Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.
A skin ulcer is a breakdown of the skin's surface and underlying tissues, often caused by prolonged pressure, infection, or poor circulation, leading to a loss of continuity in the epidermis and dermis, potentially extending into deeper layers such as subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone.
Bleeding from a PEPTIC ULCER that can be located in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
A slow-growing mycobacterium that infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues, giving rise to indolent BURULI ULCER.
A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.
Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.
Vagal denervation of that part of the STOMACH lined with acid-secreting mucosa (GASTRIC MUCOSA) containing the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Since the procedure leaves the vagal branches to the antrum and PYLORUS intact, it circumvents gastric drainage required with truncal vagotomy techniques.
Hydrochloric acid present in GASTRIC JUICE.
The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.
The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes.
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H2 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine. Their clinically most important action is the inhibition of acid secretion in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers. Smooth muscle may also be affected. Some drugs in this class have strong effects in the central nervous system, but these actions are not well understood.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.
The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Control of bleeding performed through the channel of the endoscope. Techniques include use of lasers, heater probes, bipolar electrocoagulation, and local injection. Endoscopic hemostasis is commonly used to treat bleeding esophageal and gastrointestinal varices and ulcers.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.
A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
Evaluation of the nature and extent of nursing problems presented by a patient for the purpose of patient care planning.
Equipment on which one may lie and sleep, especially as used to care for the hospital patient.
A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
A variety of surgical reconstructive procedures devised to restore gastrointestinal continuity, The two major classes of reconstruction are the Billroth I (gastroduodenostomy) and Billroth II (gastrojejunostomy) procedures.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)
The removal of foreign material and devitalized or contaminated tissue from or adjacent to a traumatic or infected lesion until surrounding healthy tissue is exposed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.
Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.
Material, usually gauze or absorbent cotton, used to cover and protect wounds, to seal them from contact with air or bacteria. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Gastric analysis for determination of free acid or total acid.
A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.
A species of HAEMOPHILUS that appears to be the pathogen or causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease, CHANCROID.
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older "coffee-ground" in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.
An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.
Infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (atypical mycobacteria): M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. flavescens, M. gordonae, M. obuense, M. gilvum, M. duvali, M. szulgai, M. intracellulare (see MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX;), M. xenopi (littorale), M. ulcerans, M. buruli, M. terrae, M. fortuitum (minetti, giae), M. chelonae.
Proenzymes secreted by chief cells, mucous neck cells, and pyloric gland cells, which are converted into pepsin in the presence of gastric acid or pepsin itself. (Dorland, 28th ed) In humans there are 2 related pepsinogen systems: PEPSINOGEN A (formerly pepsinogen I or pepsinogen) and PEPSINOGEN C (formerly pepsinogen II or progastricsin). Pepsinogen B is the name of a pepsinogen from pigs.
The removal of a limb or other appendage or outgrowth of the body. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Strips of elastic material used to apply pressure to body parts to control EDEMA and aid circulation.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivative, CARBENOXOLONE.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Research carried out by nurses that uses interviews, data collection, observation, surveys, etc., to evaluate nursing, health, clinical, and nursing education programs and curricula, and which also demonstrates the value of such evaluation.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.
A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue.
'Tongue diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that primarily affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue, including but not limited to infections, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, congenital abnormalities, and malignancies.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.
A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
'Shoes' are not a medical term, but an item of footwear designed to provide protection, support, and comfort to the feet during various activities, although ill-fitting or inappropriate shoes can contribute to various foot conditions such as blisters, corns, calluses, and orthopedic issues.
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER and between TOGO and NIGERIA. Its capital is Porto-Novo. It was formerly called Dahomey. In the 17th century it was a kingdom in the southern area of Africa. Coastal footholds were established by the French who deposed the ruler by 1892. It was made a French colony in 1894 and gained independence in 1960. Benin comes from the name of the indigenous inhabitants, the Bini, now more closely linked with southern Nigeria (Benin City, a town there). Bini may be related to the Arabic bani, sons. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p136, 310 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p60)
An act of employing sorcery (the use of power gained from the assistance or control of spirits), especially with malevolent intent, and the exercise of supernatural powers and alleged intercourse with the devil or a familiar. (From Webster, 3d ed)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
The therapeutic intermittent administration of oxygen in a chamber at greater than sea-level atmospheric pressures (three atmospheres). It is considered effective treatment for air and gas embolisms, smoke inhalation, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, caisson disease, clostridial gangrene, etc. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992). The list of treatment modalities includes stroke.
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.
Synthetic material used for the treatment of burns and other conditions involving large-scale loss of skin. It often consists of an outer (epidermal) layer of silicone and an inner (dermal) layer of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate. The dermal layer elicits new growth and vascular invasion and the outer layer is later removed and replaced by a graft.
Research carried out by nurses in the clinical setting and designed to provide information that will help improve patient care. Other professional staff may also participate in the research.
Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.
A genus of bacteria causing GRANULOMA INGUINALE and other granulomatous lesions.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the ESOPHAGUS; the STOMACH; and the DUODENUM.
Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.
Pathological processes of the VULVA.
The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
The grafting of skin in humans or animals from one site to another to replace a lost portion of the body surface skin.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.
A non-atherosclerotic, inflammatory thrombotic disease that commonly involves small and medium-sized arteries or veins in the extremities. It is characterized by occlusive THROMBOSIS and FIBROSIS in the vascular wall leading to digital and limb ISCHEMIA and ulcerations. Thromboangiitis obliterans is highly associated with tobacco smoking.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
'Osteomyelitis' is a medical condition defined as an inflammation or infection of the bone or marrow, often caused by bacteria or fungi, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the affected area, and may require antibiotics or surgical intervention for treatment.
Complexes of iodine and non-ionic SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS acting as carrier and solubilizing agent for the iodine in water. Iodophors usually enhance bactericidal activity of iodine, reduce vapor pressure and odor, minimize staining, and allow wide dilution with water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.
An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.
A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells.
A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)
A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514)
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Tuberculosis of the mouth, tongue, and salivary glands.
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.
Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Facilities which provide nursing supervision and limited medical care to persons who do not require hospitalization.
The application of a vacuum across the surface of a wound through a foam dressing cut to fit the wound. This removes wound exudates, reduces build-up of inflammatory mediators, and increases the flow of nutrients to the wound thus promoting healing.
A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.
Any one of five terminal digits of the vertebrate FOOT.
Any tests done on exhaled air.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections.
A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
A constitutively-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes.
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.
Human or animal tissue used as temporary wound coverings.
Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.
Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor.
L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.
Organic compounds that have the general formula R-SO-R. They are obtained by oxidation of mercaptans (analogous to the ketones). (From Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 4th ed)
An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
Inorganic compounds that contain silver as an integral part of the molecule.
A naturally occurring dipeptide neuropeptide found in muscles.
A subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for CYCLOOXYGENASE-2.
A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.
Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.
An abnormal passage communicating between any components of the digestive system, or between any part of the digestive system and surrounding organ(s).
An amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.
The hospital department which is responsible for the organization and administration of nursing activities.
The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.
A detailed review and evaluation of selected clinical records by qualified professional personnel for evaluating quality of nursing care.
The insertion of a tube into the stomach, intestines, or other portion of the gastrointestinal tract to allow for the passage of food products, etc.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.
Mucins that are found on the surface of the gastric epithelium. They play a role in protecting the epithelial layer from mechanical and chemical damage.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.
The S-isomer of omeprazole.
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.
The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.
Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM) caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Either of two fleshy protuberances at the lower posterior section of the trunk or HIP in humans and primate on which a person or animal sits, consisting of gluteal MUSCLES and fat.
Drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.

Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease among persons attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Italy. (1/631)

To assess the relative importance of ulcerative and non-ulcerative sexually transmitted disease in the transmission of HIV, a seroprevalence study was conducted on 2210 patients at the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic of the S. Maria e S. Gallicano Hospital in Rome, between 1989 and 1994. Among male patients, by univariate analysis, strong predictors of HIV infection were homosexuality, sexual exposure to a HIV-positive partner, hepatitis B virus infection, and positive syphilis serology. An increased risk was estimated for patients with past genital herpes (odds ratio (OR) 3.86, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.40-18.2), and primary syphilis (OR 5.79, 95% CI 0.59-28.6). By multivariate analysis, a positive association was found with homosexuality (OR 6.9, 95% CI 2.9-16.5), and positive syphilis serology (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.2). An adjusted OR of 2.41 was calculated for current and/or past genital herpes. These results, although not conclusive, suggest a role of ulcerative diseases as risk factors for prevalent HIV infection, and indicate that positive syphilis serology is an unbiased criterion for identifying individuals at increased risk of HIV infection.  (+info)

The pathophysiology of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in AIDS. (2/631)

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) organisms cause disseminated disease in patients with AIDS. The organisms penetrate the gastrointestinal mucosa by unknown mechanisms and are phagocytosed by macrophages in the lamina propria. These cells cannot kill the organisms, and MAC spreads through the submucosal tissue. Lymphatic drainage transports mycobacteria to abdominal lymph nodes, from which the organisms enter the bloodstream. Hematogenous spread can occur to many sites, but spleen, bone marrow, and liver are the most common. Tissue destruction is rare, and most signs and symptoms of MAC disease are due to elaboration of cytokines. MAC is rarely the direct cause of death but increases the risk for superinfection; death may result from malnutrition or other infections.  (+info)

Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer at the proximal aorta complicated with cardiac tamponade and aortic valve regurgitation. (3/631)

A 56-year-old man had a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer originating in the proximal ascending aorta, which is an unusual case of penetrating aortic ulcer complicated with the aortic valve regurgitation and cardiac tamponade. This hemodynamically unstable patient was successfully treated by conservative management to control his blood pressure and was also monitored closely with follow-up imaging studies.  (+info)

Small intestinal ulceration secondary to carcinoid tumour arising in a Meckel's diverticulum. (4/631)

A solitary small intestinal ulcer associated with a carcinoid tumour in a nearby Meckel's diverticulum was found in a 77 year old man presenting with massive rectal bleeding. Angiography and a radioisotope study localised the bleeding to the ileum. At operation, the Meckel's diverticulum was identified, with bleeding from an ulcer just distal to it. Pathological examination revealed a small carcinoid tumour confined to the Meckel's diverticulum. Close to the opening of the diverticulum, within the ileum, a well demarcated ulcer was present. Histology showed a non-specific ulcer which eroded a large blood vessel. This is the first documented occurrence of solitary small intestinal ulceration in association with a carcinoid tumour. Carcinoid tumour should be added to the list of possible causes of small intestinal ulceration. The ulceration may be secondary to release of cytokines by the tumour.  (+info)

Thalidomide for the treatment of esophageal aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease AIDS Clinical Trials Group. (5/631)

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of thalidomide for treating esophageal aphthous ulceration in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty-four HIV-infected patients with biopsy-confirmed aphthous ulceration of the esophagus were randomly assigned to receive either oral thalidomide, 200 mg/day, or oral placebo daily for 4 weeks. Eight (73%) of 11 patients randomized to receive thalidomide had complete healing of aphthous ulcers at the 4-week endoscopic evaluation, compared with 3 (23%) of 13 placebo-randomized patients (odds ratio, 13.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-823.75; P=.033). Odynophagia and impaired eating ability caused by esophageal aphthae were improved markedly by thalidomide treatment. Adverse events among patients receiving thalidomide included somnolence (4 patients), rash (2 patients), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (3 patients). Thalidomide is effective in healing aphthous ulceration of the esophagus in patients infected with HIV.  (+info)

Fas receptor up-regulation and membrane localization concurrent with apoptosis in idiopathic esophageal ulceration: toward a better understanding of esophageal injury in AIDS. (6/631)

Activation of the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway in the etiology of idiopathic esophageal ulcerations (IEUs) was investigated. Constitutive expression of Fas ligand (Fas L) was found in the basal layer of the normal esophageal mucosa and in IEUs and cytomegalovirus ulcerations. In addition to an altered cytokine environment, there was significant up-regulation of Fas antigen mRNA and membrane localization of the receptor in IEU specimens. Concomitant increase in the basic components of Fas machinery, together with elevated mucosal apoptosis, strongly suggests the potential role of the Fas signaling pathway in the onset of tissue destruction associated with IEUs.  (+info)

Leishmania amazonensis infection in nude mice. (7/631)

Leishmania amazonensis is an intracellular protozoan parasite of macrophages. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent host begins as papules or nodules followed by ulceration at the site of promastigote inoculation. In this study, the pathological changes of cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in T cell deficient nude mice were examined. When infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes, nude mice developed non-ulcerative cutaneous nodules. By histological examination of cutaneous lesions, massive accumulation of vacuolated histiocytes containing amastigotes was observed in all the nude mice. Although infiltration of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells was seen in the lesions of immunocompetent mice, few such cells were observed in the lesions of nude mice. These results indicate the importance of T cells on the ulcer formation in cutaneous leishmaniasis.  (+info)

Accuracy and economics of Helicobacter pylori diagnosis. (8/631)

Many diagnostic tests are available to establish Helicobacter pylori infection status. Most of the tests are accurate though none works perfectly, and no gold standard for diagnosis exists. Newly developed serum immunoassay kits can substitute for laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, but whole blood immunoassays do not yet demonstrate adequate performance characteristics. Serologic diagnosis of H. pylori remains the most cost-effective option and should be utilized to establish initial infection in the majority of cases. If rapid urease testing is performed at endoscopy, negative results can be confirmed with a subsequent serologic test in those patients with a high probability of infection. Obtaining additional gastric tissue at endoscopy to evaluate for bacterial infection is reasonable if specimens are being taken for a mucosal defect. Confirmation of bacterial eradication cannot be justified for all post-treatment patients at present due to the expense. It is important to test for cure in those patients with complicated ulcer disease and those with recurrent symptoms after therapy.  (+info)

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

A leg ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs on the lower extremities, typically on the inner or outer ankle. It's often caused by poor circulation, venous insufficiency, or diabetes. Leg ulcers can also result from injury, infection, or inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. These ulcers can be painful, and they may take a long time to heal, making them prone to infection. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and wound care are essential for healing leg ulcers and preventing complications.

A pressure ulcer, also known as a pressure injury or bedsore, is defined by the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP) as "localized damage to the skin and/or underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device." The damage can be caused by intense and/or prolonged pressure or shear forces, or a combination of both. Pressure ulcers are staged based on their severity, ranging from an initial reddening of the skin (Stage 1) to full-thickness tissue loss that extends down to muscle and bone (Stage 4). Unstageable pressure ulcers are those in which the base of the wound is covered by yellow, tan, green or brown tissue and the extent of tissue damage is not visible. Suspected deep tissue injury (Suspected DTI) describes intact skin or non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence due to pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.

A skin ulcer is a defined as a loss of continuity or disruption of the skin surface, often accompanied by inflammation and/or infection. These lesions can result from various causes including pressure, venous or arterial insufficiency, diabetes, and chronic dermatological conditions. Skin ulcers are typically characterized by their appearance, depth, location, and underlying cause. Common types of skin ulcers include pressure ulcers (also known as bedsores), venous leg ulcers, arterial ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers. Proper evaluation, wound care, management of underlying conditions, and prevention strategies are crucial in the treatment of skin ulcers to promote healing and prevent complications.

Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.

Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious and sightful gastrointestinal complication characterized by the penetration or erosion of an acid-peptic ulcer through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall, resulting in spillage of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. This leads to chemical irritation and/or bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity, causing symptoms such as sudden severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and potentially life-threatening sepsis if not promptly diagnosed and treated with surgical intervention, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin and occasionally the bones and joints. The infection typically begins with a painless nodule or papule that may progress to a large, painful ulcer with undermined edges if left untreated. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent disfigurement and disability. Buruli ulcer is primarily found in rural areas of West and Central Africa, but also occurs in other parts of the world including Australia, Asia, and South America. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil, although the exact mode of transmission is not fully understood. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can cure the disease and prevent complications.

The term "diabetic foot" refers to a condition that affects the feet of people with diabetes, particularly when the disease is not well-controlled. It is characterized by a combination of nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation (peripheral artery disease) in the feet and lower legs.

Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet, making it difficult for people with diabetes to feel injuries, cuts, blisters, or other foot problems. Poor circulation makes it harder for wounds to heal and increases the risk of infection.

Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of diabetic neuropathy and can lead to serious infections, hospitalization, and even amputation if not treated promptly and effectively. Preventive care, including regular foot exams, proper footwear, and good blood glucose control, is essential for people with diabetes to prevent or manage diabetic foot problems.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

"Mycobacterium ulcerans" is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the causative agent of a chronic infection known as Buruli ulcer. This bacterium is naturally found in aquatic environments and can infect humans through minor traumas or wounds on the skin. The infection typically begins as a painless nodule or papule, which may progress to form necrotic ulcers if left untreated. The bacteria produce a unique toxin called mycolactone, which is responsible for the extensive tissue damage and destruction observed in Buruli ulcers.

Cimetidine is a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, which is a type of medication that reduces the production of stomach acid. It works by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach, which are responsible for stimulating the release of stomach acid. By blocking these receptors, cimetidine reduces the amount of stomach acid produced and can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers.

Cimetidine is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is typically taken two or three times a day, depending on the specific condition being treated. Common side effects of cimetidine may include headache, dizziness, diarrhea, and constipation.

In addition to its use in treating stomach acid-related conditions, cimetidine has also been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties. Some research suggests that it may help to enhance the immune system's response to cancer cells and reduce the growth of certain types of tumors. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.

A bandage is a medical dressing or covering applied to a wound, injury, or sore with the intention of promoting healing or preventing infection. Bandages can be made of a variety of materials such as gauze, cotton, elastic, or adhesive tape and come in different sizes and shapes to accommodate various body parts. They can also have additional features like fasteners, non-slip surfaces, or transparent windows for monitoring the condition of the wound.

Bandages serve several purposes, including:

1. Absorbing drainage or exudate from the wound
2. Protecting the wound from external contaminants and bacteria
3. Securing other medical devices such as catheters or splints in place
4. Reducing swelling or promoting immobilization of the affected area
5. Providing compression to control bleeding or prevent fluid accumulation
6. Relieving pain by reducing pressure on sensitive nerves or structures.

Proper application and care of bandages are essential for effective wound healing and prevention of complications such as infection or delayed recovery.

A proximal gastric vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves selectively cutting the vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve) close to its origin in the stomach. The vagus nerve plays an important role in controlling the motor functions and secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach.

In a proximal gastric vagotomy, the nerve branches that innervate the proximal part of the stomach are selectively cut, which reduces acid secretion from the stomach. This type of vagotomy is often performed as part of a surgical treatment for peptic ulcers, particularly those located in the upper part of the stomach or in the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).

It's worth noting that there are different types of vagotomies, and the specific type used depends on the individual patient's needs and medical history. Other types of vagotomy include truncal vagotomy, selective vagotomy, and highly selective vagotomy. Each of these procedures has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of procedure depends on various factors such as the location and severity of the ulcer, the patient's overall health, and the risk of complications.

Gastric acid, also known as stomach acid, is a digestive fluid produced in the stomach. It's primarily composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH of gastric acid is typically between 1.5 and 3.5, making it a strong acid that helps to break down food by denaturing proteins and activating digestive enzymes.

The production of gastric acid is regulated by the enteric nervous system and several hormones. The primary function of gastric acid is to initiate protein digestion, activate pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin, and kill most ingested microorganisms. However, an excess or deficiency in gastric acid secretion can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastritis, ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is produced in the stomach. It is composed of several enzymes, including pepsin, which helps to break down proteins, and gastric amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric juice also contains hydrochloric acid, which creates a low pH environment in the stomach that is necessary for the activation of pepsin and the digestion of food. Additionally, gastric juice contains mucus, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of the hydrochloric acid. The production of gastric juice is controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

Ranitidine is a histamine-2 (H2) blocker medication that works by reducing the amount of acid your stomach produces. It is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Ranitidine is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn. Additionally, ranitidine can be used to prevent and treat upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by stress or injury in critically ill patients.

The medication is available in both prescription and over-the-counter forms, and it comes in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. As with any medication, ranitidine should be taken as directed by a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully monitored.

A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the vagus nerve, which is a parasympathetic nerve that runs from the brainstem to the abdomen and helps regulate many bodily functions such as heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, and digestion. In particular, vagotomy is often performed as a treatment for peptic ulcers, as it can help reduce gastric acid secretion.

There are several types of vagotomy procedures, including:

1. Truncal vagotomy: This involves cutting the main trunks of the vagus nerve as they enter the abdomen. It is a more extensive procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion significantly but can also lead to side effects such as delayed gastric emptying and diarrhea.
2. Selective vagotomy: This involves cutting only the branches of the vagus nerve that supply the stomach, leaving the rest of the nerve intact. It is a less extensive procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion while minimizing side effects.
3. Highly selective vagotomy (HSV): Also known as parietal cell vagotomy, this involves cutting only the branches of the vagus nerve that supply the acid-secreting cells in the stomach. It is a highly targeted procedure that reduces gastric acid secretion while minimizing side effects such as delayed gastric emptying and diarrhea.

Vagotomy is typically performed using laparoscopic or open surgical techniques, depending on the patient's individual needs and the surgeon's preference. While vagotomy can be effective in treating peptic ulcers, it is not commonly performed today due to the development of less invasive treatments such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) that reduce gastric acid secretion without surgery.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like smell and is the main component of vinegar. In medical terms, acetic acid is used as a topical antiseptic and antibacterial agent, particularly for the treatment of ear infections, external genital warts, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a preservative and solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.

It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.

Histamine H2 antagonists, also known as H2 blockers, are a class of medications that work by blocking the action of histamine on the H2 receptors in the stomach. Histamine is a chemical that is released by the body during an allergic reaction and can also be released by certain cells in the stomach in response to food or other stimuli. When histamine binds to the H2 receptors in the stomach, it triggers the release of acid. By blocking the action of histamine on these receptors, H2 antagonists reduce the amount of acid produced by the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach ulcers. Examples of H2 antagonists include ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid), and cimetidine (Tagamet).

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Gastrins are a group of hormones that are produced by G cells in the stomach lining. These hormones play an essential role in regulating gastric acid secretion and motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract. The most well-known gastrin is known as "gastrin-17," which is released into the bloodstream and stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells in the stomach lining.

Gastrins are stored in secretory granules within G cells, and their release is triggered by several factors, including the presence of food in the stomach, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and vagus nerve stimulation. Once released, gastrins bind to specific receptors on parietal cells, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and the activation of enzymes that promote hydrochloric acid secretion.

Abnormalities in gastrin production can lead to several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastrinomas (tumors that produce excessive amounts of gastrin), which can cause severe gastric acid hypersecretion and ulcers. Conversely, a deficiency in gastrin production can result in hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid levels) and impaired digestion.

The pylorus is the lower, narrow part of the stomach that connects to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It consists of the pyloric canal, which is a short muscular tube, and the pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. The pylorus regulates the entry of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine by adjusting the size and frequency of the muscular contractions that push the chyme through the pyloric sphincter. This process helps in further digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

Hemostasis, in general, refers to the process of stopping bleeding or hemorrhage, either naturally or through medical intervention. In the context of endoscopy, endoscopic hemostasis is the use of endoscopic techniques and devices to control gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.

Endoscopes are flexible tubes with a light and camera at the tip, which are inserted into the body to visualize internal organs. In the case of GI endoscopy, the endoscope is inserted through the mouth or rectum to examine the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, or rectum.

Endoscopic hemostasis techniques can be broadly categorized into two types:
- Mechanical methods: These involve the use of devices that physically occlude or constrict blood vessels to stop bleeding. Examples include hemoclips, which are metal clips that are deployed through the endoscope to grasp and compress a bleeding vessel, and band ligation, where a rubber band is used to strangulate a bleeding vessel.
- Thermal methods: These use heat to coagulate (seal) blood vessels and stop bleeding. Examples include monopolar and bipolar electrocoagulation, argon plasma coagulation, and laser coagulation.

Endoscopic hemostasis is an important tool in the management of acute GI bleeding, as well as prevention of rebleeding in patients with chronic or recurrent GI bleeding.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Venous insufficiency is a medical condition that occurs when the veins, particularly in the legs, have difficulty returning blood back to the heart due to impaired valve function or obstruction in the vein. This results in blood pooling in the veins, leading to symptoms such as varicose veins, swelling, skin changes, and ulcers. Prolonged venous insufficiency can cause chronic pain and affect the quality of life if left untreated.

Amoxicillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillin. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which is necessary for their growth and survival. By disrupting this process, amoxicillin can kill bacteria and help to clear up infections.

Amoxicillin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is available as a tablet, capsule, chewable tablet, or liquid suspension, and is typically taken two to three times a day.

Like all antibiotics, amoxicillin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, and it is important to take the full course of treatment as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections more difficult to treat in the future.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Dumping syndrome, also known as rapid gastric emptying, is a condition that typically occurs in people who have had surgery to remove all or part of their stomach (gastrectomy) or have had a procedure called a gastrojejunostomy. These surgeries can lead to the stomach's contents entering the small intestine too quickly, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating.

There are two types of dumping syndrome: early and late. Early dumping syndrome occurs within 30 minutes after eating, while late dumping syndrome occurs 1-3 hours after eating. Symptoms of early dumping syndrome may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, bloating, dizziness, and fatigue. Late dumping syndrome symptoms may include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), which can cause sweating, weakness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat.

Treatment for dumping syndrome typically involves dietary modifications, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals that are low in simple sugars, and avoiding fluids during meals. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help slow down gastric emptying or manage symptoms. If these treatments are not effective, surgery may be necessary to correct the problem.

Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, white metallic element (symbol: Bi; atomic number: 83) that is found in various minerals and is used in several industrial, medical, and household products. In medicine, bismuth compounds are commonly used as antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer agents due to their antibacterial properties. They can be found in medications like Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. It's important to note that bismuth itself is not used medically, but its compounds have medical applications.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

A nursing assessment is the process of collecting and analyzing data about a patient's health status, including their physical, psychological, social, cultural, and emotional needs. This information is used to identify actual or potential health problems, develop a plan of care, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Nursing assessments may include observing and documenting the patient's vital signs, appearance, behavior, mobility, nutrition, elimination, comfort level, cognitive status, and emotional well-being. They are typically conducted upon admission to a healthcare facility, during transitions of care, and on a regular basis throughout the course of treatment to ensure that the patient's needs are being met and that any changes in their condition are promptly identified and addressed.

In medical terms, "beds" generally refers to:

1. A piece of furniture for sleeping, typically consisting of a mattress on a frame with rails at the sides to prevent falling out. Hospital beds are specially designed to meet the needs of patients and may include features such as adjustable height, backrest, and side rails.

2. Inpatient capacity or number of available hospital beds for patient care. For example, "the hospital has 500 beds" means that there are 500 inpatient beds available for admitting patients.

3. Sometimes, it can also refer to the number of ICU (Intensive Care Unit) or CCU (Critical Care Unit) beds, which indicate the capacity of a hospital's critical care services.

Famotidine is a type of medication called an H2 blocker, or histamine-2 receptor antagonist. It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Famotidine is commonly used to treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines, and to manage conditions where the stomach produces too much acid, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is also used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which acid backs up from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

Famotidine is available by prescription and over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid. It is important to take famotidine exactly as directed by a healthcare professional, and to talk to them about any potential risks or side effects.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Gastroenterostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an anastomosis (a connection or junction) between the stomach and the small intestine, usually between the stomach's lesser curvature and the jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). This procedure is often performed to bypass a diseased or obstructed portion of the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the case of gastric ulcers, tumors, or other conditions that prevent normal digestion and absorption.

There are different types of gastroenterostomy procedures, including:
1. Billroth I (or "gastroduodenostomy"): The stomach is connected directly to the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
2. Billroth II (or "gastrojejunostomy"): The stomach is connected to the jejunum, bypassing the duodenum.
3. Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy: A more complex procedure in which a portion of the jejunum is separated and reconnected further down the small intestine, creating a Y-shaped configuration. This type of gastroenterostomy is often used in bariatric surgery for weight loss.

The choice of gastroenterostomy technique depends on the specific medical condition being treated and the patient's overall health status.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Aphthous stomatitis, also known simply as canker sores, is a medical condition that involves the development of small, painful ulcers in the mouth. These ulcers typically appear on the inside of the lips or cheeks, under the tongue, or on the gums. They are usually round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border.

Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious and is thought to be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and injury to the mouth. The ulcers typically heal on their own within one to two weeks, although larger or more severe sores may take longer to heal.

Treatment for aphthous stomatitis is generally focused on relieving symptoms, as there is no cure for the condition. This may include using over-the-counter mouth rinses or topical gels to numb the area and reduce pain, as well as avoiding spicy, acidic, or hard foods that can irritate the ulcers. In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to help manage more severe or persistent cases of aphthous stomatitis.

Debridement is a medical procedure that involves the removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue to improve the healing process or prevent further infection. This can be done through various methods such as surgical debridement (removal of tissue using scalpel or scissors), mechanical debridement (use of wound irrigation or high-pressure water jet), autolytic debridement (using the body's own enzymes to break down and reabsorb dead tissue), and enzymatic debridement (application of topical enzymes to dissolve necrotic tissue). The goal of debridement is to promote healthy tissue growth, reduce the risk of infection, and improve overall wound healing.

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Clarithromycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections. It is a member of the macrolide antibiotic family, which works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Clarithromycin is available by prescription and is often used in combination with other medications to treat conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection.

The medical definition of clarithromycin is:

"A antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, belonging to the macrolide antibiotic family. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and is available by prescription."

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. It is characterized by the presence of painful, ulcerating lesions on the genitals. The infection is more common in men than women and is often found in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcers in many parts of the world, but it is relatively rare in developed countries.

The primary symptom of chancroid is the development of one or more painful, soft, and easily bleeding ulcers on the genitals within a few days to two weeks after exposure. The ulcers may be accompanied by swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin. In some cases, the ulcers may become covered with a gray or yellowish-white exudate.

Chancroid is diagnosed through the examination of a sample taken from the ulcer. The sample is examined under a microscope for the presence of H. ducreyi bacteria. If the bacteria are not visible, a culture can be grown to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for chancroid typically involves the use of antibiotics such as azithromycin or ceftriaxone. It is important to receive treatment promptly to prevent the spread of the infection and to avoid complications such as scarring, difficulty urinating, and infertility.

Prevention measures for chancroid include practicing safe sex, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting regular STI screenings. If you suspect that you may have chancroid or any other STI, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Occlusive dressings are specialized bandages or coverings that form a barrier over the skin, preventing air and moisture from passing through. They are designed to create a moist environment that promotes healing by increasing local blood flow, reducing wound desiccation, and encouraging the growth of new tissue. Occlusive dressings can also help to minimize pain, scarring, and the risk of infection in wounds. These dressings are often used for dry, necrotic, or hard-to-heal wounds, such as pressure ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, and burns. It is important to monitor the wound closely while using occlusive dressings, as they can sometimes lead to skin irritation or maceration if left in place for too long.

Gastric acidity determination is a medical test used to measure the amount of acid in the stomach. This test is often performed to diagnose or monitor conditions such as gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The test involves measuring the pH level of the stomach contents using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter that is passed through the nose and down into the stomach. In some cases, a small sample of stomach fluid may also be collected for further testing.

The normal range for gastric acidity is typically considered to be a pH level below 4. A higher pH level may indicate that the stomach is producing too little acid, while a lower pH level may suggest that it is producing too much. Based on the results of the test, healthcare providers can develop an appropriate treatment plan for the underlying condition causing abnormal gastric acidity.

Lansoprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. The medical definition of Lansoprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that is a selective gastric proton pump inhibitor, which suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. It is used as an effective therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lansoprazole is available in the form of capsules or oral granules for delayed-release oral administration.

Here's a brief overview of its mechanism of action:

* Lansoprazole is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the parietal cells in the stomach, where it is converted into its active form.
* The active form of lansoprazole binds to and inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, which is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach, where they combine with chloride ions to form hydrochloric acid.
* By inhibiting this proton pump, lansoprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to relieve symptoms and promote healing of gastrointestinal disorders.

Haemophilus ducreyi is a gram-negative, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus that is the causative agent of chancroid, a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease. It requires factors X and V for growth, which makes it fastidious and difficult to culture. The organism primarily infects the epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes, causing painful, necrotic ulcers with ragged borders and suppurative inguinal lymphadenopathy. Chancroid is a significant co-factor in the transmission of HIV. Infections caused by H. ducreyi are more common in tropical and developing regions, where it remains an important public health concern.

Hematemesis is the medical term for vomiting blood. It can range in appearance from bright red blood to dark, coffee-ground material that results from the stomach acid digesting the blood. Hematemesis is often a sign of a serious condition, such as bleeding in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, and requires immediate medical attention. The underlying cause can be various, including gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, or tumors.

Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide hormone that stimulates the release of gastrin and hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It is used diagnostically to test for conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare disorder in which tumors in the pancreas or duodenum produce excessive amounts of gastrin, leading to severe ulcers and other digestive problems.

Pentagastrin is typically administered intravenously, and its effects are monitored through blood tests that measure gastric acid secretion. It is a potent stimulant of gastric acid production, and its use is limited to diagnostic purposes due to the risk of adverse effects such as nausea, flushing, and increased heart rate.

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.

It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Duodenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Duodenitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. In some cases, the cause may remain unidentified, leading to a diagnosis of "non-specific duodenitis."

Treatment for duodenitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as eradicating H. pylori infection or discontinuing NSAID use. Acid-suppressing medications and antacids may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the duodenal lining. In severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery might be necessary to manage complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Melena is a medical term that refers to the passage of black, tarry stools. It's not a specific disease but rather a symptom caused by the presence of digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract. The dark color results from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells, by gut bacteria and stomach acids.

Melena stools are often associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which can occur due to various reasons such as gastric ulcers, esophageal varices (dilated veins in the esophagus), Mallory-Weiss tears (tears in the lining of the esophagus or stomach), or tumors.

It is essential to differentiate melena from hematochezia, which refers to the passage of bright red blood in the stool, typically indicating lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A healthcare professional should evaluate any concerns related to changes in bowel movements, including the presence of melena or hematochezia.

Nontuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) infections refer to illnesses caused by a group of bacteria called mycobacteria that do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. These bacteria are commonly found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and dust. They can be spread through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated materials.

NTM infections can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, skin, and soft tissues. Lung infections are the most common form of NTM infection and often occur in people with underlying lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis. Symptoms of NTM lung infection may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by NTM can occur through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, or through medical procedures such as contaminated injections or catheters. Symptoms of NTM skin and soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, pain, and drainage.

Diagnosis of NTM infections typically involves a combination of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to identify the specific type of mycobacteria causing the infection. Treatment may involve multiple antibiotics for an extended period of time, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

Pepsinogens are inactive precursor forms of the enzyme pepsin, which is produced in the stomach. They are composed of two types: Pepsinogen I (or gastric intrinsic factor) and Pepsinogen II. When exposed to acid in the stomach, these pepsinogens get converted into their active form, pepsin, which helps digest proteins in food. Measurement of pepsinogens in blood can be used as a diagnostic marker for certain stomach conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer.

Amputation is defined as the surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity such as an arm, leg, foot, hand, toe, or finger. This procedure is typically performed to remove damaged or dead tissue due to various reasons like severe injury, infection, tumors, or chronic conditions that impair circulation, such as diabetes or peripheral arterial disease. The goal of amputation is to alleviate pain, prevent further complications, and improve the patient's quality of life. Following the surgery, patients may require rehabilitation and prosthetic devices to help them adapt to their new physical condition.

Compression bandages are medical devices used to apply pressure on a part of the body, typically on limbs such as arms or legs. They are often used in the treatment of venous disorders, lymphatic disorders, and wounds, including venous ulcers, leg edema, and chronic swelling. The compression helps to promote better blood flow, reduce swelling, and aid in the healing process by helping to prevent fluid buildup in the tissues. They are usually made from elastic materials that allow for adjustable levels of compression and can be wrapped around the affected area in a specific manner to ensure proper fit and effectiveness. It is important to receive proper instruction on the application and removal of compression bandages to ensure they are used safely and effectively.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

"Glycyrrhiza" is the medical term for the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which belongs to the legume family. The root of this plant contains glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting compound that has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating coughs, stomach ulcers, and liver disorders. However, excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious side effects like high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and even heart problems. Therefore, it is important to use licorice products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Nursing Evaluation Research (NER) is a type of research that focuses on evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of nursing interventions, treatments, or care delivery models. The main goal of NER is to determine whether these interventions or models produce desired outcomes, improve patient care, and contribute to better health outcomes.

NER typically involves collecting and analyzing data related to nursing practices, such as patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and safety. This type of research can help nurses identify best practices, develop evidence-based guidelines, and make informed decisions about patient care. NER may also be used to evaluate the impact of changes in policy or practice on patient outcomes and healthcare delivery.

NER is an important area of study for nursing professionals, as it helps to advance the field of nursing and improve patient care. By conducting rigorous evaluations of nursing interventions and practices, nurses can contribute to the development of evidence-based care that leads to better health outcomes for patients.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Rectal diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure or function of the rectum, which is the lower end of the large intestine, just above the anus. The rectum serves as a storage area for stool before it is eliminated from the body. Some common rectal diseases include:

1. Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the rectum or anus that can cause pain, itching, bleeding, and discomfort.
2. Rectal cancer: Abnormal growth of cells in the rectum that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Anal fissures: Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain, bleeding, and itching.
4. Rectal prolapse: A condition where the rectum slips outside the anus, causing discomfort, fecal incontinence, and other symptoms.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the digestive tract, including the rectum, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
6. Rectal abscess: A collection of pus in the rectum caused by an infection, which can cause pain, swelling, and fever.
7. Fistula-in-ano: An abnormal connection between the rectum and the skin around the anus, which can cause drainage of pus or stool.
8. Rectal foreign bodies: Objects that are accidentally or intentionally inserted into the rectum and can cause injury, infection, or obstruction.

These are just a few examples of rectal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the rectum. If you experience any symptoms related to the rectum, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Behçet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease that can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. It's characterized by recurrent mouth sores (aphthous ulcers), genital sores, and inflammation of the eyes (uveitis). The condition may also cause skin lesions, joint pain and swelling, and inflammation of the digestive tract, brain, or spinal cord.

The exact cause of Behçet syndrome is not known, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues. The condition tends to affect men more often than women and typically develops during a person's 20s or 30s.

There is no cure for Behçet syndrome, but treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics to reduce inflammation, as well as pain relievers and other supportive therapies.

Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a loss of blood flow to a specific area of the body, resulting in tissue death. It can be caused by various factors such as bacterial infections, trauma, diabetes, vascular diseases, and smoking. The affected tissues may become discolored, swollen, and emit a foul odor due to the accumulation of bacteria and toxins.

Gangrene can be classified into two main types: dry gangrene and wet (or moist) gangrene. Dry gangrene develops slowly and is often associated with peripheral arterial disease, which reduces blood flow to the extremities. The affected area turns black and shriveled as it dries out. Wet gangrene, on the other hand, progresses rapidly due to bacterial infections that cause tissue breakdown and pus formation. This type of gangrene can spread quickly throughout the body, leading to severe complications such as sepsis and organ failure if left untreated.

Treatment for gangrene typically involves surgical removal of the dead tissue (debridement), antibiotics to control infections, and sometimes revascularization procedures to restore blood flow to the affected area. In severe cases where the infection has spread or the damage is irreversible, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary to prevent further complications and save the patient's life.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Foot diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the foot, including its structures such as the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and nerves. These conditions can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, numbness, difficulty walking, and skin changes. Examples of foot diseases include:

1. Plantar fasciitis: inflammation of the band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes.
2. Bunions: a bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe.
3. Hammertoe: a deformity in which the toe is bent at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
4. Diabetic foot: a group of conditions that can occur in people with diabetes, including nerve damage, poor circulation, and increased risk of infection.
5. Athlete's foot: a fungal infection that affects the skin between the toes and on the soles of the feet.
6. Ingrown toenails: a condition where the corner or side of a toenail grows into the flesh of the toe.
7. Gout: a type of arthritis that causes sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints, often starting with the big toe.
8. Foot ulcers: open sores or wounds that can occur on the feet, especially in people with diabetes or poor circulation.
9. Morton's neuroma: a thickening of the tissue around a nerve between the toes, causing pain and numbness.
10. Osteoarthritis: wear and tear of the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Foot diseases can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, and some may be prevented or managed with proper foot care, hygiene, and appropriate medical treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gefarnate" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It may be that you have misspelled or are unfamiliar with the name of a particular medication or chemical compound. If you meant "Gefinitib," it is a type of cancer medication used to treat certain types of lung cancer. Always consult reliable medical sources or healthcare professionals for accurate and safe information.

Tongue diseases refer to various medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or appearance of the tongue. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause tongue inflammation (glossitis), pain, and ulcers. Common causes include streptococcus, herpes simplex, and candida albicans.
2. Traumatic injuries: These can result from accidental bites, burns, or irritation caused by sharp teeth, dental appliances, or habitual habits like tongue thrusting or chewing.
3. Neoplasms: Both benign and malignant growths can occur on the tongue, such as papillomas, fibromas, and squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Congenital disorders: Some individuals may be born with abnormalities of the tongue, like ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) or macroglossia (enlarged tongue).
5. Neurological conditions: Certain neurological disorders can affect tongue movement and sensation, such as Bell's palsy, stroke, or multiple sclerosis.
6. Systemic diseases: Various systemic conditions can have symptoms that manifest on the tongue, like diabetes mellitus (which can cause dryness and furring), iron deficiency anemia (which may lead to atrophic glossitis), or Sjögren's syndrome (which can result in xerostomia).
7. Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause of tongue symptoms remains unknown, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic glossitis or burning mouth syndrome.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of tongue diseases require a thorough examination by a healthcare professional, often involving a dental or medical specialist such as an oral pathologist, otolaryngologist, or dermatologist.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Bacterial skin diseases are a type of infectious skin condition caused by various species of bacteria. These bacteria can multiply rapidly on the skin's surface when given the right conditions, leading to infection and inflammation. Some common bacterial skin diseases include:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious superficial skin infection that typically affects exposed areas such as the face, hands, and feet. It is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.
2. Cellulitis: A deep-skin infection that can spread rapidly and involves the inner layers of the skin and underlying tissue. It is often caused by Group A Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
3. Folliculitis: An inflammation of hair follicles, usually caused by an infection with Staphylococcus aureus or other bacteria.
4. Furuncles (boils) and carbuncles: Deep infections that develop from folliculitis when the infection spreads to surrounding tissue. A furuncle is a single boil, while a carbuncle is a cluster of boils.
5. Erysipelas: A superficial skin infection characterized by redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. It is typically caused by Group A Streptococcus bacteria.
6. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infections: Skin infections caused by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to many antibiotics, making it more difficult to treat.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil and characterized by flu-like symptoms and skin rashes.

Treatment for bacterial skin diseases usually involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, drainage of pus-filled abscesses may be necessary to promote healing. Proper hygiene and wound care can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is commonly used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes in the body, including cyclooxygenase (COX), which plays a role in producing prostaglandins, chemicals involved in the inflammatory response.

Indomethacin is available in various forms, such as capsules, suppositories, and injectable solutions, and is used to treat a wide range of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and bursitis. It may also be used to relieve pain and reduce fever in other conditions, such as dental procedures or after surgery.

Like all NSAIDs, indomethacin can have side effects, including stomach ulcers, bleeding, and kidney damage, especially when taken at high doses or for long periods of time. It may also increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Therefore, it is important to use indomethacin only as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Cysteamine is a medication and a naturally occurring aminothiol compound, which is composed of the amino acid cysteine and a sulfhydryl group. It has various uses in medicine, including as a treatment for cystinosis, a rare genetic disorder that causes an accumulation of cystine crystals in various organs and tissues. Cysteamine works by reacting with cystine to form a compound that can be more easily eliminated from the body. It is available in oral and topical forms and may also be used for other indications, such as treating lung diseases and radiation-induced damage.

Aluminum hydroxide is a medication that contains the active ingredient aluminum hydroxide, which is an inorganic compound. It is commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. Aluminum hydroxide works by reacting with the acid in the stomach to form a physical barrier that prevents the acid from backing up into the esophagus.

In addition to its use as an antacid, aluminum hydroxide is also used as a phosphate binder in patients with kidney disease. It works by binding to phosphate in the gut and preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream, which can help to control high phosphate levels in the body.

Aluminum hydroxide is available over-the-counter and by prescription in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid suspensions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "shoes" are not a medical term. Shoes are items of footwear intended to protect and comfort the feet. They typically have a durable sole that provides protection from sharp objects, hot surfaces, and the effects of moisture. The upper part of a shoe can be made from various materials such as leather, plastic, or textiles, and is designed to provide coverage and support for the foot.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help!

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

I'm not aware of any medical definitions associated with the term "Benin." Benin is a country located in West Africa, and its name is used in medical literature to describe conditions or issues related to that country, such as diseases prevalent there. However, without additional context, it's difficult to provide a specific medical definition for 'Benin.'

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for "witchcraft" as it is generally considered to be a cultural or religious practice, not a medical condition. Witchcraft often refers to the practice of magical skills, spells, and the ability to communicate with spirits, which are beliefs that are deeply rooted in various cultures and religions around the world.

However, in some historical contexts, particularly during the early modern period in Europe, accusations of witchcraft were used as a pretext for persecuting and punishing individuals who were perceived as social or religious outsiders. These witch trials often resulted in severe physical and psychological harm, including executions, and can be considered a medical and human rights issue due to the trauma and violence inflicted upon those accused.

It's important to note that modern medicine recognizes the importance of cultural competence and sensitivity in providing care to patients from diverse backgrounds, including those who may practice witchcraft or other forms of traditional healing.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES) is a rare digestive disorder that is characterized by the development of one or more gastrin-secreting tumors, also known as gastrinomas. These tumors are usually found in the pancreas and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Gastrinomas produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, which leads to the overproduction of stomach acid.

The increased stomach acid can cause severe peptic ulcers, often multiple or refractory to treatment, in the duodenum and jejunum (the second part of the small intestine). ZES may also result in diarrhea due to the excess acid irritating the intestines. In some cases, gastrinomas can be malignant and metastasize to other organs such as the liver and lymph nodes.

The diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome typically involves measuring serum gastrin levels and performing a secretin stimulation test. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasounds may be used to locate the tumors. Treatment usually includes medications to reduce stomach acid production (such as proton pump inhibitors) and surgery to remove the gastrinomas when possible.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Hyperbaric oxygenation is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, typically at greater than one atmosphere absolute (ATA). This process results in increased levels of oxygen being dissolved in the blood and delivered to body tissues, thereby promoting healing, reducing inflammation, and combating infection. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat various medical conditions, including carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, gangrene, and wounds that are slow to heal due to diabetes or radiation injury.

Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:

1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

Artificial Skin is a synthetic substitute or equivalent that is used to replace, support, or enhance the function of damaged or absent skin. It can be made from various materials such as biopolymers, composites, or biosynthetic materials. The main purpose of artificial skin is to provide a temporary or permanent covering for wounds, burns, or ulcers that cannot be healed with conventional treatments. Additionally, it may serve as a platform for the delivery of medications or as a matrix for the growth of cells and tissues during skin grafting procedures. Artificial skin must possess properties such as biocompatibility, durability, flexibility, and permeability to air and water vapor in order to promote optimal healing and minimize scarring.

Clinical nursing research is a branch of scientific inquiry that focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of studies aimed at improving patient care and outcomes through the development of evidence-based practices within the nursing profession. This type of research is conducted in clinical settings such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, and often involves collaboration between nurses, other healthcare professionals, and researchers from various disciplines.

The goals of clinical nursing research include:

1. Identifying patient care needs and priorities
2. Developing and testing innovative interventions to improve patient outcomes
3. Evaluating the effectiveness of current practices and treatments
4. Disseminating research findings to inform evidence-based practice
5. Advancing nursing knowledge and theory

Clinical nursing research can encompass a wide range of topics, including symptom management, patient safety, quality improvement, health promotion, and end-of-life care. The ultimate aim of this research is to improve the quality of care delivered to patients and their families, as well as to enhance the professional practice of nursing.

A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.

'Calymmatobacterium' is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are typically found as part of the normal microbiota in the skin and mucous membranes of some animals. The most well-known species in this genus is Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, which is the causative agent of granuloma inguinale (also known as donovanosis), a sexually transmitted infection that primarily affects the genital area and causes painful ulcers and granulomas.

Calymmatobacterium species are fastidious organisms, meaning they have specific growth requirements and can be difficult to culture in the laboratory. They are typically transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue or bodily fluids, and infection can lead to a range of symptoms depending on the site of infection and the immune status of the host.

In addition to granuloma inguinale, Calymmatobacterium species have also been associated with other diseases in animals, including respiratory tract infections and skin lesions in dogs and cats. However, their role as primary pathogens in these contexts is not well-established.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.

Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.

Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.

In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.

The Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract refers to the segment of the digestive system that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This region is responsible for the initial stages of digestion, such as mechanical breakdown of food by chewing and churning, and chemical breakdown through enzymes and acids. It's also where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. Various medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancers, can affect the upper GI tract.

Pepsin A is defined as a digestive enzyme that is primarily secreted by the chief cells in the stomach's fundic glands. It plays a crucial role in protein catabolism, helping to break down food proteins into smaller peptides during the digestive process. Pepsin A has an optimal pH range of 1.5-2.5 for its enzymatic activity and is activated from its inactive precursor, pepsinogen, upon exposure to acidic conditions in the stomach.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Rabeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The medical definition of Rabeprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that acts as a prodrug, being selectively converted to the active form in the acidic environment of gastric parietal cells. It suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. Rabeprazole is used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is available by prescription in various forms, including tablets and sodium salt for oral administration.

In simpler terms, Rabeprazole works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to prevent and heal damage to the esophagus and stomach caused by excessive acid production.

Ischemia is the medical term used to describe a lack of blood flow to a part of the body, often due to blocked or narrowed blood vessels. This can lead to a shortage of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues, which can cause them to become damaged or die. Ischemia can affect many different parts of the body, including the heart, brain, legs, and intestines. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the location and severity of the blockage, but they may include pain, cramping, numbness, weakness, or coldness in the affected area. In severe cases, ischemia can lead to tissue death (gangrene) or organ failure. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blocked blood flow, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ghana" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in West Africa, known officially as the Republic of Ghana. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help with those!

Vulvar diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the vulva, which is the external female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and the vaginal opening. These conditions can cause various symptoms such as itching, burning, pain, soreness, irritation, or abnormal growths or lesions. Some common vulvar diseases include:

1. Vulvitis: inflammation of the vulva that can be caused by infection, allergies, or irritants.
2. Lichen sclerosus: a chronic skin condition that causes thin, white patches on the vulva.
3. Lichen planus: an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and mucous membranes, including the vulva.
4. Vulvar cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the vulva.
5. Genital warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, these are small growths or bumps on the vulva.
6. Pudendal neuralgia: a nerve condition that causes pain in the vulvar area.
7. Vestibulodynia: pain or discomfort in the vestibule, the area surrounding the vaginal opening.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing any symptoms related to vulvar diseases for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.

In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.

Skin transplantation, also known as skin grafting, is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of healthy skin from one part of the body (donor site) and its transfer to another site (recipient site) that has been damaged or lost due to various reasons such as burns, injuries, infections, or diseases. The transplanted skin can help in healing wounds, restoring functionality, and improving the cosmetic appearance of the affected area. There are different types of skin grafts, including split-thickness grafts, full-thickness grafts, and composite grafts, which vary in the depth and size of the skin removed and transplanted. The success of skin transplantation depends on various factors, including the size and location of the wound, the patient's overall health, and the availability of suitable donor sites.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is not a substance that is typically found within the human body. It is a strong mineral acid with the chemical formula HCl. In a medical context, it might be mentioned in relation to gastric acid, which helps digest food in the stomach. Gastric acid is composed of hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride and sodium chloride dissolved in water. The pH of hydrochloric acid is very low (1-2) due to its high concentration of H+ ions, making it a strong acid. However, it's important to note that the term 'hydrochloric acid' does not directly refer to a component of human bodily fluids or tissues.

Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger's disease, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the small and medium-sized arteries and veins, most commonly in the legs and feet but sometimes in the arms and hands. The condition is characterized by the formation of blood clots (thrombi) and inflammation in the affected blood vessels, leading to their obstruction and damage.

The exact cause of thromboangiitis obliterans is not known, but it is strongly associated with tobacco use, particularly smoking. The condition primarily affects young men, although women can also develop the disease. The symptoms include pain and cramping in the affected limbs, especially during exercise, skin discoloration, ulcers, and in severe cases, gangrene.

The diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is based on a combination of clinical presentation, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for the disease, but quitting smoking and other tobacco products can help slow its progression and reduce the risk of complications. Treatment typically involves medications to manage symptoms, improve blood flow, and prevent further clotting. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or bypass blocked blood vessels.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Osteomyelitis is a medical condition characterized by an infection that involves the bone or the bone marrow. It can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including bacterial or fungal infections that spread to the bone from another part of the body, or direct infection of the bone through trauma or surgery.

The symptoms of osteomyelitis may include pain and tenderness in the affected area, fever, chills, fatigue, and difficulty moving the affected limb. In some cases, there may also be redness, swelling, and drainage from the infected area. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, as well as blood tests and cultures to identify the underlying cause of the infection.

Treatment for osteomyelitis usually involves a combination of antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and possibly surgical debridement to remove infected tissue. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and manage the condition.

Iodophors are antiseptic solutions or preparations that contain iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent, usually a nonionic surfactant. The most common example is povidone-iodine (polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine). Iodophors are widely used for skin disinfection before surgical procedures and injections, as well as for the treatment of wounds and burns.

The advantage of iodophors over traditional tincture of iodine is that they provide a more sustained release of iodine, which results in a longer-lasting antimicrobial effect while being less irritating to the skin. The complexation with the solubilizing agent also helps to reduce staining of the skin and clothing compared to traditional iodine solutions.

In medical terms, "immersion" is not a term with a specific clinical definition. However, in general terms, immersion refers to the act of placing something or someone into a liquid or environment completely. In some contexts, it may be used to describe a type of wound care where the wound is covered completely with a medicated dressing or solution. It can also be used to describe certain medical procedures or therapies that involve submerging a part of the body in a liquid, such as hydrotherapy.

Carbenoxolone is a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin, which is found in the root of the licorice plant. It has been used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers due to its ability to increase the mucosal resistance and promote healing. Carbenoxolone works by inhibiting the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which leads to an increase in the levels of cortisol and other steroids in the body. This can have various effects on the body, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.

However, long-term use of carbenoxolone has been associated with serious side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and edema (fluid retention). Therefore, its use is generally limited to short-term treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Medical Definition: Carbenoxolone

A synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers due to its ability to increase mucosal resistance and promote healing. It is an inhibitor of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, leading to increased levels of cortisol and other steroids in the body, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, long-term use is associated with serious side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema.

Granulation tissue is the pinkish, bumpy material that forms on the surface of a healing wound. It's composed of tiny blood vessels (capillaries), white blood cells, and fibroblasts - cells that produce collagen, which is a protein that helps to strengthen and support the tissue.

Granulation tissue plays a crucial role in the wound healing process by filling in the wound space, contracting the wound, and providing a foundation for the growth of new skin cells (epithelialization). It's typically formed within 3-5 days after an injury and continues to develop until the wound is fully healed.

It's important to note that while granulation tissue is a normal part of the healing process, excessive or overgrowth of granulation tissue can lead to complications such as delayed healing, infection, or the formation of hypertrophic scars or keloids. In these cases, medical intervention may be necessary to manage the excess tissue and promote proper healing.

Penicillins are a group of antibiotics derived from the Penicillium fungus. They are widely used to treat various bacterial infections due to their bactericidal activity, which means they kill bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell walls. The first penicillin, benzylpenicillin (also known as penicillin G), was discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming. Since then, numerous semi-synthetic penicillins have been developed to expand the spectrum of activity and stability against bacterial enzymes that can inactivate these drugs.

Penicillins are classified into several groups based on their chemical structure and spectrum of activity:

1. Natural Penicillins (e.g., benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin): These have a narrow spectrum of activity, mainly targeting Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, they are susceptible to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some bacteria.
2. Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin): These penicillins resist degradation by certain bacterial beta-lactamases and are primarily used to treat infections caused by staphylococci, including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
3. Aminopenicillins (e.g., ampicillin, amoxicillin): These penicillins have an extended spectrum of activity compared to natural penicillins, including some Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. However, they are still susceptible to degradation by many beta-lactamases.
4. Antipseudomonal Penicillins (e.g., carbenicillin, ticarcillin): These penicillins have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria with increased resistance to other antibiotics. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanate or tazobactam to protect them from degradation.
5. Extended-spectrum Penicillins (e.g., piperacillin): These penicillins have a broad spectrum of activity, including many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to protect them from degradation.

Penicillins are generally well-tolerated antibiotics; however, they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, ranging from mild skin rashes to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Cross-reactivity between different penicillin classes and other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins) is possible but varies depending on the specific drugs involved.

Furazolidone is defined as an antimicrobial agent with nitrofuran structure. It is primarily used in the treatment of intestinal amebiasis, traveller's diarrhea, and other types of bacterial diarrhea. Furazolidone works by inhibiting certain enzymes necessary for the survival of bacteria, thereby killing or stopping the growth of the microorganisms. It is also used as a preservative in some food products.

It's important to note that Furazolidone has been associated with rare but serious side effects such as lung and liver toxicity, so its use is generally restricted to short-term therapy and under close medical supervision.

Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:

1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.

These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Tuberculosis (TB), when referring to "oral" or "oropharyngeal," is a specific form of this infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In oral TB, the infection primarily affects the tissues in and around the mouth and throat (oropharynx). The most common sites for oral TB are the tongue, palate, tonsils, and buccal mucosa (the lining of the inner cheeks).

Oral TB can present with various symptoms, including:

1. Painless or painful ulcers in the mouth or throat
2. Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck
3. Difficulty swallowing
4. Persistent cough and hoarseness
5. Fever and fatigue
6. Unintentional weight loss

It is important to note that oral TB is relatively rare compared to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB affecting the lungs). However, it can still be transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected sputum or saliva. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests such as smear microscopy, culture, or molecular techniques like PCR to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis in samples taken from the affected area. Treatment usually consists of a standard anti-TB drug regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for at least six months.

Pyloric stenosis is a condition that results in the narrowing or complete obstruction of the pylorus, which is the opening from the stomach into the small intestine. This narrowing is usually caused by hypertrophy (thickening) of the muscles in the pylorus, making it difficult for food to pass from the stomach into the duodenum.

The most common form of this condition is infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which typically affects infants between 3-6 weeks of age. In this case, the pyloric muscle becomes abnormally thick and narrows the opening, making it difficult for stomach contents to empty into the small intestine. This can lead to symptoms such as vomiting (often projectile), dehydration, and poor weight gain.

The diagnosis of pyloric stenosis is often made through physical examination, ultrasound, or other imaging studies. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the narrowed opening, known as a pyloromyotomy. This procedure involves making an incision in the pylorus to relieve the obstruction and allow normal stomach emptying.

In some cases, pyloric stenosis can also occur in adults, although this is much less common than in infants. Adult pyloric stenosis can be caused by various factors, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, or previous surgeries. The symptoms and treatment approach for adult pyloric stenosis may differ from those seen in infants.

Neurogenic arthropathy is a joint disease that occurs as a result of nerve damage or dysfunction. Also known as Charcot joint, this condition is characterized by joint destruction and deformity due to the loss of sensation and proprioception, which normally help protect the joint from excessive stress and injury.

Neurogenic arthropathy often affects people with diabetes, syphilis, leprosy, spinal cord injuries, or other conditions that damage nerves. The damage impairs the ability to feel pain, temperature, and position, making it difficult for individuals to notice or respond to joint injuries. Over time, this can lead to joint degeneration, fractures, dislocations, and severe deformities if left untreated.

Treatment typically involves managing the underlying nerve condition, immobilizing the affected joint with a brace or cast, and in some cases, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged joints. Regular exercise, physical therapy, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are a class of drugs that work by blocking the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.

There are two main types of COX enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is produced continuously in various tissues throughout the body and helps maintain the normal function of the stomach and kidneys, among other things. COX-2, on the other hand, is produced in response to inflammation and is involved in the production of prostaglandins that contribute to pain, fever, and inflammation.

COX inhibitors can be non-selective, meaning they block both COX-1 and COX-2, or selective, meaning they primarily block COX-2. Non-selective COX inhibitors include drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, while selective COX inhibitors are often referred to as coxibs and include celecoxib (Celebrex) and rofecoxib (Vioxx).

COX inhibitors are commonly used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. However, long-term use of non-selective COX inhibitors can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects such as ulcers and bleeding, while selective COX inhibitors may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits of COX inhibitors before using them.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Gastric emptying is the process by which the stomach empties its contents into the small intestine. In medical terms, it refers to the rate and amount of food that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This process is regulated by several factors, including the volume and composition of the meal, hormonal signals, and neural mechanisms. Abnormalities in gastric emptying can lead to various gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, such as gastroparesis, where the stomach's ability to empty food is delayed.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

A nursing home, also known as a skilled nursing facility, is a type of residential healthcare facility that provides round-the-clock care and assistance to individuals who require a high level of medical care and support with activities of daily living. Nursing homes are designed for people who cannot be cared for at home or in an assisted living facility due to their complex medical needs, mobility limitations, or cognitive impairments.

Nursing homes provide a range of services, including:

1. Skilled nursing care: Registered nurses and licensed practical nurses provide 24-hour medical care and monitoring for residents with chronic illnesses, disabilities, or those recovering from surgery or illness.
2. Rehabilitation services: Physical, occupational, and speech therapists help residents regain strength, mobility, and communication skills after an injury, illness, or surgery.
3. Personal care: Certified nursing assistants (CNAs) help residents with activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, grooming, and using the bathroom.
4. Meals and nutrition: Nursing homes provide three meals a day, plus snacks, and accommodate special dietary needs.
5. Social activities: Recreational programs and social events are organized to help residents stay active and engaged with their peers.
6. Hospice care: Some nursing homes offer end-of-life care for residents who require palliative or comfort measures.
7. Secure environments: For residents with memory impairments, specialized units called memory care or Alzheimer's units provide a secure and structured environment to help maintain their safety and well-being.

When selecting a nursing home, it is essential to consider factors such as the quality of care, staff-to-resident ratio, cleanliness, and overall atmosphere to ensure the best possible experience for the resident.

Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a medical treatment used to promote wound healing and prevent infection in acute or chronic wounds. It involves the application of controlled sub-atmospheric pressure to the surface of the wound, usually through the use of a vacuum-assisted device.

The negative pressure helps to remove excess fluid and infectious materials from the wound, while also promoting the growth of new tissue by increasing blood flow and stimulating cell proliferation. NPWT can be used in various types of wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, surgical wounds, and traumatic injuries.

The therapy is typically administered through a sealed dressing that covers the wound and is connected to a vacuum pump. The negative pressure is applied continuously or intermittently, depending on the specific needs of the patient and the type of wound being treated. NPWT has been shown to be effective in reducing wound size, promoting healing, and improving overall clinical outcomes in many patients with complex wounds.

Guanidines are organic compounds that contain a guanidino group, which is a functional group with the formula -NH-C(=NH)-NH2. Guanidines can be found in various natural sources, including some animals, plants, and microorganisms. They also occur as byproducts of certain metabolic processes in the body.

In a medical context, guanidines are most commonly associated with the treatment of muscle weakness and neuromuscular disorders. The most well-known guanidine compound is probably guanidine hydrochloride, which has been used as a medication to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome.

However, the use of guanidines as medications has declined in recent years due to their potential for toxicity and the development of safer and more effective treatments. Today, guanidines are mainly used in research settings to study various biological processes, including protein folding and aggregation, enzyme inhibition, and cell signaling.

In medical terms, toes are the digits located at the end of the foot. Humans typically have five toes on each foot, consisting of the big toe (hallux), second toe, third toe, fourth toe, and little toe (fifth toe). The bones of the toes are called phalanges, with the exception of the big toe, which has a different bone structure and is composed of a proximal phalanx, distal phalanx, and sometimes a sesamoid bone.

Toes play an essential role in maintaining balance and assisting in locomotion by helping to push off the ground during walking or running. They also contribute to the overall stability and posture of the body. Various medical conditions can affect toes, such as ingrown toenails, bunions, hammertoes, and neuromas, which may require specific treatments or interventions to alleviate pain, restore function, or improve appearance.

A breath test is a medical or forensic procedure used to analyze a sample of exhaled breath in order to detect and measure the presence of various substances, most commonly alcohol. The test is typically conducted using a device called a breathalyzer, which measures the amount of alcohol in the breath and converts it into a reading of blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

In addition to alcohol, breath tests can also be used to detect other substances such as drugs or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may indicate certain medical conditions. However, these types of breath tests are less common and may not be as reliable or accurate as other diagnostic tests.

Breath testing is commonly used by law enforcement officers to determine whether a driver is impaired by alcohol and to establish probable cause for arrest. It is also used in some healthcare settings to monitor patients who are being treated for alcohol abuse or dependence.

In medical terms, the foot is the part of the lower limb that is distal to the leg and below the ankle, extending from the tarsus to the toes. It is primarily responsible for supporting body weight and facilitating movement through push-off during walking or running. The foot is a complex structure made up of 26 bones, 33 joints, and numerous muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves that work together to provide stability, balance, and flexibility. It can be divided into three main parts: the hindfoot, which contains the talus and calcaneus (heel) bones; the midfoot, which includes the navicular, cuboid, and cuneiform bones; and the forefoot, which consists of the metatarsals and phalanges that form the toes.

Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial medication used to treat various infections caused by parasites or bacteria. According to the Medical Dictionary, it is defined as:

"A synthetic nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent, similar to metronidazole, that is active against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic. It is used in the treatment of various clinical conditions, including bacterial vaginosis, amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and pseudomembranous colitis."

Tinidazole works by interfering with the DNA of the microorganisms, which leads to their death. It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed for a duration of 2-5 days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, and changes in taste sensation.

Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog used in obstetrics and gynecology to prevent and treat ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), reduce the risk of gastric ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs long term, induce labor, manage postpartum hemorrhage, and cause abortion. It is also used off-label for cervical ripening before gynecologic surgery and to treat miscarriage.

In addition, Misoprostol has been found to be effective in reducing the risk of gastric ulcers and NSAID-induced dyspepsia (upper abdominal pain or discomfort) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions who require long-term NSAID therapy.

It is important to note that Misoprostol should not be used during pregnancy unless under the supervision of a healthcare provider for specific medical indications, such as preventing or treating stomach ulcers in pregnant women taking NSAIDs or inducing labor. It can cause miscarriage and birth defects if taken during early pregnancy.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, and Duplex are diagnostic medical techniques that use sound waves to create images of internal body structures and assess their function. Here are the definitions for each:

1. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs and tissues. A small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the skin surface, which emits and receives sound waves. The returning echoes are then processed to create real-time visual images of the internal structures.
2. Doppler: This is a type of ultrasound that measures the velocity and direction of blood flow in the body by analyzing the frequency shift of the reflected sound waves. It can be used to assess blood flow in various parts of the body, such as the heart, arteries, and veins.
3. Duplex: Duplex ultrasonography is a combination of both gray-scale ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound. It provides detailed images of internal structures, as well as information about blood flow velocity and direction. This technique is often used to evaluate conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, and peripheral arterial disease.

In summary, ultrasonography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to create images of internal structures, Doppler is a type of ultrasound that measures blood flow velocity and direction, and duplex is a combination of both techniques that provides detailed images and information about blood flow.

An ointment is a semi-solid preparation, typically composed of a mixture of medicinal substance with a base, which is usually greasy or oily. The purpose of the base is to act as a vehicle for the active ingredient and allow it to be applied smoothly and evenly to the skin or mucous membranes.

Ointments are commonly used in dermatology to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rashes, burns, and wounds. They can also be used to deliver medication for localized pain relief, muscle relaxation, and anti-inflammatory or antibiotic effects.

The base of an ointment may consist of various ingredients, including petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, beeswax, or a combination of these. The choice of the base depends on the desired properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability, as well as the intended route of administration and the specific therapeutic goals.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is a type of enzyme belonging to the cyclooxygenase family, which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins. These are important signaling molecules that play a role in various physiological processes such as inflammation, pain perception, blood clotting, and gastric acid secretion.

COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, including the stomach, kidneys, and platelets, where it performs housekeeping functions. For example, in the stomach, COX-1 produces prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes. In the kidneys, COX-1 helps regulate blood flow and sodium balance. In platelets, COX-1 produces thromboxane A2, which promotes blood clotting.

COX-1 is a target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These medications work by inhibiting the activity of COX enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and thereby alleviating pain, inflammation, and fever. However, long-term use of NSAIDs can lead to side effects such as stomach ulcers and bleeding due to the inhibition of COX-1 in the stomach lining.

Atrophic gastritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation and atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach lining, specifically the mucous membrane called the gastric mucosa. This process involves the loss of glandular cells in the stomach, which can result in decreased acid production and potential vitamin B12 deficiency due to reduced intrinsic factor production. Atrophic gastritis can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune disorders, chronic bacterial infection (usually with Helicobacter pylori), and the use of certain medications such as proton pump inhibitors. It can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer, so regular monitoring is often recommended.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Barium sulfate is a medication that is commonly used as a contrast material in medical imaging procedures, such as X-rays and CT scans. It works by coating the inside of the digestive tract, making it visible on an X-ray or CT scan and allowing doctors to see detailed images of the stomach, intestines, and other parts of the digestive system.

Barium sulfate is a white, chalky powder that is mixed with water to create a thick, milky liquid. It is generally safe and does not cause significant side effects when used in medical imaging procedures. However, it should not be taken by individuals who have a known allergy to barium or who have certain digestive conditions, such as obstructions or perforations of the bowel.

It's important to note that while barium sulfate is an important tool for medical diagnosis, it is not a treatment for any medical condition and should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional.

A gastric fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the stomach and another organ or the skin surface. This condition can occur as a result of complications from surgery, injury, infection, or certain diseases such as cancer. Symptoms may include persistent drainage from the site of the fistula, pain, malnutrition, and infection. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the fistula and management of any underlying conditions.

"Biological dressings" refer to materials used in wound healing that are derived from biological sources, such as living cells, tissues, or extracellular matrix components. These dressings can be used to promote the regeneration and repair of damaged or injured tissues by providing a supportive environment for cell growth, differentiation, and tissue formation.

Biological dressings may be derived from various sources, including:

1. Autografts: Tissue harvested from the same individual who will receive the graft.
2. Allografts: Tissue harvested from a donor of the same species.
3. Xenografts: Tissue harvested from a donor of a different species.
4. Decellularized tissue matrices: Tissues that have had their cellular components removed, leaving behind an intact extracellular matrix scaffold.
5. Engineered tissues: Tissues created in the lab through the cultivation and assembly of cells on biocompatible scaffolds or hydrogels.

Examples of biological dressings include skin substitutes, amniotic membranes, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations. These dressings can help to reduce inflammation, prevent infection, and enhance the healing process in various types of wounds, including chronic wounds, burns, and surgical incisions.

It is important to note that while biological dressings offer several advantages over traditional wound dressings, they may also carry risks such as immune rejection or disease transmission, depending on their source and preparation. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate biological dressing materials for each individual patient and application.

Acetates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to compounds that contain the acetate group, which is an functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom (-COO-). An example of an acetate is sodium acetate (CH3COONa), which is a salt formed from acetic acid (CH3COOH) and is often used as a buffering agent in medical solutions.

Acetates can also refer to a group of medications that contain acetate as an active ingredient, such as magnesium acetate, which is used as a laxative, or calcium acetate, which is used to treat high levels of phosphate in the blood.

In addition, acetates can also refer to a process called acetylation, which is the addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a molecule. This process can be important in the metabolism and regulation of various substances within the body.

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases (PTGS), also known as Cyclooxygenases (COX), are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin G2 and H2, which are further metabolized to produce various prostaglandins and thromboxanes. These lipid mediators play crucial roles in several physiological processes such as inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting. There are two major isoforms of PTGS: PTGS-1 (COX-1) and PTGS-2 (COX-2). While COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and involved in homeostatic functions, COX-2 is usually induced during inflammation and tissue injury. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting these enzymes, thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

Tetragastrin is not a medical condition but a synthetic peptide hormone that is used in medical research and diagnostic tests. It is composed of four amino acids (glutamic acid, proline, tryptophan, and methionine) and is similar to the natural hormone gastrin, which is produced by the stomach and helps regulate digestion.

Tetragastrin is used in medical research to study the function of the stomach and intestines, and it is also used in diagnostic tests to stimulate the release of gastric acid from the stomach. This can help diagnose conditions such as pernicious anemia, a condition in which the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach.

In summary, Tetragastrin is a synthetic hormone that mimics the function of natural gastrin and is used for research and diagnostic purposes related to the digestive system.

Sulfoxides are organic compounds characterized by the functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to two oxygen atoms and a carbon atom. The general structure is R-S(=O)O-R', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups. They are often formed by the oxidation of sulfides, which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Sulfoxides have a trigonal pyramidal geometry at the sulfur atom due to the presence of two electron-withdrawing oxygen atoms. They exhibit properties of both polar and nonpolar compounds, making them useful as solvents and intermediates in organic synthesis.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever. COX-2 is primarily expressed in response to stimuli such as cytokines and growth factors, and its expression is associated with the development of inflammation.

COX-2 inhibitors are a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that selectively block the activity of COX-2, reducing the production of prostaglandins and providing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. These medications are often used to treat pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

It's important to note that while COX-2 inhibitors can be effective in managing pain and inflammation, they may also increase the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke, particularly when used at high doses or for extended periods. Therefore, it's essential to use these medications under the guidance of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

Silver compounds refer to chemical substances that combine silver (Ag) with one or more other elements. In the medical context, silver compounds are known for their antimicrobial properties and have been used in various medical applications such as wound dressings, creams, and coatings on medical devices.

Some examples of silver compounds include:

* Silver sulfadiazine (AgSD): a common topical antibiotic used to prevent and treat bacterial infections in burn wounds.
* Silver nitrate (AgNO3): a strong antiseptic used to treat wounds, skin infections, and eye conditions such as neonatal conjunctivitis.
* Silver chloride (AgCl): a compound used in some wound dressings for its antimicrobial properties.
* Silver proteinate: a silver compound that is often used in dietary supplements and claimed to have immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory effects, although its efficacy is not well established.

It's important to note that while silver compounds can be effective antimicrobial agents, they can also have potential side effects such as skin irritation, discoloration, and in some cases, argyria (a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin caused by excessive accumulation of silver). Therefore, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Carnosine is a dipeptide molecule composed of the amino acids histidine and alanine, which is naturally found in high concentrations in certain tissues of the body, particularly in muscle and brain tissue. It acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals and other oxidative stressors. Carnosine also has anti-glycation properties, meaning it helps prevent the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that can contribute to aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, carnosine has been shown to have potential benefits in neuroprotection, cardioprotection, and anti-inflammation. It is being studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various health conditions, including diabetes, cataracts, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurological disorders.

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors are a class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that specifically target and inhibit the COX-2 enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation, pain, and fever.

COX-2 inhibitors were developed to provide the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of NSAIDs without the gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-selective NSAIDs that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. However, some studies have suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular events with long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors, leading to restrictions on their use in certain populations.

Examples of COX-2 inhibitors include celecoxib (Celebrex), rofecoxib (Vioxx, withdrawn from the market in 2004 due to cardiovascular risks), and valdecoxib (Bextra, withdrawn from the market in 2005 due to cardiovascular and skin reactions).

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a systematic process used to compare the costs and benefits of different options to determine which one provides the greatest net benefit. In a medical context, CBA can be used to evaluate the value of medical interventions, treatments, or policies by estimating and monetizing all the relevant costs and benefits associated with each option.

The costs included in a CBA may include direct costs such as the cost of the intervention or treatment itself, as well as indirect costs such as lost productivity or time away from work. Benefits may include improved health outcomes, reduced morbidity or mortality, and increased quality of life.

Once all the relevant costs and benefits have been identified and quantified, they are typically expressed in monetary terms to allow for a direct comparison. The option with the highest net benefit (i.e., the difference between total benefits and total costs) is considered the most cost-effective.

It's important to note that CBA has some limitations and can be subject to various biases and assumptions, so it should be used in conjunction with other evaluation methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the value of medical interventions or policies.

Herpes genitalis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), specifically HSV-2, and occasionally HSV-1. It primarily affects the genital area, but can also involve the anal region, thighs, and buttocks. The infection presents as painful fluid-filled blisters or lesions that may be accompanied by symptoms such as itching, tingling, or burning sensations in the affected area. After the initial outbreak, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate periodically, causing recurrent episodes of genital herpes. It's important to note that while there is no cure for herpes genitalis, antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce transmission risks.

Aortic diseases refer to conditions that affect the aorta, which is the largest and main artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aortic diseases can weaken or damage the aorta, leading to various complications. Here are some common aortic diseases with their medical definitions:

1. Aortic aneurysm: A localized dilation or bulging of the aortic wall, which can occur in any part of the aorta but is most commonly found in the abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the thoracic aorta (thoracic aortic aneurysm). Aneurysms can increase the risk of rupture, leading to life-threatening bleeding.
2. Aortic dissection: A separation of the layers of the aortic wall due to a tear in the inner lining, allowing blood to flow between the layers and potentially cause the aorta to rupture. This is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.
3. Aortic stenosis: A narrowing of the aortic valve opening, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the aorta. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms. Severe aortic stenosis may require surgical or transcatheter intervention to replace or repair the aortic valve.
4. Aortic regurgitation: Also known as aortic insufficiency, this condition occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the heart. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Treatment may include medication or surgical repair or replacement of the aortic valve.
5. Aortitis: Inflammation of the aorta, which can be caused by various conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or vasculitides. Aortitis can lead to aneurysms, dissections, or stenosis and may require medical treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or surgical intervention.
6. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue, including the aorta. People with Marfan syndrome are at risk of developing aortic aneurysms and dissections, and may require close monitoring and prophylactic surgery to prevent complications.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

Jejunal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some examples of jejunal diseases include:

1. Jejunal inflammation or infection (jejunitis)
2. Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including the jejunum
3. Intestinal lymphoma, a type of cancer that can develop in the small intestine
4. Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when gluten is consumed
5. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which can occur due to various reasons including structural abnormalities or motility disorders of the jejunum
6. Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital condition where a small pouch protrudes from the wall of the intestine, usually located in the ileum but can also affect the jejunum
7. Intestinal strictures or obstructions caused by scarring, adhesions, or tumors
8. Radiation enteritis, damage to the small intestine caused by radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

The diagnosis and management of jejunal diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, dietary modifications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

A digestive system fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway that forms between the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, or rectum, and another organ, tissue, or the skin. Fistulas can develop as a result of injury, surgery, infection, inflammation, or cancer.

In the digestive system, fistulas can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and malnutrition. The severity of these symptoms depends on the location and size of the fistula, as well as the underlying cause. Treatment for a digestive system fistula may involve antibiotics to treat infection, nutritional support, and surgical repair of the fistula.

Histamine is defined as a biogenic amine that is widely distributed throughout the body and is involved in various physiological functions. It is derived primarily from the amino acid histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase. Histamine is stored in granules (along with heparin and proteases) within mast cells and basophils, and is released upon stimulation or degranulation of these cells.

Once released into the tissues and circulation, histamine exerts a wide range of pharmacological actions through its interaction with four types of G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors). Histamine's effects are diverse and include modulation of immune responses, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, stimulation of gastric acid secretion, and regulation of neurotransmission.

Histamine is also a potent mediator of allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing. Antihistamines are commonly used to block the actions of histamine at H1 receptors, providing relief from these symptoms.

A "Hospital Nursing Service" is a department within a hospital that provides round-the-clock, comprehensive nursing care to patients. It is responsible for the assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of patient care, in collaboration with other healthcare professionals. The nursing service aims to promote, maintain, and restore patients' health, while ensuring their safety, comfort, and dignity.

The hospital nursing service is typically staffed by registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs) or vocational nurses (LVNs), and nursing assistants who work together as a team to deliver evidence-based, patient-centered care. They provide various nursing interventions, such as medication administration, wound care, pain management, patient education, and emotional support, among others.

The nursing service also plays a crucial role in coordinating care across different hospital departments, ensuring continuity of care and optimal use of resources. Additionally, hospital nurses are often involved in quality improvement initiatives, research, and professional development activities to enhance their knowledge and skills and improve patient outcomes.

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is a medical condition that refers to the blockage of the passage from the stomach to the small intestine, also known as the pylorus. This blockage can be caused by various factors, including tumors, scar tissue, or gallstones. As a result, food and digestive enzymes cannot pass through the pylorus into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss. In severe cases, GOO can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and other complications if left untreated. Treatment options for GOO depend on the underlying cause of the obstruction and may include medication, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.

A nursing audit is a systematic review and evaluation of nursing practice, care, and outcomes in relation to established standards, policies, and guidelines. It is a quality improvement process that aims to identify strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement in nursing care, with the goal of enhancing patient safety, outcomes, and overall healthcare delivery. Nursing audits can focus on various aspects of nursing practice, such as documentation, assessment, care planning, implementation, and evaluation. The findings from a nursing audit are typically used to inform education, policy development, and performance improvement initiatives.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question as intubation is a procedure typically related to the respiratory system rather than the gastrointestinal system.

Intubation generally refers to the process of inserting a tube into a specific part of the body. In the context of medical terminology, intubation usually means the placement of a flexible plastic tube through the mouth or nose and into the trachea (windpipe). This is done to secure and maintain an open airway during surgery or in emergency situations when a person cannot breathe on their own.

However, if you're referring to a procedure that involves the gastrointestinal tract, it might be "gastric lavage" or "nasogastric intubation."

Gastric lavage is a medical procedure where a tube is inserted through the mouth or nose, down the esophagus, and into the stomach to wash out its contents. This can help remove harmful substances from the stomach in case of poisoning.

Nasogastric intubation refers to the insertion of a thin, flexible tube through the nostril, down the back of the throat, and into the stomach. The tube can be used for various purposes, such as draining the stomach of fluids and air or administering nutrients and medications directly into the stomach.

I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have further questions, please let me know!

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Postgastrectomy syndromes refer to a group of clinical manifestations that can occur as complications or sequelae following a gastrectomy, which is the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach. These syndromes are relatively common and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life.

There are several types of postgastrectomy syndromes, including:

1. Dumping syndrome: This occurs when the remaining portion of the stomach is unable to adequately regulate the passage of food into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, and sweating.
2. Gastroparesis: This is a condition where the stomach is unable to empty properly due to decreased motility, leading to symptoms such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, and early satiety.
3. Nutritional deficiencies: Following gastrectomy, there can be malabsorption of certain nutrients, including vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and folate, leading to anemia, osteoporosis, and other health problems.
4. Afferent loop syndrome: This is a rare complication that occurs when the afferent loop, which carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver to the small intestine, becomes obstructed or narrowed, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
5. Alkaline reflux gastritis: This occurs when the alkaline contents of the small intestine reflux into the remnant stomach, causing inflammation and ulceration.
6. Bile reflux: This is a condition where bile from the small intestine flows back into the stomach, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and heartburn.

Treatment of postgastrectomy syndromes depends on the specific type and severity of the syndrome, and may include dietary modifications, medication, or surgical intervention.

Gastric mucins refer to the mucin proteins that are produced and secreted by the mucus-secreting cells in the stomach lining, also known as gastric mucosa. These mucins are part of the gastric mucus layer that coats and protects the stomach from damage caused by digestive acids and enzymes, as well as from physical and chemical injuries.

Gastric mucins have a complex structure and are composed of large glycoprotein molecules that contain both protein and carbohydrate components. They form a gel-like substance that provides a physical barrier between the stomach lining and the gastric juices, preventing acid and enzymes from damaging the underlying tissues.

There are several types of gastric mucins, including MUC5AC and MUC6, which have different structures and functions. MUC5AC is the predominant mucin in the stomach and is produced by surface mucous cells, while MUC6 is produced by deeper glandular cells.

Abnormalities in gastric mucin production or composition can contribute to various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Corneal perforation is a serious eye condition that refers to a hole or rupture in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in protecting the eye and focusing light onto the retina. A perforation can result from trauma, infection, degenerative conditions, or surgical complications. It can lead to severe vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly and properly. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair or replace the damaged cornea.

Esomeprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. Esomeprazole is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions in which the stomach produces too much acid. It is also used to promote healing of erosive esophagitis, a condition in which the esophagus becomes damaged by stomach acid.

Esomeprazole is available in delayed-release capsule and suspension forms, and it is typically taken once a day. It may be prescribed or taken over-the-counter. Common side effects of esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain.

It's important to note that long-term use of PPIs like esomeprazole has been associated with an increased risk of certain health problems, such as bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection. As with any medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking esomeprazole.

Systemic Scleroderma, also known as Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), is a rare, chronic autoimmune disease that involves the abnormal growth and accumulation of collagen in various connective tissues, blood vessels, and organs throughout the body. This excessive collagen production leads to fibrosis or scarring, which can cause thickening, hardening, and tightening of the skin and damage to internal organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.

Systemic Scleroderma is characterized by two main features: small blood vessel abnormalities (Raynaud's phenomenon) and fibrosis. The disease can be further classified into two subsets based on the extent of skin involvement: limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc).

Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis affects the skin distally, typically involving fingers, hands, forearms, feet, lower legs, and face. It is often associated with Raynaud's phenomenon, calcinosis, telangiectasias, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis involves more extensive skin thickening and fibrosis that spreads proximally to affect the trunk, upper arms, thighs, and face. It is commonly associated with internal organ involvement, such as interstitial lung disease, heart disease, and kidney problems.

The exact cause of Systemic Scleroderma remains unknown; however, it is believed that genetic, environmental, and immunological factors contribute to its development. There is currently no cure for Systemic Scleroderma, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life.

The term "lower extremity" is used in the medical field to refer to the portion of the human body that includes the structures below the hip joint. This includes the thigh, lower leg, ankle, and foot. The lower extremities are responsible for weight-bearing and locomotion, allowing individuals to stand, walk, run, and jump. They contain many important structures such as bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses in several stages if left untreated, with symptoms varying in each stage. The primary stage involves the appearance of a single, painless sore or multiple sores at the site where the bacteria entered the body, often on the genitals or around the mouth. During the secondary stage, individuals may experience rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and other flu-like symptoms. In later stages, syphilis can lead to severe complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs, known as tertiary syphilis. Neurosyphilis is a form of tertiary syphilis that affects the nervous system, causing various neurological problems. Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant woman with syphilis transmits the infection to her unborn child, which can result in serious birth defects and health issues for the infant. Early detection and appropriate antibiotic treatment can cure syphilis and prevent further complications.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Herpetic stomatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and sores or lesions in the mouth and mucous membranes caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It is typically caused by HSV-1, which is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with an infected person, such as through kissing or sharing utensils.

The symptoms of herpetic stomatitis may include small, painful blisters or ulcers in the mouth, gums, tongue, or roof of the mouth; difficulty swallowing; fever; and swollen lymph nodes. The condition can be painful and make it difficult to eat, drink, or talk.

Herpetic stomatitis is usually self-limiting and will resolve on its own within 1-2 weeks. However, antiviral medications may be prescribed to help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. It's important to practice good oral hygiene during an outbreak to prevent secondary infections.

It's worth noting that herpes simplex virus can also cause cold sores or fever blisters on the lips and around the mouth, which are similar to the lesions seen in herpetic stomatitis but occur outside of the mouth.

Granuloma inguinale, also known as donovanosis, is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the genital area, although it can spread to other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis (formerly called Calymmatobacterium granulomatis). The infection results in painless, progressive ulcerative lesions that bleed easily and may cause significant scarring if left untreated.

The medical definition of Granuloma inguinale is:

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis (formerly Calymmatobacterium granulomatis). The infection typically presents as painless, beefy-red, granulomatous ulcers or nodules in the genital, inguinal, and perianal regions. The lesions may bleed easily and can cause significant scarring if left untreated. Granuloma inguinale is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, such as parts of India, Papua New Guinea, central Australia, southern Africa, and the Caribbean. Diagnosis is typically made by identifying Donovan bodies (intracellular bacterial inclusions) in tissue smears or biopsy specimens. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as azithromycin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin for several weeks to ensure complete eradication of the infection.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.

Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:

* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)

Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.

Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.

Some common colonic diseases include:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The buttocks are the rounded part of the lower back, above the hips. They are formed by the masses of muscle tissue (gluteal muscles) and fat that cover the coccyx and sacrum, which are the terminal parts of the vertebral column. The primary function of the gluteal muscles is to provide stability and strength for walking, running, and jumping movements.

In anatomical terms, the buttocks are also known as the natis or nates. Medical professionals may use these terms when discussing conditions or treatments related to this area of the body.

Hematologic agents are a class of drugs that affect the formation, function, or destruction of blood cells and related proteins. They include:

1. Hematopoietic growth factors: These are substances that stimulate the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Examples include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) like epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa, which stimulate red blood cell production, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs) like filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, which stimulate white blood cell production.
2. Anticoagulants: These are drugs that prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger. Examples include heparin, warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) like apixaban and rivaroxaban, and antiplatelet agents like aspirin and clopidogrel.
3. Hemostatic agents: These are drugs that promote blood clotting to stop bleeding. Examples include fibrin glue, thrombin, and factor VIIa.
4. Hematological malignancy therapies: These are drugs used to treat cancers of the blood and bone marrow, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. They include chemotherapeutic agents, targeted therapies like monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, and proteasome inhibitors.
5. Iron chelators: These are drugs used to remove excess iron from the body in patients with conditions that cause iron overload, such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Examples include deferoxamine, deferasirox, and deferiprone.
6. Hemophilia therapies: These are drugs used to treat hemophilia, a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting. They include factor VIII replacement therapy for hemophilia A and factor IX replacement therapy for hemophilia B.

... stomach ulcer) Venous ulcer, a wound thought to occur due to improper functioning of valves in the veins Stress ulcer, an ulcer ... Aphthous ulcer, a specific type of oral ulcer also known as a canker sore Peptic ulcer, a discontinuity of the gastrointestinal ... Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores Genital ulcer, an ulcer located on the genital area Ulcerative dermatitis, a skin ... Look up ulcer, ulcus, ulcerate, or ulceration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a ...
Unlike Buruli ulcer, tropical ulcers are very painful. Lesions begin with inflammatory papules that progress into vesicles and ... Ulcers occur on exposed parts of the body, primarily on anterolateral aspect of the lower limbs and may erode muscles and ... Once developed, the ulcer may become chronic and stable, but also it can run a destructive course with deep tissue invasion, ... Tropical ulcers can also occur to the visitors of tropics. The disease is most common in native laborers and in schoolchildren ...
Patients may feel pain on the skin around the ulcer, and fluid may ooze from the ulcer. In some cases, ulcers can bleed and, ... This stress in the blood circulation is transformed to a skin ulcer, commonly known as bedsores or decubitus ulcers. Ulcers ... Different types of discharges from ulcer are: Serous, usually seen in healing ulcer Purulent, seen in infected ulcer. Yellow ... An ulcer that appears on the skin is often visible as an inflamed tissue with an area of reddened skin. A skin ulcer is often ...
The ulcer is known initially as a peptic ulcer before the ulcer burns through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal ... A perforated ulcer is a condition in which an untreated ulcer has burned through the mucosal wall in a segment of the ... Perforated peptic ulcer is a serious condition with an overall reported mortality of 5%-25%, rising to as high as 50% with age ... A perforated ulcer can be grouped into a stercoral perforation which involves a number of different things that causes ...
... cutting around the ulcer, removing both the ulcer and the surrounding inflamed tissue). Some ulcers may recur in the same ... Hunner's ulcers can only be accurately diagnosed via a cystoscopy, and at the same time can be treated with hydrodistention. ... Hunner's ulcers or Hunner's lesions occur in 5 to 10 percent of people who have the bladder disease interstitial cystitis. They ... Elmiron has also led to long term eye damage from use.[citation needed] The ulcers can be removed through fulguration (burned ...
Stress ulcers tend to present with multiple lesions whereas in peptic ulcers this much more uncommon. Stress ulcers, as defined ... The term stress ulcer is a proper medical term and should not be misinterpreted as indicating that this ulcers are caused by ... These ulcers are a significant issue in patients in critical and intensive care. It was previously thought that peptic ulcers ( ... Whereas ordinary peptic ulcers are found commonly in the gastric antrum and the duodenum, stress ulcers are usually found in ...
... venous ulcers, ulcers from osteomyelitis, and post radiotherapy scars. The term was named after French surgeon, Jean-Nicolas ... Marjolin's ulcer refers to an aggressive ulcerating squamous cell carcinoma presenting in an area of previously traumatized, ... Marjolin's ulcer". N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (10): e9. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm040020. PMID 15758002. Paredes F (February 1998). "[ ... Slow growth, painlessness (as the ulcer is usually not associated with nerve tissue), and absence of lymphatic spread due to ...
A genital ulcer may be located on the vulva, penis, perianal region, or anus. Globally, the incidence of genital ulcers is ... Important signs associated with genital ulcers that may assist in the diagnosis of the cause of the genital ulcer may include ... Other potential causes of non-infectious genital ulcers are diverse, but can include sexual trauma, Lipschutz ulcers, ... or Perianal Ulcers, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Diagnosis and Management of Genital Ulcers, American Family ...
Category III is for an ulcer larger than 15 centimeters, multiple ulcers, or ulcers that have spread to include particularly ... Ulcers are most common on the lower limbs (roughly 62% of ulcers globally) and upper limbs (24%), but can also be found on the ... Buruli ulcer does not spread from one person to another. In areas endemic for Buruli ulcer, disease occurs near stagnant bodies ... Deep ulcers can cause scarring of muscles and tendons, resulting in permanent disability. Buruli ulcer is caused by skin ...
... may refer to: Carcinomatous ulcer, an ulcer with cancerous pathology behind it Rodent ulcer, also known as ... A historical term for necrotizing fasciitis This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Malignant ulcer. ...
... or Necrotic Angiodermatitis is a painful ulceration of the lower leg associated with diastolic arterial ... The syndrome occurs predominantly in middle-aged women with poorly controlled hypertension in the form of skin ulcers on the ... The pathophysiology of the Martorell ulcer is assumed to be related to hypertension-induced arteriole changes in the dermis. ... It was first identified by the Spanish cardiologist Fernando Martorell in 1945, who referred to the ulcers as 'hypertensive ...
Pressure ulcers are also painful, with individuals of all ages and all stages of pressure ulcers reporting pain.[citation ... Pressure ulcers from a medical device are classified according to the same classification system being used for pressure ulcers ... "Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Hospitals". Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012. "Pressure ulcers in ... National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (U.S.), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance) ( ...
Kangri ulcers are a cutaneous condition prevalent among the poorer classes of Kashmir, and a consequence of wearing warm embers ... Marjolin's ulcer Peat fire cancer List of cutaneous conditions Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007 ... ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. MARJOLIN'S ULCER OF THE SCALP: CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW. Malheiro E., Pinto A., Choupina M., ...
These ulcers may form individually or multiple ulcers may appear at once (i.e., a "crop" of ulcers). Once formed, an ulcer may ... A mouth ulcer (aphtha) is an ulcer that occurs on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Mouth ulcers are very common, ... A mucosal ulcer is an ulcer which specifically occurs on a mucous membrane. An ulcer is a tissue defect which has penetrated ... Herpetiform ulcers begin as small blisters (vesicles) which break down into 2-3mm sized ulcers. Herpetiform ulcers appear in " ...
An ulcer is a medical condition caused by a break in a bodily membrane. Ulcer or ulceration may also refer to: Ulcer ( ... Look up ulcer or ulceration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... an American industrial metal band Ulcer index, a stock market ... analysis indicator devised by Peter Martin in 1987 This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ulcer. If ...
A Cushing ulcer, named after Harvey Cushing, is a gastric ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressure. It is also ... As Cushing ulcers have a higher incidence of developing after shock, sepsis or trauma, diagnosis should include recent medical ... The mechanism of development of Cushing ulcers is thought to be due to direct stimulation of vagal nuclei as a result of ... Both endoscopy and angiography can be used to locate the lesion or ulcer, though endoscopy is more commonly used as a first- ...
A venous ulcer is typically shallow with irregular sloping edges whereas an arterial ulcer can be deep and has a 'punched out' ... Venous ulcers are typically 'wet' with a moderate to heavy exudate, whereas arterial ulcers are typically 'dry' and scabbed. ... Good outcomes in ulcer treatment were shown after the application of double compression stockings, e.g. ulcer stockings. These ... Other comorbidities may also be the root cause of venous ulcers. It is in the crus that the classic venous stasis ulcer occurs ...
... is a chronic nonhealing ulcer with hard indurated base and inelastic margins. It usually contains unhealthy pale ... These ulcers generally follows neurological problems like leprosy, peripheral nerve injury, or diabetic neuropathy.[citation ... needed] Chronic ulcer "Mosby's Medical Dictionary". Retrieved 15 June 2013. Bhat, Sriram (2013). Srb's Manual of Surgery, 4e. ...
Refractory corneal ulcers are superficial ulcers that heal poorly and tend to recur. They are also known as indolent ulcers or ... Superficial ulcers involve a loss of part of the epithelium. Deep ulcers extend into or through the stroma and can result in ... Melting ulcers are a type of corneal ulcer involving progressive loss of stroma in a dissolving fashion. This is most commonly ... Refractory corneal ulcers can take a long time to heal, sometimes months. In case of progressive or non-healing ulcers, ...
... is also defined as a special and the most common type of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK). Symptoms of ... Mooren's ulcer is a rare idiopathic ocular disorder that may lead to blindness due to progressive destruction of the peripheral ... To diagnose Mooren's ulcer, it is necessary to rule out other forms of non-infectious peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Topical ... In view of rarity and limited knowledge of the etiology of Mooren's ulcer, the diagnosis of the disease is complicated.The ...
... is an ulcer of the colon due to pressure and irritation resulting from severe, prolonged constipation due to a ... It results in fresh bleeding per rectum (i.e. hematochezia). These ulcers may be seen on imaging, such as a CT scan but are ... Stercoral ulcers can lead to a complication known as stercoral colitis. Stercoral colitis is a relatively rare form of ... These patients may even have blood on their rectal exam, due to passing small amounts of stool around the ulcer and adjacent ...
The name pre-dates the discovery that most gastric ulcers are caused by a bacterium rather than stress.) The term ulcer index ... The ulcer index can replace the SD to make an ulcer performance index (UPI) or Martin ratio, U P I = R e t u r n − R i s k F r ... U l c e r = R 1 2 + R 2 2 + ⋯ R N 2 N {\displaystyle Ulcer={\sqrt {R_{1}^{2}+R_{2}^{2}+\cdots R_{N}^{2} \over N}}} The squares ... The ulcer index is a stock market risk measure or technical analysis indicator devised by Peter Martin in 1987, and published ...
... can occur at any age, in children however they are rare. Most common symptoms are abdominal pain and hematochezia ... Scholia has a topic profile for Colonic ulcer. v t e v t e (Abdominal pain, All stub articles, Disease stubs, Digestive system ... Maire, F.; Cellier, C.; Cervoni, J. P.; Danel, C.; Barbier, J. P.; Landi, B. (November 1998). "[Dieulafoy colonic ulcer. A rare ...
Hematopoietic ulcers are those occurring with sickle cell anemia, congenital hemolytic anemia, polycythemia vera, ...
... , ulcus vulvae acutum or reactive non-sexually related acute genital ulcers (English: acute ulceration of the ... deep ulcer (although several smaller ulcers may occur) in the internal surface of one or both labia minora. The labia majora ... Lipschütz' ulcer at Who Named It? Retrieved on 2009-12-04. Braun-Falco O, Plewig G, Wolff HH, Burgdorf WH, Landthaler M, eds. ( ... Lipschütz ulcer is named after Benjamin Lipschütz, who first described it in 1912. The cause is still unknown, although it has ...
Cushing ulcer Pruitt, Basil A. Jr.; F.D. Foley & John A. Moncrief (October 1970). "Curling's ulcer: a clinical-pathology study ... Curling's ulcer is an acute gastric erosion resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ... June 1972). "Curling's ulcer in children: a 12-year review of 63 cases". Journal of Trauma. 12 (6): 490-6. doi:10.1097/00005373 ... These stress ulcers (actually shallow multiple erosions) were once a common complication of serious burns, presenting in over ...
A special type of ischemic ulcer developing in duodenum after severe burns is called Curling's ulcer. The ulcers are caused by ... Arterial insufficiency ulcers (also known as ischemic ulcers, or ischemic wounds) are mostly located on the lateral surface of ... Neuropathic ulcer Gangrene Infected wound The prevalence of arterial insufficiency ulcers among people with Diabetes is high ... These ulcers are difficult to heal by basic wound care and require advanced therapy, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy or ...
... is an ulceration of the nose similar to trigeminal trophic lesions, and has been reported ...
... except pressure ulcer 707.14 Ulcer of heel and midfoot 707.15 Ulcer of other part of foot 707.19 Ulcer of other part of lower ... 1. A surface ulcer involves full skin thickness, but does not yet involve the underlying tissues. 2. A deep ulcer penetrates ... 56 percent of individuals with foot ulcers who do not have an amputations survive for 5 years. Foot ulcers and amputations ... Stem cell therapy may represent a treatment for promoting healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic foot ulcers develop their ...
An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. The most ... Also, when severe ulcers resist treatment, particularly if a person has several ulcers or the ulcers are in unusual places, a ... Also, the symptoms of peptic ulcers may vary with the location of the ulcer and the person's age. Furthermore, typical ulcers ... Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) Esophagus (called esophageal ulcer) Stomach (called gastric ulcer) Meckel's diverticulum ( ...
Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin but can also affect the ... Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans. It mainly affects the skin but can also affect the ... Infection often leads to ulcers on the arms or legs, which can also destroy skin or soft tissue. When not properly treated, the ...
... stomach ulcer) Venous ulcer, a wound thought to occur due to improper functioning of valves in the veins Stress ulcer, an ulcer ... Aphthous ulcer, a specific type of oral ulcer also known as a canker sore Peptic ulcer, a discontinuity of the gastrointestinal ... Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores Genital ulcer, an ulcer located on the genital area Ulcerative dermatitis, a skin ... Look up ulcer, ulcus, ulcerate, or ulceration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. An ulcer is a discontinuity or break in a ...
Peptic ulcer disease affects 10% of men and 4% of women in the United States at some time in their lives. A peptic ulcer is a ... mucosal break of greater than or equal to 3 mm in size with depth, that can involve the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum ( ...
A peptic ulcer is an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine. ... A peptic ulcer is an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine. ... Ulcer - peptic; Ulcer - duodenal; Ulcer - gastric; Duodenal ulcer; Gastric ulcer; Dyspepsia - ulcers; Bleeding ulcer; ... peptic ulcer; G.I. bleed - peptic ulcer; H. pylori - peptic ulcer; Helicobacter pylori - peptic ulcer ...
... Go to external page http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/HP_0000155 Copy ...
... also known as Bairnsdale ulcer, Daintree ulcer, Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer, is a chronic, indolent, necrotizing disease of ... Buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial disease of the immunocompetent host, after tuberculosis and leprosy It is ... Other names for this entity include Bairnsdale ulcer, Daintree ulcer, Mossman ulcer, and Searl ulcer. Note the image below. ... Buruli ulcers are traditionally thought to be painless ulcers. Research has shown that the hypoalgesic effect occurs via ...
An ischemic ulcer is a chronic wound that occurs due to a lack of flood flow to an area of the body, such as the lower legs or ... Venous and arterial ulcers are both types of ischemic ulcers, which describes ulcers that occur due to a lack of blood flow in ... However, venous ulcers occur specifically due to problems with veins, while arterial ulcers occur due to problems with arteries ... Learn about the causes of leg ulcers. This article also discusses risk factors, ways to prevent leg ulcers, and more. ...
Oral ulcers may be related to the following: Trauma (eg, physical, chemical, thermal) Aphthous stomatitis Infectious agents (eg ... Sah K, Chandra S, Singh A, Singh S. Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue masquerading as malignant ulcer: An unexplored distinct ... encoded search term (Eosinophilic Ulcer) and Eosinophilic Ulcer What to Read Next on Medscape ... Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue--Case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2015 May-Jun. 90 (3 Suppl 1):88-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full ...
Learn more about perforated duodenal ulcers, when to seek care, and more. ... A perforated duodenal ulcer is a serious complication of peptic ulcers. ... Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the upper area of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. The ... Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer in the duodenum, an area of the small intestine. Factors such as chronic use of ...
Ulcer: A lesion that is eroding away the skin or mucous membrane. Ulcers can have various causes, depending on their location. ... Ulcers on the skin are usually due to irritation, as in the case of bedsores, and may become inflamed and/or infected as they ... Ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract were once attributed to stress, but most are now believed to be due to infection with the ... GI ulcers, however, are often made worse by stress, smoking, and other noninfectious factors. ...
Peptic ulcer View full-sized image Download Media Please credit each image as: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and ... Inset shows a peptic ulcer. Alternate Text. Drawing of the digestive system with the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, ... A peptic ulcer is a sore on the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. ...
Aphthous ulcer answers are found in the Diagnosaurus powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Web. ... Zeiger, Roni F.. "Aphthous Ulcer." Diagnosaurus, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. The Washington Manual, www. ... unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Diagnosaurus/114355/all/Aphthous_ulcer. Zeiger RFR. Aphthous ulcer. Diagnosaurus. ... https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Diagnosaurus/114355/all/Aphthous_ulcer. Zeiger RFR. Aphthous Ulcer [ ...
The meaning of DUODENAL ULCER is a peptic ulcer situated in the duodenum. ... "Duodenal ulcer." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/duodenal% ...
They are a type of peptic ulcer disease. Stomach ulcers occur when the thick layer of mucus that protects your stomach from ... Stomach ulcers are painful sores in the lining of the stomach. ... Types of Ulcers. Ulcers are open sores that can appear on any ... Stomach ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer disease. Peptic ulcers are any ulcers that affect both the stomach and small ... Gastric and duodenal ulcers are both types of peptic ulcers. These ulcers can cause different symptoms, depending on where they ...
Peptic ulcers are common, but mostly affect adults. Most can be cured. ... Ulcers in the stomach are also called stomach ulcers or gastric ulcers. Those in the duodenum are also called duodenal ulcers. ... What Is an Ulcer?. An ulcer is an open, painful sore. Peptic ulcers affect the stomach and the upper part of the small ... What Causes an Ulcer?. Most peptic ulcers are caused by:. *bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) infecting the ...
Giant Prepyloric Ulcer Haemorrhage: Patient Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcome in 2003-2012. Margot Peetsalu , Ülle ... Chronic Ulcers: Updating Epidemiology, Physiopathology, and Therapies. Marco A. C. Frade , Pranab K. Das ... Profile, Bacteriology, and Risk Factors for Foot Ulcers among Diabetics in a Tertiary Hospital in Calabar, Nigeria. Akaninyene ... To Evaluate Antimicrobial Properties of Platelet Rich Plasma and Source of Colonization in Pressure Ulcers in Spinal Injury ...
From Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers:. Regardless of how poorly we are getting along with a family member or how incensed we are ... Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers. The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping (Third Edition). Author: Robert ... Now in a third edition, Robert M. Sapolskys acclaimed and successful Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers features new chapters on how ... For the first edition of Why Zebras Dont Get Ulcers: Sapolsky succeeds in interpreting technical material in a way that leaves ...
Categorized as an idiopathic disease, aphthous ulcers are frequently misdiagnosed, treated incorrectly, or simply ignored. ... aphthous ulcers, or aphthous stomatitis, have been the focus of study and research for many years, although the exact etiology ... Decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in major type of recurrent aphthous ulcers: comparing major to minor types of ulcers. Asian Pac J ... Typical aphthous ulcer in a common site, showing inflammatory halo surrounding a yellowish, round ulcer. ...
When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. ...
Abdel-Sater published Herbal Treatment of Peptic Ulcer: Guilty or Innocent , Find, read and cite all the research you need on ... treatment of peptic ulcer disease are to relieve pain, heal the ulcer and delay ulcer ... Peptic ulcers are a broad term that includes ulcers of digestive tract in the stomach or the duodenum. The formation of peptic ... barrier that protects the stomach from ulcer formation and facilitates ulcer healing (Borrelli ...
If you have a stomach ulcer, you may feel a burning or sharp pain thats located in one spot, usually between your belly button ... A stomach ulcer, also called a peptic ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of your stomach or in the first part of your ... PPIs help heal ulcers by lowering the acid content in your stomach. It may take 4 to 8 weeks for PPIs to fully heal the ulcer. ... Stomach ulcers can be painful. If you have a stomach ulcer, you may feel a burning or sharp pain in one spot, usually between ...
Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antioxidant properties with benefits to indigestion, ulcers and osteoarthritis and more. ...
... was better than a standard absorbent dressing for healing diabetic foot ulcers in a phase 3 study that led to approval by the ... The subgroup of patients at higher risk of poor wound healing (A1c , 9%, ulcer area , 5 cm2, and diabetic foot ulcer duration ... Most (78%) of the diabetic foot ulcers were Wagner grade 2. The wounds had a mean area of 4.8 cm2 and had been present for a ... If the foot ulcer does not respond, growth factors, tissue-engineering products, hyperbaric oxygen, or negative pressure wound ...
Photo Quiz presents readers with a clinical challenge based on a photograph or other image.
These ulcers have the potential to resist conventional therapies. There have been several reviews of scleroderma care over the ... Digital ulcers are a serious complication in 50% of patients with scleroderma. ... Digital ulcers are a serious complication in 50% of patients with scleroderma. These ulcers have the potential to resist ... Filling in the Gaps of Scleroderma Ulcer Care: A Review Adv Skin Wound Care. 2019 Dec;32(12):553-557. doi: 10.1097/01.ASW. ...
Infected diabetic foot ulcers are associated with a worse prognosis than previously thought, with more than half failing to ... Ischemia, Many Ulcers, and Longer Ulcer Duration Predictive of Poor Outcomes For the analysis, the researchers performed a 12- ... The analysis of almost 300 patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers also showed that, even if the ulcer healed, nearly 10% ... Presence of limb ischemia, multiple foot ulcers, and a longer ulcer duration were most predictive of poor 12-month outcomes. ...
Additional Keywords : Gastric Ulcer, Inflammation : CK(128) : AC(57), Plant Extracts : CK(14140) : AC(5210), Superiority of ... Gastroprotective activities of adlay on the growth of the stomach cancer AGS cell line and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. ... Diseases : Gastric Ulcer : CK(470) : AC(212), Inflammation : CK(9572) : AC(3089) ... These findings confirm Carpolobia luteas ethnomedical use in anti-inflammatory pain and in pains from gastric ulcer-associated ...
Peptic ulcers can be cured by yoga and the inflammation of the inner organs of the body ... How to cure peptic ulcer by yoga?. Peptic ulcers can be cured by yoga and the inflammation of the inner organs of the body can ... These simple ulcers when are not taken care of, they penetrate in the deeper layers of the stomach and cause scratches in the ... Peptic ulcers are generally caused by the viruses of h pylori. This virus causes burning sensation in the inner intestine and ...
Cranberry juice or probiotics clear the stomach of children of a bacterial strain known to cause ulcers and cancer, new ... Cranberries, probiotics may fight ulcer-causing bacteria in children. By Stephen Daniells 18-Jun-2008. - Last updated on 19-Jul ... is the only bacteria that can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and it is known to cause peptic ulcers and ...
  • ON101 (Fespixon, Oneness Biotech), a first-in-class, macrophage-regulating, wound-healing cream for diabetic foot ulcers has shown benefit over absorbent dressings in a phase 3 trial, with another trial ongoing. (medscape.com)
  • Oneness Biotech has also just started a second phase 3 trial in the United States, with a planned enrollment of 208 patients with diabetic foot ulcers, which will compare ON101 cream versus placebo cream, in addition to standard care, over 20 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • The findings of this study suggest that ON101, a macrophage regulator that behaves differently from moisture-retaining dressings, represents an active-healing alternative for home and primary care of patients with chronic [diabetic foot ulcers]," the researchers conclude. (medscape.com)
  • It is "exciting" to have a new therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, said Cazzell, because they are serious and life-threatening. (medscape.com)
  • However, the number of amputations from chronic diabetic foot ulcers that do not heal is increasing, pointing to a need for better treatment options. (medscape.com)
  • Most (78%) of the diabetic foot ulcers were Wagner grade 2. (medscape.com)
  • The analysis of almost 300 patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers also showed that, even if the ulcer healed, nearly 10% experienced a recurrence within 12 months and more than 25% of patients underwent some kind of procedure. (medscape.com)
  • Presence of limb ischemia, multiple foot ulcers, and a longer ulcer duration were most predictive of poor 12-month outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Recommendations on various interventions for the prevention of foot ulcers with corresponding rationale. (apta.org)
  • We specifically designed our study to assess the role of depressive symptoms in healing and recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers. (japmaonline.org)
  • A consecutive series of 80 type 2 diabetic patients aged 60 years and older with foot ulcers was enrolled in a cohort observational study with a 6-month follow-up. (japmaonline.org)
  • The Diabetes section (prefix DIQ) provides personal interview data on diabetes, use of medications, and symptoms associated with diabetes such as vision problems, foot ulcers and sensations in the extremities. (cdc.gov)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - A new wound dressing that generates nitric oxide (EDX110) improves healing of diabetic foot ulcers, according to results from the ProNOx1 trial. (medscape.com)
  • The critical factors that delay the healing of diabetic foot ulcers are ischemia and infection," Dr. Michael E. Edmonds from King's College Hospital in London told Reuters Health by email. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Edmonds and colleagues assessed the safety and efficacy of EDX110 in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers in their 12-week study of 147 patients. (medscape.com)
  • The study was carried out in a 'real world' population and thus EDX110 is indicated in the management of diabetic foot ulcers, even when mildly infected, and as long as the ankle-brachial pressure index is above 0.5," Dr. Edmonds said. (medscape.com)
  • What is a stomach ulcer? (healthline.com)
  • Talk with a doctor if you have any symptoms of a stomach ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • To diagnose a stomach ulcer, your doctor will review your medical history along with your symptoms and any prescription or over-the-counter medications you're taking. (healthline.com)
  • If your stomach ulcer is the result of H. pylori , you'll need antibiotics and drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) . (healthline.com)
  • Does a Stomach Ulcer Cause Pain? (healthline.com)
  • Pain is the most common symptom of a stomach ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • A stomach ulcer, also called a peptic ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of your stomach or in the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). (healthline.com)
  • The pain caused by a stomach ulcer may last for just a few minutes or it may go on for hours. (healthline.com)
  • Treatment for a stomach ulcer depends on the root cause. (healthline.com)
  • Once a stomach ulcer is diagnosed, your doctor will work with you to create a treatment plan. (healthline.com)
  • Antibiotics are the treatment of choice when a stomach ulcer is caused by an H. pylori bacterial infection. (healthline.com)
  • If you have a stomach ulcer, you may feel a burning or sharp pain in one spot, usually between your belly button and your breastbone. (healthline.com)
  • This property is especially useful for applying treatments in cases where it is required to reduce stomach acid such as heartburn, stomach ulcer, esophageal or mouth sores. (botanical-online.com)
  • Raw garlic virtually instantly cured stomach ulcer! (earthclinic.com)
  • Once I knew I had a duodenal stomach ulcer I check the net and read of many cures but none so obvious as garlic. (earthclinic.com)
  • Maize for stomach ulcer provides linoleic acid which has healing properties. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that occurs in the upper area of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The ulcers are part of PUD, which affects part of the duodenum and the stomach. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A peptic ulcer is a sore on the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. (nih.gov)
  • Peptic ulcers affect the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine, called the duodenum (pronounced: doo-uh-DEE-num). (kidshealth.org)
  • Those in the duodenum are also called duodenal ulcers. (kidshealth.org)
  • The doctors can see the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to check for possible ulcers. (kidshealth.org)
  • Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) Its antibacterial power is ideal to avoid the formation of ulcers by eliminating the Helicobacter pylori , a bacteria whose secretions of ammonia are responsible for many ulcers, especially those of duodenum, and for other stomach problems like gastritis. (botanical-online.com)
  • Diagnosis is best made by endoscopy, and in about 90% of patients the ulcer is situated in the first part of the duodenum, within two centimetres of the pylorus [2]. (who.int)
  • Infection often leads to ulcers on the arms or legs, which can also destroy skin or soft tissue. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common cause of ulcers is infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • You have an ulcer without an H pylori infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most proximal of the 3 ulcers had a diameter of associated with M. ulcerans infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract were once attributed to stress , but most are now believed to be due to infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori . (rxlist.com)
  • Ulcers are most often caused by either a bacterial infection or by taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (healthline.com)
  • Current standard clinical care for diabetic foot ulcer consists of debridement, off-loading, infection control, and maintaining a moist environment with dressings, Huang and colleagues explain. (medscape.com)
  • For the analysis, the researchers performed a 12-month prospective observational assessment, via detailed review of case notes, of 250 patients with diabetes who had participated in the Concordance in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection (CODIFI) study and were still alive at the end of that, in May 2013. (medscape.com)
  • Undertaking the posture of uddiyana bandha and taking up breathing exercises vigorously helps to kick the germs out of the body with the thrust of the air, thereby provides freedom from the infection which might cause peptic ulcers. (yogawiz.com)
  • Ulcers can be caused by some types of infection, injury, or cancer. (wellspan.org)
  • and 27% (95% CI=25%-29%), that a bacterial infection caused ulcers. (cdc.gov)
  • With the discovery of the association between H. pylori infection and PUD, appropriate antibiotic regimens can now successfully eradicate gastrointestinal infection with this organism and permanently cure ulcers in a high proportion of patients. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1994, a National Institutes of Health consensus development conference panel concluded that patients with ulcers caused by H. pylori infection require treatment with antimicrobial agents (7). (cdc.gov)
  • The most common cause of stomach ulcers is bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori . (healthnews.com)
  • Probiotics may help with stomach ulcers by decreasing H. pylori infection due to decreased adhesion capability, providing an antibacterial environment, and improving the mucosal barrier of the stomach. (healthnews.com)
  • Infection with Helicobacter pylori is at the top of the list of causes of stomach ulcers. (healthnews.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori Infection Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of your stomach lining and ulcers (sores) in your stomach or intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bacterial ulcers are most commonly due to contact lens wear and are rarely due to secondary infection from traumatic abrasion or herpes simplex keratitis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in maintaining the microvascular supply and infection control in the skin, and its absence in diabetes contributes to poor ulcer healing. (medscape.com)
  • What happens when a duodenal ulcer perforates? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A perforated duodenal ulcer can lead to severe complications, as it allows bacteria from the intestine to escape into and infect the lining of the abdomen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cases of duodenal ulcer admitted to Basra General Hospital for a one-year period prior to economic sanctions were compared with cases admitted in a one-year period during sanctions. (who.int)
  • There was a significant increase in smoking among duodenal ulcer patients during sanctions. (who.int)
  • Chronic duodenal ulcer (DU) is a major problem of modern society. (who.int)
  • Detection of Helicobacter pylori in oral aphthous ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with an infected diabetic foot ulcer have a far worse prognosis than previously thought, with 15% of patients dying within a year, less than half of the ulcers healing in the same time period, and one in seven individuals having all or part of their foot amputated, results from a new UK study reveal. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosing whether or not a diabetic foot ulcer is infected can be difficult, especially in the presence of limb ischemia or peripheral neuropathy, the researchers note, but it is generally agreed that this decision should be based on signs or symptoms of inflammation or purulence. (medscape.com)
  • If Edixomed prices this appropriately, then EDX110 could become a key part of the treatment pathway of any diabetic foot ulcer, especially when mildly infected. (medscape.com)
  • A peptic ulcer is an open sore or raw area in the lining of the stomach or intestine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An ischemic ulcer is a type of wound or sore that develops when the arteries do not deliver enough blood flow to a specific area. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An ulcer is an open, painful sore. (kidshealth.org)
  • An ulcer is a sore that develops on the skin (such as the skin around the ankles) or on a mucous membrane (such as inside the mouth, stomach, or intestines). (wellspan.org)
  • However, it is essential to distinguish these ulcers from mouth ulcers or a typical sore throat. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • An ulcer is a sore. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It occurs when acid erodes lining of the stomach or small intestine, creating an ulcer. (wgntv.com)
  • Ulcers in the first part of the small intestine are called duodenal ulcers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These findings confirm Carpolobia lutea's ethnomedical use in anti-inflammatory pain and in pains from gastric ulcer-associated symptoms. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Researchers recently confirmed the rule change was long overdue, based on recent study results revealing extremely high gastric ulcer rates in this horse population. (thehorse.com)
  • In the country's first-ever investigation into the prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in Korean racehorses, scientists revealed that 100% of the horses they scoped prior to the 2016 rule change had both glandular and squamous ulcers, sometimes severe, within two days of their most recent race. (thehorse.com)
  • Sugaya N, Martignago F, Pinto D, Migliari D. Recurrent Oral Eosinophilic Ulcers of the Oral Mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • Damevska K, Gocev G, Nikolovska S. Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa: report of a case with multiple synchronous lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic ulcer mimicking malignancy of the lower lip: A case report. (medscape.com)
  • Oral eosinophilic or traumatic ulcer: A case report and brief review. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa: a distinct entity or a non-specific reactive pattern? (medscape.com)
  • Hamie L, Hamie M, Kurban M, Abbas O. Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa: An update on clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, and management. (medscape.com)
  • Sah K, Chandra S, Singh A, Singh S. Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue masquerading as malignant ulcer: An unexplored distinct pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic ulcer of the tongue--Case report. (medscape.com)
  • The eosinophilic ulcer revisited. (medscape.com)
  • Oral eosinophilic ulcer, an Epstein-Barr virus-associated CD30+ lymphoproliferation? (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa: report of a child with CD30-negative cells in an infiltration on the lower lip. (medscape.com)
  • A 47-year-old African American woman with an eosinophilic ulcer on the lateral surface of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • Eosinophilic ulcers are included in this group of nonhealing traumatic ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Riga-Fede disease is a form of eosinophilic ulcer that develops in infants and usually occurs on the anterior ventral side of the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • In most patients with eosinophilic ulcers, trauma is the etiologic factor, and the apparent source of irritation is easily identified. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, eosinophilic ulcer also may represent an unusual manifestation of a drug reaction. (medscape.com)
  • Several investigators have proposed that eosinophilic ulcers develop as a result of a T-cell-mediated immune response. (medscape.com)
  • However, neither virally altered cells nor viral DNA is identified in biopsy specimens of typical eosinophilic ulcer. (medscape.com)
  • One study demonstrated that, in most eosinophilic ulcer, the synthesis of transforming growth factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta is not increased in infiltrating eosinophils. (medscape.com)
  • These findings may help explain the delayed healing that is characteristic of eosinophilic ulcer. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction: Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa (EUOM) is a lesion manifesting as ulcer with elevated margins. (bvsalud.org)
  • H. pylori ​ is the only bacteria that can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and it is known to cause peptic ulcers and gastritis. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Aloe ( Aloe vera ) In cases of inflammation of the stomach, heartburn, gastritis and gastric ulcers the aloe juice has a powerful recovering value for the gastric mucosa and it is a very good cholagogue - able to drain bile. (botanical-online.com)
  • Ulcer diet-An ulcer diet may also work for individuals who suffer from other gastro-intestinal conditions such as gastritis, acid reflux disease, and so on. (diethealthclub.com)
  • H. pylori is a bacteria associated with the development of many common digestive problems like chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, or stomach cancers, as it leads to erosion of the mucosal barrier and the stomach wall. (healthnews.com)
  • Stomach ulcers, which are also known as gastric ulcers, are painful sores in the stomach lining. (healthline.com)
  • 4/24/2010 - Stomach ulcers are small holes or sores in the gastrointestinal tract which affect millions of Americans every year. (naturalnews.com)
  • Mouth Ulcer Causes - Mouth ulcer reasons are usually different for internal and external mouth sores. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Stomach ulcers, or gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the stomach wall. (healthnews.com)
  • Without proper treatment, stomach ulcers can progress and lead to complications like internal bleeding and gastrointestinal perforation . (healthline.com)
  • Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ) Because of its glutamine content, cabbage is one of the best natural antacid and some of the best remedies for healing gastrointestinal ulcers (Crush some leaves or grind them in a blender and drink ten tablespoons a day of fresh cabbage juice, divided in 4 or 5 times. (botanical-online.com)
  • Stomach ulcers are a common gastrointestinal problem that need to be treated to avoid severe problems like stomach cancers. (healthnews.com)
  • Peptic ulcers are defects in the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosae into deeper layers of the intestinal wall. (medscape.com)
  • Besu I, Jankovic L, Magdu IU, Konic-Ristic A, Raskovic S, Juranic Z. Humoral immunity to cow's milk proteins and gliadin within the etiology of recurrent aphthous ulcers? (medscape.com)
  • Treatment interventions are consistent with those cited in current International Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Guidelines. (ahrq.gov)
  • Muntlin Athlin Å, Engström M, Gunningberg L, Bååth C. Heel pressure ulcer, prevention and predictors during the care delivery chain - When and where to take action? (hig.se)
  • Most ulcers occur in the first, inner surface, layer of the inner lining. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Where do ischemic ulcers occur? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Venous and arterial ulcers are both types of ischemic ulcers, which describes ulcers that occur due to a lack of blood flow in general. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, venous ulcers occur specifically due to problems with veins, while arterial ulcers occur due to problems with arteries. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Stomach ulcers occur when digestive acids damage your stomach lining. (healthline.com)
  • Stomach ulcers occur when the thick layer of mucus that protects your stomach from digestive juices is reduced. (healthline.com)
  • Pressure ulcers often occur in bedridden, elderly patients, especially those who are unconscious. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • More severe symptoms and complications tend to occur with deeper ulcers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Long-term use of NSAIDs can irritate and damage the lining of the digestive system and increase a person's risk of developing peptic ulcers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Drinking a lot of alcohol each day for a period of time can also increase a person's risk of ulcers. (kidshealth.org)
  • To detect an ulcer, you may need a test called an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD). (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have an actively bleeding ulcer, you'll likely be hospitalized for intensive treatment with endoscopy and IV ulcer medications. (healthline.com)
  • Another common test to look for an ulcer is an endoscopy (pronounced: en-DOSS-kuh-pee). (kidshealth.org)
  • According to Robbins's pathology, "ulcer is the breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium or mucous membrane caused by sloughing out of inflamed necrotic tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 2 ] Buruli ulcers generally begin as a painless dermal papule or subcutaneous edematous nodule, which, over a period of weeks to months, breaks down to form an extensive necrotic ulcer with undermined edges. (medscape.com)
  • But despite their efforts, his skin lesions developed into necrotic ulcers and the man's left forearm was amputated 25 days after he first visited the hospital. (newsweek.com)
  • Clinical diagnosis hypothesis was either traumatic ulcer or oral squamous cell carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
  • SYRACUSE, N.Y. ( WSYR ) - Bruce Springsteen is postponing all remaining 2023 tour dates with The E Street Band out of an abundance of caution related to his peptic ulcer disease. (wgntv.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans . (cdc.gov)
  • Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is a chronic, debilitating, necrotizing disease of the skin and soft tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is an emerging infectious disease and is the third most common mycobacterial disease of the immunocompetent host, after tuberculosis and leprosy. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer can extend to 15% of a person's skin surface and may destroy nerves and blood vessels. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer was first described by Sir Albert Cook in patients from Buruli County in Uganda, and the causative organism was isolated in 1948 by MacCallum in the Bairnsdale region of Victoria, Australia. (medscape.com)
  • A reemergence of cases led the 1998 World Health Organization (WHO) to reclassify Buruli ulcer as a "neglected emerging infectious disease," which has stimulated ongoing research into diagnosis, pathogenesis, and effective treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcers are traditionally thought to be painless ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • [ 14 ] Another prominent feature of Buruli ulcers is extensive coagulative necrosis caused by mycolactone. (medscape.com)
  • M ulcerans are slow-growing mycobacteria and are the causative agent of Buruli ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Buruli ulcer is a necrotizing skin disease caused by Myco- cial stigma on patients and their families ( 2,3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The highest bacterium ulcerans and is usually associated with tropical incidence of Buruli ulcer is found in tropical or subtropical climates and exposure to slow-moving or stagnant water. (cdc.gov)
  • sub-Saharan Africa, but 2 cases have been reported in Mali, We report a case of Buruli ulcer that may have originated in an urban semiarid area of Senegal. (cdc.gov)
  • Zeiger, Roni F.. "Aphthous Ulcer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The Washington Manual , www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Diagnosaurus/114355/all/Aphthous_ulcer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio in major type of recurrent aphthous ulcers: comparing major to minor types of ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Acetaminophen does not cause stomach ulcers and is a good alternative to NSAIDs. (kidshealth.org)
  • 7/13/2004 - It's a fascinating combination of phototherapy and medical science: LumeRX, a private firm, has developed technology that destroys the bacteria that cause stomach ulcers by using specific wavelengths of light. (naturalnews.com)
  • This, in turn, can lead to the formation of painful ulcers that are slow to heal or may not heal at all. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Stomach ulcers can be painful. (healthline.com)
  • When an ulcer is within a person's throat, everything from talking, swallowing, and even eating can be problematic and relatively painful. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • These ulcers within the throat are likely to become so inflamed that they are extremely painful. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • These ulcers can be painful and unsightly, having a significant negative impact on health and quality of life. (scienceblog.com)
  • Corneal ulcers due to Acanthamoeba are often intensely painful and may show transient corneal epithelial defects, multiple corneal stromal infiltrates, and, later, a large ring-shaped infiltrate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Venous ulcers are typically shallow, have an irregular shape, and appear near bony parts of the body, such as the ankle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • OBJECTIVES: The expression patterns of various cell-associated heparan and chondroitin/dermatan-sulphate PGs in human skin and chronic venous ulcers were investigated. (lu.se)
  • METHODS: Tissue sections from 11 patients with chronic venous ulcers were used in this study. (lu.se)
  • Corneal ulcers tend to heal with scar tissue, resulting in opacification of the cornea and decreased visual acuity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ogbechi et al showed that mycolactone decreased thrombomodulin expression on the surface of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, thereby impairing the activation of protein C. This study also showed that fibrin deposition is a prominent feature of these ulcers and the tissue necrosis could be caused by fibrin-driven ischemia. (medscape.com)
  • Narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow, which doctors call ischemia, cause ischemic ulcers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diagnosing ischemic ulcers involves a physical exam to look for signs of ischemia, such as a lack of pulse or a bluish or pale appearance of the skin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diagnosis and treatment will depend on your symptoms and the severity of your ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • Those who believe they may have a throat ulcer are advised to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment as soon as development occurs. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • It may take 4 to 8 weeks for PPIs to fully heal the ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • Nonsurgical treatment options include using medication to treat H. pylori to assist in healing the ulcer and reduce the risk of recurrence. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • After 12 months of further follow-up, the index ulcer had healed in a total of 136 (45.5%) of the 299 patients, while 13 (9.6%) had a recurrence. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who healed within 6 months of enrollment were included in a 12-month follow-up study for assessment of ulcer recurrence. (japmaonline.org)
  • Depressive symptoms maintained a significant association with persistence and recurrence of ulcer even after adjustment for confounders. (japmaonline.org)
  • Depressive symptoms are associated with impaired healing and recurrence of ulcers in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. (japmaonline.org)
  • Digital ulcers are a serious complication in 50% of patients with scleroderma. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with a recurrent ulcer (59.3%) showed significantly higher total cholesterol levels, higher scores on the Greenfield index of disease severity and geriatric depression scale, and a higher prevalence of cerebrovascular disease. (japmaonline.org)
  • On the other hand, patients containing ulcers as a result of bacterial infections may be given antibiotics in combination with medicated mouthwash used for gargling. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Foods for peptic ulcer - Milk and other antacids containing calcium carbonate would provide symptomatic relief to the patients with ulcer. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Food for ulcer patients should be well cooked and bland. (diethealthclub.com)
  • The best prescription for patients with venous leg ulcers is good quality nursing care - and the occasional belly laugh! (scienceblog.com)
  • Drawing on patients from across the UK and Ireland, they found that adding ultrasound to the standard approach to care - dressings and compression therapy - made no difference to the speed of healing or the chance of the ulcers coming back. (scienceblog.com)
  • We do need to find ways to helping those patients who ulcers won't go away, but our study shows that ultrasound is not the way to do that. (scienceblog.com)
  • In subgroup analysis, PAR was significantly greater with EDX110 than with best clinical practice among patients whose ulcers had been present for six or fewer months or were at least 1 cm2 at baseline, but not for those whose ulcers had been present for longer or were smaller. (medscape.com)
  • Sixty swab specimens obtained from chronic leg ulcer (CLU) patients were cultured aerobically and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the recovered organisms determined by the modified Kirby -Bauer disc- diffusion method . (bvsalud.org)
  • Most deeper ulcers probably begin as minor superficial trauma. (ivis.org)
  • This test is used to look for ulcers, bleeding, and any tissue that looks abnormal. (healthline.com)
  • If the foot ulcer does not respond, growth factors, tissue-engineering products, hyperbaric oxygen, or negative pressure wound therapies may be used. (medscape.com)
  • Nurse cutting away dead tissue from a pressure ulcer on an elderly patient. (clinicaladvisor.com)
  • Stomach ulcers may be easily cured, but they can become severe without proper treatment. (healthline.com)
  • More severe ulcers may spread to involve the width of the cornea, may penetrate deeply, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Researchers reported that reducing stress and treating horses with anti-ulcer medications could help lower EGUS rates in the study population. (thehorse.com)
  • He was concerned because, at the time, two popular anti-ulcer medications-omeprazole and ranitidine-were both banned from horse racing in Korea. (thehorse.com)
  • A 35-year-old handyman has chronic skin ulcers and respiratory irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • Rising levels of obesity mean that the number of people who suffer from legs ulcers is likely to grow," Professor Nelson said. (scienceblog.com)
  • Three (10%) children required reoperation for persistent or recurrent ulcer disease and 4 children died. (nih.gov)
  • Histologic examination confirmed the diagnostic features of Marjolin's ulcer, a well-defined but uncommon malignant ulcer that occurs in chronic wounds and cutaneous scars. (japmaonline.org)
  • Small ulcers may not cause any symptoms and may heal without treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, if a person has diabetes, their treatment plan may include strategies to keep the ulcer clean and protected, medications to control blood sugar, and changes to their diet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Treatment will vary depending on the cause of your ulcer. (healthline.com)
  • Bruce Springsteen has continued to recover steadily from peptic ulcer disease over the past few weeks and will continue treatment through the rest of the year on doctor's advice. (wgntv.com)
  • In 2016 Korean horse racing officials lifted the existing ban on omeprazole, allowing South Korean Thoroughbreds to get the treatment they needed for gastric ulcers. (thehorse.com)
  • Healing was associated with a smaller ulcer area, shorter delay between ulcer onset and treatment, lower glycosylated hemoglobin, and higher ankle-brachial index. (japmaonline.org)
  • Weekly Pressure Ulcer Treatment Summary Report. (ahrq.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to determine the presentation, treatment, and outcome of children requiring surgery for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in the post-histamine 2 -blocker era. (nih.gov)
  • Often times the ulcers may reappear after treatment, making them incredibly aggravating. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • If someone develops a throat ulcer as a result of forced vomiting, as is the case with those suffering from eating disorders such as bulimia, a doctor will make a treatment plan that will include methods for recovering from this disease. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • There are many foods are really beneficial in the treatment of peptic ulcer and its common symptom - heart burn. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Nizatidine is used primarily as a treatment for stomach ulcers, but also can be prescribed for heartburn as well as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when acid from the stomach flows back into the esophagus. (fool.com)
  • Your doctor may suspect an ulcer based on your symptoms and just start you on ulcer treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The response to the treatment depends mostly on the bacterial species, and the ulcer may be particularly refractory to treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Peptic ulcers can be cured by yoga and the inflammation of the inner organs of the body can be reduced with the help of yoga. (yogawiz.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The altered expression patterns of glypican and syndecan-1 and -4 in chronic ulcers reflect their possible roles during inflammation and cell proliferation. (lu.se)
  • A corneal ulcer is a corneal epithelial defect with underlying inflammation usually due to invasion by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or Acanthamoeba . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ulcers are characterized by corneal epithelial defects with underlying inflammation and necrosis of the corneal stroma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As with many infections, washing your hands well and often is an important part of ulcer prevention. (kidshealth.org)
  • This guideline provides recommendation for the prevention, assessment, and management of pressure ulcers in adults and children in all settings. (apta.org)
  • The most common underlying cause of duodenal perforation is peptic ulcer disease (PUD). (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In contained perforation, the ulcer creates a hole, but organs such as the pancreas block the area and prevent the bowel contents from leaking freely into the abdomen. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It can irritate the lining of the digestive tract, which can lead to the development of peptic ulcers and increase the risk of perforation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Rarely, a condition known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can cause stomach and intestinal ulcers by increasing the body's production of acid. (healthline.com)
  • Acid and bacteria irritate this lining, causing ulcers. (kidshealth.org)
  • PPIs help heal ulcers by lowering the acid content in your stomach. (healthline.com)
  • Anyone suffering from a throat ulcer due to acid reflux disease will more than likely be told to avoid eating anything spicy that will cause an acid reflux flare up. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Erosion of the inner lining of the stomach by the secreted acid is referred to as peptic ulcer. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Lack of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 synthesis by human eosinophils in chronic oral ulcers. (medscape.com)
  • Traumatic oral ulcers tend to have a sudden onset and usually heal within a few days or weeks, often without clinical intervention. (medscape.com)
  • Oral examination revealed a firm, raised and indurated erythematous nodule with a central ulcer that had a yellow fibrinous base. (bvsalud.org)