A genus of nematode worms comprising the whipworms.
Infection with nematodes of the genus TRICHURIS, formerly called Trichocephalus.
A species of parasitic nematode that is the largest found in the human intestine. Its distribution is worldwide, but it is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation. Human infection with A. lumbricoides is acquired by swallowing fully embryonated eggs from contaminated soil.
Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
A superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ANCYLOSTOMA; NECATOR; Bunostomum; and Uncinaria. ANCYLOSTOMA and NECATOR occur in humans and other mammals. Bunostomum is common in ruminants and Uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs.
Determination of parasite eggs in feces.
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.
A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.
Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.
A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)
Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
Broad spectrum antinematodal anthelmintic used also in veterinary medicine.
The treatment of immune system diseases by deliberate infestation with helminths. This therapy is partly based on the HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS which states that the absence of parasites increases immune dysregulation because of the lack of stimulation of REGULATORY T-CELLS.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA whose species usually inhabit the intestine.
Inbred AKR mice are a strain of laboratory mice that are homozygous at all gene loci and have a high incidence of developing certain diseases, such as leukemia and autoimmune disorders, making them useful for research purposes in biomedicine.
The study of disease in prehistoric times as revealed in bones, mummies, and archaeologic artifacts.
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans.
A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.
The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances for a period of at least one month. (DSM-IV)
A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
A genus of small tapeworms of birds and mammals.
A genus of nematodes of the superfamily STRONGYLOIDEA, parasitic in the intestines of animals. The adults are usually free in the intestinal lumen; the larvae encyst in the wall.
The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
Infection of the intestinal tract with worms of the genus OESOPHAGOSTOMUM. This condition occurs mainly in animals other than man.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
A common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. These organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia.
Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE, which has a well-studied trilevel social structure consisting of troops, bands, and clans.
A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.
A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.
A species of baboon in the family CERCOPITHECIDAE found in southern equatorial and east Africa. They are smaller than PAPIO ANUBIS and have a thinner mane.
Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.
A genus of parasitic nematodes widely distributed as intestinal parasites of mammals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Honduras" is a country located in Central America and it doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I'd be happy to help with those!
Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.
Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ecuador" is a country in South America and not a medical term. The term you might be looking for is "ecdysone," which is a hormone found in arthropods that controls their molting process.
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.
A glandular epithelial cell or a unicellular gland. Goblet cells secrete MUCUS. They are scattered in the epithelial linings of many organs, especially the SMALL INTESTINE and the RESPIRATORY TRACT.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
A species of parasitic nematode widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. The females and their larvae inhabit the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they cause ulceration and diarrhea.
Facilities provided for human excretion, often with accompanying handwashing facilities.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

Anti-IL-9 vaccination prevents worm expulsion and blood eosinophilia in Trichuris muris-infected mice. (1/202)

Production of neutralizing anti-IL-9 antibodies was induced in mice by immunization with mouse IL-9 coupled to ovalbumin. In the six mouse strains tested, a strong and long-lasting anti-IL-9 response developed with seric inhibitory titers of 10(-3) to 10(-5), as measured in an in vitro IL-9-dependent cell proliferation assay. In vivo, this immunization completely abrogated the increase in mast-cell protease-1 levels as well as the eosinophilia observed in mice after implantation of an IL-9-secreting tumor. We took advantage of this method to assess the role of IL-9 in infections with nematode Trichuris muris, where IL-9 production correlates with the resistant phenotype. C57BL/6 mice, which normally expel the parasite, became susceptible after anti-IL-9 immunization, demonstrating that IL-9 plays a critical role in this model. In addition, neutralization of IL-9 also inhibited parasite-induced blood eosinophilia. Taken together, the present data demonstrate the potency of our strategy to antagonize IL-9 in vivo and shows that this cytokine plays a major role in resistance against T. muris infection.  (+info)

The treatment of soil infested with the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura. (2/202)

The soil fumigants methyl bromide, chloropircrin and Basamid or mixtures of Basamid and chloropicrin proved to be of no use in filling T. trichiura ova in soil. However, on untreated plots the eggs died at a rate such than only 20% of the ova remained viable after 18 months.  (+info)

Peripheral cytokine responses to Trichuris muris reflect those occurring locally at the site of infection. (3/202)

The study of human cellular immune responses to parasite infection under field conditions is very complex. Often, the only practical site from which to sample the cellular responses is the peripheral blood. Sampling peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) relies on the assumption that these peripheral responses accurately reflect the immune responses acting locally at the site of infection. This is a particularly important point for the human intestinal helminth Trichuris trichiura, which solely inhabits the cecum and large intestine and so will stimulate a localized immune response. Using the well-defined model of T. trichiura, T. muris in the mouse, we have demonstrated that the dominant cytokine responses of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) can be detected by sampling PBL. Resistant mice which mount a type 2 cytokine response in their MLN had PBL producing interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-9, with negligible levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Conversely, susceptible mice which mount a type 1 cytokine response in their MLN had PBL producing IFN-gamma and negligible levels of type 2 cytokines. We have also shown that the PBL are capable of mounting a functional immune response against T. muris. PBL from immune mice were capable of transferring immunity to T. muris-infected severe combined immunodeficient (C.B-17 scid/scid) mice. Sampling PBL responses is therefore a viable option for monitoring human intestinal immune responses during T. trichiura infection in the field.  (+info)

IL-13-mediated worm expulsion is B7 independent and IFN-gamma sensitive. (4/202)

B7 costimulation is a required component of many type 2 immune responses, including allergy and protective immunity to many nematode parasites. This response includes elevations in Th2 cytokines and associated effector functions including elevations in serum IgG1 and IgE and parasite expulsion. In studies of mice infected with Trichuris muris, blocking B7 ligand interactions inhibited protective immunity, suppressed IL-4 production, and enhanced IFN-gamma production, but unexpectedly did not inhibit production of the Th2 cytokine, IL-13. Blocking both IFN-gamma and B7 restored protective immunity, which was IL-13 dependent, but did not restore IL-4 or associated IgE responses. Although IL-13 was required for worm expulsion in mice in which both IFN-gamma and B7 were blocked, IL-4 could mediate expulsion in the absence of both IL-13 and IFN-gamma. These studies demonstrate that 1) B7 costimulation is required to induce IL-4, but not IL-13 responses; 2) IL-13 is elevated in association with the IFN-gamma response that occurs following inhibition of B7 interactions, but can only mediate IL-4-independent protection when IFN-gamma is also inhibited; and 3) increased IL-13 production, in the absence of increased IL-4 production, is not associated with an IgE response, even in the absence of IFN-gamma.  (+info)

Some risk factors of Ascaris and Trichuris infection in Malaysian aborigine (Orang Asli) children. (5/202)

A study on risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths was conducted in a highly endemic area. In all 205 children (95 boys and 110 girls) participated in this study. The overall prevalences of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infection were 62.5%, 91.7% and 28.8% respectively. Only 22.4% of the children had a single infection either by Ascaris or Trichuris; 69.3% had mixed infection and the most prevalent of mixed infection was a combination of Ascaris and Trichuris. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that low level mother's education was a risk factor for moderate and severe infection of Ascaris and age < or = 6-year-old was a protective factor. In Trichuris infection logistic regression analysis confirmed that usage of well-water and age < or = 6-year-old were the risk factors. Logistic regression analysis on worm scores confirmed that usage of well-water and non-usage of toilets were the risk factors from getting severe worm scores and age < or = 6-year-old was a protective factor. Our finding suggest that socio-behavioural (related to mother's education), demographic (children age) and environmental-factors (usage of well-water and non-usage of toilets) are the elements to be considered in the design of long term soil-transmitted helminths (STH) control in an endemic areas.  (+info)

Efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of Trichuris trichuria and Giardia intestinalis infection in rural Malay communities. (6/202)

A community study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and Giardia intestinalis infection. This treatment regimen was effective in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and Giardia intestinalis infection with cure rates of 91.5% and 96.6% respectively. Uses of a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily should be considered in mass or targeted soil-transmitted helminths chemotherapy particularly in areas where the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high and polyparasitism is common.  (+info)

Albendazole treatment of children with ascariasis enhances the vibriocidal antibody response to the live attenuated oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. (7/202)

Because concurrent infections with geohelminth parasites might impair the immune response to oral vaccines, we studied the vibriocidal antibody response to the oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and investigated the effect of albendazole pretreatment on the postvaccination response. Children with ascariasis were randomized to receive either 2 sequential doses of 400 mg of albendazole or placebo. After the second dose, CVD 103-HgR was given, and serum vibriocidal antibody levels were measured before and 10 days after vaccination. Postvaccination rates of seroconversion were greater in the treatment group that received albendazole (P=.06). Significantly greater rates of seroconversion and geometric mean titer were observed in the albendazole group in subjects with non-O ABO blood groups. A significant association was observed between vibriocidal seroconversion rates and treatment group, suggesting that A. lumbricoides infections impair the immune response to oral cholera vaccine, particularly in subjects of non-O blood groups.  (+info)

Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with a polarized cytokine response. (8/202)

To define the cytokine response to Ascaris lumbricoides infection, the cellular immune response to adult and larval-stage Ascaris antigens in young adults with moderate infection intensities (n=73) was compared with that of a group of uninfected control subjects (n=40). A. lumbricoides-infected subjects had significantly greater lymphoproliferative responses to adult and larval-stage antigens, compared with uninfected control subjects (P<.01). The frequencies of parasite antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-expressing interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 were significantly greater in the infected group (P<.001), whereas the frequencies of IL-10- and interferon-gamma-expressing PBMC were similar in the 2 groups studied. The ratios of Th2 to Th1 cytokine frequencies were significantly elevated in the infected group, compared with those in uninfected subjects, as was IL-5 protein production by PBMC stimulated with adult (P<.05) and L3/L4 stage (P<.001) antigens. Analysis of these data indicates that A. lumbricoides infections in endemic regions are associated with a highly polarized type 2 cytokine response.  (+info)

"Trichuris" is a genus of parasitic roundworms that are known to infect the intestines of various mammals, including humans. The species that commonly infects humans is called "Trichuris trichiura," which is also known as the human whipworm. These worms are named for their long, thin shape that resembles a whip.

The life cycle of Trichuris involves ingestion of eggs containing infective larvae through contaminated food or water. Once inside the human body, the larvae hatch and migrate to the large intestine, where they mature into adult worms that live in the caecum and colon. Adult female worms lay thousands of eggs every day, which are passed in the feces and can survive in the environment for years, waiting to infect a new host.

Infections with Trichuris trichiura can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, it can lead to anemia, malnutrition, and impaired growth in children. Treatment for trichuriasis typically involves medication that kills the adult worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole.

Trichuriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Trichuris trichiura, also known as the whipworm. This infection primarily affects the large intestine (cecum and colon). The main symptoms of trichuriasis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. In heavy infections, there can be severe complications such as anemia, growth retardation, and rectal prolapse. Trichuriasis is typically transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated soil containing Trichuris trichiura eggs, often through poor hygiene practices or exposure to contaminated food and water.

'Ascaris lumbricoides' is the medical term for a type of intestinal roundworm that can infect humans. This parasitic worm is one of the largest that can infest humans, and it is particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.

The life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides begins when an infected person passes eggs in their feces. These eggs can then be ingested through contaminated food or water, or by accidentally ingesting soil that contains the eggs. Once inside the body, the larvae hatch from the eggs and migrate through the tissues to the lungs, where they mature further. They are then coughed up and swallowed, entering the digestive system again, where they mature into adult worms.

Adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worms can grow up to 20-35 cm in length, while males are smaller, typically around 15-30 cm. They live in the small intestine and feed on partially digested food. Females can lay tens of thousands of eggs per day, which are passed in the feces and can infect other people if they come into contact with them.

Symptoms of ascariasis (the infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides) can vary depending on the number of worms present and the severity of the infestation. Mild infections may cause no symptoms at all, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In rare cases, the worms can cause intestinal obstruction or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to serious complications.

Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole. Preventing infection requires good hygiene practices, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.

Ascariasis is a medical condition caused by infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This type of worm infection, also known as intestinal ascariasis, occurs when people ingest contaminated soil, food, or water that contains Ascaris eggs. Once inside the body, these eggs hatch into larvae, which then migrate through the tissues and eventually reach the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms.

The adult worms can grow to be several inches long and live in the small intestine, where they feed on partially digested food. Female worms can produce thousands of eggs per day, which are then passed out of the body in feces. If these eggs hatch and infect other people, the cycle of infection continues.

Symptoms of ascariasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Mild infections may not cause any symptoms, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In some cases, the worms can cause intestinal blockages or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to potentially serious complications.

Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the adult worms and prevent them from producing more eggs. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.

Parasitic intestinal diseases are disorders caused by microscopic parasites that invade the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the small intestine. These parasites include protozoa (single-celled organisms) and helminths (parasitic worms). The most common protozoan parasites that cause intestinal disease are Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common helminthic parasites include roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), tapeworms (Taenia saginata and Taenia solium), hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), and pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis).

Parasitic intestinal diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. The severity and duration of the symptoms depend on the type of parasite, the number of organisms present, and the immune status of the host.

Transmission of these parasites can occur through various routes, including contaminated food and water, person-to-person contact, and contact with contaminated soil or feces. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet and before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood.

Treatment of parasitic intestinal diseases typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications that target the specific parasite causing the infection. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement and symptom management may also be necessary.

Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.

Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.

Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.

Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.

Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.

Ancylostomatoidea is a superfamily of nematode (roundworm) parasites that includes the genera Ancylostoma and Necator, which are commonly known as hookworms. These parasites are primarily found in the small intestine of their hosts, which can include humans and other animals.

Ancylostomatoidea parasites have a complex life cycle that involves both free-living and parasitic stages. The life cycle begins when the parasite's eggs are passed in the feces of an infected host and hatch into larvae in the soil. The larvae then infect a new host by penetrating the skin, usually through contact with contaminated soil.

Once inside the host, the larvae migrate through the body to the lungs, where they mature and are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the small intestine. Here, they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on the host's blood, causing anemia and other symptoms of hookworm infection.

Hookworm infections can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, they can lead to anemia, intestinal obstruction, and even death. Prevention measures include wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, practicing good hygiene, and treating infected individuals to prevent the spread of the parasite.

A "Parasite Egg Count" is a laboratory measurement used to estimate the number of parasitic eggs present in a fecal sample. It is commonly used in veterinary and human medicine to diagnose and monitor parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and other intestinal helminths (parasitic worms).

The most common method for measuring parasite egg counts is the McMaster technique. This involves mixing a known volume of feces with a flotation solution, which causes the eggs to float to the top of the mixture. A small sample of this mixture is then placed on a special counting chamber and examined under a microscope. The number of eggs present in the sample is then multiplied by a dilution factor to estimate the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces.

Parasite egg counts can provide valuable information about the severity of an infection, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. However, it is important to note that not all parasitic infections produce visible eggs in the feces, and some parasites may only shed eggs intermittently. Therefore, a negative egg count does not always rule out the presence of a parasitic infection.

Hookworm infections are parasitic diseases caused by the ingestion or penetration of hookworm larvae (immature worms) into the human body. The two main species that infect humans are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.

The infection typically occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil, often when walking barefoot on dirty ground. The larvae then penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the lungs where they mature further. They are coughed up and swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood.

Hookworm infections can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, chronic hookworm infections can lead to serious complications such as protein malnutrition and heart failure. Treatment typically involves the use of anti-parasitic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which kill the adult worms and allow the body to expel them. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene practices, wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, and regular deworming of at-risk populations.

Mebendazole is a medication used to treat various types of worm infections, such as roundworm, whipworm, hookworm, and threadworm. It belongs to a class of drugs called anthelmintics, which work by preventing the worms from absorbing nutrients, leading to their eventual death and elimination from the body.

Mebendazole is available in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and suspensions. It is usually taken as a single dose or for several days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that mebendazole is not effective against all types of worm infections, so it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, while taking mebendazole, it's recommended to maintain good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding contaminated food or water, to prevent reinfection.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

Nematode infections, also known as roundworm infections, are caused by various species of nematodes or roundworms. These parasitic worms can infect humans and animals, leading to a range of health problems depending on the specific type of nematode and the location of the infection within the body.

Common forms of nematode infections include:

1. Ascariasis: Caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, this infection occurs when people ingest the parasite's eggs through contaminated food or water. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, the worms may obstruct the intestines or migrate to other organs, leading to potentially life-threatening complications.
2. Hookworm infections: These are caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The larvae penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet, and migrate to the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and protein loss.
3. Trichuriasis: Also known as whipworm infection, this is caused by Trichuris trichiura. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal prolapse in severe cases.
4. Strongyloidiasis: Caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, this infection occurs when the larvae penetrate the skin, usually through contaminated soil, and migrate to the lungs and then the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes. In immunocompromised individuals, strongyloidiasis can lead to disseminated disease, which is potentially fatal.
5. Toxocariasis: This infection is caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, found in dogs and cats, respectively. Humans become infected through ingestion of contaminated soil or undercooked meat. Symptoms include fever, cough, abdominal pain, and vision loss in severe cases.
6. Enterobiasis: Also known as pinworm infection, this is caused by Enterobius vermicularis. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, mature into adult worms, and reside in the large intestine, causing perianal itching and restlessness, especially at night.

Preventive measures include:

1. Proper hand hygiene: Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet, changing diapers, handling pets or their feces, and before preparing or eating food.
2. Personal hygiene: Keep fingernails short and clean, avoid biting nails, and wear shoes in public areas, especially where soil may be contaminated with human or animal feces.
3. Food safety: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, cook meat properly, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or fish.
4. Environmental cleanliness: Regularly clean surfaces that come into contact with food, such as countertops, cutting boards, and utensils. Dispose of trash properly and maintain a clean living environment.
5. Pet care: Keep pets healthy and regularly deworm them as recommended by a veterinarian. Pick up pet feces promptly to prevent contamination of the environment.
6. Public health measures: Implement public health interventions, such as regular waste disposal, sewage treatment, and vector control, to reduce the transmission of parasitic infections.

Antinematodal agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by nematodes, which are also known as roundworms. These agents work by either killing the parasitic worms or preventing them from reproducing. Some examples of antinematodal agents include albendazole, ivermectin, and mebendazole. These medications are used to treat a variety of nematode infections, such as ascariasis, hookworm infection, and strongyloidiasis. It is important to note that the use of antinematodal agents should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.

Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.

Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.

It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.

Helminthiasis, in general, refers to the infection or infestation of humans and animals by helminths, which are parasitic worms. When referring to "Animal Helminthiasis," it specifically pertains to the condition where animals, including domestic pets and livestock, are infected by various helminth species. These parasitic worms can reside in different organs of the animal's body, leading to a wide range of clinical signs depending on the worm species and the location of the infestation.

Animal Helminthiasis can be caused by different types of helminths:

1. Nematodes (roundworms): These include species like Ascaris suum in pigs, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in cats, and Toxocara canis in dogs. They can cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss.
2. Cestodes (tapeworms): Examples include Taenia saginata in cattle, Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats, and Dipylidium caninum in dogs and cats. Tapeworm infestations may lead to gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea or constipation and may also cause vitamin deficiencies due to the worm's ability to absorb nutrients from the host animal's digestive system.
3. Trematodes (flukes): These include liver flukes such as Fasciola hepatica in sheep, goats, and cattle, and schistosomes that can affect various animals, including birds and mammals. Liver fluke infestations may cause liver damage, leading to symptoms like weight loss, decreased appetite, and jaundice. Schistosome infestations can lead to issues in multiple organs depending on the species involved.

Preventing and controlling Helminthiasis in animals is crucial for maintaining animal health and welfare, as well as ensuring food safety for humans who consume products from these animals. Regular deworming programs, good hygiene practices, proper pasture management, and monitoring for clinical signs are essential components of a comprehensive parasite control strategy.

Pyrantel pamoate is an anthelmintic medication used to treat intestinal worm infections, such as pinworms, roundworms, and hookworms. It works by paralyzing the adult worms, which are then expelled from the body through the natural digestive process.

Pyrantel pamoate is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, chewable tablets, and suspensions. The medication is typically taken as a single dose, but it may be repeated after two weeks for some types of worm infections.

It's important to note that while pyrantel pamoate can effectively treat intestinal worm infections, it does not prevent reinfection. Therefore, good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or feces, are essential to reduce the risk of re-infection.

As with any medication, pyrantel pamoate should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, especially in children, pregnant women, and people with certain medical conditions or who are taking other medications.

Helminthic therapy, also known as helminth therapy or worm therapy, is a medical treatment that involves the intentional introduction of specially selected species of parasitic worms, known as helminths, into the human body. The goal of this therapy is to treat or alleviate various immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases by modulating the host's immune response.

The most commonly used helminths in therapeutic settings are:

1. Necator americanus (hookworm): These are intestinal parasites that adults typically acquire through contact with contaminated soil. In a therapeutic setting, a small number of larvae are introduced into the patient's skin, which then migrate to the gastrointestinal tract and establish a low-level, chronic infection.
2. Trichuris suis (pig whipworm): This is another intestinal parasite that primarily infects pigs. In helminthic therapy, patients ingest ova (eggs) of T. suis, which hatch in the small intestine and mature into adults. However, these worms cannot complete their life cycle in humans and are expelled from the body within a few weeks.

The exact mechanisms through which helminthic therapy exerts its therapeutic effects are not fully understood, but it is believed that the presence of these non-pathogenic worms helps to restore immune homeostasis by modulating the host's immune response. This includes downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can help alleviate symptoms associated with various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.

Helminthic therapy is still considered an experimental treatment and is not widely available or approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of specific medical conditions. However, clinical trials and observational studies have suggested potential benefits in treating diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), asthma, and allergies. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before considering helminthic therapy, as there are potential risks and side effects associated with the treatment.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

'Ascaris' is a genus of parasitic roundworms that are known to infect the human gastrointestinal tract. The two species that commonly infect humans are Ascaris lumbricoides (also known as the "large roundworm") and Ascaris suum (the "pig roundworm").

Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water containing the worm's eggs. Once inside the human body, these eggs hatch into larvae, which migrate through various tissues before reaching the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms. Adult female worms can grow up to 20-35 cm in length and produce thousands of eggs per day, which are then excreted in feces and can contaminate the environment, perpetuating the transmission cycle.

Symptoms of ascariasis (the infection caused by Ascaris) can range from mild to severe, depending on the number of worms present and the individual's overall health status. Light infections may not cause any symptoms, while heavy infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and intestinal obstruction. In some cases, Ascaris worms may migrate to unusual locations such as the lungs or bile ducts, causing additional complications.

Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap and water, proper disposal of human feces, and cooking food thoroughly before consumption. Treatment typically involves administration of anthelmintic medications that kill the worms, followed by appropriate follow-up care to ensure complete eradication of the infection.

'Inbred AKR mice' is a strain of laboratory mice used in biomedical research. The 'AKR' designation stands for "Akita Radioactive," referring to the location where this strain was first developed in Akita, Japan. These mice are inbred, meaning that they have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a genetically homogeneous population with minimal genetic variation.

Inbred AKR mice are known for their susceptibility to certain types of leukemia and lymphoma, making them valuable models for studying these diseases and testing potential therapies. They also develop age-related cataracts and have a higher incidence of diabetes than some other strains.

It is important to note that while inbred AKR mice are widely used in research, their genetic uniformity may limit the applicability of findings to more genetically diverse human populations.

Paleopathology is the study of ancient diseases and injuries as recorded in bones, mummies, and other archaeological remains. It is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from pathology, epidemiology, anthropology, and archaeology to understand the health and disease patterns of past populations. The findings of paleopathology can provide valuable insights into the evolution of diseases, the effectiveness of ancient medical practices, and the impact of environmental and social factors on human health over time. Examples of conditions that may be studied in paleopathology include infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis or leprosy), nutritional deficiencies, trauma, cancer, and genetic disorders.

Ancylostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the hookworms, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These tiny worms infect the human intestines, specifically in the small intestine, where they attach themselves to the intestinal wall and feed on the host's blood.

The infection is typically acquired through skin contact with contaminated soil, particularly in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer or where there is poor sanitation. The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to the lungs, where they mature further before being coughed up and swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine.

Symptoms of ancylostomiasis can range from mild to severe and may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, particularly in children or individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can lead to protein-energy malnutrition, cognitive impairment, and even death.

Treatment for ancylostomiasis typically involves administration of anthelmintic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole, which kill the parasitic worms. Improved sanitation and hygiene practices can help prevent reinfection and reduce the spread of the disease.

Dysentery is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the intestine, particularly the colon, leading to severe diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and/or pus. It is typically caused by infectious agents such as bacteria (like Shigella, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli) or parasites (such as Entamoeba histolytica). The infection can be acquired through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person. Symptoms may also include abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent potential complications.

Ancylostoma is a genus of parasitic roundworms that are commonly known as hookworms. These intestinal parasites infect humans and other animals through contact with contaminated soil, often via the skin or mouth. Two species of Ancylostoma that commonly infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Ancylostoma ceylanicum.

Ancylostoma duodenale is found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Mediterranean, Africa, Asia, and southern Europe. It can cause a disease called ancylostomiasis or hookworm infection, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and impaired growth in children.

Ancylostoma ceylanicum is found mainly in Southeast Asia, southern China, and some parts of Australia. It can also cause ancylostomiasis, with symptoms similar to those caused by Ancylostoma duodenale. However, Ancylostoma ceylanicum infections are often less severe than those caused by Ancylostoma duodenale.

Preventive measures for hookworm infection include wearing shoes in areas where the soil may be contaminated with feces, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet or handling soil, and avoiding ingestion of contaminated soil or water. Treatment for hookworm infection typically involves administration of anthelmintic drugs to eliminate the parasites from the body.

Nematoda is a phylum of pseudocoelomate, unsegmented worms with a round or filiform body shape. They are commonly known as roundworms or threadworms. Nematodes are among the most diverse and numerous animals on earth, with estimates of over 1 million species, of which only about 25,000 have been described.

Nematodes are found in a wide range of habitats, including marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. Some nematode species are free-living, while others are parasitic, infecting a variety of hosts, including plants, animals, and humans. Parasitic nematodes can cause significant disease and economic losses in agriculture, livestock production, and human health.

The medical importance of nematodes lies primarily in their role as parasites that infect humans and animals. Some common examples of medically important nematodes include:

* Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworm)
* Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms)
* Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm or threadworm)
* Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Loa loa (filarial nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and loiasis, respectively)

Nematode infections can cause a range of clinical symptoms, depending on the species and the location of the parasite in the body. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, skin rashes, and lymphatic swelling. In some cases, nematode infections can lead to serious complications or even death if left untreated.

Medical management of nematode infections typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs, which are medications that kill or expel parasitic worms from the body. The choice of drug depends on the species of nematode and the severity of the infection. In some cases, preventive measures such as improved sanitation and hygiene can help reduce the risk of nematode infections.

Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Pica is a medical condition where an individual has an appetite for substances that are not typically considered food, and are not nutritionally beneficial. These substances can include things like dirt, clay, paper, hair, paint chips, or even feces. The behavior must be persistent and continue for a month or longer to be considered pica.

Pica can occur in children, pregnant women, and people with intellectual disabilities, but it can also affect typically developing adults. It's important to note that while some cultures may include non-food items in their diet, this does not necessarily mean they have pica.

The causes of pica are not fully understood, but it can be associated with nutritional deficiencies, mental health disorders, or developmental disabilities. It can lead to serious health complications, such as poisoning, intestinal blockages, and infections, so it's important to seek medical help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of pica.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the cecum, where it joins the small intestine, to the anus. It is called "large" because it has a larger diameter compared to the small intestine and is responsible for several important functions in the digestive process.

The large intestine measures about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long in adults and consists of four main regions: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food materials, compact the remaining waste into feces, and store it until it is eliminated through defecation.

The large intestine also contains a diverse population of bacteria that aid in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing vitamins like vitamin K and some B vitamins, and competing with harmful microorganisms to maintain a healthy balance within the gut. Additionally, the large intestine plays a role in immune function and helps protect the body from pathogens through the production of mucus, antimicrobial substances, and the activation of immune cells.

Parasitic diseases, animal, refer to conditions in animals that are caused by parasites, which are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive benefits from the host at its expense. Parasites can be classified into different groups such as protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas).

Parasitic diseases in animals can cause a wide range of clinical signs depending on the type of parasite, the animal species affected, and the location and extent of infection. Some common examples of parasitic diseases in animals include:

* Heartworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis
* Coccidiosis in various animals caused by different species of Eimeria
* Toxoplasmosis in cats and other animals caused by Toxoplasma gondii
* Giardiasis in many animal species caused by Giardia spp.
* Lungworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Angiostrongylus vasorum or Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
* Tapeworm infection in dogs, cats, and other animals caused by different species of Taenia or Dipylidium caninum

Prevention and control of parasitic diseases in animals typically involve a combination of strategies such as regular veterinary care, appropriate use of medications, environmental management, and good hygiene practices.

Hymenolepis is a genus of tapeworms that are commonly found in rodents and other small mammals, but can also infect humans. The two species that are most relevant to human health are Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta.

Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the smallest tapeworm that infects humans. It is unique among tapeworms because it can complete its entire life cycle within a single host, without needing an intermediate host. This means that it can be transmitted directly from person to person through contaminated food or water.

Hymenolepis diminuta, on the other hand, requires an intermediate host, such as a beetle or grain moth, to complete its life cycle. Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting these insects, which may be found in contaminated grains or other food products.

Both species of Hymenolepis can cause similar symptoms in humans, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. In severe cases, they can also lead to more serious complications such as intestinal obstruction or nutritional deficiencies.

It's worth noting that while Hymenolepis infections are not uncommon in certain parts of the world, they are relatively rare in developed countries with good sanitation and hygiene practices. Treatment typically involves taking medication to kill the tapeworms, such as niclosamide or praziquantel.

Oesophagostomum is a genus of parasitic roundworms that infect the gastrointestinal tract of various mammals, including primates and pigs. The adult worms are typically found in the large intestine, where they lay their eggs, which are passed in the feces and can contaminate the environment.

In humans, Oesophagostomum infection is also known as "nodular worm" or "whipworm of the large intestine." The larvae hatch from the eggs and penetrate the skin, causing a pruritic rash. They then migrate to the lungs, where they cause coughing and other respiratory symptoms before being swallowed and passing into the gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms of Oesophagostomum infection in humans can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss. In severe cases, the worms can cause intestinal obstruction or perforation. Treatment typically involves administration of anthelmintic drugs to kill the parasites.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "soil" is not a term that has a medical definition. Soil is defined as the top layer of earth in which plants grow, a mixture of organic material, clay, sand, and silt. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Oesophagostomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) species Oesophagostomum. The infection primarily occurs in animals such as pigs, but can also affect humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation.

In humans, oesophagostomiasis is usually contracted through the consumption of contaminated vegetables or water containing infective Oesophagostomum eggs. The larvae hatch in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, and migrate to the large intestine where they mature into adult worms.

The adult worms live in the large intestine, particularly the cecum and ascending colon, and produce eggs that are passed in the feces. Symptoms of oesophagostomiasis can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the infection can lead to intestinal obstruction or perforation.

Treatment for oesophagostomiasis typically involves the use of anthelmintic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, cooking vegetables thoroughly, and avoiding the consumption of untreated water.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

Necator americanus is a species of parasitic hookworm that primarily infects the human intestine. The medical definition of Necator americanus would be:

A nematode (roundworm) of the family Ancylostomatidae, which is one of the most common causes of human hookworm infection worldwide. The adult worms live in the small intestine and feed on blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and protein loss. Infection occurs through contact with contaminated soil, often through bare feet, and results in a skin infection called cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption). After penetrating the skin, the larvae migrate to the lungs, ascend the respiratory tract, are swallowed, and then mature into adults in the small intestine.

The life cycle of Necator americanus involves several developmental stages, including eggs, larvae, and adult worms. The eggs are passed in the feces of infected individuals and hatch in warm, moist soil. The larvae then mature and become infective, able to penetrate human skin upon contact.

Preventive measures include wearing shoes in areas with known hookworm infection, avoiding walking barefoot on contaminated soil, improving sanitation and hygiene practices, and treating infected individuals to break the transmission cycle. Treatment of hookworm infection typically involves administration of anthelmintic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which kill the adult worms in the intestine.

Fenbendazole is an anti-parasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infestations in both humans and animals. In humans, it is primarily used to treat intestinal worms such as roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. It works by binding to the parasite's tubulin, which disrupts its microtubule function and ultimately leads to the death of the parasite. Fenbendazole is available in various forms, including tablets, granules, and suspensions, and is typically administered orally.

It is important to note that while fenbendazole is approved for use in animals, its use in humans is off-label and should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Additionally, long-term or high-dose use of fenbendazole in humans has not been well studied, and there may be potential risks associated with such use.

"Papio hamadryas" is a species of old world monkey, also known as the Hamadryas baboon. It is not a medical term or concept. Here's a brief overview of its biological significance:

The Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) is native to the Horn of Africa and the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. They are highly social primates, living in large groups called troops. These troops can consist of hundreds of individuals, but they are hierarchically structured with multiple adult males, harems of females, and their offspring.

Hamadryas baboons have a distinctive appearance, characterized by their dog-like faces, hairless calluses on their rumps, and long, flowing manes. They primarily feed on plants, but they are also known to consume small vertebrates and invertebrates. Their gestation period is approximately six months, and females typically give birth to a single offspring.

In captivity, Hamadryas baboons have been used as subjects in various biomedical research studies due to their close phylogenetic relationship with humans. However, the term 'Papio hamadryas' itself does not have a medical definition.

Colobinae is a subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes species such as colobus monkeys, langurs, and proboscis monkeys. These monkeys are characterized by their specialized stomachs for fermenting plant material, particularly leaves, and a lack of thumbs to assist in grasping branches. They are primarily found in Africa and Asia.

Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms. Cestodes are commonly known as tapeworms and have a long, flat, segmented body that can grow to considerable length in their adult form. They lack a digestive system and absorb nutrients through their body surface.

Cestodes have a complex life cycle involving one or two intermediate hosts, usually insects or crustaceans, and a definitive host, which is typically a mammal, including humans. The tapeworm's larval stage develops in the intermediate host, and when the definitive host consumes the infected intermediate host, the larvae mature into adults in the host's intestine.

Humans can become infected with tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked meat from infected animals or through accidental ingestion of contaminated water or food containing tapeworm eggs or larvae. Infection with tapeworms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies.

"Papio cynocephalus" is a scientific name for a species of old world monkey, commonly known as the yellow baboon. It's not typically used in a medical context, but I can provide some general biological information about it if that would be helpful.

Yellow baboons are native to the savannas and woodlands of eastern and southern Africa. They have a distinct appearance with a dog-like face (hence the species name "cynocephalus," which means "dog-headed" in Greek) and a long, close-set coat that is yellowish-brown or olive green in color. Adult males can weigh between 33 to 82 pounds (15 to 37 kg), while females are smaller and typically weigh between 14 to 33 pounds (6 to 15 kg).

Yellow baboons live in large social groups called troops, which can consist of up to 200 individuals. They have a complex hierarchical social structure based on age, sex, and dominance. Their diet is omnivorous, consisting of fruits, seeds, nuts, insects, and small vertebrates.

In terms of medical relevance, yellow baboons are sometimes used as animal models in biomedical research due to their close genetic relationship with humans (they share about 96% of their DNA sequence with us). However, it's important to note that using non-human primates in research is a controversial topic and subject to ethical considerations.

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasites are typically much smaller than their hosts, and they may be classified as either ectoparasites (which live on the outside of the host's body) or endoparasites (which live inside the host's body).

Parasites can cause a range of health problems in humans, depending on the type of parasite and the extent of the infection. Some parasites may cause only mild symptoms or none at all, while others can lead to serious illness or even death. Common symptoms of parasitic infections include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue.

There are many different types of parasites that can infect humans, including protozoa (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), and ectoparasites (such as lice and ticks). Parasitic infections are more common in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene, but they can also occur in industrialized nations.

Preventing parasitic infections typically involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding contaminated water. Treatment for parasitic infections usually involves medication to kill the parasites and relieve symptoms.

Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug that is used to treat a variety of infections caused by parasites such as roundworms, threadworms, and lice. It works by paralyzing and killing the parasites, thereby eliminating the infection. Ivermectin is available in various forms, including tablets, creams, and solutions for topical use, as well as injections for veterinary use.

Ivermectin has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasitic infections, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), strongyloidiasis, scabies, and lice infestations. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other conditions, such as COVID-19, although its effectiveness for this use has not been proven.

Ivermectin is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects in some people, including skin rashes, nausea, and diarrhea. It should be used with caution in pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease.

Strongyloides is a type of parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and other animals. The most common species to infect humans is Strongyloides stercoralis. These tiny worms can cause a condition known as strongyloidiasis, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and skin rashes.

The life cycle of Strongyloides is unique among parasitic roundworms because it can complete its entire life cycle within a single host, without needing to exit the body and infect a new host. This is known as "autoinfection" and it allows the worm to persist in the human body for many years, even in the absence of new infections.

Strongyloides infection typically occurs when larvae (immature worms) penetrate the skin, often through contaminated soil. The larvae then travel through the bloodstream to the lungs, where they mature and are coughed up and swallowed, allowing them to reach the intestines and mature into adults. Female adult worms can lay eggs that hatch into larvae, which can either be excreted in feces or undergo autoinfection by penetrating the intestinal wall and entering the bloodstream again.

While many people with Strongyloides infection do not experience any symptoms, severe infections can lead to complications such as chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, and bacterial bloodstream infections. In immunocompromised individuals, Strongyloides infection can be life-threatening due to the rapid multiplication of larvae in the body, a condition known as "hyperinfection."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Honduras" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, El Salvador to the southwest, Nicaragua to the southeast, and the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Hymenolepiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworms Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) or Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm).

The dwarf tapeworm, H. nana, is the most common cause of hymenolepiasis and can complete its life cycle within a single host, making human-to-human transmission possible through the fecal-oral route. This means that eggs are ingested, often through contaminated food or water, and then hatched in the small intestine, where they develop into adult tapeworms.

On the other hand, H. diminuta requires an intermediate host, usually a rat or beetle, to complete its life cycle. Humans can become infected by ingesting the infected insect or contaminated food.

Symptoms of hymenolepiasis may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. In severe cases, anemia and intestinal inflammation can occur. The infection is typically diagnosed through the identification of eggs or tapeworm segments in stool samples. Treatment usually involves administering a course of medication that targets the parasite, such as praziquantel or niclosamide.

Strongyloidiasis is a tropical and subtropical parasitic disease caused by the nematode (roundworm) Strongyloides stercoralis. The infection occurs when the larvae of this parasite penetrate the skin, usually of the feet, and are carried through the bloodstream to the lungs. Here they mature, are coughed up and swallowed, and then mature in the small intestine where they lay eggs. These hatch into larvae that can either pass out with the feces or penetrate the skin of the anal area and restart the cycle.

The disease is often asymptomatic but can cause a range of symptoms including gastrointestinal (diarrhea, abdominal pain) and pulmonary (cough, wheezing) symptoms. Disseminated strongyloidiasis, where the larvae spread throughout the body, can occur in immunocompromised individuals and can be life-threatening.

Treatment is with anti-parasitic drugs such as ivermectin or thiabendazole. Prevention involves avoiding skin contact with contaminated soil and good hygiene practices.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Ecuador" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in South America, officially known as the "República del Ecuador." If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Necatoriasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) Necator americanus, also known as the "New World hookworm." This condition is primarily found in areas with warm, moist climates and poor sanitation. The infection typically occurs when the larvae of the parasite penetrate the skin, usually through bare feet that come into contact with contaminated soil.

Once inside the human body, the larvae migrate to the lungs, where they mature and are coughed up and swallowed. They then reside in the small intestine, where they feed on blood and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and growth retardation in children. Necatoriasis is usually treated with anthelmintic medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Preventive measures include wearing shoes in areas where the parasite is common and improving sanitation to reduce the spread of contaminated soil.

Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are located in various mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. They are named for their goblet-like shape, which is characterized by a narrow base and a wide, rounded top that contains secretory granules. These cells play an essential role in producing and secreting mucins, which are high molecular weight glycoproteins that form the gel-like component of mucus.

Mucus serves as a protective barrier for the underlying epithelial cells by trapping foreign particles, microorganisms, and toxins, preventing them from coming into contact with the epithelium. Goblet cells also help maintain the hydration of the mucosal surface, which is important for normal ciliary function in the respiratory tract and for the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract.

In summary, goblet cells are secretory cells that produce and release mucins to form the mucus layer, providing a protective barrier and maintaining the homeostasis of mucosal surfaces.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

"Strongyloides stercoralis" is a species of parasitic roundworm that can infect humans and other animals. The adult female worms live in the small intestine, where they lay eggs that hatch into larvae. These larvae can then either mature into adult worms within the host's intestine or be passed out of the body in feces. If the larvae in the feces come into contact with suitable moist soil, they can mature into infective larvae that can penetrate the skin of a new host and cause infection.

In humans, "Strongyloides stercoralis" infection can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, and weight loss. In some cases, the infection can become chronic and lead to serious complications, such as disseminated disease or gram-negative sepsis, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

The diagnosis of "Strongyloides stercoralis" infection typically involves the detection of larvae in the stool or other bodily fluids, although serological tests and PCR assays are also available. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-parasitic drugs, such as ivermectin or albendazole, to kill the worms and prevent the progression of the infection.

'Toilet facilities' refer to the designated area or room that contains fixtures and equipment for the purpose of personal hygiene and sanitation, including toilets (water closets), urinals, sinks (wash basins), and sometimes bathing facilities. They are essential in various settings such as hospitals, clinics, healthcare facilities, schools, workplaces, and public places to maintain cleanliness, promote health, and ensure dignity and comfort for individuals. Accessible and well-maintained toilet facilities are crucial for infection control, prevention of diseases, and ensuring the safety and convenience of users, especially those with special needs or disabilities.

Parasitic diseases are infections or illnesses caused by parasites, which are organisms that live and feed on host organisms, often causing harm. Parasites can be protozoans (single-celled organisms), helminths (worms), or ectoparasites (ticks, mites, fleas). These diseases can affect various body systems and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of parasite and the location of infection. They are typically spread through contaminated food or water, insect vectors, or direct contact with an infected host or contaminated environment. Examples of parasitic diseases include malaria, giardiasis, toxoplasmosis, ascariasis, and leishmaniasis.

... discolor, Trichuris laevitestis, Trichuris pardinasi, Trichuris navonae, Trichuris ovis, Trichuris rhinopithecus, ... Trichuris serrata (cat whipworm) Trichuris suis (pig whipworm) Trichuris muris (mouse whipworm) Trichuris vulpis (dog whipworm ... The genus Trichuris includes over 20 species, which infect the large intestine of their host, including: Trichuris trichiura ( ... Trichuris thrichomysi, and Trichuris travassosi. Trichurias is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis and belongs to the group of ...
To date, twenty-two Trichuris species have been described. Trichuris navonae has a long and narrow whip-like anterior body. Its ... Trichuris navonae is parasite found in forest dwelling mice, Akodon montensis, in South America, specifically within the ... María del Rosario Robles (2011). "New species of Trichuris (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from Akodon montensis Thomas, 1913, of the ...
... is a whipworm that lives in the large intestine of canines in its adult stages. Out of different types of ... Trichuris and trichuriasis in humans. In J. R. Baker and R. muller (Eds.), Advances in parasitology 28. London: Academic Press ... The life cycle of Trichuris vulpis begins with the adult whipworms living in the large intestines of dogs. T. vulpis lay many ... "Visceral larva migrans caused by Trichuris vulpis." Archives of Disease in Childhood 55 (1980): 631-633. Hall, J.E. and B. ...
... , commonly known as a whipworm, is a nematode of the genus Trichuris first discovered in domestic Brazilian ... Ketzis, Jennifer (2015). "Trichuris spp. Infecting Domestic Cats on St. Kitts: Identification Based on Size or Vulvar Structure ... Information regarding the species' general life cycle and egg development can be seen in the Trichuris page. During the early ... "Trichuris felis". AAVP.org. American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists. Retrieved 23 November 2015. (Articles with ...
... can be treated with a single dose of albendazole. In Kenya, half of a group of children who had Trichuris ... Trichuris trichiura can cause the serious disease Trichuris dysentery syndrome (TDS), with chronic dysentery, anemia, rectal ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trichuris trichiura. Trichuris Trichiura at eMedicine Man finds extreme healing eating ... Beer, RJ (January 1976). "The relationship between Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus 1758) of man and Trichuris suis (Schrank 1788 ...
... , commonly known as a whipworm, is a nematode belonging to the genus Trichuris. This whipworm species was first ... trichuris ovis. "Trichuris". Sydney.edu.au. Australian Wool Innovation & The University of Sydney. Retrieved 23 November 2015 ... "Trichuris ovis". Parasites.czu.cz. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Retrieved 23 November 2015. Knight, Robert (1984 ... Information regarding the species' general life cycle and egg development can be seen in the Trichuris page. This species of ...
... is a nematode parasite of mice. It is very similar to the human roundworm parasite Trichuris trichiura due to ... Trichuris muris relies on direct contact with intestinal bacteria to promote hatching of the embryonated eggs. Using green ... Heligmosomoides polygyrus Nippostrongylus brasiliensis "Trichuris Muris Infection - Immune Response and Lifecycle". Sanger ... Institute Wellcome Trust - T. muris Project "Trichuris muris TMC (Mouse whipworm)". NEMBASE. Archived from the original on 2012 ...
... is a whipworm; the variations in thickness of the anterior and posterior segments give the parasite the ... Trichuris suis in finishing pigs: Case report and review, Journal of Swine Health and Production - November and December 2010 ... "Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease". Gut. 54 (1): 87-90. January 2005. doi:10.1136/gut.2004.041749. PMC 1774382. PMID ... "Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (1): 123-130.e3. January ...
... , commonly known as a whipworm, is a nematode belonging to the genus Trichuris. The species was discovered by ... "Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Two Whipworms Trichuris ovis and Trichuris discolor (Nematoda: ... Like Trichuris ovis, T. discolor is known to be located in any region that their hosts are located. There have been specific ... The main methods of diagnosing a host with a Trichuris infection are through fecal flotation, which detects eggs, and ...
Junquera P (December 12, 2016). "Trichuris spp., parasitic whipworms of dogs, cats and livestock - cattle, sheep, goats and ...
"Trichuris Trichiura". Whipworm. Parasites In Humans. Vestbo J (2013). "Definition and Overview". Global Strategy for the ...
Trichuris trichiura". Parasitic Diseases (PDF) (7 ed.). New York: Parasites Without Borders. p. 201. Archived (PDF) from the ...
Because of their polar plugs, eggs of nematodes of the genera Anatrichosoma, Capillaria or Trichuris can sometimes induce ... Núñez, F.A. (2010). "Trichuris, Capillaria or Anitrichosoma [sic]?". Parasitology International. 59: 303. doi:10.1016/j.parint. ...
At least 500 million carry Trichuris. At present, 200 to 300 million people are infected with one or more of the Schistosoma ...
The canine whipworm is Trichuris vulpis. Fleas* cause itching and hair loss. The most common flea in dogs is the cat flea, ...
Trichuris suis ova, commonly known as pig whipworm eggs; Necator americanus, commonly known as hookworms; Trichuris trichiura ... Trichuris suis ova has been used in most cases to treat autoimmune disorders because it is thought to be non-pathogenic in ... The use of Trichuris suis ova has been granted by the USA Food and Drug Administration as an investigational medicinal product ... Summers RW, Elliott DE, Qadir K, Urban JF, Thompson R, Weinstock JV (2003). "Trichuris suis seems to be safe and possibly ...
Summers, R W; Elliott, DE; Urban Jr, JF; Thompson, R; Weinstock, JV (2005). "Trichuris suis therapy in Crohn's disease". Gut. ... Trichuris suis is a pig whipworm that been shown in one study to improve Crohn's disease symptoms. Autologous stem cell ...
Feigen, GM (August 1987). "Suppurative anal cryptitis associated with Trichuris trichiura. Report of a case". Diseases of the ...
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Trichuris muris Gregory, Richard D.; Keymer, Anne E.; Clarke, John R. (1990-01-01). "Genetics, Sex ...
... is a specialized row of longitudinal cells of some nematodes (Trichuris and Capillaria), consisting of glandular ... Electron microscopy of the bacillary band and stichosome of Trichuris muris and T. vulpes, J. Parasitol. 49:998-1009. ( ... Structure of the bacillary band of Trichuris myocastoris. J. Parasitol. 54:1106-1110. Sheffield, H. G. 1963. ...
Various studies have shown it to be particularly effective against Trichuris trichiura, commonly known as the whipworm. Prior ... Leary PM, Jones C, Douglas F, Boyd ST (June 1974). "Difetarsone in outpatient treatment of Trichuris trichiura infestation". ...
Trichuris trichiura, Hymenolepis nana, and Enterobius vermicularis. Houseflies do not serve as a secondary host or act as a ...
Spakulová M, Králová I, Cutillas C (March 1994). "Studies on the karyotype and gametogenesis in Trichuris muris". Journal of ...
Trichuris suis, pig-infecting whipworm (2014) Trichuris muris, mouse-infecting whipworm (2014) Trichuris trichiura, human- ... July 2014). "Genome and transcriptome of the porcine whipworm Trichuris suis". Nature Genetics. 46 (7): 701-6. doi:10.1038/ng. ...
Trichuris navonae, a parasite of A. montensis Pardinas, U.; D'Elia, F.; Fagundes, V.; Christoff, A. & Geise, L. (2008). "Akodon ...
Gyorkos TW, Gilbert NL, Larocque R, Casapía M (April 2011). "Trichuris and hookworm infections associated with anaemia during ... such as hookworms and the whipworm Trichuris trichiura Iatrogenic anemia, blood loss from repeated blood draws and medical ...
... apparently had Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), an intestinal parasite. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four ...
P.M. Leary; C. Jones; F. Douglas; S.T. Boyd (June 1972). "Difetarsone in Difetarsone in outpatient treatment of Trichuris ...
Heligmosomoides polygyrus Trichuris muris Locksley, Richard M., and Miranda Robertson. "11.4." Immunity: The Immune Response in ...
The most common whipworm of the dog is Trichuris vulpis. It is 4-8 cm long, has a long thin front end and a thickened rear end ... Peter F. Suter und Reto Neiger: Trichuriasis, Peitschenwurmbefall (Trichuris vulpis, whipworms). In: Peter F. Suter und Barbara ...
Trichuris discolor, Trichuris laevitestis, Trichuris pardinasi, Trichuris navonae, Trichuris ovis, Trichuris rhinopithecus, ... Trichuris serrata (cat whipworm) Trichuris suis (pig whipworm) Trichuris muris (mouse whipworm) Trichuris vulpis (dog whipworm ... The genus Trichuris includes over 20 species, which infect the large intestine of their host, including: Trichuris trichiura ( ... Trichuris thrichomysi, and Trichuris travassosi. Trichurias is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis and belongs to the group of ...
Trichuris suis isolate:DCEP-RM93M Trichuris suis isolate:DCEP-RM93M. Trichuris suis isolate:DCEP-RM93M Genome sequencing and ... Trichuris suis isolate:DCEP-RM93M (pig whipworm). Trichuris suis isolate:DCEP-RM93M Genome sequencing and assembly. ... Jex AR et al., "Genome and transcriptome of the porcine whipworm Trichuris suis.", Nat Genet, 2014 Jul;46(7):701-6. ... Trichuris suis[Taxonomy ID: 68888]. Eukaryota; Metazoa; Ecdysozoa; Nematoda; Enoplea; Dorylaimia; Trichinellida; Trichuridae; ...
Trichuris trichiura, or whipworm, is a very common intestinal helminthic infection, and about one quarter of the worlds ... encoded search term (Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) Infection (Trichuriasis)) and Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) Infection ( ... Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) Infection (Trichuriasis). Updated: Aug 18, 2023 * Author: Kwame Donkor, MD; Chief Editor: Jeter ... Trichuris is notable for its small size compared with Ascaris lumbricoides. Only individuals with heavy parasite burden become ...
Transmission of Entamoeba nuttalli and Trichuris trichiura from Nonhuman Primates to Humans On This Page ... Transmission of Entamoeba nuttalli and Trichuris trichiura from Nonhuman Primates to Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2015 ... Transmission of Entamoeba nuttalli and Trichuris trichiura from Nonhuman Primates to Humans. Volume 21, Number 10-October 2015 ... Transmission of Entamoeba nuttalli and Trichuris trichiura from Nonhuman Primates to Humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(10):1871 ...
We find that when mice susceptible to infection with the gut nematode Trichuris muris are coinfected with S. mansoni, they ... immune interactions induced by Schistosoma mansoni alter disease outcome in mice concurrently infected with Trichuris muris. A ... immune interactions induced by Schistosoma mansoni alter disease outcome in mice concurrently infected with Trichuris muris.. J ...
"Capillaria Ova and Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura Infection in Humans by Kato-Katz Smear, Liberia" 24, no. 8 (2018). Fischer ... "Capillaria Ova and Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura Infection in Humans by Kato-Katz Smear, Liberia" vol. 24, no. 8, 2018. ... 2018). Capillaria Ova and Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura Infection in Humans by Kato-Katz Smear, Liberia. 24(8). Fischer, ... Capillaria Ova and Diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura Infection in Humans by Kato-Katz Smear, Liberia. ...
We report here the whole-genome sequences of the human-infective Trichuris trichiura and the mouse laboratory model Trichuris ... Matthew Berriman and colleagues report the whole-genome sequences of the human-infective whipworm Trichuris trichiura and the ... mouse-infective laboratory model Trichuris muris. Their transcriptome analyses and examination of T. muris infection in mice ... We report here the whole-genome sequences of the human-infective Trichuris trichiura and the mouse laboratory model Trichuris ...
... but no substantial changes were observed following direct worm challenge with either Ascaris suum or Trichuris suis. Proteins ... 2009). Trichuris suis and Trichuris trichiura are different nematode species. Acta Trop. 111, 299-307. doi: 10.1016/j. ... including with Trichuris suis, very closely related to the human whipworm Trichuris trichiura (Cutillas et al., 2009)), the ... Trichuris suis adult E/S and day 28 larval E/S were prepared as previously described (Leroux et al., 2018) and separated in 2D- ...
Return to Article Details Trichuris dysentery syndrome, the neglected tropical disease: a case series Download Download PDF ...
Trichuris. Notice the terminal hyaline nobs. ×. * *40x Trichuris. Notice the terminal hyaline nobs have opened ...
Over 70 Trichuris spp. are recognized, including the medically important human parasite Trichuris trichiura. Trichuriasis is ... The scientific name for whipworms is Trichuris (which means hair tail), a name applied by Johann Georg Roederer in 1761, who ... Modelling Trichuris trichiura with non-infective models for anthelmintic research [LTDM E05] ... In recent decades, studies on the gastrointestinal parasite Trichuris muris, a mouse model of T. trichiura infection in humans ...
Trichuris trichiura Ascaris lumbricoides. fertile. Ascaris lumbricoides. infertile. Hookworm. Trichostrongylus spp.. Cestodes. ... Trichuris trichiura. 54 µm x 22 µm. Range, 49-65 µm x 20-29 µm.. Elongated, barrel-shaped with a polar "plug" at each end.. ...
Trichuris Suis Ova Treatment in Left-sided Ulcerative Colitis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical Trial Assesses ... Trichuris Suis Ova Treatment in Left-sided Ulcerative Colitis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov ... An NIAID-sponsored clinical trial is currently evaluating Trichuris suis ova (TSO) treatment in left-sided ulcerative colitis ( ... Trichuris Suis Ova Treatment in Left-sided Ulcerative Colitis. ...
2021) Mobile microscopy and telemedicine platform assisted by deep learning for the quantification of Trichuris trichiura ... The deep learning algorithm has been trained and tested on 51 slides of stool samples containing 949 Trichuris spp. eggs from 6 ... 2021) Mobile microscopy and telemedicine platform assisted by deep learning for the quantification of Trichuris trichiura ... Mobile microscopy and telemedicine platform assisted by deep learning for quantification of Trichuris trichiura infection. ...
Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura). In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook ... Whipworm infection is caused by the roundworm Trichuris trichiura. It is a common infection that mainly affects children. ...
Trichuriasis (Whipworm Infection, Trichuris Infection). Trypanosomiasis, African (African Sleeping Sickness, Sleeping Sickness) ...
Endoparasites of zoonotic significance were Echinoccocus spp., Trichuris spp., Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. ... Trichuris spp., Physocephalus spp., and Giardia spp. A large majority of the studies concluded that these animals were ... Aspidodera raillieti, Aspidodera spp., Sublura trinitatis, Trichuris reesali, Trichuris minuta, Trichuris urichi, Trichuris ... In the large intestine, Aspidodera raillieti, Sublura trinitatis, Trichuris reesali, Trichuris minuta Trichuris urichi, Cruzia ...
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova (TSO) in active Crohns disease. I: Journal of ... A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova (TSO) in active Crohns disease. Journal of Crohns ... Dyk ned i forskningsemnerne om A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova (TSO) in active ... A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova (TSO) in active Crohns disease. / Schölmerich, ...
and Trichuris trichiura) were as prevalent as in many modern endemic areas. We also identified two cestodes that humans acquire ... Trichuris Is the Subject Area "Trichuris" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
... of randomly selected Kato-Katz thick smears were re-read for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. In case of ... Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique: experience from ... Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique: experience from ... of randomly selected Kato-Katz thick smears were re-read for Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. In case of ...
Improved diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura by using a bead-beating procedure on ethanol preserved stool samples prior to DNA ... Improved diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura by using a bead-beating procedure on ethanol preserved stool samples prior to DNA ... Improved diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura by using a bead-beating procedure on ethanol preserved stool samples prior to DNA ... Improved diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura by using a bead-beating procedure on ethanol preserved stool samples prior to DNA ...
Ascaris/Trichuris. infections are known to generally occur more in rural areas than in urban or semi-urban areas however in ... Trichuris. and other soil-transmitted helminths cannot successfully complete their life cycle in the absence of a more soil ... Trichuris trichiura. and Ascaris lumbricoides. were seen only among two and three children respectively. Some studies have ... Trichuris trichiura. and hookworms, collectively referred to as soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), are the most common ...
The infection caused by protozoan parasite, the Giardia spp., and nematode worms such Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris ... and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). For intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only ... and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). Intestinal protozoa, E. histolytica/dispar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only protozoan ... e Trichuris trichura (n = 30, 4,60 %). Para protozoários intestinais, Entamoeba histolytica / dispar (n = 36, 5,64%) foi o ...
The 55,000-year-old, rock-solid relationship exists between humans and the helminth - aka the intestinal parasite Trichuris ...
Trichuris vulpis, Ancyclosotoma ssp., Giardia ssp., Isospora ssp.), bacteria (e.g. Campylobacter, Salmonella, Clostridia, ...
921 South 8th Avenue , Pocatello, Idaho, 83209. ...
Trichuris (whipworm) Most species, but those usually found in cattle are:[60]. T. discolor. T. globulosa T. ovis Most species, ... Albendazole is also used for Trichuris infections in humans (usually T. trichiura, causative agent of trichuriasis), dogs ( ... Junquera P (December 12, 2016). "Trichuris spp., parasitic whipworms of dogs, cats and livestock - cattle, sheep, goats and ...
Enterobius, trichuris, capillaria, and hookworm including ancylostoma caninum. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1996 Sep. 25(3):579 ... Trichuriasis: Recent estimates indicate that 2.2 million people in the United States are infected with Trichuris trichiura ( ...
  • The genus Trichuris includes over 20 species, which infect the large intestine of their host, including: Trichuris trichiura (sometimes Trichocephalus trichiurus) - causes trichuriasis in humans Trichuris campanula (cat whipworm) Trichuris serrata (cat whipworm) Trichuris suis (pig whipworm) Trichuris muris (mouse whipworm) Trichuris vulpis (dog whipworm) A new species - as yet unnamed - has been identified in François' leaf monkey (Trachypithecus francoisi). (wikipedia.org)
  • Trichuris vulpis, Ancyclosotoma ssp. (ivis.org)
  • and adult whipworm (Trichuris vulpis) infections. (medi-vet.com)
  • Trichuris vulpis, Toxocara canis and Toxoscaris leonine were not as common with a prevalence of 2.5%, 7.5% and 12.5% respectively. (slu.se)
  • and for the treatment and control of adult roundworms (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina) , adult hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) , adult whipworm (Trichuris vulpis) , and adult tapeworms (Taenia pisiformis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus and Dipylidium caninum) infections in dogs and puppies. (drugs.com)
  • Adults of the nematode Trichuris vulpis live in the large intestine of dogs and rarely cats. (usask.ca)
  • Characteristics and incidence of large eggs in Trichuris muris. (nih.gov)
  • The mouse species Trichuris muris is a well established laboratory model to study infection and immunity. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Background Trichuris muris in the mouse can be an invaluable model for an infection of man using the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris trichiura . (gasyblog.com)
  • Background Research of Trichuris muris concentrate using one particular isolate, the Edinburgh (Electronic) isolate. (gasyblog.com)
  • We compared the EV sRNAs in the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri with those in EVs from the distantly related gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris, and found that many of the sRNAs in both organisms derive from repetitive elements or intergenic regions. (edu.hk)
  • Prior to infection with the mouse roundworm Trichuris muris , the mice, thanks to their genetic defect, harboured high levels of a bad bacterium called Bacteroides vulgatus and low levels of the beneficial Clostridiales in their gut. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Whereas sensitivity is low for light infections because of the small amount of stool examined (≈41 mg), the specificity of Kato-Katz for diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection is considered to be high ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • VERMOXâ„¢ CHEWABLE is indicated for the treatment of patients one year of age and older with gastrointestinal infections caused by Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm) and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm). (nih.gov)
  • tapeworm (likely Taenia asiatica, Taenia solium or Taenia saginata), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). (researchgate.net)
  • In stool samples from 9014 children, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia lamblia and Trichuris trichiura were the most common. (who.int)
  • Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica , Giardia lamblia et Trichuris trichiura étaient les parasites les plus courants. (who.int)
  • Sensitization was associated with rural living, antibody markers of Ascaris exposure, and total IgE, but not active infections with Ascaris or Trichuris species. (nih.gov)
  • A time course study of immunological responses in Trichuris suis infected pigs demonstrates induction of a local type 2 response associated with worm burden. (medscape.com)
  • For example, there's a pig whipworm that normally affects pigs called Trichuris suis, and one way is to take their eggs and give them and also the proteins found on the surface of the eggs to these mice, and it does show a beneficial effect against inflammatory diseases. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Williams-Blangero S, Vandeberg JL, Subedi J, Jha B, Dyer TD, Blangero J. Two quantitative trait loci influence whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) infection in a Nepalese population. (medscape.com)
  • Jackson TF, Epstein SR, Gouws E. A comparison of mebendazole and albendazole in treating children with Trichuris trichiura infection in Durban, South Africa. (medscape.com)
  • Trichuris trichiura is a gastrointestinal helminth infection causing global morbidity and economic burden. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The primary outcome is cure rate (CR) against Trichuris trichiura infection as assessed by Kato-Katz 14-21 days after treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Emodepside for Trichuris trichiura and Hookworm Infection. (bvsalud.org)
  • Emodepside for Trichuris trichiura and Hookworm Infection, New England Journal of Medicine (2023). (medicalxpress.com)
  • This is an illustration of the life cycle of Trichuris trichiura, the causal agent of trichuriasis. (medscape.com)
  • Efficacy and safety of oxantel pamoate in school-aged children infected with Trichuris trichiura on Pemba Island, Tanzania: a parallel, randomised, controlled, dose-ranging study. (medscape.com)
  • Hosts: Vincent Racaniello and Dickson Despommier On episode 20 of the podcast This Week in Parasitism, Vincent and Dickson continue their discussion of nematodes with the whipworm Trichuris trichiura. (virology.ws)
  • However, in the case of the whipworm Trichuris trichiura, a single dose of these drugs can only cure 17% of the infected people as shown in this study. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Trichuris trichiura, Trichocephalus trichiuris or whipworm, is a parasitic roundworm that causes trichuriasis when it infects a human large intestine. (ihappysci.com)
  • Current treatments for soil -transmitted helminth infections in humans have low efficacy against Trichuris trichiura . (bvsalud.org)
  • Trichuris, often referred to as whipworms (which typically refers to T. trichiura only in medicine, and to any other species in veterinary medicine), is a genus of parasitic worms from the roundworm family Trichuridae, which are helminths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Researchers are currently facing difficulties completely differentiating the numerous species under the genus Trichuris. (wikipedia.org)
  • Relatively recently, studies have been conducted to differentiate similar Trichuris species based on mitochondrial DNA differences, a much more accurate method of distinction. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, Trichuris species distinction is still largely based on morphological differences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Twenty-five samples were positive for Trichuris trichiura by smear but negative by quantitative PCR. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute-phase protein levels, diarrhoea, Trichuris trichiura and maternal education are predictors of serum retinol: a cross-sectional study of children in a Dhaka slum, Bangladesh. (medscape.com)
  • STH adversely affect nutritional status and impairs femmes en âge de procréer, dont les besoins en micronutri- cognitive development in children. (who.int)