Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Papillomavirus Infections
Papillomaviridae
Cervix Uteri
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Human papillomavirus 16
Vaginal Smears
Alphapapillomavirus
Monitoring, Immunologic
Human papillomavirus 18
Tumor Virus Infections
Condylomata Acuminata
Colposcopy
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Papanicolaou Test
Oncogene Proteins, Viral
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Mass Screening
Genotype
Risk factors for abnormal anal cytology in young heterosexual women. (1/304)
Although anal cancers are up to four times more common in women than men, little is known about the natural history of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and HPV-related anal lesions in women. This study reports on the prevalence of and risks for anal cytological abnormalities over a 1-year period in a cohort of young women participating in a study of the natural history of cervical HPV infection. In addition to their regularly scheduled sexual behavior interviews and cervical testing, consenting women received anal HPV DNA and cytological testing. Anal cytology smears were obtained from 410 women whose mean age was 22.5 +/- 2.5 years at the onset of the study. Sixteen women (3.9%) were found to have abnormal anal cytology: 4 women had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) or condyloma; and 12 women had atypical cells of undetermined significance. Factors found to be significantly associated with abnormal anal cytology were a history of anal sex [odds ratio (OR), 6.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-47.2], a history of cervical SILs (OR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.3-14.9), and a current anal HPV infection (OR, 12.28; 95% CI, 3.9-43.5). The strong association between anal intercourse and the development of HPV-induced SILs supports the role of sexual transmission of HPV in anal SILs. Young women who had engaged in anal intercourse or had a history of cervical SILs were found to be at highest risk. (+info)Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal specimens from female commercial sex workers using a new improved enzyme immunoassay. (2/304)
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of a new improved enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal swab and endocervical swab specimens from female commercial sex workers, in comparison with a conventional EIA test and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. METHODS: A high risk group of 163 female commercial sex workers who visited a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in order to undergo screening for major STDs, including chlamydial infection, were enrolled. A total of four swab specimens, including two vaginal and two endocervical specimens, were collected from each woman by a clinician. To identify C trachomatis, a new improved EIA kit (IDEIA PCE), a conventional EIA kit (IDEIA), and PCR assay (Amplicor) were used. Discrepancies in the results were resolved using supplementary PCR assay. A female patient was considered to be infected with C trachomatis if the IDEIA PCE test and PCR test for both sample sites (endocervical and vaginal) gave positive results. Following resolution of these discrepancies, relative sensitivity and specificity, confidence intervals, and predictive values for each type of specimen by each assay were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 163 women tested, 35 (21.5%) were shown to be infected with C trachomatis. The relative sensitivities in vaginal swab specimens were 88.8%, 68.6%, and 91.4% using IDEIA PCE, IDEIA, and PCR, respectively. The relative specificities in vaginal swab specimens were 99.2%, 99.2%, and 100%, respectively. The relative sensitivities in endocervical swab specimens were 85.7%, 77.1%, and 91.4% with IDEIA PCE, IDEIA, and PCR, respectively. The relative specificities in endocervical swab specimens were all 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of IDEIA PCE test on vaginal swab and endocervical swab specimens were similar to those of PCR assay on the two types of specimen. It is concluded that IDEIA PCE test on vaginal swab specimens is an acceptable, sensitive, and less invasive approach for the detection of C trachomatis in commercial sex workers with a high prevalence of C trachomatis infection. (+info)Cervical pregnancy--a conservative stepwise approach. (3/304)
A case of cervical pregnancy resistant to intramuscular methotrexate therapy is presented, which was successfully treated by intra-arterial methotrexate followed by selective prophylactic hypogastric artery embolization to avoid aggravating the vaginal bleeding. It is suggested that, in cervical pregnancies in which fertility preservation is desired, a stepwise conservative approach should be applied before resorting to surgical intervention. (+info)Overriding of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors by high and low risk human papillomavirus types: evidence for an in vivo role in cervical lesions. (4/304)
High risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are agents in the aetiology of cervical carcinoma. The products of two early genes, E6 and E7, appear to be the principal transforming proteins. Studies of various monolayer cell culture systems have shown that the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 is able to neutralize or bypass the inhibitory effect of the cell cycle-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (CKIs) p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. To understand whether the p21WAF1/CIP1 or p27KIP1 neutralization also plays a role in vivo, we performed studies on clinical specimens. Forty-five cervical biopsies, including HPV-negative mucosa, HPV 16-positive preinvasive (low and high grade lesions) and invasive neoplasia as well as HPV 6-positive condyloma acuminatum were analysed by single and double immunohistology. We examined the positive cell cycle regulator cyclin A and the universal cell cycle marker Ki67 as well as the negative cell cycle regulators p21WAF1/CIP1 and p27KIP1. Here, we show that in a significant fraction of cells the G1 block can be overcome despite high levels of CKIs in HPV lesions. This phenomenon, which was more evident for p21WAF1/CIP1 than for p27KIP1 was most marked in low grade lesions and in condylomata acuminata, in which a high viral productivity is expected. These results indicate that the overriding of CKI inactivation by viral oncoproteins appears to be a conserved property between low and high risk HPV types. We conclude that the CKI neutralization by HPVs is likely to be required for viral DNA replication rather than for malignant transformation of the host cell. (+info)Office mini-hysteroscopy. (5/304)
The technique of diagnostic hysteroscopy has not yet been accepted generally as an ambulatory, well-tolerated office procedure. Especially in the infertile patient the standard hysteroscopic procedure is poorly tolerated in an office environment. Our prospective registration of 530 diagnostic office mini-hysteroscopies in infertile patients demonstrates that using an atraumatic insertion technique, watery distention medium and the new generation of mini-hysteroscopic endoscopes, hysteroscopy can be performed in an office set-up without any form of anaesthesia and with a high patient compliance. The significant number of abnormal findings (28.5%), the absence of complications and the low failure rate (2.3%) indicate that diagnostic office mini-hysteroscopy should be a first-line diagnostic procedure. Those results are compared with the registration of 4204 consecutive conventional diagnostic hysteroscopies in a routine gynaecological population performed between 1982 and 1989. We conclude that the mini-hysteroscopic system offers a simple, safe and efficient diagnostic method in the office for the investigation of abnormal uterine bleeding, to evaluate the cervix and uterine cavity in the infertile patient, for screening of endometrial changes in patients under hormone replacement therapy or anti-oestrogens as (adjuvant) treatment and, lastly, it may be very helpful for the interpretation of uncertain findings in other diagnostic techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, blind biopsy or hysterosalpingography. (+info)A matched prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus serostatus, human papillomavirus DNA, and cervical lesions detected by cytology and colposcopy. (6/304)
OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence and type of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the genital tract of human-immunodeficiency-virus- (HIV) seropositive and -seronegative women matched for cytology and to examine prospectively the relationship of HPV DNA, colposcopic findings and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in these matched seropositive and seronegative cohorts. METHODS: A matched prospective study of HIV-seropositive and -seronegative women undergoing cytologic screening, colposcopy, and testing for HPV DNA and other infections at each visit. RESULTS: Twenty-three HIV-seropositive women were matched with 23 seronegative women by cervical cytology reading, lifetime number of sexual partners, age, and follow-up length. Fourteen pairs of these women had follow-up visits every 4 months, for 56 and 53 total visits in seropositive and seronegative women, respectively. After matching, the groups had a similar overall prevalence of HPV DNA and of HPV oncogenic (high risk) types at baseline. On follow up, HIV-seropositive women were more likely than seronegative women to develop SIL (38% vs. 10%), less likely to have negative cytology (34% vs. 60%, overall P = 0.03), more visits with HPV DNA detected (68% vs. 40% P = 0.04), and more visits with multiple HPV DNA types detected (18% vs. 0%, P = 0.02). Colposcopic lesions in the seropositive women were more likely to have sharp borders or mosaicism or to be thick white (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: After matching for baseline Papanicolaou smear readings, these data suggest that over time seropositive women have more visits that yield abnormal cytology, more persistent HPV DNA detection, and more colposcopic abnormalities than seronegative women. (+info)A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus. (7/304)
OBJECTIVE: To compare intravaginal 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and placebo for the treatment of cervical and/or vaginal human papillomavirus (HPV). METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed. Women with HPV detected visually or by Papanicolaou (Pap) test and confirmed by colposcopic biopsy were randomized to receive either intravaginal 5-FU cream or an intravaginal placebo cream. Women with cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia were excluded. The primary outcome measure was cytologic regression of HPV as determined by Pap test screening 4 to 6 months after treatment. The secondary outcome was cytologic evidence of disease progression at both the 4-6-month and 12-month follow-up evaluations. Data were analyzed using the Chi square test with significance established at P < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of forty patients were randomized, and thirty patients had a follow-up Pap test 4 to 6 months after treatment. Of those patients treated with 5-FU, 28% demonstrated regression of HPV on cytologic evaluation, compared with 69% of those treated with placebo (P < 0.05). Twelve-month follow-up cytology was available from 18 of the study participants. There were no significant differences in the frequency of cytologic progression or regression between groups at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Four to six months post treatment, the use of intravaginal 5-FU for the treatment of cervical or vaginal HPV is associated with a lower rate of regression than the use of placebo. (+info)Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections by ligase chain reaction versus ACCESS Chlamydia antigen assay. (8/304)
Ligase chain reaction (LCR) was compared with ACCESS immunoassay for detection of chlamydial infections in females. Despite efforts to improve ACCESS performance by evaluation of specimens that were in the test performance "grey zone," LCR remained more sensitive and was less expensive to perform. ACCESS had a sensitivity of 83.9%, a specificity of 99.7%, a positive predictive value of 96.3%, and a negative predictive value of 98.5%. (+info)Uterine cervical diseases refer to conditions that affect the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. These diseases can range from minor abnormalities to more serious conditions, such as:
1. Cervical dysplasia: This is a precancerous condition characterized by the presence of abnormal cells on the cervix. It is usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be detected through a Pap test.
2. Cervical cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervical tissue. The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the cells lining the surface of the cervix.
3. Cervicitis: This is an inflammation of the cervix, which can be caused by infections, irritants, or allergies. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, pain, and bleeding.
4. Cervical polyps: These are benign growths that develop on the cervix. They are usually small and asymptomatic but can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.
5. Cervical incompetence: This is a condition where the cervix begins to open prematurely during pregnancy, leading to a risk of miscarriage or preterm labor.
It's important to note that regular screening and early detection can help prevent or manage many cervical diseases, including cervical cancer.
Uterine cervical neoplasms, also known as cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia, refer to abnormal growths or lesions on the lining of the cervix that have the potential to become cancerous. These growths are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be detected through routine Pap smears.
Cervical neoplasms are classified into different grades based on their level of severity, ranging from mild dysplasia (CIN I) to severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIN III). In some cases, cervical neoplasms may progress to invasive cancer if left untreated.
Risk factors for developing cervical neoplasms include early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and a weakened immune system. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing are recommended for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a term used to describe the abnormal growth and development of cells on the surface of the cervix. These changes are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is a common sexually transmitted infection. CIN is not cancer, but it can develop into cancer if left untreated.
The term "intraepithelial" refers to the fact that the abnormal cells are found in the epithelium, or the lining of the cervix. The term "neoplasia" means abnormal growth or development of cells. CIN is further classified into three grades based on the severity of the cell changes:
* CIN 1: Mild dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) affecting the lower third of the epithelium.
* CIN 2: Moderate dysplasia affecting the lower two-thirds of the epithelium.
* CIN 3: Severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which means that the abnormal cells are found in the full thickness of the epithelium and have a high risk of progressing to invasive cancer if not treated.
It's important to note that CIN can regress on its own without treatment, especially in younger women. However, some cases may progress to invasive cervical cancer if left untreated. Regular Pap testing is recommended to detect and monitor any abnormal cell changes in the cervix. If CIN is detected, further diagnostic procedures such as a colposcopy or biopsy may be performed to determine the extent of the abnormality and guide treatment decisions.
Papillomavirus infections are a group of diseases caused by various types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). These viruses infect the skin and mucous membranes, and can cause benign growths such as warts or papillomas, as well as malignant growths like cervical cancer.
There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and they can be classified into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, commonly cause benign genital warts and respiratory papillomas. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.
HPV infections are typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most sexually active individuals will acquire at least one HPV infection during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system is able to clear the virus without any symptoms or long-term consequences. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to the development of cancer over time.
Prevention measures for HPV infections include vaccination against high-risk HPV types, safe sex practices, and regular screening for cervical cancer in women. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years old, and can also be given to older individuals up to age 45 who have not previously been vaccinated or who have not completed the full series of shots.
Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.
The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.
In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.
The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.
Uterine cervical dysplasia is a condition characterized by abnormal cell growth on the lining of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is also known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Cervical dysplasia can be caused by certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. The abnormal cells may develop into cancerous cells over time, although not all cases of cervical dysplasia will progress to cancer.
Cervical dysplasia is typically detected through a Pap test or HPV test, which are screening tests used to detect precancerous changes in the cervix. Depending on the severity and extent of the abnormal cells, treatment options may include close monitoring, surgical removal of the affected tissue, or more extensive surgery.
It is important for women to receive regular Pap tests and HPV tests as recommended by their healthcare provider to detect and treat cervical dysplasia early, before it has a chance to progress to cancer.
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a specific type of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes, and there are over 200 types of HPV. Some types of HPV can cause warts, while others are associated with an increased risk of certain cancers.
HPV16 is one of the high-risk types of HPV and is strongly associated with several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. HPV16 is responsible for about 50% of all cervical cancers and is the most common high-risk type of HPV found in these cancers.
HPV16 is typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most people who are sexually active will acquire at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. While HPV infections are often harmless and clear up on their own without causing any symptoms or health problems, high-risk types like HPV16 can lead to cancer if left untreated.
Fortunately, there are vaccines available that protect against HPV16 and other high-risk types of HPV. These vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing HPV-related cancers and precancerous lesions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for both boys and girls starting at age 11 or 12, although the vaccine can be given as early as age 9. Catch-up vaccinations are also recommended for older individuals who have not yet been vaccinated.
A vaginal smear, also known as a Pap test or Pap smear, is a medical procedure in which a sample of cells is collected from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) and examined under a microscope. The purpose of this test is to detect abnormal cells, including precancerous changes, that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or other conditions such as infections or inflammation.
During the procedure, a speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the cervix. A spatula or brush is then used to gently scrape cells from the surface of the cervix. The sample is spread onto a microscope slide and sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Regular Pap smears are recommended for women as part of their routine healthcare, as they can help detect abnormalities at an early stage when they are more easily treated. The frequency of Pap smears may vary depending on age, medical history, and other factors. It is important to follow the recommendations of a healthcare provider regarding the timing and frequency of Pap smears.
Alphapapillomavirus is a genus of Papillomaviridae, a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Members of this genus are known to cause various types of benign and malignant tumors in humans, including skin warts, genital warts, and cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, and oropharynx.
The Alphapapillomavirus genus is further divided into several species, each containing multiple types or strains of the virus. Some of the most well-known and studied types of Alphapapillomavirus include:
* Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18, which are associated with a high risk of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers
* HPV type 6 and 11, which are commonly found in genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
* HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which are also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer and other malignancies.
Preventive measures such as vaccination against high-risk HPV types have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Regular screening for cervical cancer and other precancerous lesions is also an important part of prevention and early detection.
Immunologic monitoring refers to the regular and systematic surveillance and evaluation of a patient's immune system response, particularly in the context of medical treatment or disease progression. This may involve measuring various immunological parameters such as levels of immune cells, antibodies, cytokines, and other markers of immune function.
The goal of immunologic monitoring is to assess the effectiveness of treatments that modulate the immune system, such as immunotherapy for cancer or immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune diseases. It can also help detect any adverse effects or complications related to the treatment, such as immune-related toxicities or infections. Additionally, immunologic monitoring may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of disease and inform personalized treatment strategies.
Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18) is a specific type of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a group of more than 200 related viruses. HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) some types can cause.
HPV-18 is one of the high-risk types of HPV that are linked to several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. HPV-18 along with HPV-16 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers.
HPV is passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will have an HPV infection at some point in their lives, but most will never know it because the virus often causes no symptoms and goes away on its own. However, when HPV doesn't go away, it can cause serious health problems, including cancer.
There are vaccines available to protect against HPV-18 and other high-risk types of HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get the HPV vaccine at age 11 or 12, but it can be given as early as age 9 and until age 26 for those who have not yet received it. The vaccine is most effective when given before becoming sexually active.
A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Examples of tumor viruses include:
1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.
'Condylomata Acuminata' is the medical term for genital warts, which are growths or bumps that appear on the genital area. They are caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Genital warts can vary in appearance, and they may be small, flat, and difficult to see or large, cauliflower-like, and easily visible.
The warts can appear on the vulva, vagina, cervix, rectum, anus, penis, or scrotum. They are usually painless but can cause discomfort during sexual intercourse. In some cases, genital warts can lead to serious health problems, such as cervical cancer in women.
It is important to note that not all people with HPV will develop genital warts, and many people with HPV are asymptomatic and unaware they have the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years to prevent HPV infection and related diseases, including genital warts.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
Colposcopy is a medical procedure in which a colposcope, which is a type of microscope, is used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease or abnormalities. The colposcope allows the healthcare provider to see these areas in greater detail than is possible with the naked eye. During the procedure, the provider may take a small sample of tissue (biopsy) for further examination under a microscope.
Colposcopy is often used to investigate abnormal Pap test results or to follow up on women who have been diagnosed with certain types of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cell growth). It can also be used to diagnose and monitor other conditions, such as genital warts, inflammation, or cancer.
It is important to note that colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure and not a treatment. If abnormalities are found during the exam, additional procedures may be necessary to remove or treat them.
Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).
Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.
It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.
The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, also known as the Pap smear, is a screening procedure for detecting precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix. It involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to look for any abnormalities. The test is typically recommended for women aged 21-65 as part of routine pelvic exams, with the frequency depending on age and risk factors.
The Pap test was developed by Georgios Papanikolaou in the early 20th century and has since become a widely used and important tool in preventing cervical cancer. The test is usually performed in a healthcare provider's office and takes only a few minutes to complete. It is a relatively simple, safe, and painless procedure that can help detect cervical abnormalities at an early stage, when they are most treatable.
Oncogene proteins, viral, are cancer-causing proteins that are encoded by the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of certain viruses. These viral oncogenes can be acquired through infection with retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and certain types of papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses.
When these viruses infect host cells, they can integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes. These oncogenes may then cause uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the formation of tumors or cancers. The process by which viruses contribute to cancer development is complex and involves multiple steps, including the alteration of signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Examples of viral oncogenes include the v-src gene found in the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which causes chicken sarcoma, and the E6 and E7 genes found in human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. Understanding viral oncogenes and their mechanisms of action is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virus-associated cancers.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Medical mass screening, also known as population screening, is a public health service that aims to identify and detect asymptomatic individuals in a given population who have or are at risk of a specific disease. The goal is to provide early treatment, reduce morbidity and mortality, and prevent the spread of diseases within the community.
A mass screening program typically involves offering a simple, quick, and non-invasive test to a large number of people in a defined population, regardless of their risk factors or symptoms. Those who test positive are then referred for further diagnostic tests and appropriate medical interventions. Examples of mass screening programs include mammography for breast cancer detection, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing for prostate cancer, and fecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer.
It is important to note that mass screening programs should be evidence-based, cost-effective, and ethically sound, with clear benefits outweighing potential harms. They should also consider factors such as the prevalence of the disease in the population, the accuracy and reliability of the screening test, and the availability and effectiveness of treatment options.
Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.
It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.
Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
List of MeSH codes (C13)
Endometrial cancer
Vaginal disease
Reproductive medicine
Reproductive system disease
Sven Becker
Miscarriage risks
IRF6
Postcoital bleeding
Neural cell adhesion molecule
Mucometrocolpos
Sheehan's syndrome
MD Anderson Cancer Center
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Intermenstrual bleeding
Hormonal intrauterine device
Drospirenone
Birth defects of diethylstilbestrol
Female infertility
Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago
GSDMD
Herb Green
Reproductive health care for incarcerated women in the United States
Isaac González Martínez
Fetal membranes
Women's health
Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Cryoablation
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Cervix19
- Your health care provider may perform a Pap test during your health checkup to look for changes to the cells of the cervix, including cervical cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
- Cancer of the uterine cervix (cervical cancer) is largely a preventable disease that is characterized by a long lead time. (medscape.com)
- This image shows a hypoattenuating tumor occupying the entire cervix and extending to the outer posterior and right cervical margins. (medscape.com)
- In early stage disease with a small tumor confined to the cervix, IVU and cross-sectional imaging are not routinely performed because of their relatively low yield. (medscape.com)
- Previous research suggested that it may be useful in treating uterine diseases such as cervical dysplasia, an abnormal growth on the cervix. (livestrong.com)
- Biopsies from 318 cases with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, 48 with cervical and vulvar condylomata, 14 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 34 with chronic cervicitis and 24 with normal cervical epithelium were collected from different geographic regions with different cervical cancer mortalities. (nih.gov)
- In infertile women, any disease of the uterine cervix that prevents conception, e.g., cervical stenosis. (unboundmedicine.com)
- DWI enabled researchers to differentiate cervical cancers from the normal glandular lining of the cervix. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- Incompetent UTERINE CERVIX is usually diagnosed in the second trimester of PREGNANCY. (jefferson.edu)
- Dharan VB, Ludmir J. Alternative treatment for a short cervix: the cervical pessary. (jefferson.edu)
- Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX. (ouhsc.edu)
- To revise FIGO staging of carcinoma of the cervix uteri, allowing incorporation of imaging and/or pathological findings, and clinical assessment of tumor size and disease extent. (acr.org)
- Anatomic study of the pelvis in carcinoma of the uterine cervix as related to the box technique. (medscape.org)
- Late rectal sequelae following definitive radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a dosimetric analysis. (medscape.org)
- High grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ) in the uterine cervix. (medicalxpress.com)
- This disease can progress to invasive cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the cervix. (medicalxpress.com)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may involve the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. (msdmanuals.com)
- This is chiefly because there glandular lesion of the uterine cervix. (who.int)
- Early clini- fication scheme for tumours of the atypical transformation zone, usually cal invasive disease (stage IB1) may uterine cervix recognizes three general by colposcopy in developed countries be considered for radical cervical categories of epithelial tumours: squa- in the presence of a report showing removal as described for stage IA2. (who.int)
Fibroids16
- During the exam, the doctor looks for signs of certain conditions, such as yeast infections, genital warts, genital herpes, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids , cervical polyps and ovarian cysts. (livescience.com)
- Congenital or acquired uterine anomaly including fibroids. (empr.com)
- Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata) are the most common noncancerous tumors in women of childbearing age and the second most common reason women of reproductive age undergo surgery. (ahrq.gov)
- Uterine fibroids, which result in more than 200,000 hysterectomies every year, have no known cause and limited treatment options. (ahrq.gov)
- In the United States it is estimated that approximately 1 percent of women with employer-provided insurance have clinically significant uterine fibroids, and the direct costs associated with treating uterine fibroids are more than $1 billion annually. (ahrq.gov)
- Despite the prevalence and possible complications of uterine fibroids, few published studies examining the effectiveness of treatment strategies exist. (ahrq.gov)
- Her areas of interest include gynecologic surgical management of ovarian cysts, fibroids, uterine polyps, cervical dsplasia, and vulvar disease. (nyp.org)
- Discomfort or pain during intercourse, and spotting after the intercourse may occur due to uterine fibroids. (herhaleness.com)
- Menstrual cramps may be caused by unidentified problems such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, and cervical stenosis. (imaginelaserworks.com)
- Uterine fibroids are growths of uterine tissues and muscles that typically develop in women during their reproductive age. (femicushion.com)
- Women may also develop multiple uterine fibroids. (femicushion.com)
- Estrogen and progesterone might cause the growth of fibroids by stimulating the growth of the uterine lining during each menstrual cycle. (femicushion.com)
- Uterine fibroids are often asymptomatic. (femicushion.com)
- There are multiple treatment approaches for uterine fibroids. (femicushion.com)
- For larger uterine fibroids, morcellation is used to break down the tissues into smaller pieces before performing a myomectomy. (femicushion.com)
- Prolapse, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic infections, and uterine bleeding are the basic excuses given to carve up these poor women. (youngagain.org)
Vulvar5
- Gynecological diseases include life-threatening diseases such as cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, vaginal cancer, uterine cancer, and vulvar cancer. (technavio.com)
- Overall, 30% of patients with vulvar cancer are diagnosed with metastatic disease to the inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes. (medscape.com)
- Surgical staging of vulvar cancer has changed dramatically since en bloc dissections were performed in the 1970s, which included resection of the vulva, mons pubis, and bilateral inguinofemoral and pelvic nodes in one large specimen. (medscape.com)
- A retrospective analysis of 330 patients with vulvar cancer treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1955-1990 assessed disease-free interval and sites of failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma treated with either unilateral or bilateral complete inguinofemoral node dissections. (medscape.com)
- The researchers of the study, including Chambers, evaluated the top 100 videos from five different cancers: uterine, cervical, ovarian, vulvar cancers and gestational trophoblastic disease (rare tumors that develop in the uterus during early stages of pregnancy). (curetoday.com)
Organized cervical cancer2
- We present a transmission dynamic model that can assess the epidemiologic consequences and cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies of administering a prophylactic quadrivalent (types 6/11/16/18) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in a setting of organized cervical cancer screening in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Cervical cancer incidence and deaths have substantially decreased in countries with organized cervical cancer screening programs ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Dysplasia3
- Cervical Dysplasia: Is It Cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
- The authors encouraged women with cervical dysplasia to seek other treatment options. (livestrong.com)
- Almost 80% of the population is well screened and may of atypia than AIS, including endocer- cases occur in developing countries, avoid developing cervical cancer vical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial where, in many regions, it is the most altogether. (who.int)
Cancers5
- As many as 5% of cervical cancers may not be associated with HPV. (medscape.com)
- The Mirena device is also not recommended for use in women with uncontrolled pelvic inflammation, breast, cervical, or uterine cancers (past or present), liver disease, or a weak immune system. (stromlaw.com)
- Fortunately most cervical pre-cancers grow very slowly. (kkh.com.sg)
- Cervical Precancers and Cancers Attributed to HPV Types by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Vaccination, Screening, and Management. (ouhsc.edu)
- 9% of cancers of uterine corpus, however is associated with more aggressive behavior and a poorer prognosis. (medscape.com)
Neoplasia2
Cervicitis1
- The rate of detection of HPV-16 in Chinese women increased from 8.3% in normal cervical epithelium to 20% in chronic cervicitis, 28% in cervical condyloma, 50% in CIN and 60.4% in cervical cancer. (nih.gov)
Early-stage cervical cancer2
- Use of these measurements, in combination with the standard MRI sequences, makes detection of early-stage cervical cancer easier, deSouza said. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- Does obesity influence the preferred treatment approach for early-stage cervical cancer? (ouhsc.edu)
Malignancy4
- However, despite this success, cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy among women and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an estimated 493,000 new cases and 274,000 deaths in 2002 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- Many cases of uterine cervical cancer (about 85%) are found in developing countries, where it is the most common malignancy in women and accounts for almost 12% of all female cancer. (iiarjournals.org)
- Consider removing the intrauterine system if these or the following arise during use: uterine or cervical malignancy or jaundice. (mirenahcp.com)
- Cancer of the uterine corpus is the most common pelvic gynecologic malignancy in the United States and in most developed countries with access to sufficient health care. (medscape.com)
Abnormalities2
- Although a number of factors such as genetic defects, Uterine or cervical abnormalities, or a chronic disease contribute to a miscarriage. (womanjunction.com)
- Evaluating candidates for cervical or uterine abnormalities prior to surgery is therefore important. (medscape.com)
Tumors1
- The median total dose of 60.2 Gy in the 2 Gy per fraction-equivalent dose (EQD2) was delivered to cervical tumors of all patients. (iiarjournals.org)
Prolapse3
- [ 2 , 3 ] His technique was based on the premise that apposition of the vaginal walls could prevent uterine prolapse and that a widened genital hiatus may lead to unsuccessful outcomes. (medscape.com)
- Thyroid gland disorders, irritation of vagina due to dryness, and uterine prolapse can be the cause of spotting. (herhaleness.com)
- Are you familiar with the term pelvic organ prolapse or uterine prolapse? (femicushion.com)
Gestational trophob1
- and gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy). (thewomens.org.au)
Abnormal2
- In 2014, the American College of Physicians (ACP) said that women should not undergo annual pelvic exams unless they have symptoms of possible pelvic disease - such as abnormal bleeding, pain or urinary problems - or are pregnant. (livescience.com)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease commonly causes lower abdominal pain, fever, cervical discharge, and abnormal uterine bleeding, particularly during or after menses. (msdmanuals.com)
Carcinoma7
- CT of clinical stage IIB cervical carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- CT of a patient with stage IVB cervical carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- A research for the relationship between human papillomavirus and human uterine cervical carcinoma. (nih.gov)
- The DNA.DNA dot-blot and Southern blot hybridization results show that there is a close relationship between HPV-16 and the uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma in China. (nih.gov)
- It is suggested that HPV-16 infection may be an etiological factor in the development of human cervical carcinoma. (nih.gov)
- Post-Radiation Therapy Imaging Appearances in Cervical Carcinoma. (acr.org)
- Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. (medscape.org)
Ovarian cysts1
- If you or a loved one have used the Mirena IUD for contraception and have experienced pain, infection, bleeding, ovarian cysts, intrauterine pregnancy, kidney stones, pelvic inflammatory disease, or organ perforation due to the device, you are not alone. (stromlaw.com)
Hysterectomy1
- and a number of procedural treatments ranging from surgical or incisional such as hysterectomy or myomectomy, to nonsurgical (also called nonincisional or minimally invasive) such as uterine artery embolization and magnetic resonance image-guided focused ultrasound. (ahrq.gov)
Pathology1
- It covers about 35-40% of infertility cases, followed by fallopian tube pathology (30%), cervical (5-10%) and vaginal (5-10%), uterine body diseases. (btu.bg)
Uterus4
- Studies of Skyla and similar intrauterine system prototypes have suggested several mechanisms that prevent pregnancy: thickening of cervical mucus preventing passage of sperm into the uterus, inhibition of sperm capacitation or survival, and alteration of the endometrium. (empr.com)
- Our study confirmed the influence of oestrogen on uterus size: oestrogen deficiency causes a reduction in uterine size. (bmj.com)
- If the threads are not visible or are significantly shortened they may have broken or retracted into the cervical canal or uterus. (mirenahcp.com)
- Endometriosis is a painful uterine disorder that is characterized by the growth of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) outside the uterus. (femicushion.com)
Bleeding of unknown etiology1
- Uterine bleeding of unknown etiology. (empr.com)
Cavity3
- Insert into uterine cavity as directed. (empr.com)
- To be inserted into uterine cavity. (drugs.com)
- This tumor, which occupies a small uterine cavity, grows primarily as a firm polypoid mass. (medscape.com)
Patients with cervical cancer1
- doses in patients with cervical cancer receiving pelvic and paraaortic irradiation. (medscape.org)
Locally advanced cervical cancer4
- Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. (medscape.org)
- IMRT dose escalation for positive para-aortic lymph nodes in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer while reducing dose to bone marrow and other organs at risk. (medscape.org)
- A Phase I/Ib trial conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) group NRG Oncology, NRG-GY017, concluded that the addition of the immunotherapy drug atezolizumab prior to and concurrently given with chemoradiation (CRT) treatment was safe for women with node-positive, locally advanced cervical cancer. (medicalxpress.com)
- Mayadev J, et al, Safety and immunogenicity of Anti PD-L1 (Atezolizumab) given as an immune primer or concurrently with extended field chemoradiotherapy for node positive locally advanced cervical cancer: an NRG Oncology trial. (medicalxpress.com)
Infection4
- Specifically, we examined 2 questions: What is the potential impact of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine on HPV infection and disease in the US population? (cdc.gov)
- Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and HPV infection of cervical squamous south and south-east Asia. (who.int)
- About 20.2% were aware of the causal association between HPV infection and cervical cancer. (bvsalud.org)
- Social media and upper primary and secondary school-based approach to HPV health promotion should be explored to provide detailed adolescent-friendly information to guide in prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer. (bvsalud.org)
Adenomyosis1
- However, possible theories includes invasive tissue growth, uterine inflammation due to childbirth, and invasion of bone marrow stem cells can cause adenomyosis. (femicushion.com)
Incidence6
- Compared with current practice, vaccinating girls before the age of 12 years would reduce the incidence of genital warts (83%) and cervical cancer (78%) due to HPV 6/11/16/18. (cdc.gov)
- [ 4 ] However, invasive cervical cancer remains a disease of significant morbidity, and it is a major cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide, although the incidence and mortality rates of invasive cervical cancer have declined substantially (particularly in countries that have well-developed screening programs). (medscape.com)
- In developed countries, the spread of screening for uterine cervical cancer and vaccination against human papillomavirus have contributed to detecting the disease at an earlier stage and reducing its incidence, respectively. (iiarjournals.org)
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cervical Cancer Incidence, Survival, and Mortality by Histologic Subtype. (ouhsc.edu)
- After doubling in the early 1970s, the incidence of uterine cancer has remained fairly constant. (medscape.com)
- Cervical epithelium leads to two categories of Incidence and mortality world- cancer is less common in economi- intraepithelial squamous lesions: pro- wide cally developed countries, where in the ductive, self-limited HPV infections, The majority of cervical cancer cases year 2000, it was estimated to com- and those with potential to progress to today occur in the developing world. (who.int)
Centers for Diseas5
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published updated guidelines that provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). (aafp.org)
- To assist in these endeavors, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2 recently updated guidelines for the prevention and treatment of STDs. (aafp.org)
- The survey was conducted by the Ambulatory Care Statistics Branch of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
Human uterine1
- Adlay ethanolic extract inhibits human uterine sarcoma cancer cells growth and chemosensitizes human uterine sarcoma cells to doxorubicin. (greenmedinfo.com)
Motion tenderness2
- Presumptive treatment for PID should be initiated for sexually active young women and other women at risk for STIs if they are experiencing pelvic or lower abdominal pain, if no cause for the illness other than PID can be identified, and if one or more of the following three minimum clinical criteria are present on pelvic examination: cervical motion tenderness, uterine tenderness, or adnexal tenderness. (cdc.gov)
- Common symptoms and signs include lower abdominal pain, irregular vaginal bleeding, cervical discharge, and cervical motion tenderness. (msdmanuals.com)
Severe arterial disease1
- or severe arterial disease such as stroke or myocardial infarction. (mirenahcp.com)
Artery embolization1
- Doctors often use minimally-invasive surgical procedures like Uterine artery embolization, Radiofrequency ablation, Laparoscopic myomectomy, Hysteroscopic myomectomy, and Endometrial ablation. (femicushion.com)
Epithelium1
- Whereas the HPV-16 DNA sequence was only present as an episome in normal cervical epithelium and cervical benign lesions. (nih.gov)
Menstrual1
- Objective The purpose of the study was to estimate uterine and ovarian sizes in adolescents with FHA and to compare these results with findings in peers having regular menstrual cycles. (bmj.com)
Chronic7
- Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic Disease Risk? (cdc.gov)
- Overall, 74.5% (95% CI, 73.9%-75.1%) of the women in cancer screening: what are the linkages to chronic disease this sample aged 40 years or older (n = 56,528) had risk? (cdc.gov)
- Preventing Chronic Disease [serial online] 2004 Jan received a mammogram within the past 2 years. (cdc.gov)
- Papanicolaou test in the past 3 years, and factors associ- screening, including maintenance of normal weight and ated with reduced chronic disease risk and health care avoidance of cigarette smoking. (cdc.gov)
- The results of this study suggest that underscreened screening test have infrequently examined the associa- women who are at risk for breast and cervical cancer are tions of breast and cervical cancer screening with multiple likely to benefit from programs that identify and address health factors that influence chronic disease risk. (cdc.gov)
- These practices include health insurance coverage, and preventive practices that maintaining a normal weight (1-3), avoiding cigarette reduce chronic disease risk. (cdc.gov)
- In addition to preventive practices, a history of certain including whether they had received a cholesterol or blood chronic illnesses such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovas- pressure check in the past 2 years, had maintained normal cular disease has been associated with cancer screening weight, were physically active, or avoided cigarette smok- behaviors (8). (cdc.gov)
Tumor2
- Active liver disease or tumor. (empr.com)
- In fact, around 3% of patients at diagnosis have uterine cervical cancer at stage IVB with spread of the tumor beyond the pelvis, such as lung, liver, and bone metastases, based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system ( 3 , 4 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Endometrial cancer1
- This article discusses endometrial cancer and uterine sarcomas. (medscape.com)
Fibroid3
- AHRQ has funded this project to develop a prioritized research agenda and protocol to study the clinical and/or comparative effectiveness of uterine fibroid disease diagnosis, management, care coordination, and treatment. (ahrq.gov)
- Little information is available on the long-term effects of procedural or medical therapy on fibroid disease symptoms, recurrence, and patient-reported outcomes. (ahrq.gov)
- The exact cause of uterine fibroid is not yet known. (femicushion.com)
Complications2
- During the study period, 192 patients died-17.9% of disease and 3.3% of treatment complications, and the remainder from other or unknown causes. (medscape.com)
- Gesta- safe methods of terminating second trimes- tional age was 15-23 weeks (2nd trimester ter pregnancy other than surgery, which pregnancy is defined as the period of preg- can result in serious complications such as nancy from the beginning of the 15th cervical laceration, uterine perforation and through the 28th completed week of gesta- bowel injury. (who.int)
Invasive cervical1
- Group 2 was made up of women with incomplete resection of biopsy-confirmed Ia or Ib1 invasive cervical carcinomas or suspicious but ambivalent biopsy results. (diagnosticimaging.com)
Sexually2
- Despite various attempts by health care workers to reduce the morbidity and mortality of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), more than 15 million persons acquire STDs each year in the United States. (aafp.org)
- Serious diseases like anemia, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, and many sexually transmitted diseases can cause spotting. (herhaleness.com)
Polymerase chain re1
- Diagnosis includes polymerase chain reaction testing of cervical specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and chlamydiae, microscopic examination of cervical discharge (usually), and ultrasonography or laparoscopy (occasionally). (msdmanuals.com)
Incompetence4
- Cervical incompetence - This can happen during pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Uterine Cervical Incompetence" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Uterine Cervical Incompetence" by people in this website by year, and whether "Uterine Cervical Incompetence" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (jefferson.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Uterine Cervical Incompetence" by people in Profiles. (jefferson.edu)
Diagnosis2
- However, some patients are still found to have advanced-stage disease at diagnosis. (iiarjournals.org)
- Diagnosis is with tests for cervical. (msdmanuals.com)
Contraindications1
- and contraindications been used to effect uterine contractility or for prostaglandin use. (who.int)
Breast4
- Parabens increases the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines and increases uterine weight. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Uterine cervical cancer is one of the major malignancies and the fourth most common after breast, colorectal, and lung cancer in women worldwide. (iiarjournals.org)
- No evidence suggests that routine endometrial sampling or transvaginal sonography to evaluate the endometrial stripe in asymptomatic women has a role in early detection of uterine cancer, even in women who take tamoxifen after breast cancer or has a cancer syndrome. (medscape.com)
- The data used in this study were from women who were nary heart disease, diabetes, and breast cancer (9-12). (cdc.gov)