Trilogy of Fallot
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Heart Defects, Congenital
Encyclopedias as Topic
Acute-on-chronic liver failure due to thiamazole in a patient with hyperthyroidism and trilogy of Fallot: case report. (1/1)
(+info)Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect that consists of four cardiac abnormalities: ventricular septal defect (a hole between the right and left ventricles), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract), overriding aorta (the aorta is positioned over both ventricles instead of just the left one), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricular muscle). This condition results in insufficient oxygenation of the blood, causing cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes) and other symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. Treatment typically involves surgical repair, usually done during infancy or early childhood.
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is a cardiac condition where the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, has a narrowed opening. This stenosis (narrowing) can cause obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. The narrowing can be caused by a fusion of the valve leaflets, thickened or calcified valve leaflets, or rarely, a dysplastic valve.
The severity of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis is classified based on the gradient pressure across the valve, which is measured during an echocardiogram. A mild stenosis has a gradient of less than 30 mmHg, moderate stenosis has a gradient between 30-59 mmHg, and severe stenosis has a gradient of 60 mmHg or higher.
Mild Pulmonary Valve Stenosis may not require treatment, while more severe cases may need to be treated with balloon valvuloplasty or surgical valve replacement. If left untreated, Pulmonary Valve Stenosis can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and other complications.
Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.
Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.
After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.
The pulmonary valve, also known as the pulmonic valve, is a semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle of the heart and the beginning of the pulmonary artery. It has three cusps or leaflets that prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during ventricular diastole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood towards the lungs for oxygenation.
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.
Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.
There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:
1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.
The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is a medical condition characterized by an enlargement and thickening (hypertrophy) of the right ventricle of the heart. The right ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart that is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.
In response to increased workload or pressure overload, such as in chronic lung diseases, pulmonary hypertension, or congenital heart defects, the right ventricle may undergo hypertrophy. This results in an increase in the size and thickness of the right ventricular muscle, which can impair its ability to fill with blood and pump it efficiently to the lungs.
RVH can be diagnosed through various tests, including electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or cardiac catheterization. Treatment of RVH depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, or other interventions to reduce the workload on the right ventricle and improve its function.
Trilogy of Fallot
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Called Fallot's trilogy1
- The Trilogy of Fallot also called Fallot's trilogy is a rare congenital heart disease consisting of the following defects: pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy and atrial septal defect. (wikipedia.org)
Congenital2
- Trilogy of Fallot is a combination of three congenital heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an atrial septal defect. (wikipedia.org)
- Luckily, our team of US physicians was able to diagnose that Sone suffered from a congenital heart condition called Trilogy of Fallot. (lao-foundation.org)
Tetralogy2
- The first two of these are also found in the more common tetralogy of Fallot. (wikipedia.org)
- [ 9 ] Children with microdeletions of chromosome 22, commonly associated with various types of CHD such as tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosus , have structural brain abnormalities. (medscape.com)
Heart1
- With a 40.5% prespecified non-inferiority margin of our primary safety endpoint, with a Trilogy [heart valve] we have observed a rate of 26.7%," he said. (medscape.com)
Years1
- After Trilogy valve implantation, patients were followed for 1, 6, and 12 months, and annually out to 5 years. (medscape.com)
Congenital Heart D1
- Trilogy of Fallot is a combination of three congenital heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an atrial septal defect. (wikipedia.org)