An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.
An infectious disease clinically similar to epidemic louse-borne typhus (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE), but caused by RICKETTSIA TYPHI, which is transmitted from rat to man by the rat flea, XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS.
The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.
Parasitic attack by members of the order SIPHONAPTERA.
An order of parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless INSECTS with the common name of fleas.
A gram-negative, rod-shaped to coccoid bacterium. It is the etiologic agent of SCRUB TYPHUS in humans and is transmitted by mites from rodent reservoirs.
The etiologic agent of murine typhus (see TYPHUS, ENDEMIC FLEA-BORNE).
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
A genus of FLEAS in the family Pulicidae. It includes the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), one of the most common species on earth.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus fever acquired through contact with lice (TYPHUS, EPIDEMIC LOUSE-BORNE) as well as Brill's disease.
Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.
A genus of fleas in the family Pulicidae which includes the species that serves as the primary vector of BUBONIC PLAGUE, Xenopsylla cheopis.
Infections by the genus RICKETTSIA.
An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus.
A species of gram-negative bacteria transmitted by the flea Ctenocephalides felis, and known to infect CATS, oppossums, and humans.
An order of small, wingless parasitic insects, commonly known as lice. The suborders include ANOPLURA (sucking lice); AMBLYCERA; ISCHNOCERA; and Rhynchophthirina (elephant and warthog lice).
The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.
Family of MITES in the superfamily Trombiculoidea, suborder Prostigmata, which attack humans and other vertebrates, causing DERMATITIS and severe allergic reactions. Chiggers, red bugs, and harvest mites commonly refer to the larval stage of Trombiculid mites, the only parasitic stage of the mite's life cycle.
A mammalian order which consists of 29 families and many genera.
Arthropods, other than insects and arachnids, which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A tribe of gram-negative bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE whose organisms are found in arthropods and are pathogenic for man and certain other vertebrate hosts.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of BOUTONNEUSE FEVER. It resembles RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII but is antigenically distinct and less virulent for animals and man. (From Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 1)
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term; it is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, officially known as the Lao People's Democratic Republic. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity.
A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.
Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by various species of Rickettsia.
Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the etiologic agent of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. Its cells are slightly smaller and more uniform in size than those of RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII.
Myxomatosis, Infectious is a viral disease, primarily affecting rabbits and hares, characterized by the development of multiple myxomas (benign tumors) in various organs, particularly the skin, eyes, and genitals, often leading to severe debilitation and death.
A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
A form of IODINE deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the THYROID GLAND in a significantly large fraction of a POPULATION GROUP. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the DIET contains insufficient amount of iodine.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Infections with bacteria of the family RICKETTSIACEAE.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.
Formerly known as Siam, this is a Southeast Asian nation at the center of the Indochina peninsula. Bangkok is the capital city.
A genus of parasitic fleas in the family Pulicidae. They are found mainly in Africa, South America, and Central America.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sikkim" is not a medical term that has a definition in the field of medicine. It is actually a state in northeastern India, located in the Himalayan mountains. If you have any questions about geographical or political terms, I would be happy to try and help with those as well.
Any arthropod of the subclass ACARI except the TICKS. They are minute animals related to the spiders, usually having transparent or semitransparent bodies. They may be parasitic on humans and domestic animals, producing various irritations of the skin (MITE INFESTATIONS). Many mite species are important to human and veterinary medicine as both parasite and vector. Mites also infest plants.
Pain in the ear.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
An infestation with the flea TUNGA PENETRANS causing inflammation, pruritus, and pain, in both humans and other mammals. There is a high incidence of secondary infections such as BACTEREMIA and TETANUS.
A republic consisting of a group of about 100 islands and islets in the western Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Koror. Under Spain it was administered as a part of the Caroline Islands but was sold to Germany in 1899. Seized by Japan in 1914, it was taken by the Allies in World War II in 1944. In 1947 it became part of the U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, became internally self-governing in 1980, obtained independent control over its foreign policy (except defense) in 1986, and achieved total independence October 1, 1994. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p915; telephone communication with Randy Flynn, Board on Geographic Names, 17 January 1995)
Infections by the genus BARTONELLA. Bartonella bacilliformis can cause acute febrile anemia, designated Oroya fever, and a benign skin eruption, called verruga peruana. BARTONELLA QUINTANA causes TRENCH FEVER, while BARTONELLA HENSELAE is the etiologic agent of bacillary angiomatosis (ANGIOMATOSIS, BACILLARY) and is also one of the causes of CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE in immunocompetent patients.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
A diverse genus of minute freshwater CRUSTACEA, of the suborder CLADOCERA. They are a major food source for both young and adult freshwater fish.
A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)
Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Animals kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment, as opposed to DOMESTIC ANIMALS such as livestock or farm animals, which are kept for economic reasons.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
A pesticide or chemical agent that kills mites and ticks. This is a large class that includes carbamates, formamides, organochlorines, organophosphates, etc, that act as antibiotics or growth regulators.
A type of affinity chromatography where ANTIBODIES are used in the affinity capture reaction on the solid support, in the mobile phase, or both.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE. Members contain glucobrassicin.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in East Asia. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help with those!
An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.
Lice of the genus Pediculus, family Pediculidae. Pediculus humanus corporus is the human body louse and Pediculus humanus capitis is the human head louse.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.
Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A form of chronic interstitial nephritis that is endemic to limited areas of BULGARIA, the former YUGOSLAVIA, and ROMANIA. It is characterized by a progressive shrinking of the KIDNEYS that is often associated with uroepithelial tumors.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Created as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes in 1918. Yugoslavia became the official name in 1929. BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA; CROATIA; and SLOVENIA formed independent countries 7 April 1992. Macedonia became independent 8 February 1994 as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (MACEDONIA REPUBLIC).
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
"Bites and stings refer to tissue damage or toxic reactions caused by the teeth, mouthparts, or venomous secretions of animals such as insects, spiders, snakes, and mammals during predatory or defensive attacks."
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A suborder of CRUSTACEA, order Diplostraca, comprising the water fleas. They are benthic filter feeders that consume PHYTOPLANKTON. The body is laterally compressed and enclosed in a bivalved carapace, from which the head extends.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. Its capital is Bujumbura.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks.
Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A country in northern Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between MOROCCO and TUNISIA. Its capital is Algiers.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!

Short report: prevalence of antibodies against spotted fever, murine typhus, and Q fever rickettsiae in humans living in Zambia. (1/83)

The causative agents of rickettsial diseases (Rickettsia conorii, R. typhi, and Coxiella burnetii) have been reported throughout the African continent. However, there have been no reports on epidemiologic surveys of these infections in Zambia. This study was designed to clarify the prevalence of three rickettsioses in 377 humans in Zambia. The seroprevalence of antibodies against R. conorii, R. typhi, and C. burnetii was 16.7%, 5.0%, and 8.2%, respectively. The rates of antibody positivity against R. conorii and C. burnetii were higher in the eastern (23.1% and 11.8%) and western (16.8% and 7.4%) areas of Zambia than in the northern (3.0% and 3.0%) area of this country. There was little difference among the three areas in the distribution of antibodies against R. typhi. Since cattle breeding is more extensive in the western and eastern areas than in the northern area, it is thought that cattle-breeding areas are foci of R. conorii and C. burnetii infections in Zambia.  (+info)

Seroepidemiologic survey of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and TT118 spotted fever group rickettsiae in rubber estate workers in Malaysia. (2/83)

The seroprevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and TT118 spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in Slim River, Malaysia was determined in December 1996 and March 1997. In December, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. The highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with SFG rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both O. tsutsugamushi and SFG rickettsiae among the rubber estate workers. Subjects less than 21 years old had a lower seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with the other age groups. Indians had a higher seroprevalence of O. tsutsugamushi compared with other ethnic groups. Rubber tappers had a higher seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with other occupational groups. During the dry season in March 1997, there was a significant increase in the seroprevalence of R. typhi. The seroconversion rates for IgM against O. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi, and SFG rickettsiae were 5.7%, 12.3%, and 15.1%, respectively, during the four-month period. Significant variations of antibody titers towards the three rickettsiae was noted among subjects who were bled twice. This suggests a significant and continual exposure of rubber estate workers to the three rickettsiae.  (+info)

Serologic study of the prevalence of rickettsiosis in Yucatan: evidence for a prevalent spotted fever group rickettsiosis. (3/83)

Because of the discovery of a spotted fever group rickettsiosis with signs and symptoms similar to dengue fever in Yucatan, Mexico, immunofluorescence assay (IFA) serology was performed on sera from 390 persons selected from a representative geographic distribution of rural Yucatan to detect antibodies reactive with Rickettsia rickettsii, R. akari, a Thai strain (TT-118) that is most closely related to a rickettsia identified in Amblyomma cajennense ticks in southern Texas, and R. typhi. The IFA antibodies at titers > or = 1:64 against R. akari were detected in 22 (5.6%) of the samples with the expected cross-reactivity against the other antigens of the spotted fever group. Immunoblotting with antigens of R. akari identified antibodies against antigens of spotted fever group lipopolysaccharides and not against rickettsial outer membrane proteins A and B, which contain the species-specific epitopes. A rickettsiosis most likely caused by a relative of R. akari appears to be both prevalent and widely distributed geographically in Yucatan.  (+info)

Serological differentiation of murine typhus and epidemic typhus using cross-adsorption and Western blotting. (4/83)

Differentiation of murine typhus due to Rickettsia typhi and epidemic typhus due to Rickettsia prowazekii is critical epidemiologically but difficult serologically. Using serological, epidemiological, and clinical criteria, we selected sera from 264 patients with epidemic typhus and from 44 patients with murine typhus among the 29,188 tested sera in our bank. These sera cross-reacted extensively in indirect fluorescent antibody assays (IFAs) against R. typhi and R. prowazekii, as 42% of the sera from patients with epidemic typhus and 34% of the sera from patients with murine typhus exhibited immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or IgG titers against the homologous antigen (R. prowazekii and R. typhi, respectively) that were more than one dilution higher than those against the heterologous antigen. Serum cross-adsorption studies and Western blotting were performed on sera from 12 selected patients, 5 with murine typhus, 5 with epidemic typhus, and 2 suffering from typhus of undetermined etiology. Differences in IFA titers against R. typhi and R. prowazekii allowed the identification of the etiological agent in 8 of 12 patients. Western blot studies enabled the identification of the etiological agent in six patients. When the results of IFA and Western blot studies were considered in combination, identification of the etiological agent was possible for 10 of 12 patients. Serum cross-adsorption studies enabled the differentiation of the etiological agent in all patients. Our study indicates that when used together, Western blotting and IFA are useful serological tools to differentiate between R. prowazekii and R. typhi exposures. While a cross-adsorption study is the definitive technique to differentiate between infections with these agents, it was necessary in only 2 of 12 cases (16.7%), and the high costs of such a study limit its use.  (+info)

Mechanisms of immunity in typhus infection: adoptive transfer of immunity to Rickettsia mooseri. (5/83)

When nonimmune guinea pigs are inoculated intradermally (i.d.) with Rickettsia mooseri (R. typhi), the rickettsiae replicate at the site of inoculation, leading to the development of a grossly observable lesion. In contrast, guinea pigs which have recovered from R. mooseri infection are resistant to challenge and prevent both rickettsial growth and the formation of lesions. To study the mechanisms of this immunity, sera or splenic cells collected from nonimmune or immune guinea pigs were inoculated separetely into nonimmune recipients. Splenic cells collected from immune donors protected R. mooseri-naive recipients from i.d. challenge as measured by control of rickettsial growth and by prevention of development of lesions at i.d. sites of inoculation. In contrast, serum from immune and nonimmune doners failed to protect nonimmune recipients by either criterion.  (+info)

Rickettsial infection in murine models activates an early anti-rickettsial effect mediated by NK cells and associated with production of gamma interferon. (6/83)

Natural killer (NK) cell activity was significantly increased on days 2-6 of infection in the Rickettsia conorii-infected C3H/HeN mice and on day 2 in the Rickettsia typhi-infected C57BL/6 mice. Depletion of NK cell activity utilizing anti-NK1.1 monoclonal antibody enhanced the susceptibility of normally resistant C57BL/6 mice to infection with R. typhi, and depletion of NK cell activity with antibody to asialo GM1 enhanced the susceptibility of C3H/HeN mice to infection with R. conorii. Serum gamma interferon was increased in R. conorii-infected C3H/HeN mice compared with NK cell-depleted, infected mice during the early course of infection. Additionally, the NK cell activating cytokine IL-12 was elevated in the sera of infected mice during the time period representing enhanced NK cell activity compared with uninfected mice. Thus, it appears that NK cells contribute to the early anti-rickettsial immune response, likely via a mechanism involving gamma interferon.  (+info)

Geographic association of Rickettsia felis-infected opossums with human murine typhus, Texas. (7/83)

Application of molecular diagnostic technology in the past 10 years has resulted in the discovery of several new species of pathogenic rickettsiae, including Rickettsia felis. As more sequence information for rickettsial genes has become available, the data have been used to reclassify rickettsial species and to develop new diagnostic tools for analysis of mixed rickettsial pathogens. R. felis has been associated with opossums and their fleas in Texas and California. Because R. felis can cause human illness, we investigated the distribution dynamics in the murine typhus-endemic areas of these two states. The geographic distribution of R. felis-infected opossum populations in two well-established endemic foci overlaps with that of the reported human cases of murine typhus. Descriptive epidemiologic analysis of 1998 human cases in Corpus Christi, Texas, identified disease patterns consistent with studies done in the 1980s. A close geographic association of seropositive opossums (22% R. felis; 8% R. typhi) with human murine typhus cases was also observed.  (+info)

Evidence of Rickettsia typhi and the potential for murine typhus in Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. (8/83)

Murine typhus (etiologic agent: Rickettsia typhi) is endemic to Indonesia, especially on the highly populated island of Java. A survey of rodents from Irian Jaya, the eastern-most province of Indonesia, indicated striking geographic variation in risk factors associated with murine typhus. Murid rodents (n = 112) collected from two villages in the Arso district of northeastern Irian Jaya, were found to be free of ectoparasites normally associated with transmission of R. typhi (i.e., Xenopsylla cheopis). All rodents (n = 72) tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were negative for antibodies to R. typhi, whereas 12.5% (9/72) were positive for antibodies to Orienta tsutsugamushi. In contrast, both Rattus norvegicus and R. rattles (combined n = 87) from the harbor area of the provincial capital, Jayapura, were infested with flea ectoparasites. X. cheopis was found on 31 (35.6%) of the live-captured rodents. Serum samples from nine of 82 rodents contained antibodies reactive to R. typhi (11.0%). These data show for the first time that rodents exposed to R. typhi are well established in Jayapura, and that some of these rodents harbor fleas potentially capable of transmitting murine typhus and plague.  (+info)

Scrub Typhus is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chigger mites (larval stage of trombiculid mites). The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash, and if left untreated, can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, meningitis, and heart inflammation. Scrub typhus is prevalent in rural areas of Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, China, Japan, and the Pacific Islands. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for a successful recovery from this disease.

Endemic flea-borne typhus, also known as murine typhus, is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia felis. It is transmitted to humans through the infected feces of fleas, usually the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) or the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). The bacteria enter the body through skin abrasions or mucous membranes, such as the eyes or mouth, and cause symptoms that may include fever, headache, muscle aches, rash, and nausea. Endemic flea-borne typhus is typically found in areas with high populations of rodents and their associated fleas, and it can be treated with antibiotics. It is not as severe as epidemic typhus, which is caused by a different type of Rickettsia bacterium and is transmitted through the body lice.

Epidemic Typhus, also known as Louse-Born Typhus, is a severe, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. The disease is primarily transmitted to humans through the infected body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) or their feces.

The typical symptoms of Epidemic Typhus include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash that usually appears around day 5 of illness. The rash starts on the trunk and then spreads to the arms and legs, but it does not typically affect the face, palms, or soles. Other possible symptoms are cough, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Complications can be severe and include delirium, seizures, pneumonia, and inflammation of the heart, lungs, or brain.

Epidemic Typhus is a serious disease that requires prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline. If left untreated, Epidemic Typhus can be fatal in up to 30% of cases. It is more common in areas of poor hygiene, overcrowding, and where there is a lack of access to medical care. Outbreaks of Epidemic Typhus have occurred during wars, natural disasters, and other situations that lead to large-scale population displacement.

A flea infestation refers to an unwanted invasion and multiplication of fleas (small, wingless insects that jump) in living spaces or on a host organism, usually a mammal or bird. These parasites feed on the blood of their hosts, causing itching, discomfort, and sometimes transmitting diseases.

Flea infestations are particularly common in domestic animals such as dogs and cats, but they can also affect humans. The most prevalent flea species is the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), although dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) and human fleas (Pulex irritans) can also cause infestations.

Signs of a flea infestation include:

1. Seeing live fleas on the host or in their living environment.
2. Finding flea dirt, which looks like small black specks and is actually flea feces, on the host or their bedding.
3. Excessive scratching, biting, or licking by the host, leading to skin irritation, redness, and hair loss.
4. Presence of flea eggs, which are tiny and white, in the host's fur or living spaces.
5. Development of secondary skin infections due to constant scratching and biting.

Preventing and controlling flea infestations involves regular vacuuming, washing pet bedding, using topical or oral preventatives for pets, and sometimes employing professional pest control services.

Siphonaptera is the scientific order that includes fleas. Fleas are small, wingless insects with laterally compressed bodies and strong legs adapted for jumping. They are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds. Fleas can be a nuisance to their hosts, and some people and animals have allergic reactions to flea saliva. Fleas can also transmit diseases, such as bubonic plague and murine typhus, and parasites like tapeworms.

Orienta tsutsugamushi is a bacterial species that causes scrub typhus, a type of potentially severe infectious disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chigger mites. The bacteria are gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in the cytoplasm of host cells, primarily endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages.

The genus Orientia is part of the family Rickettsiaceae, which also includes the genera Rickettsia and Coxiella. Scrub typhus is prevalent in certain regions of Asia, the Pacific, and northern Australia, with an estimated one billion people at risk of infection. Symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, muscle pain, and a characteristic eschar (a black scab) at the site of the mite bite. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications, including interstitial pneumonitis, meningoencephalitis, and multi-organ failure. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing scrub typhus and preventing potential long-term health consequences.

'Rickettsia typhi' is a species of intracellular bacterium that causes typhus fever, also known as endemic typhus. This disease is typically transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas. The bacteria enter the host's cells, including endothelial cells, and multiply within them, causing a spectrum of symptoms such as high fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and sometimes pneumonia or meningoencephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are crucial to prevent severe complications and death.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

Ctenocephalides is a genus of parasitic insects in the family Pulicidae, commonly known as fleas. There are two main species within this genus that are of medical importance: Ctenocephalides canis (the dog flea) and Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea). These flea species are vectors for various disease-causing pathogens and parasites, which can affect both animals and humans. They can cause irritation, allergic reactions, and transmit bacterial infections such as murine typhus and endemic typhus. Proper identification and control of Ctenocephalides infestations are essential for preventing the spread of these diseases.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is a type of bacteria that causes typhus fever in humans. It's a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected lice or through contact with their feces. The bacteria infect endothelial cells and cause systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.

Typhus fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of death.

"Rickettsia prowazekii" is named after Henry Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two early researchers who studied typhus fever and made significant contributions to our understanding of the disease.

Ectoparasitic infestations refer to the invasion and multiplication of parasites, such as lice, fleas, ticks, or mites, on the outer surface of a host organism, typically causing irritation, itching, and other skin disorders. These parasites survive by feeding on the host's blood, skin cells, or other bodily substances, leading to various health issues if left untreated.

Ectoparasitic infestations can occur in humans as well as animals and may require medical intervention for proper diagnosis and treatment. Common symptoms include redness, rash, inflammation, and secondary bacterial or viral infections due to excessive scratching. Preventive measures such as personal hygiene, regular inspections, and avoiding contact with infested individuals or environments can help reduce the risk of ectoparasitic infestations.

Xenopsylla is a genus of fleas that primarily parasitize rodents. The most well-known species in this genus is Xenopsylla cheopis, also known as the oriental rat flea. This species is the primary vector for the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic plague (the "Black Death") in humans.

Here's a medical definition of Xenopsylla:

Xenopsylla: A genus of fleas belonging to the family Pulicidae. These fleas primarily infest rodents and are known for their ability to transmit various disease-causing pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and rickettsia. Xenopsylla cheopis is the most medically significant species in this genus due to its role as the primary vector of Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic plague in humans.

It's important for medical professionals, public health officials, and researchers to understand the biology and epidemiology of Xenopsylla fleas because they can pose a significant risk to human health by transmitting infectious diseases.

Rickettsia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. They are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.

The different types of Rickettsia infections include:

1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): This is the most severe and common rickettsial infection in the United States. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF): Also known as boutonneuse fever, this infection is prevalent in Mediterranean countries and is caused by Rickettsia conorii. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected dog tick or a brown dog tick.
3. Typhus Group: This group includes epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, and murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi. Both are transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, this infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mite (chigger).
5. Rickettsialpox: This is a mild rickettsial infection caused by Rickettsia akari and is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mites.

Symptoms of Rickettsia infections may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. If left untreated, these infections can lead to severe complications such as damage to blood vessels, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing ticks after being outdoors.

Medical Definition:

Plague is a severe and potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily a disease of animals but can occasionally be transmitted to humans through flea bites, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person or animal.

There are three main clinical manifestations of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is characterized by painful, swollen lymph nodes (buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck. Septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria spread throughout the bloodstream, causing severe sepsis and potentially leading to organ failure. Pneumonic plague is the most contagious form of the disease, involving infection of the lungs and transmission through respiratory droplets.

Plague is a zoonotic disease, meaning it primarily affects animals but can be transmitted to humans under certain conditions. The bacteria are typically found in small mammals, such as rodents, and their fleas. Plague is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South America, with the majority of human cases reported in Africa.

Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can significantly improve outcomes for plague patients. Public health measures, including surveillance, vector control, and vaccination, are essential for preventing and controlling outbreaks.

Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the etiologic agents of several important human diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsia are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Once inside a host cell, Rickettsia manipulate the host cell's cytoskeleton and membrane-trafficking machinery to gain entry and replicate within the host cell's cytoplasm. They can cause significant damage to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

"Rickettsia felis" is a species of intracellular bacteria that can cause disease in humans and animals. It is the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever, also known as cat scratch fever or flea-borne typhus. The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas, such as the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis).

"Rickettsia felis" can infect various types of cells in the body, including endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. The infection can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as pneumonia, meningitis, or damage to internal organs.

It is important to note that "Rickettsia felis" infections are rare and are typically found in certain geographic regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing, can help reduce the risk of infection. If you suspect that you may have been infected with "Rickettsia felis," it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Phthiraptera is an order of small parasitic insects, also known as lice. They are characterized by having a specialized body structure adapted for living in close association with birds and mammals. There are three main subgroups: Anoplura (sucking lice), Ischnocera (chewing lice), and Rhynchophthirina (large-biting lice). Lice can cause itching, discomfort, and spread diseases to their hosts.

"Yersinia pestis" is a bacterial species that is the etiological agent (cause) of plague. Plague is a severe and often fatal infectious disease that can take various forms, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues. The bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas, but they can also be spread by direct contact with infected animals or by breathing in droplets from an infected person's cough.

The bacterium is named after Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss-French bacteriologist who discovered it in 1894 during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong. The disease has had a significant impact on human history, causing widespread pandemics such as the Justinian Plague in the 6th century and the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in millions of deaths across Europe and Asia.

Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus that can survive in various environments, including soil and water. It has several virulence factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease, such as the production of antiphagocytic capsules, the secretion of proteases, and the ability to resist phagocytosis by host immune cells.

Modern antibiotic therapy can effectively treat plague if diagnosed early, but without treatment, the disease can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications or death. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, using insect repellent and protective clothing in areas where plague is endemic, and seeking prompt medical attention for any symptoms of infection.

Trombiculidae is a family of mites, also known as chiggers. These tiny parasitic creatures are found in various parts of the world and are particularly prevalent in warm, humid environments. Chigger larvae feed on the skin cells of their hosts, which often results in an intensely itchy rash. The medical significance of Trombiculidae lies in the potential for their bites to cause dermatological reactions and secondary bacterial infections due to excessive scratching. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen, as some individuals may develop more severe reactions. Proper identification and prevention measures can help reduce the risk of Trombiculidae-related health issues.

"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.

While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.

Arthropod vectors are living organisms, specifically arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice, that can transmit infectious agents (such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites) from one host to another. This process is called vector-borne transmission. The arthropod vectors become infected with the pathogen while taking a blood meal from an infected host, then transmit the pathogen to another host during subsequent feedings. The transmission can occur through various means, including biting, stinging, or even mechanical contact. It's important to note that not all arthropods are vectors, and only certain species within each group are capable of transmitting diseases.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

Rickettsiae is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsiae are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. The bacteria infect endothelial cells in the host's body, causing vasculitis, which can lead to serious complications such as damage to internal organs, neurological symptoms, and even death if left untreated. Rickettsiae are sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, and early treatment is essential for a favorable outcome.

"Rickettsia conorii" is a species of gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that causes Mediterranean Spotted Fever, also known as Boutonneuse fever. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, commonly the dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The bacterium infects the endothelial cells lining blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, which can result in a variety of symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. If left untreated, the disease can be severe or even fatal.

Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. It belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics. Doxycycline works by inhibiting the production of proteins that bacteria need to survive and multiply.

Doxycycline is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and severe acne. It is also used to prevent malaria in travelers who are visiting areas where malaria is common.

Like all antibiotics, doxycycline should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare professional. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections harder to treat in the future.

It's important to note that doxycycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid prolonged sun exposure and use sun protection while taking this medication. Additionally, doxycycline should not be taken during pregnancy or by children under the age of 8 due to potential dental and bone development issues.

Boutonneuse fever, also known as Mediterranean spotted fever, is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii. The name "boutonneuse" comes from the French word for "button-like," which refers to the characteristic eschar (a black scab) that often develops at the site of the tick bite.

The symptoms of boutonneuse fever typically appear within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite and include fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. A rash may also develop, starting on the limbs and spreading to the trunk, which can help distinguish this disease from other tick-borne illnesses.

If left untreated, boutonneuse fever can be serious or even fatal, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have been bitten by a tick and are experiencing symptoms of the disease. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline, which can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.

Rickettsial vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against rickettsial infections, which are diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.

Rickettsial vaccines typically contain whole-cell or subunit antigens of the rickettsial bacteria, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T cells that can recognize and eliminate the pathogen if it infects the body in the future.

Examples of rickettsial vaccines include those for typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. These vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the severity of these diseases, but they are not widely available or used due to various factors such as limited demand, production challenges, and safety concerns.

It's important to note that rickettsial vaccines may carry some risks and side effects, including allergic reactions, local reactions at the injection site, and in rare cases, systemic reactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine, including rickettsial vaccines.

Nitro compounds, also known as nitro derivatives or nitro aromatics, are organic compounds that contain the nitro group (-NO2) bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. They are named as such because they contain a nitrogen atom in a -3 oxidation state and are typically prepared by the nitration of aromatic compounds using nitric acid or a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.

Nitro compounds have significant importance in organic chemistry due to their versatile reactivity, which allows for various chemical transformations. They can serve as useful intermediates in the synthesis of other chemical products, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and explosives. However, some nitro compounds can also be hazardous, with potential health effects such as skin and respiratory irritation, and they may pose environmental concerns due to their persistence and potential toxicity.

It is important to handle nitro compounds with care, following appropriate safety guidelines and regulations, to minimize risks associated with their use.

"Rickettsia rickettsii" is a species of bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening tick-borne disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, most commonly the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog tick.

The bacteria infect endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, causing vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) and leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and in severe cases, organ failure and death if left untreated. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is treated with antibiotics, usually doxycycline, which can be effective in reducing the severity of the disease and preventing complications if started promptly.

Myxomatosis, Infectious: A viral disease that primarily affects rabbits and hares. It is caused by the Myxoma virus, which belongs to the Poxviridae family. The disease is transmitted through direct contact with infected rabbits or through insect vectors such as mosquitoes and fleas.

The initial symptoms of myxomatosis include swelling of the eyelids, ears, and genital region. As the disease progresses, the rabbit may develop a high fever, difficulty breathing, and a bloody discharge from the nose and eyes. In severe cases, the rabbit may become blind, lose appetite, and become lethargic.

Myxomatosis is highly contagious and often fatal in wild rabbits, with mortality rates reaching up to 99%. However, domestic rabbits that have been vaccinated against the disease are generally resistant to infection. There is no specific treatment for myxomatosis, and efforts to control the spread of the disease typically focus on preventing transmission through insect vectors and limiting contact between infected and uninfected rabbits.

"Bartonella" is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they can live and multiply inside host cells. They are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. Some species of Bartonella are associated with clinical syndromes such as cat scratch disease, trench fever, and Carrion's disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Once inside the host, Bartonella can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, which can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

The medical definition of 'Bartonella' is: A genus of fastidious, gram-negative bacteria that are facultative intracellular pathogens. Bartonella species are the cause of several emerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites or feces of insect vectors (such as fleas, lice, and sandflies) or through contact with infected animals. Bartonella species can evade the immune system and cause chronic infection, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations, including fever, fatigue, lymphadenopathy, endocarditis, and neurological symptoms.

Endemic goiter refers to a condition of abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that is prevalent in a particular geographic area due to deficiency of iodine in the diet or drinking water. The lack of iodine leads to decreased production of thyroid hormones, which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to grow and attempt to increase hormone production. This results in the visible enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter. Endemic goiter is preventable through iodine supplementation in the diet or through iodized salt.

There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:

1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.

It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Rickettsiaceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic, intracellular bacteria that includes several important human pathogens. Rickettsiaceae infections are diseases caused by these bacteria, which include:

1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that spreads from the wrists and ankles to the trunk.
2. Epidemic Typhus: Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the chest and spreads to the rest of the body.
3. Murine Typhus: Caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted to humans through the feces of infected fleas. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chiggers. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.
5. Rickettsialpox: Caused by Rickettsia akari and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mites. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts as papules and becomes vesicular.

These infections are treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and death.

A disease reservoir refers to a population or group of living organisms, including humans, animals, and even plants, that can naturally carry and transmit a particular pathogen (disease-causing agent) without necessarily showing symptoms of the disease themselves. These hosts serve as a source of infection for other susceptible individuals, allowing the pathogen to persist and circulate within a community or environment.

Disease reservoirs can be further classified into:

1. **Primary (or Main) Reservoir**: This refers to the species that primarily harbors and transmits the pathogen, contributing significantly to its natural ecology and maintaining its transmission cycle. For example, mosquitoes are the primary reservoirs for many arboviruses like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses.

2. **Amplifying Hosts**: These hosts can become infected with the pathogen and experience a high rate of replication, leading to an increased concentration of the pathogen in their bodies. This allows for efficient transmission to other susceptible hosts or vectors. For instance, birds are amplifying hosts for West Nile virus, as they can become viremic (have high levels of virus in their blood) and infect feeding mosquitoes that then transmit the virus to other animals and humans.

3. **Dead-end Hosts**: These hosts may become infected with the pathogen but do not contribute significantly to its transmission cycle, as they either do not develop sufficient quantities of the pathogen to transmit it or do not come into contact with potential vectors or susceptible hosts. For example, humans are dead-end hosts for many zoonotic diseases like rabies, as they cannot transmit the virus to other humans.

Understanding disease reservoirs is crucial in developing effective strategies for controlling and preventing infectious diseases, as it helps identify key species and environments that contribute to their persistence and transmission.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Sciuridae" is not a medical term. It is a scientific name in the field of biology, specifically for the family of animals that include squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and prairie dogs, among others. These are rodents known for their agility in climbing trees and their ability to store food.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Thailand" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

"Tunga" is a term that refers to a genus of parasitic fleas, also known as chigoe fleas or sand fleas. The most common species in this genus is Tunga penetrans, which is found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Tunga fleas are unique because the female fleas burrow into the skin of their hosts, usually humans or animals such as pigs and dogs, to feed on blood and lay their eggs. This can cause a condition known as tungiasis, which is characterized by itchy, painful lesions on the feet, hands, or other parts of the body where the fleas have burrowed in.

Tungiasis can lead to a range of complications, including secondary bacterial infections, lymphangitis, and elephantiasis, particularly if left untreated. Treatment typically involves removing the embedded flea and cleaning and dressing the wound, as well as administering antibiotics or other medications as needed to prevent or treat infection. Preventive measures include wearing protective footwear in areas where Tunga fleas are common and using insect repellents.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sikkim" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a state in India, located in the northeastern part of the country. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Mites are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, which also includes spiders and ticks. They are characterized by their small size, usually measuring less than 1 mm in length, and their lack of obvious segmentation on their bodies. Many mites are parasitic, feeding on the skin cells, blood, or fluids of plants and animals, including humans. Some common mite infestations in humans include scabies, caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), and dust mites (e.g., Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae), which are commonly found in household dust and can cause allergic reactions in some people. It's worth noting that the majority of mites are not harmful to humans and play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers and predators.

An earache is defined as a pain or discomfort in the ear. It can occur in either the outer, middle, or inner ear. The pain may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent and can vary in intensity from mild to severe. Earaches are often accompanied by other symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feelings of pressure or fullness in the ear. In some cases, an earache may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as an ear infection, swimmer's ear, or a ruptured eardrum. If you are experiencing an earache that is severe or persistent, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

A medical definition of "ticks" would be:

Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.

Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.

Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by the female sand flea (Tunga penetrans or Tunga trimamillata) that burrows into the skin, primarily in the feet and toes. This condition is more common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, such as Central and South America, Africa, and the Caribbean.

The female sand flea is attracted to the warm, moist areas of the body and penetrates the skin, where it feeds on blood and lymphatic fluid. The burrowing process causes an inflammatory response in the host's tissue, resulting in a small, painful nodule or lesion that can become secondarily infected with bacteria.

Symptoms of tungiasis include itching, pain, redness, and swelling at the site of the infestation. In severe cases, multiple burrowing fleas can cause extensive tissue damage, leading to disfigurement, disability, or even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves removing the embedded flea through surgical extraction or using topical medications to kill the parasite and reduce inflammation. Preventive measures include wearing protective footwear in infested areas and practicing good hygiene.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Palau" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in the Western Pacific Ocean, consisting of around 340 islands. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please let me know and I would be happy to help.

Bartonella infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the Bartonella genus. These gram-negative bacteria can infect humans and animals, causing various symptoms depending on the specific Bartonella species involved. Some common Bartonella infections include:

1. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae): This is the most common Bartonella infection, usually transmitted through contact with a cat's scratch or saliva. The primary symptom is a tender, swollen lymph node near the site of the scratch. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and headache.
2. Trench fever (Bartonella quintana): This infection was first identified during World War I among soldiers living in trenches, hence its name. It is primarily transmitted through the feces of body lice. Symptoms include fever, severe headaches, muscle pain, and a rash.
3. Carrion's disease (Bartonella bacilliformis): This infection is endemic to South America, particularly in the Andean regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. It is transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The acute phase of the disease, known as Oroya fever, is characterized by high fever, severe anemia, and potentially life-threatening complications. The chronic phase, known as verruga peruana, presents with skin lesions resembling warts or boils.

Diagnosis of Bartonella infections typically involves blood tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria or direct detection of the bacterial DNA using PCR techniques. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or rifampin, depending on the specific infection and severity of symptoms.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Methoprene is an insect growth regulator (IGR) that disrupts the developmental process in insects, preventing them from reaching maturity and reproducing. It works by mimicking the natural hormones found in insects, specifically juvenile hormone, which regulates their molting and metamorphosis. By interfering with this process, methoprene causes immature insects to continue molting without ever becoming adults, or it prevents larvae from transforming into pupae or adults.

Methoprene is commonly used in pest control applications, including public health, agriculture, and household settings, to control a wide range of insect pests, such as mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, ants, cockroaches, and stored product pests. It has low toxicity to non-target organisms, including mammals, making it a relatively safe option for use in sensitive environments. However, like any pesticide, methoprene should be used responsibly and according to label instructions to minimize potential risks to human health and the environment.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

'Daphnia' is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a group of small, planktonic crustaceans commonly known as water fleas. They are widely distributed in various freshwater environments and play an important role in the aquatic food chain as they serve as a food source for many larger animals such as fish.

While Daphnia may not have a direct medical definition, there has been some research into their potential use in biomedical applications due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. For instance, they have been used as indicators of water quality and toxicity levels in ecotoxicological studies. However, it is important to note that Daphnia itself is not a medical term or concept.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.

Antiparasitic agents are a type of medication used to treat parasitic infections. These agents include a wide range of drugs that work to destroy, inhibit the growth of, or otherwise eliminate parasites from the body. Parasites are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive nutrients at the host's expense.

Antiparasitic agents can be divided into several categories based on the type of parasite they target. Some examples include:

* Antimalarial agents: These drugs are used to treat and prevent malaria, which is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
* Antiprotozoal agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by protozoa, which are single-celled organisms that can cause diseases such as giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, and sleeping sickness.
* Antihelminthic agents: These drugs are used to treat infections caused by helminths, which are parasitic worms that can infect various organs of the body, including the intestines, lungs, and skin. Examples include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes.

Antiparasitic agents work in different ways to target parasites. Some disrupt the parasite's metabolism or interfere with its ability to reproduce. Others damage the parasite's membrane or exoskeleton, leading to its death. The specific mechanism of action depends on the type of antiparasitic agent and the parasite it is targeting.

It is important to note that while antiparasitic agents can be effective in treating parasitic infections, they can also have side effects and potential risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any antiparasitic medication to ensure safe and appropriate use.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pets" is not a medical term. In general, a pet is a domesticated animal, usually kept for companionship or pleasure. They are not typically associated with medical definitions or terminology. If you have any questions related to veterinary medicine or the care of pets as it relates to human health, I'd be happy to try and help answer those!

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Acaricides are a type of pesticide that are specifically used to kill acarines, which are mites and ticks. These agents work by targeting the nervous system of the acarines, leading to paralysis and eventually death. Acaricides are commonly used in agricultural settings to protect crops from mite infestations, and in medical and veterinary settings to control ticks and mites that can transmit diseases to humans and animals. It is important to use acaricides according to the manufacturer's instructions and to take appropriate safety precautions to minimize exposure to non-target organisms, including humans.

Immunochromatography is a rapid and qualitative diagnostic assay that involves the use of immunological reagents, such as antibodies or antigens, to detect the presence or absence of a specific analyte in a sample. It is a type of chromatographic technique that utilizes the properties of antigen-antibody interactions for the detection and quantification of various analytes, including proteins, hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.

The assay typically involves the application of a sample to a porous membrane strip that contains immobilized antibodies or antigens at specific locations. As the sample migrates along the membrane by capillary action, it interacts with these reagents, leading to the formation of visible bands or lines that indicate the presence or absence of the target analyte.

One common type of immunochromatography is lateral flow assay (LFA), which is widely used in point-of-care testing for various applications, such as pregnancy tests, drug screening, and infectious disease diagnosis. LFAs are simple to use, do not require specialized equipment or technical expertise, and provide rapid results within a few minutes.

Overall, immunochromatography is a valuable tool in clinical diagnostics, providing a fast and reliable method for the detection of various analytes in a wide range of samples.

'Barbarea' is a genus of plants in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). It includes several species commonly known as wintercress or bittercress. These herbaceous plants are native to Europe, Asia, and North America and are characterized by their basal rosettes of rounded or lobed leaves and small yellow flowers. Some species are grown as ornamentals, while others are considered weeds in agricultural settings. The name 'Barbarea' comes from the Latin word 'barba,' meaning beard, in reference to the bristly hairs on the stems of some species.

It is important to note that 'Barbarea' is a scientific name for a genus of plants and does not have a specific medical definition. While some plants in this genus may have medicinal properties, there is no general medical definition or significance associated with the term 'Barbarea.'

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of an island nation located in East Asia. The official name of the country is the Republic of China (ROC). If you have any medical questions or inquiries, I would be happy to help answer those for you!

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.

The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.

A "tick infestation" is not a formal medical term, but it generally refers to a situation where an individual has a large number of ticks (Ixodida: Acarina) on their body or in their living environment. Ticks are external parasites that feed on the blood of mammals, birds, and reptiles.

An infestation can occur in various settings, including homes, gardens, parks, and forests. People who spend time in these areas, especially those with pets or who engage in outdoor activities like camping, hiking, or hunting, are at a higher risk of tick encounters.

Tick infestations can lead to several health concerns, as ticks can transmit various diseases, such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis, among others. It is essential to take preventive measures to avoid tick bites and promptly remove any attached ticks to reduce the risk of infection.

If you suspect a tick infestation in your living environment or on your body, consult a healthcare professional or a pest control expert for proper assessment and guidance on how to proceed.

"Pediculus" is the medical term for a type of small, wingless parasitic insect that can be found in human hair and on the body. There are two main species that affect humans:

1. Pediculus humanus capitis - also known as the head louse, it primarily lives on the scalp and is responsible for causing head lice infestations.
2. Pediculus humanus corporis - also known as the body louse, it typically lives in clothing and on the body, particularly in seams and folds of clothing, and can cause body lice infestations.

Both species of Pediculus feed on human blood and can cause itching and skin irritation. They are primarily spread through close personal contact and sharing of items such as hats, combs, and clothing.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by pathogenic serovars of the genus Leptospira. It's primarily a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The bacteria are often found in the urine of infected animals and can survive in freshwater environments for weeks or even months.

Humans typically get infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or contaminated soil or water. This can occur through cuts or abrasions on the skin, mouth, eyes, or through mucous membranes. Occupational groups like farmers, sewer workers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians are at a higher risk of infection.

The symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, but they often include high fever, severe headache, muscle aches, and general weakness. In some cases, it can cause potentially serious complications like meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver damage, kidney failure, and respiratory distress. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent these complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Balkan nephropathy is a type of chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease that is named after the Balkan region in southeastern Europe where it is most commonly found. It is characterized by progressive scarring and damage to the renal tubules and interstitium, which can lead to decreased kidney function and eventually end-stage renal disease.

The exact cause of Balkan nephropathy is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to environmental factors such as exposure to aristolochic acid, a toxin found in certain plants that are native to the region. Other possible contributing factors may include genetic susceptibility and infection with certain viruses or bacteria.

Symptoms of Balkan nephropathy can include proteinuria (protein in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), hypertension (high blood pressure), and decreased kidney function. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment may include medications to manage high blood pressure and proteinuria, as well as supportive care to address any complications that arise from decreased kidney function. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary.

Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. They are caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi that naturally infect non-human animals and can sometimes infect and cause disease in humans through various transmission routes like direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or vectors like insects. Some well-known zoonotic diseases include rabies, Lyme disease, salmonellosis, and COVID-19 (which is believed to have originated from bats). Public health officials work to prevent and control zoonoses through various measures such as surveillance, education, vaccination, and management of animal populations.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yugoslavia" is not a medical term. It refers to a country in southeastern Europe that existed from 1929 to 2006. The country was originally named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but it was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, it became a socialist federal republic. The country dissolved in the 1990s amidst political turmoil and ethnic conflict, leading to the formation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. I hope this clarifies things! If you have any other questions, please let me know.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:

1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.

2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.

3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.

4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.

5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.

Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

Cladocera is a order of small, freshwater crustaceans that are characterized by their compound eyes and leaf-like appendages. They are also known as water fleas due to their jumping motion in the water. Cladocerans are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as a food source for larger animals such as fish. They are often used as bioindicators of water quality due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Burundi" does not have a medical definition. Burundi is a country located in East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It's known for its warm, friendly people, beautiful landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. If you have any questions about Burundi's geography, history, or culture, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Medical topography refers to the detailed description and mapping of the locations and relative positions of various anatomical structures, abnormalities, or lesions in the body. It is often used in the context of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, where it helps to visualize and communicate the spatial relationships between different bodily features. Medical topography may also involve the use of physical examination, surgical exploration, or other diagnostic methods to gather information about the location and extent of medical conditions.

In summary, medical topography is a detailed mapping and description of the location and position of anatomical structures or pathological changes in the body.

Parasitic diseases, animal, refer to conditions in animals that are caused by parasites, which are organisms that live on or inside a host and derive benefits from the host at its expense. Parasites can be classified into different groups such as protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas).

Parasitic diseases in animals can cause a wide range of clinical signs depending on the type of parasite, the animal species affected, and the location and extent of infection. Some common examples of parasitic diseases in animals include:

* Heartworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis
* Coccidiosis in various animals caused by different species of Eimeria
* Toxoplasmosis in cats and other animals caused by Toxoplasma gondii
* Giardiasis in many animal species caused by Giardia spp.
* Lungworm disease in dogs and cats caused by Angiostrongylus vasorum or Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
* Tapeworm infection in dogs, cats, and other animals caused by different species of Taenia or Dipylidium caninum

Prevention and control of parasitic diseases in animals typically involve a combination of strategies such as regular veterinary care, appropriate use of medications, environmental management, and good hygiene practices.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

I believe there might be some confusion in your question. Algeria is a country located in North Africa, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you had intended to ask about a different term, please provide clarification, and I would be happy to help you with that.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

... , also known as endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus, is a form of typhus transmitted by fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis ... While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. These fleas are ... "Flea-borne (murine) typhus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2021-02-27. "Epidemic typhus". ... Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums. In the United ...
... typhi is a flea-borne disease that is best known to be the causative agent for the disease murine typhus, which is an endemic ... endemic typhus) in humans and is distributed worldwide. It is an acute, febrile illness that is mainly transmitted by the fleas ... the causative agents of murine typhus and flea-borne spotted fever". Molecular and Cellular Probes. 21 (1): 17-23. doi:10.1016/ ... gram-negative intracellular bacterium that establishes the murine typhus infection in mammals and fleas. Murine typhus was once ...
Felon Flea-borne spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Flying squirrel typhus Folliculitis Fournier gangrene (Fournier ... Ecthyma Ecthyma gangrenosum Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Elephantiasis nostras Endemic typhus (murine typhus) Epidemic typhus ... epidemic louse-borne typhus) Erysipelas (ignis sacer, Saint Anthony's fire) Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Erythema marginatum ... Endemic pemphigus (endemic pemphigus foliaceus, fogo selvagem) Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Grover's disease (benign papular ...
... typhus, endemic flea-borne MeSH C01.252.400.780.790.805 - typhus, epidemic louse-borne MeSH C01.252.400.780.850 - scrub typhus ... MeSH C01.252.400.825 - tick-borne diseases MeSH C01.252.400.825.050 - anaplasmosis MeSH C01.252.400.825.125 - boutonneuse fever ...
... in contrast to endemic typhus which is usually transmitted by fleas. Though typhus has been responsible for millions of deaths ... Epidemic typhus, also known as louse-borne typhus, is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics ... Typhus Fevers , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2020-12-10. "WHO , Typhus fever (Epidemic louse-borne typhus)". WHO. ... Epidemic typhus should not be confused with murine typhus, which more endemic to the United States, particularly Southern ...
An outbreak of flea-borne murine typhus was identified in downtown Los Angeles, California, in October 2018. The first reliable ... Typhus was endemic in Poland and several neighboring countries prior to World War I (1914-1918), but became epidemic during the ... Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine ... "Downtown LA Hit With Outbreak Of Flea-Borne Typhus". CBS Los Angeles. 4 October 2018. Zinsser H (1960). Rats, Lice and History ...
Australian tick typhus Rickettsia felis (North and South America, Southern Europe, Australia) Flea-borne spotted fever ... Epidemic typhus, recrudescent typhus, and sporadic typhus Rickettsia typhi (worldwide) Murine typhus (endemic typhus) The ... The classification of Rickettsia into three groups (spotted fever, typhus, and scrub typhus) was initially based on serology. ... and Queensland tick typhus (Australian tick typhus). The majority of pathogenic Rickettsia bacteria are susceptible to ...
Cat-scratch disease is caused by Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, which are transmitted by fleas that are endemic ... Many food-borne outbreaks can be linked to zoonotic pathogens. Many different types of food that have an animal origin can ... sleeping sickness Dirofilariasis Eastern equine encephalitis Japanese encephalitis Saint Louis encephalitis Scrub typhus ... Pets can also transmit ringworm and Giardia, which are endemic in both animal and human populations. Toxoplasmosis is a common ...
Boutonneuse fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever Flea-borne spotted fever "African Tick-Bite Fever". wwwnc.cdc.gov. March 2013. ... Among locals who live in endemic areas, exposure at a young age and mild symptoms or lack of symptoms, as well as decreased ... Hendershot, Edward F.; Sexton, Daniel J. (January 2009). "Scrub typhus and rickettsial diseases in international travelers: a ... In Zimbabwe, where R. africae is endemic, one study reported an estimated yearly incidence of 60-80 cases per 10,000 patients. ...
Major Isaacs was born in Japan, speaks Japanese and is a successful San Francisco fisheries expert. Senior Surgeon - William W ... This course covered endemic and epidemic diseases of the Pacific Area. The course included general symptomatology, methods of ... flea larva, pupa and adult specimens, Phlebotomus adult specimens, louse egg, nymph and adult specimens, bedbug egg, nymph and ... spread and special control measures for cholera, plague, scrub typhus, schistosomiasis, filariasis, etc. In addition to medical ...
Typhus is caused by rickettsia, which is transmitted to humans through lice. The main vector for typhus is the rat flea. Flea ... Bubonic plague is a variant of the deadly flea-borne disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, ... Despite decreasing prevalence of leptospirosis in endemic regions, previously non-endemic countries are now reporting ... typhus may also be transmitted through cat and opossum fleas. The incubation period of typhus is 7-14 days. The symptoms start ...
Murine typhus is caused by the Rickettsia Typhi bacteria, from the fleas on rats. Scrub typhus is caused by the Orientia ... Babies born in Liverpool with a birthday in 1861 were only expected to live 26 years, and in larger cities, life expectancy was ... It killed people of all social classes, as lice were endemic and inescapable, but it hit particularly hard in the lower or " ... Typhus appeared again in the late 1830s, and between 1846 and 1849 during the Great Irish Famine. Spreading to England, and ...
Bacterial diseases carried by fleas include murine or endemic typhus: 124 and bubonic plague. Fleas can transmit Rickettsia ... This triggers sexual maturity in the fleas and they start producing eggs. As soon as the baby rabbits are born, the fleas make ... Fleas appear in human culture in such diverse forms as flea circuses; poems, such as John Donne's erotic "The Flea"; works of ... Rarely do fleas jump from dog to dog. Most flea infestations come from newly developed fleas from the pet's environment. The ...
While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. Endemic typhus is ... Mayer JA, Foley J, De La Cruz D, Chuong CM, Widelitz R (November 2008). "Conversion of the nipple to hair-bearing epithelia by ... Murine typhus (also called endemic typhus), caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi, is transmitted by the fleas that infest ... House mice are not usually a vector of human plague (bubonic plague) because they have fewer infestations with fleas than do ...
Stable endemic disease, but with an unexplained increase in relevance. Rare transmission (aerosols, food, water). No illness ... In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these ... ISBN 978-1-85109-490-5. Baumslag N (2005). Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus. pp. 207. " ... Biology portal Animal-borne bomb attacks Antibiotic resistance Asymmetric warfare Baker Island Bioaerosol Biological ...
The main body bears three pairs of legs in the larvae and four pairs in the nymphs and adults. The legs are multiple-jointed ... Nieuwhof, G.J.; Bishop, S.C. (2005). "Costs of the major endemic diseases of sheep in Great Britain and the potential benefits ... Trombiculid mites are notorious as transmitters of Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacterium that causes scrub typhus in humans in ... Nisbet, A. J. (2006). "Progress and opportunities in the development of vaccines against mites, fleas and myiasis-causing flies ...
"High prevalence of antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a murine typhus endemic region in Croatia". J. Med. ... LCMV has been isolated from fleas, ticks, cockroaches, Culicoides and Aedes mosquitoes. Ticks, lice and mosquitoes have been ... Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis ... The island of Vir in Croatia is one of the biggest described endemic places of origin of LCMV in the world, with IFA testing ...
In their bones they bore so virulent a disease that anyone who only spoke to them was seized by a mortal illness and in no ... George D. Sussman Bubonic plague in its endemic form was mentioned for the first time in Chinese sources in 610 and 652, which ... It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats and/or fleas. Some ships were found grounded on shorelines, with no ... According to Creighton, Chinese records of pestilence and epidemics in the 14th century suggest nothing more than typhus, and ...
Other nut-bearing trees tend to bear a glut of fruits in the autumn. These are too numerous to be eaten in one meal and ... There are about fifty species of 'old endemics', the first wave of rodents to colonize the country in the Miocene and early ... The black rat, with the fleas that it carries, plays a primary role in spreading the bacterium Yersinia pestis responsible for ... bubonic plague, and carries the organisms responsible for typhus, Weil's disease, toxoplasmosis and trichinosis. A number of ...
... was used in the second half of World War II to limit the spread of the insect-borne diseases malaria and typhus among ... In many malaria-endemic countries, malaria transmission occurs year-round, meaning that the high expense of conducting a spray ... For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress flea vectors of ... Both British and American scientists hoped to use it to control spread of malaria, typhus, dysentery, and typhoid fever among ...
In the suburbs of Tokyo, an illness similar to "red mold disease" was described in an outbreak of a food borne disease, as a ... In 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. A ... Naomi Baumslag, Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus, 2005, p.207 "Weapons of Mass Destruction: ... where bubonic plague was and remains endemic among small rodents), managed to keep the chain of infection without a break until ...
Vector-borne transmission, transmitted by a vector, which is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits ... The introduction of smallpox, measles, and typhus to the areas of Central and South America by European explorers during the ... Arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, can also cause human disease, which conceptually are similar to infections, ... Researchers also may assess whether a disease outbreak is sporadic, or just an occasional occurrence; endemic, with a steady ...
Murine (endemic or flea-borne) typhus: Complications are similar to those observed in louse-borne typhus and are uncommon. ... Murine (endemic or flea-borne) typhus: Pathology is similar to that described for epidemic typhus. ... Murine (endemic or flea-borne) typhus. This disease is primarily caused by R typhi (Rickettsia mooseri) and R felis, which ... Murine (endemic or flea-borne) typhus: Complications and mortality (1% mortality rate in the United States) are uncommon. ...
Over 170 cases of fleaborne typhus were reported in Los Angeles county in 2022, including three fatal cases, indicating that ... among 3,048 fleaborne typhus cases in Texas, 11 (0.4%) were fatal.[6] The disease is endemic in Los Angeles County (LAC), and ... Early Growth Hormone Initiation Leads to Favorable Long-Term Growth Outcomes in Children Born Small for Gestational Age ... Fleaborne typhus is transmitted from infected fleas by inoculation of flea feces into the flea bite site, a skin abrasion, or ...
Categories: Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Categories: Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Murine (endemic) typhus. Murine typhus, also known as fleaborne typhus, is a rickettsial zoonosis caused by R. typhi. It is ... Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. They are ... Epidemic typhus. Epidemic typhus (also known as louseborne typhus or camp fever) is an acute febrile illness caused by R. ... Opossums and cat fleas: new insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(2):457-461 ...
Murine (endemic) typhus. Murine typhus, also known as fleaborne typhus, is a rickettsial zoonosis caused by R. typhi. It is ... Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. They are ... Epidemic typhus. Epidemic typhus (also known as louseborne typhus or camp fever) is an acute febrile illness caused by R. ... Opossums and cat fleas: new insights in the ecology of murine typhus in Galveston, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(2):457-461 ...
Felon Flea-borne spotted fever Flinders Island spotted fever Flying squirrel typhus Folliculitis Fournier gangrene (Fournier ... Ecthyma Ecthyma gangrenosum Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Elephantiasis nostras Endemic typhus (murine typhus) Epidemic typhus ... epidemic louse-borne typhus) Erysipelas (ignis sacer, Saint Anthonys fire) Erysipeloid of Rosenbach Erythema marginatum ... Endemic pemphigus (endemic pemphigus foliaceus, fogo selvagem) Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Grovers disease (benign papular ...
... occurs Typhus - occurs (louse-, flea-, and tick-borne types occur) Food-borne and water-borne illness: highly endemic. The ... Insect-borne diseases: are major causes of illness. Many diseases are endemic, with only scattered cases being reported and, ... Vaccination is recommended only for those persons whose occupation or circumstances make avoidance of fleas and rodents ...
Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne*; Vasculitis ... Abstract: Murine typhus is an infectious disease caused by ... Keywords: Murine typhus; Acute renal failure; Hemodialysis *MeSH: Acute Kidney Injury*; Aged; Anuria; Azotemia; Biopsy; Central ... We report a case of acute renal failure resulting from murine typhus infection induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. ... A Case of Acute Renal Failure Resulting from Murine Typhus Infection Induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. ...
Endemic Flea-Borne Typhus Medicine & Life Sciences 10% * Genes Medicine & Life Sciences 10% ... Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a life cycle involving both ... N2 - Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a life cycle involving ... AB - Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a life cycle involving ...
Most vector-borne diseases, including dengue, Lyme disease, malaria, endemic typhus, and bartonellosis are transmitted by ... sucking arthropods such as fleas, mosquitoes and ticks [13]. Leech is also a haematophagous ectoparasite, sucking the blood of ... Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Ann Rev Entomol. 1999;44:51-75. ...
Murine typhus (fleaborne typhus, endemic typhus). R typhi. Rats are major reservoir; opossums in some areas; cats, dogs, other ... Flea bites; mainly associated with Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea), also infects C canis and other fleas; possibly other ... Infected rodent fleas, usually via flea feces; cat fleas seem to be involved in some cycles ... Scrub typhus; Chigger-borne rickettsiosis. Orientia tsutsugamushi and related species. Rodents, insectivores ...
Typhus, flea-borne endemic Typhus, mite-borne scrub © Haz-Map 2023. Developed by Engineered IT ...
... fleas, mites). There are two principal forms of typhus: Endemic typhus (alternative names - Flea-borne typhus, Murine typhus, ... Rat typhus) and Epidemic typhus ( alternative names - Classic epidemic typhus, Human typhus, Louse-borne typhus).. *2)因DDT而得到諾貝 ... Endemic typhus 由 跳蚤 (Flea) 傳布,和 Epidemic typhus 由體蝨 (Louse) 傳布。(參看 Typhus is a group of acute infectious diseases caused by ... 黃熱病撒的是煤油,那粉又是哪個
Typhus fever , flea - borne ( endemic - murine ) Typhus fever , tick ... ... Syphilis Tenn Tetanus Texas tick-borne Rocky Mountain Trichinosis Trust Terr Tuberculosis Tularemia Typhoid fever Typhus fever ...
Typhus and other rickettsial diseases 100 Louse-borne epidemic typhus 101 Flea-borne endemic typhus (murine) 102 Brills ... or flea-borne 103 Tabardillo (Mexican typhus), not specified as louse- or flea-borne 104 Tick-borne typhus 105 Mite-borne ... born without mention of immaturity Y21 Single, born immature Y22 Twin, without mention of immaturity, mate liveborn Y23 Twin, ... one or more mates stillborn Y28 Multiple born, immature, mates all liveborn Y29 Multiple born, immature, one or more mates ...
The epidemic or classic form is louse borne; the endemic or murine is flea borne. Synonyms - Typhus fever, malignant fever (in ... Typhus. An acute, infectious disease caused by several micro-organism species of Rickettsia (transmitted by lice and fleas) and ... See Typhus.. Putrid sore throat. Ulceration of an acute form, attacking the tonsils and rapidly running into sloughing of the ... See Typhus.. Sigmoid. Shaped like the letter S. Sigmoid flexure - an S shaped curve joining the descending colon above to ...
Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne ... Murine Typhus from Vietnam, Imported into Japan Cite CITE. ... Reemerging Murine Typhus, Japan Cite CITE. Title : Reemerging Murine Typhus, Japan Personal Author(s) : Sakaguchi, Satoshi;Sato ... 2006). Murine Typhus from Vietnam, Imported into Japan. 12(9). Azuma, Momoyo et al. "Murine Typhus from Vietnam, Imported into ... 2004). Reemerging Murine Typhus, Japan. 10(5). Sakaguchi, Satoshi et al. "Reemerging Murine Typhus, Japan" 10, no. 5 (2004). ...
Murine typhus or "endemic typhus" Rickettsia typhi Fleas on rats Scrub typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi Harvest mites on humans or ... Epidemic louse-borne typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Body louse When the term "typhus" is used without qualification, this is ... Murine typhus[edit]. Murine typhus is caused by flea bites so take steps to avoid fleas. This can be done by making sure pets ... Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine ...
... than louse-borne wild or domestic animals insecticides against flea typhus; in may be infected vectors, antibiotics association ... Epidemic if borne by lice, Personal and Low -- Americas; endemic endemic if by ticks; environmental vector fatality rates may ... Canine rabies is endemic throughout most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Rabies also is endemic among some wild animals (e. ... Yaws and Other Endemic Treponematoses. Each year, approximately 2.5 million persons, mostly children, contract yaws, endemic ...
Scrub typhus and MT seropositivity peaked in children aged 8-11 and 12-15 years, respectively, suggesting initial infection ... murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes of childhood morbidity in Cambodia. This ... Humans, Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne, Scrub Typhus, Dengue, Cross-Sectional Studies, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Adolescent, Child ... Scrub typhus (ST, Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes ...
... and flea-borne rickettsial agents in acute encephalitis syndrome endemic areas of northeast Uttar Pradesh, India. ... Indian tick typhus; Rickettsial agents; fleas; lice; spotted fever group; ticks; vectors ... Hence, this study was carried out to assess any occurrence of tick- and flea-borne rickettsial agents in villages reporting AES ... Evidence on the prevalence of emerging and re-emerging tick- and flea-borne rickettsial ag ...
Alternatively known as murine typhus, this type is caused by and is carried by the rat flea or cat flea. Endemic typhus can be ... Epidemic/louse-borne typhus. This type is caused by and carried by the body louse, and possibly by ticks as well. It can be ... What is typhus?. Typhus is a disease caused by infection with one or more rickettsial bacteria. Fleas, mites (chiggers), lice, ... scrub typhus. The type of typhus you are infected with depends on what bit you. Arthropods are typically carriers of a typhus ...
Fleaborne typhus is a mandated reportable condition in California. Reported fleaborne typhus cases in Los Angeles County have ... Posted by Vector and Vector-borne Disease Committee. March 22, 2023. The online program for the 2023 International Branch ... Epidemic versus endemic West Nile virus dead bird surveillance in California: Changes in sensitivity and focus.. Posted by ... Fleaborne typhus (also known as murine typhus), a widely distributed vectorborne zoonosis caused by Rickettsia typhi, is a ...
... fleas, lice and mites (i.e. epidemic typhus, rickettsialpox, African tick bite fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever). This ... surveillance and diagnostic activities for zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens including arboviruses (i.e. dengue, Zika ... section also performs primary diagnostic testing for Q fever, a zoonotic infection endemic in Canada, and serology for the ... Typhus group rickettsiae. Serology Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) - IgG. Typhus group rickettsiae. Molecular Detection ...
  • Thirty-three human cases of confi rmed murine typhus were identifi ed. (cdc.gov)
  • Murine typhus, also known as endemic or fl ea-borne cycles ( 7,9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Though Austin is only 140 km from the Texas coast, where ted to humans when infected fl ea feces contaminate the fl ea murine typhus is endemic, only 4 cases have been reported feeding site or other skin abrasions ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The typhus group includes the pathogens that cause epidemic and murine typhus, while the transitional group includes agents that cause rickettsialpox and Queensland tick typhus. (health.mil)
  • Murine typhus, also known as endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus, is a form of typhus transmitted by fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), usually on rats, in contrast to epidemic typhus which is usually transmitted by lice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Murine typhus is an under-recognized entity, as it is often confused with viral illnesses. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States of America, murine typhus is found most commonly in southern California, Texas and Hawaii. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sharing of antigens by rickettsiae means routine serologic evaluation will not distinguish between murine typhus and epidemic typhus. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Case of Acute Renal Failure Resulting from Murine Typhus Infection Induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis. (whocc.org.cn)
  • Murine typhus is an infectious disease caused by Rickettsia typhi, an intracellular parasite that lives in the cytoplasm of host cells. (whocc.org.cn)
  • Kidney biopsy showed acute tubulointerstitial nephritis with vasculitis and indirect immunofluorecent antibody to murine typhus was 1: 3, 200. (whocc.org.cn)
  • Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a life cycle involving both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. (utmb.edu)
  • Typhus , also known as typhus fever , is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus , scrub typhus , and murine typhus . (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii spread by body lice , scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi spread by chiggers , and murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi spread by fleas . (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] Murine typhus occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scrub typhus (ST, Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus (MT, Rickettsia typhi), and dengue virus (DENV) are important causes of childhood morbidity in Cambodia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Alternatively known as murine typhus, this type is caused by and is carried by the rat flea or cat flea. (drink-drink.ru)
  • C) endemic murine typhus. (easynotecards.com)
  • 1,2 Scrub typhus is caused by 2 known Orientia species Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly R. tsutsugamushi ) and the relatively newly discovered O. chuto (Table). (health.mil)
  • 6 Reported incidences of several rickettsial diseases, notably scrub typhus in the Asia/Pacific region and SFG rickettsioses in the U.S., have increased substantially. (health.mil)
  • Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal acute febrile disease transmitted by larval mites (i.e., "chiggers"), primarily of species of the genus Leptotrombidium that are infected by the obligate intracellular bacteria O. tsutsugamushi . (health.mil)
  • Once considered endemic only to central, eastern, and Southeast Asia as well as northern Australia and islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans (i.e., the tsutsugamushi triangle), case reports of scrub typhus from South America, 11,12 Africa, the Middle East, and Europe 8 have provided substantial evidence that the geographic range of scrub typhus is more extensive than previously thought. (health.mil)
  • [3] Scrub typhus occurs in Southeast Asia , Japan , and northern Australia . (wikipedia.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of scrub typhus usually start within 1 to 2 weeks after being bitten. (wikipedia.org)
  • It can also be done with either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests excluding scrub typhus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scrub typhus is not tested with IHC or PCR but is instead tested with the IFA test as well as indirect immunuoperoxidase (IIP) assays. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scrub typhus and MT seropositivity peaked in children aged 8-11 and 12-15 years, respectively, suggesting initial infection occurs in these ages. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with unknown aetiology are reported every year in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India , and Orientia tsutsugamushi , the rickettsial pathogen, responsible for scrub typhus has been attributed as the primary cause of AES problem. (bvsalud.org)
  • The illnesses caused can be divided into 3 main bio groups' spotted fever, typhus and scrub typhus groups [ 3 ]. (currentpediatrics.com)
  • Overview of Rickettsial and Related Infections Rickettsial diseases (rickettsioses) and related diseases (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Q fever, scrub typhus) are caused by a group of gram-negative, obligately intracellular coccobacilli. (msdmanuals.com)
  • New or reemerging rickettsioses have been described in the last few decades, including tickborne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) and Dermacentor -borne-necrosis-eschar-lymphadenopathy (DEBONEL) related to Rickettsia slovaca infection, as well as lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis attributed to Rickettsia sibricia infection. (medscape.com)
  • Although both agents have been documented typhus, is caused by Rickettsia typhi , a gram-nega- in opossum-fl ea cycles in parts of southern Texas ( 7,9 ), tive, obligate intracellular bacillus. (cdc.gov)
  • The ancestral group includes the tick-borne agents Rickettsia bellii and R. canadensis but does not contain pathogens that cause human disease. (health.mil)
  • It is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi, and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rickettsia felis was successfully isolated in cell culture from all three cat-flea pools. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Epidemic typhus caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is one of the oldest pestilential diseases of humankind. (headlice.org)
  • Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment references Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii . (msdmanuals.com)
  • [2] Epidemic typhus generally occurs in outbreaks when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present. (wikipedia.org)
  • These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The louse, flea, tick, or mite becomes a carrier of the bacteria when they feed on the blood of an infected person (epidemic typhus) or an infected rodent (any of the three typhus forms mentioned above). (drink-drink.ru)
  • Epidemic typhus has accompanied disasters that impact humanity and has arguably determined the outcome of more wars than have soldiers and generals. (headlice.org)
  • The detection, identification, and characterization of microorganisms in ancient remains by paleomicrobiology has permitted the diagnosis of past epidemic typhus outbreaks through the detection of R. prowazekii. (headlice.org)
  • Epidemic typhus is a rickettsial disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the US, humans occasionally contract epidemic typhus after contact with flying squirrels because fleas or lice on flying squirrels may be vectors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Brill-Zinsser disease, a mild recrudescence of epidemic typhus, can occur years after the initial infection if host defenses falter. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Primary treatment of epidemic typhus is doxycycline 200 mg orally once followed by 100 mg twice a day in adults until the patient improves, has been afebrile for 24 to 48 hours, and has received treatment for at least 7 days. (msdmanuals.com)
  • and septic shock with disseminated intravascular typhus case includes detection of R. typhi immunoglobulin (Ig) coagulation. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome comparisons also revealed a 12-kb insertion in the R. prowazekii genome, relative to R. typhi and R. conorii, which appears to have occurred after the typhus (R. prowazekii and R typhi) and spotted fever (R. conorii) groups diverged. (utmb.edu)
  • However, these organisms represent a heterogeneous group that strikingly differs from Rickettsial species of the spotted fever and typhus groups. (medscape.com)
  • Once inside, the rickettsial organisms either multiply and accumulate in large numbers before lysing the host cell (typhus group) or they escape from the cell, damaging its membrane and causing the influx of water (spotted fever group). (medscape.com)
  • [7] While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and typhoid fever are distinct diseases caused by different types of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Includes Boutonneuse fever , Rocky Mountain spotted fever , Queensland tick typhus and other variants. (wikipedia.org)
  • This section also performs primary diagnostic testing for Q fever, a zoonotic infection endemic in Canada, and serology for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus in humans. (canada.ca)
  • Rickettsial fever has been reported to be endemic in many parts of India among the adult population. (currentpediatrics.com)
  • Many U.S. physicians would not recognize those vector-borne diseases above or typhoid fever because they are not endemic to our country. (americaturnedupsidedown.org)
  • Fourth case of louse-borne relapsing fever in Young Migrant, Sicily, Italy, December 2015. (headlice.org)
  • Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis) in a Somali Refugee Arriving in Italy: A Re-emerging Infection in Europe? (headlice.org)
  • Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) is an acute febrile infection that is typically characterizedby one to three fairly regular waves of bacteremia [1,2]. (headlice.org)
  • Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
  • The objective is to create a core of experts trained to prevent and control vector-borne diseases. (who.int)
  • The course is a response to the serious health and socioeconomic burden caused by a number of vector-borne diseases in Pakistan. (who.int)
  • 10 vector-borne diseases, accounting lack of trained medical entomologists the opportunities and chal enges that for 11% of the global burden in an area and vector-control experts to prevent would influence the sustainability of the where only 8% of the global population and control any adverse health impacts. (who.int)
  • Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence of fleas and high abundance of tick vectors with natural infections of rickettsial agents indicates the risk of transmission of tick - and flea -borne rickettsial diseases in rural villages of Gorakhpur. (bvsalud.org)
  • New York Times Global Health Reporter Stephanie Nolen traveled to five countries in Africa and Latin America to crack the code on what's being done to control mosquito-borne diseases. (mvcac.org)
  • Those illegals, not tested or vaccinated, may be bringing COVID into the U.S. But since COVID is now ENDEMIC in our country and herd immunity is increasing, the CDC and state public health officials should be more concerned with the non-endemic diseases brought into the U.S. by the thousands walking across our border. (americaturnedupsidedown.org)
  • There are many insect-borne diseases south of the border which have on occasion crossed over into southwestern states through regular commerce (see Table). (americaturnedupsidedown.org)
  • Insect-borne diseases impose immense health and economic burdens on both individuals and nations. (rentokil.com)
  • With concerted action by the international community, some diseases endemic in developing countries have been drastically reduced. (rentokil.com)
  • Complacency, however, has resulted in several insect-borne diseases being almost eliminated then returning with a vengeance. (rentokil.com)
  • Most mosquito -borne diseases look a lot like the flu when they start. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Cases of the mosquito-borne illness dengue are typically seen in the tropics, but with the changing climate that may be changing. (mylocalpharmacies.com)
  • The cat flea , Ctenocephalides felis , constituted 1.5% of the total ectoparasites. (bvsalud.org)
  • Antigens for R. felis were produced by inoculating confluent XTC-2 monolayer cell cultures with three pools of cat flea ( Ctenocephalides felis ) homogenates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rats can develop the infection, and help spread the infection to other fleas that bite them, and help multiply the number of infected fleas that can then infect humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is most commonly done with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody IFA test for all types of typhus. (wikipedia.org)
  • These fleas are not affected by the infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human infection occurs because of flea-fecal contamination of the bites on human skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typhus is a disease caused by infection with one or more rickettsial bacteria. (drink-drink.ru)
  • The Oriental rat flea ( X e nopsylla cheopis ), a parasite in an Adult Intensive Care Unit -- Idaho, 2021-2022 of rats, is the historical vector ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Reported fleaborne typhus cases in Los Angeles County have been increasing since 2010, with the highest number (171) reported during 2022. (medscape.com)
  • During June-October 2022, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health learned of three fleaborne typhus-associated deaths. (medscape.com)
  • Los Angeles county is seeing more cases of flea-borne typhus, with 171 cases and three deaths reported in 2022, health officials reported Thursday. (mylocalpharmacies.com)
  • An important clinical clue for diagnosing plague is a history of contact with animals from an endemic plague focus, especially dead rodents or other wild animals known to harbor the bacterium. (medscape.com)
  • In total, 1552 ectoparasites comprising two species of ticks and one species each of flea and louse were retrieved from the trapped rodents / shrews . (bvsalud.org)
  • Travelers who get typhus while traveling abroad may not experience symptoms until they are back home. (drink-drink.ru)
  • [3] Symptoms include areas of pits on the weight bearing parts of the soles of the feet and bad smelling feet. (mdwiki.org)
  • Symptoms to note: Flea bites are very itchy, and they might even become sore or painful, causing a rash around the affected skin . (treatingbruises.com)
  • [ 1 ] The Oriental rat flea ( X e nopsylla cheopis ), a parasite of rats, is the historical vector. (medscape.com)
  • G antibodies at titers 1:128 or IgM titers 1:256 by indirect awareness of the prevalence and severity of fleaborne typhus immunofluorescence antibody assay obtained from specimens and of the importance of early doxycycline therapy is essential for prevention and treatment efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • This report describes the clinical presentation, illness course, and methods used to diagnose fleaborne typhus in these three cases. (medscape.com)
  • The Food and Drug Administration has approved the world's first vaccine to prevent chikungunya, a mosquito-borne illness that can cause debilitating joint pain for months to years. (mvcac.org)
  • Typhus outbreaks usually only occur in developing countries or in regions of poverty, poor sanitation, and close human contact. (drink-drink.ru)
  • Evidence on the prevalence of emerging and re-emerging tick- and flea-borne rickettsial agents in acute encephalitis syndrome endemic areas of northeast Uttar Pradesh, India. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hence, this study was carried out to assess any occurrence of tick - and flea -borne rickettsial agents in villages reporting AES cases in this district. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whether increases in typhus group rickettsiosis in Galveston County, Texas, USA, are caused by increased recognition or true reemergence is unclear. (cdc.gov)
  • Fleaborne typhus is a mandated reportable condition in California. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] The disease is endemic in Los Angeles County (LAC), and reporting is mandated in California (Figure). (medscape.com)
  • That's a big rise, they noted: Since 2010, when only 31 cases of typhus were reported, fleas have been spreading the disease widely in the California city. (mylocalpharmacies.com)
  • Rickettsial infections are common tick, flea, or mite-borne illnesses caused by obligate intracellular cocco-bacilli belong to the family of Rickettsiaceae [ 1 ]. (currentpediatrics.com)
  • While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. (wikipedia.org)
  • the ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main tick vector species. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Fleaborne typhus is transmitted from infected fleas by inoculation of flea feces into the flea bite site, a skin abrasion, or mucous membranes. (medscape.com)
  • When arthropods carrying around rickettsial bacteria bite someone, they transmit thebacteria that causes typhus. (drink-drink.ru)
  • Unfortunately, figuring out the source of your bug bite can be tricky, especially because mosquitoes, spiders, and fleas also come out to play when warmer weather hits (not to. (treatingbruises.com)
  • Examples include the lack of plague transmission outside endemic areas, countries that are free of brucellosis, and the limitation of tularemia to the northern hemisphere. (scienceopen.com)
  • Did you know that fleas are actually the main cause of the plague? (rentokil.com)
  • Role of the Yersinia pestis hemin storage (hms) locus in the transmission of plague by fleas. (medscape.com)
  • Early-phase transmission of Yersinia pestis by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics. (medscape.com)
  • Indeed, we have seen vector-borne disease importation before. (americaturnedupsidedown.org)
  • Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolph AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A. Role of Yersinia murine toxin in survival of Yersinia pestis in the midgut of the flea vector. (medscape.com)
  • Transmission of Yersinia pestis from an infectious biofilm in the flea vector. (medscape.com)
  • The disease can be fatal if left untreated, but endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Untreated typhus can lead to serious complications, and it's potentially fatal. (drink-drink.ru)
  • Arthropods are typically carriers of a typhus strain unique to their species. (drink-drink.ru)
  • In total, 4428 ectoparasites comprising five tick species, three louse species and one flea species were collected from 1798 domestic animals screened. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increased health care provider and public health awareness of the prevalence and severity of fleaborne typhus and of the importance of early doxycycline therapy is essential for prevention and treatment efforts. (medscape.com)
  • learned of three fleaborne typhus-associated deaths. (cdc.gov)
  • This tests a sample for the antibodies associated with typhus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This type of typhus is more commonly found in Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands. (drink-drink.ru)
  • Bedbug bites commonly resemble other insect bites, including mosquito bites and flea bites. (treatingbruises.com)