language and knowledge development in mother tongue instruction, the course aims to provide students with the tools required to apply a research-based approach to mother tongue instruction in schools. (lu.se)
- The course includes an individual assignment requiring students to apply research methodology and theory to their professional role in the activities by carrying out a scientific analysis of data collected from mother tongue instruction and to present this research at a seminar as well as reviewing another student's work. (lu.se)
- 3. Independent project on mother tongue tuition and multilingual study guidance, 15 credits. (lu.se)
- Does Mother-tongue Education Matter for School Achievements? (lu.se)
Verb2
- verb (used with object), tongued, tongu·ing. (dictionary.com)
- verb (used without object), tongued, tongu·ing. (dictionary.com)
Geographic23
- Geographic tongue is a condition where the tongue becomes inflamed, causing it to lose some of its papillae. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with geographic tongue will notice red, round patches outlined with white. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- According to a 2016 article in the Journal of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, researchers are not sure what causes geographic tongue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Fissured tongue and geographic tongue have been reported in association with chronic granulomatous disease. (medscape.com)
- Eidelman E, Chosack A, Cohen T. Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits. (medscape.com)
- The etiology and pathogenesis of geographic tongue are still poorly understood. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue affects males and females and is noted to be more prominent in adults than in children. (medscape.com)
- The classic manifestation of geographic tongue is an area of erythema, with atrophy of the filiform papillae of the tongue, surrounded by a serpiginous, white, hyperkeratotic border. (medscape.com)
- Lesion activity in geographic tongue may wax and wane over time, and patients are occasionally free of lesions. (medscape.com)
- [ 10 ] Although geographic tongue is an inflammatory condition histologically, a polygenic mode of inheritance has been suggested because it is seen clustering in families. (medscape.com)
- In a study of patients with psoriasis, geographic tongue occurred in 10% of the patients, in contrast to only 2.5% of age- and sex-matched controls. (medscape.com)
- [ 13 ] A polygenic mode of inheritance has been suggested for geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- [ 14 ] No increased incidence of geographic tongue has been noted with medication use or environmental agents. (medscape.com)
- Immunologic and psychologic parameters have been associated with geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue has reportedly occurred in up to 3% of the general population in the United States. (medscape.com)
- International frequency rates for geographic tongue are similar to those reported in the United States. (medscape.com)
- No racial or ethnic predilection is reported for geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Geographic tongue is a benign condition. (medscape.com)
- Defining geographic tongue, describing its clinical appearance, and reinforcing its benign nature is usually all that is needed to educate patients and allay any concerns they may have about geographic tongue. (medscape.com)
- Cambiaghi S, Colonna C, Cavalli R. Geographic tongue in two children with nonpustular psoriasis. (medscape.com)
- In geographic tongue , some areas of the tongue are red and smooth (like ulcers), often surrounded by a white border. (msdmanuals.com)
- The cause is unknown, but fissured tongue may occur with geographic tongue and some other disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with geographic tongue among US adults. (medscape.com)
Underside of the tongue3
- Tongue tie is when a band of tissue connects the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth, which keeps it from moving freely. (childrensmn.org)
- In babies born with tongue-tie, the thin strip of tissue that connects the underside of the tongue to the mouth is unusually tight. (bbc.com)
- A small blue-black discoloration on the underside of the tongue may be a tattoo caused by a fragment of dental amalgam filling material, which contains silver, becoming stuck in the tongue. (msdmanuals.com)
Teeth10
- The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. (wikipedia.org)
- The front part of the tongue is very flexible and can move around a lot, working with the teeth to create different types of words. (kidshealth.org)
- Your tongue pushes the food to your back teeth so the teeth can grind it up. (kidshealth.org)
- Your tongue also gets help from your teeth, lips, and mouth. (kidshealth.org)
- Tongue piercings can also increase the risk of oral health problems, including infected gums and teeth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A tongue bar, particularly a large or heavy one, may knock into the teeth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Older kids may have trouble speaking clearly and can't stick their tongue out past their teeth. (childrensmn.org)
- It also appears to cause bruxism, which can cause severe injury to the teeth, cheeks, and tongue. (healthline.com)
- Here indicated some life-threatening, linked to tongue piercing.Other problems include tetanus, heart infections, brain abscess, chipped teeth and receding gums. (answerbag.com)
- It was painless, but he had some bleeding after brushing his teeth and tongue. (aafp.org)
Posterior4
- The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. (wikipedia.org)
- The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. (wikipedia.org)
- Posterior to the tip lies the body of the tongue, which has dorsal (superior) and ventral (inferior) surfaces. (medscape.com)
- There can also be posterior tongue ties where a thick, tight frenulum near the base of the tongue restricts its motion. (childrensmn.org)
Disorders2
- Lip and Tongue Disorders (Merck & Co., Inc. (medlineplus.gov)
- National Organization for Rare Disorders, "Tongue Cancer. (webmd.com)
Tongue's2
- Because of the tongue's generous blood supply, most tongue lacerations do not become infected and many heal well without repair. (medscape.com)
- The tongue's papillae (tiny, rounded projections) may become discolored if a person smokes or chews tobacco, eats certain foods or vitamins, or has colored bacteria growing on the tongue. (msdmanuals.com)
Diagnoses1
- In the US, both the number of tongue-tie diagnoses, and tongue-tie surgeries, have soared . (bbc.com)
Symptoms7
- Students and workers with no symptoms might start swabbing their noses or tongues every few days to make sure they haven't been exposed. (dictionary.com)
- If the problem is at the base of your tongue, you may not notice any symptoms. (webmd.com)
- What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Tongue Tie? (childrensmn.org)
- Symptoms of tongue tie can include a weak latch, easy loss of latch, gumming or biting the nipple, and nipple pain or injury in breastfeeding moms. (childrensmn.org)
- Kids who don't have any symptoms or problems from tongue tie don't need treatment. (childrensmn.org)
- Many children with tongue-tie will not have symptoms," says Amulya K Saxena, a consultant pediatric surgeon at Chelsea Children's Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Foundation Trust and president of the European Association of Pediatric Surgeons, in an interview over email. (bbc.com)
- If illicit drug use is causing you to bite your tongue during sleep, stopping use of the drug is usually enough to stop symptoms. (healthline.com)
Swallow4
- Your tongue helps you taste, swallow, and chew. (medlineplus.gov)
- You might need therapy afterward to help you chew, move your tongue, swallow, and speak better. (webmd.com)
- You need your tongue to chew, swallow, and sing. (kidshealth.org)
- In fact, the whole base of your tongue is firmly anchored to the bottom of your mouth, so you could never swallow your tongue even if you tried! (kidshealth.org)
Prevalence2
- Overall, the prevalence of fissured tongue within the United States has been reported to range from 2-5% of the population. (medscape.com)
- Zargari O. The prevalence and significance of fissured tongue and geographical tongue in psoriatic patients. (medscape.com)
Native tongue5
- English is my native tongue . (britannica.com)
- It's one thing to lose your first language when you move as a child to another country where a second language is spoken, but it's quite a different matter when you go to another country as an adult and make a conscious choice to give up your native tongue and adopt the language of the place you have chosen to live. (upenn.edu)
- I've noticed that native speakers of languages other than English, resident in the U.S., though they might speak their native tongue most of the time, revert to English numbers in certain situations, e.g. when reciting telephone numbers. (languagehat.com)
- Anzaldua 206) By this, she presents the racism between language and culture that she has to speak the local language (American) rather than speaking her native tongue. (ipl.org)
- As I got older my resistence to speak their native tongue began to grow. (ipl.org)
Tame2
- Written by Gloria Anzaldua, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue", is an opinion easy , a retrospection of her past and a story about identity and recognition of a wild tongue. (ipl.org)
- In Gloria Anzaldua's article, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue", which was taken from her book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, she is trying to inform her readers that her language is what defines her. (ipl.org)
Cheek1
- He was talking with his tongue in his cheek . (britannica.com)
Called the frenulum2
- On the undersurface of the tongue is a fold of mucous membrane called the frenulum that tethers the tongue at the midline to the floor of the mouth. (wikipedia.org)
- The fold of tissue under the tongue where it's attached is called the frenulum (FREN-yuh-lum). (childrensmn.org)
Typically2
- A red tongue typically occurs due to an underlying medical condition or vitamin deficiency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic condition characterized by a continuous burning sensation of the mucosa of the mouth, typically involving the tongue, with or without extension to the lips and oral mucosa. (medscape.com)
Reportedly1
- She's a fervent Catholic who belongs to a charismatic fringe clique, People of Praise, whose members reportedly babble "the tongues" like all Pentecostals. (counterpunch.org)
Extrinsic muscles1
- The four paired extrinsic muscles change the position of the tongue and are anchored to bone. (wikipedia.org)
Benign condition1
- Fissured tongue is a totally benign condition and is considered by most to be a variant of normal tongue architecture. (medscape.com)
Frenulum3
- Look in the mirror at what's under your tongue and you'll see your frenulum (say: FREN-yuh-lum). (kidshealth.org)
- Doctors don't know what causes the tongue and frenulum to form differently in a child with tongue tie. (childrensmn.org)
- To diagnose tongue tie, doctors will check to see if the frenulum is restricting how well the tongue can move and listen to the child speak. (childrensmn.org)
Midline1
- A 2D electromagnetic articulograph using four transducer coils, three attached to the upper surface of the tongue midline plus one attached to the chin anterior part allowed continuous evaluation of tongue and chin movements in twelve young adults in good general health . (bvsalud.org)
Lips4
- The cow ran its tongue over its lips. (britannica.com)
- When seen in association with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, the morbidity is due not to the fissured tongue but is secondary to the granulomatous inflammation of the lips/facial soft tissues and facial paralysis. (medscape.com)
- The speech therapist told us that she had a lip-and-tongue-tie and if those weren't addressed, the speech therapy really wouldn't be very effective because her mouth anatomy was limiting her articulation," says Canavan, meaning, her daughter couldn't move her lips and tongue freely enough to speak clearly. (bbc.com)
- Children with tongue-tie can't extend their tongues beyond the tip of their lips. (bbc.com)
Taste4
- The taste of the spice was still on her tongue . (britannica.com)
- With the magnetic tongue, production of canned tomatoes (and, presumably, in the future, other fruits or vegetables) could be sped up, with factories adjusting their ingredients on the fly to fine-tune the ideal canned tomato taste. (technologyreview.com)
- The tongue not only detects gustatory (taste) sensations, but also helps sense the tactile, thermal and even painful stimuli that give food its flavor. (howstuffworks.com)
- goblet-shaped elevations that sometimes contain taste buds and help create friction between the tongue and food. (howstuffworks.com)
Anatomy2
- Tongue anatomy in cross-section. (medscape.com)
- For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Tongue Anatomy . (medscape.com)
Muscular organ2
- The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. (wikipedia.org)
- The tongue is a muscular organ that sits on the floor of the oropharynx. (medscape.com)
Base of your tongue1
- The other happens at the base of your tongue , where it connects to your throat. (webmd.com)
Back of your tongue3
- If the cancer is on the back of your tongue, you may have radiation therapy (X-rays and other radiation). (webmd.com)
- Try saying these letters slowly, and you'll feel how the back of your tongue moves against the top of your mouth to create the sounds. (kidshealth.org)
- The back of your tongue is important for eating as well. (kidshealth.org)
Sides of the tongue2
- The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. (wikipedia.org)
- Usually, bites occur on the tip and sides of the tongue. (healthline.com)
Lateral3
- The tongue hypertrophies to rebulk itself in a period of 6 months, so even loss of lateral tongue and tip often produces no permanent deficit. (medscape.com)
- Fissured tongue is a condition frequently seen in the general population that is characterized by grooves that vary in depth and are noted along the dorsal and lateral aspects of the tongue, as shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
- His tongue had a large lateral fungating, whitish, exophytic lesion with anterior fissuring of the entire left side of the tongue ( Figure 1 ) . (aafp.org)
Heals3
- When a tongue piercing heals correctly, the body treats the wound like a scar. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Piercings heal from the outside in, which means that the outermost tissue of the tongue heals first. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Good mouth hygiene while the tongue heals also is important, Fritch said. (answerbag.com)
Scraper4
- We report the case of a woman in whom infective endocarditis followed the use of a tongue scraper. (cdc.gov)
- Two months previously she had begun cleaning her tongue with a plastic tongue scraper purchased at her local pharmacy. (cdc.gov)
- A literature review did not show any previous reports of endocartitis associated with use of a tongue scraper. (cdc.gov)
- Brushing the tongue with a toothbrush or scraping it with a tongue scraper can remove such discoloration. (msdmanuals.com)
Piercings5
- One small survey revealed that 3 in 51 people with tongue piercings developed infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Tongue piercings are most often pierced with straight barbell style jewelry. (answerbag.com)
- A single piercing in the center of the tongue is the most common form of this piercing, but multiple piercings are also possible. (answerbag.com)
- Recently expert shown that tongue piercings may cause the stabbing pains in face just like electrical shocks that lasted 10 to 30 seconds and struck 20 to 30 times a day. (answerbag.com)
- Here is a history of a teen girl who had tongue piercings: Her doctors diagnosed trigeminal neuralgia, a nerve disorder sometimes called 'suicide disease' because of the excruciating and dispiriting pain it causes. (answerbag.com)
Oral cavity2
- The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. (wikipedia.org)
- This paper aims to discuss the use of tongue piercing and its consequences in the oral cavity, specifically the periodontal tissues. (bvsalud.org)
Search1
- On a windy winter afternoon, Raluca Mateescu leaned against a fence post at the University of Florida's Beef Teaching Unit while a Brahman heifer sniffed inquisitively at the air and reached out its tongue in search of unseen food. (dictionary.com)
Idioms2
- They may be as impenetrable as foreign tongues, or slightly different from the idioms from which they spring, or barely perceptible, their existence being the subject of uncertain, even unlikely, suppositions. (princeton.edu)
- From criminal jargons to sacred idioms, from Saussure's work on anagrams to Jakobson's theory of subliminal patterns in poetry, from the arcane arts of the Druids and Biblical copyists to the secret procedure that Tristan Tzara, founder of Dada, believed he had uncovered in Villon's songs and ballads, Dark Tongues explores the common crafts of rogues and riddlers, which play sound and sense against each other. (princeton.edu)
Parasites3
- Tongue worms are parasites that live embedded in the respiratory systems of vertebrates, especially reptiles and also humans, in tropical regions. (dictionary.com)
- in many cases, fish have been known to outlive their tongue-replacing parasites, Stefanie Kaiser, a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research in Wellington, New Zealand, told the American Association for the Advancement of Science . (livescience.com)
- These parasites attach themselves to the tongues of fishes and effectively become the new tongue. (livescience.com)
Muscles8
- There are two groups of muscles of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
- The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue and are not attached to bone. (wikipedia.org)
- The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. (wikipedia.org)
- Your tongue is made up of many muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
- Well, that's only partly true: The tongue is really made up of many groups of muscles. (kidshealth.org)
- People who experience these spasms are unable to control their facial and jaw muscles during sleep, and often bite their tongues. (healthline.com)
- This is because people with sleep apnea often have tongues that are especially large or muscles in the mouth that relax abnormally during sleep. (healthline.com)
- Relaxed muscles and a large tongue can lead to tongue biting. (healthline.com)
Median2
- This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. (wikipedia.org)
- The upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus. (wikipedia.org)
Biopsy1
- Medical professionals can diagnose leukoplakia by doing a biopsy of the tongue. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Clarinet1
- to articulate (tones played on a clarinet, trumpet, etc.) by strokes of the tongue. (dictionary.com)
Speak6
- They speak the same tongue . (britannica.com)
- Previous research has shown that bilingual people have more tip-of-the-tongue moments than those who speak only one language. (livescience.com)
- The stretching may give the tongue enough freedom to move normally and let the child speak clearly. (childrensmn.org)
- Tongue tie won't prevent a child from speaking, but it can make it hard for them to speak clearly. (childrensmn.org)
- And when they gathered on Pentecost, "suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind… and there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire… and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues. (counterpunch.org)
- That this almost universal tendency of human beings to create secret dialects out of the languages they speak shares something with poetry forms the opening premise for Daniel Heller-Roazen's learned, perplexing, and occasionally scintillating new book, Dark Tongues: The Art of Rogues and Riddlers . (princeton.edu)
Anterior4
- The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
- The anterior tongue is, at its apex, thin and narrow. (wikipedia.org)
- The tip is the highly mobile, pointed anterior portion of the tongue. (medscape.com)
- This is called an anterior tongue tie. (childrensmn.org)
People12
- If something sets/gets tongues wagging or if tongues are wagging , people are talking a lot about something. (britannica.com)
- People with leukoplakia may notice white patches on their tongue that they are unable to scrape off. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- But when they compared these people to bilinguals who spoke English and Spanish, they found that both groups had tip-of-the-tongue/finger states about equally as often. (livescience.com)
- This explanation could account for why tip-of-the-tongue is more common in all types of bilinguals, because for people who know more than one language, all words are used less frequently. (livescience.com)
- While there are no statistics on how many people bite their tongues, experts say it happens to everyone from time to time. (healthline.com)
- People who bite their tongues are at risk of developing ulcers, infections, and a condition called "scalloping" on their tongues. (healthline.com)
- Sleep apnea does not cause tongue biting, but tongue biting is common in many people with sleep apnea. (healthline.com)
- A varied cast of characters - lawyers, grammarians, and theologians - denounced these new forms of speech, arguing that they were tools of crime, plotted in tongues that honest people could not understand. (princeton.edu)
- Fritch recommended people interested in tongue piercing see only professional, experienced piercers and use only 'implant grade' metal jewelry. (answerbag.com)
- Her advice to people considering tongue piercing: 'Don't do that. (answerbag.com)
- Åberg was one of 28 people from around the continent invited to Brussels last week as the winners in the European Union's inaugural "Tongue Stories" competition. (thelocal.se)
- Hairy tongue may develop when food debris is trapped in the papillae when people do not clean their mouth adequately. (msdmanuals.com)
Filiform1
- The portions of the tongue with atrophic filiform papilla are symptomatic to acidic foods. (medscape.com)
Predilection2
- No predilection for any particular race is apparent in fissured tongue. (medscape.com)
- Some reports have shown a slight male predilection for fissured tongue. (medscape.com)
Moves1
- Dark Tongues moves among these various artificial and hermetic tongues. (princeton.edu)
Twister2
- But recently a Jason Mraz-tweeted tongue twister had me delighting in my inability to enunciate "Irish wristwatch. (mentalfloss.com)
- What's your favorite tongue twister that I may one day text my friends? (mentalfloss.com)
Polygenic1
- Although a specific etiology has not been elicited for fissured tongue, a polygenic or autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is suspected because fissured tongue is seen with increased frequency in families with an affected proband. (medscape.com)
Bite your t3
- There are several reasons why you might bite your tongue in your sleep. (healthline.com)
- However, you're more likely to bite your tongue unconsciously at night. (healthline.com)
- This may cause you to accidentally bite your tongue or cheeks. (healthline.com)
Tissue3
- This is a membrane (a thin layer of tissue) that connects your tongue to the bottom of your mouth. (kidshealth.org)
- Tongue tie can range from mild, with only a tiny fold of tissue holding the tip of the tongue, to severe, in which the entire bottom of the tongue connects to the floor of the mouth. (childrensmn.org)
- One woman developed so much scar tissue that it resembled what she called a 'second tongue. (answerbag.com)
Lesion2
- A 31-year-old man presented with a lesion on his tongue that he first noticed six months earlier as small red dots. (aafp.org)
- The patient often reports spontaneous resolution of the lesion in one area, with the return of normal tongue architecture, only to have another lesion appear in a different location of the tongue. (medscape.com)
Humans1
- A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals. (wikipedia.org)
Mouth12
- If you have a sore on your tongue or in your mouth that doesn't get better in a couple of weeks, see your doctor. (webmd.com)
- A tongue piercing creates a wound in one of the most bacteria-filled parts of the body: the mouth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Mouth protectors and tooth guards are also noninvasive modalities to assist tongue healing. (medscape.com)
- Normally, the tongue can move out past the lower lip and reach up to the hard palate (roof of the mouth). (childrensmn.org)
- Usually, as the baby develops, the connection between the front of the tongue and the floor of the mouth goes away. (childrensmn.org)
- It might stay near the front of the tongue and tie the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. (childrensmn.org)
- This means that instead of resting on the roof of the mouth, the tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth, which can prevent the babies from feeding properly. (bbc.com)
- The screaming assailant then fled the bedroom, recalled the victim, who told police that when she got off the bed, "the suspect's tongue was still in her mouth and she threw it on the kitchen floor. (thesmokinggun.com)
- In the newly reported case, the young Italian woman's mouth jewelry apparently irritated a nerve running along the jaw under her tongue. (answerbag.com)
- Saliva is secreted by three major salivary glands -- the parotid , submandibular and sublingual glands -- as well as other small salivary glands contained within the tongue and mouth. (howstuffworks.com)
- Tongue scraping is advocated as a therapy for managing halitosis and as a technique for preventing dental caries by reducing bacterial counts in the mouth ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- In the light of other studies based on intra-oral pressure recordings, our results help to understand the tongue - mandible coupling behaviours involved in managing an in- mouth saliva bolus during the three elementary swallowing patterns identified. (bvsalud.org)
Organ1
- The parasite grips the base of the tongue tightly with its seven pairs of legs, reducing the blood supply so that the organ eventually atrophies and drops off, according to the Australian Museum . (livescience.com)
Infections2
- There have been few studies into how common tongue piercing infections are, but the warm, moist site of the piercing makes it a prime spot for bacteria to grow. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In developing countries like India, healthcare providers may focus on fighting more immediate threats to babies' health, such as infections, and as a consequence, leave tongue-tie unnoticed and untreated for years. (bbc.com)
Human tongue3
- The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. (wikipedia.org)
- The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm. (wikipedia.org)
- The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 99g and for adult females 79g. (wikipedia.org)
Ankyloglossia2
- Tongue tie, also called ankyloglossia (ang-kuh-loe-GLOSS-ee-uh), forms before a baby is born. (childrensmn.org)
- In 2019, when Janav was eight years old, the mystery was finally solved: he was diagnosed with a severe case of ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, a genetic condition now gaining attention from medical experts and families around the world. (bbc.com)
Diseases2
- Mayo Clinic, Diseases and Conditions, "Tongue Cancer. (webmd.com)
- www.unboundmedicine.com/icd/view/ICD-10-CM/941973/all/K14___Diseases_of_tongue. (unboundmedicine.com)
Toothbrush2
- Also, use a new toothbrush after getting a new tongue piercing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A Cochrane review has concluded that tongue cleaning is marginally and temporarily more effective than use of a toothbrush in reducing a measurable marker for halitosis, exhaled volatile sulfur compounds ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Occur1
- Black discoloration on the top of the tongue may occur if a person takes bismuth preparations for an upset stomach. (msdmanuals.com)