Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.
A malignancy arising in uterine cervical epithelium and confined thereto, representing a continuum of histological changes ranging from well-differentiated CIN 1 (formerly, mild dysplasia) to severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ, CIN 3. The lesion arises at the squamocolumnar cell junction at the transformation zone of the endocervical canal, with a variable tendency to develop invasive epidermoid carcinoma, a tendency that is enhanced by concomitant human papillomaviral infection. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Cytological preparation of cells collected from a mucosal surface and stained with Papanicolaou stain.
A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally.
A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS especially associated with malignant tumors of the CERVIX and the RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.
The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.
Division of tissues by a high-frequency current applied locally with a metal instrument or needle. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A type of human papillomavirus especially associated with malignant tumors of the genital and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.
Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).
A group of hereditary disorders involving tissues and structures derived from the embryonic ectoderm. They are characterized by the presence of abnormalities at birth and involvement of both the epidermis and skin appendages. They are generally nonprogressive and diffuse. Various forms exist, including anhidrotic and hidrotic dysplasias, FOCAL DERMAL HYPOPLASIA, and aplasia cutis congenita.
ONCOGENE PROTEINS from papillomavirus that deregulate the CELL CYCLE of infected cells and lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. Papillomavirus E7 proteins have been shown to interact with various regulators of the cell cycle including RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and certain cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.
Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.
A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE. They preferentially infect the anogenital and ORAL MUCOSA in humans and primates, causing both malignant and benign neoplasms. Cutaneous lesions are also seen.
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.
Products of viral oncogenes, most commonly retroviral oncogenes. They usually have transforming and often protein kinase activities.
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.
Developmental bone diseases are a category of skeletal disorders that arise from disturbances in the normal growth and development of bones, including abnormalities in size, shape, structure, or composition, which can lead to various musculoskeletal impairments and deformities.
Pathological processes that tend eventually to become malignant. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS. Human vaccines are intended to reduce the incidence of UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS, so they are sometimes considered a type of CANCER VACCINES. They are often composed of CAPSID PROTEINS, especially L1 protein, from various types of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Abnormal development of cartilage and bone.
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE involving only one bone.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.
Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.
Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.
Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.
The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. (1/334)

BACKGROUND: A historical cohort of Toronto (Ontario, Canada) women whose Pap smear histories were recorded at a major cytopathology laboratory provided the opportunity to study progression and regression of cervical dysplasia in an era (1962-1980) during which cervical squamous lesions were managed conservatively. METHODS: Actuarial and Cox's survival analyses were used to estimate the rates and relative risks of progression and regression of mild (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 [CIN1]) and moderate (CIN2) dysplasias. In addition, more than 17,000 women with a history of Pap smears between 1970 and 1980 inclusive and who were diagnosed as having mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia were linked to the Ontario Cancer Registry for the outcome of any subsequent cervical cancers occurring through 1989. RESULTS: Both mild and moderate dysplasias were more likely to regress than to progress. The risk of progression from mild to severe dysplasia or worse was only 1% per year, but the risk of progression from moderate dysplasia was 16% within 2 years and 25% within 5 years. Most of the excess risk of cervical cancer for severe and moderate dysplasias occurred within 2 years of the initial dysplastic smear. After 2 years, in comparison with mild dysplasia, the relative risks for progression from severe or moderate dysplasia to cervical cancer in situ or worse was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.0-5.7) and 2.5 (95% CI = 2.2-3.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: The risk of progression for moderate dysplasia was intermediate between the risks for mild and severe dysplasia; thus, the moderate category may represent a clinically useful distinction. The majority of untreated mild dysplasias were recorded as regressing to yield a normal smear within 2 years.  (+info)

Mildly dyskaryotic smear results: does it matter what women know? (2/334)

BACKGROUND: As of 1992, all women in the UK who have a first mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear are placed under surveillance for 6 months rather than being referred for immediate colposcopy. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the relationship between anxiety and understanding about mild dyskaryotic, and to propose and discuss a method of analysing free text comments written by participants in studies based on structured questionnaires. METHODS: The freely scripted text of 236 women who had completed a questionnaire as part of a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of an educational package was analysed. Randomization group status was concealed. Texts expressing similar views were grouped together and categorized. A matrix was drawn up to encompass the categories, and the comments were reallocated accordingly. RESULTS: Examination of the free text revealed two dimensions, concern and knowledge. There were no differences with respect to the apparent level of concern between the two randomization groups. However, comments from the intervention group were significantly more likely to have been classified as expressing good or vague knowledge than those from women in the control group. CONCLUSION: Although the educational intervention improved women's knowledge about the meaning of an abnormal smear result, this better knowledge was not correlated with less anxiety about the result. The free text analysis was a useful supplement to the main trial questionnaires. It demonstrated the existence of a range of understanding about cervical dyskaryosis, of anxieties relating to the receipt of such a result and the degree of interest women showed in acquiring further information.  (+info)

Randomized double-blind trial of beta-carotene and vitamin C in women with minor cervical abnormalities. (3/334)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, factorial study using a daily oral administration of 30 mg beta-carotene and/or 500 mg vitamin C was conducted in 141 women with colposcopically and histologically confirmed minor squamous atypia or cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) I. Over approximately 2 years of follow-up, 43 lesions regressed to normal and 13 progressed to CIN II. The regression rate was slightly higher, but not significantly so, in those randomized to beta-carotene compared to no beta-carotene (hazard ratio = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.86-2.93, P = 0.14) and slightly lower, but not statistically significant, for those randomized to vitamin C compared to no vitamin C (hazard ratio = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.35-1.21, P = 0.17). In a model with no interaction, the progression rate was slightly higher in those randomized to beta-carotene (hazard ratio = 1.75, 95% CI: 0.57-5.36, P = 0.32) and also in those randomized to vitamin C (hazard ratio = 2.40, 95% CI: 0.74-7.80, P = 0.13). Neither of these were statistically significant. However, there was some evidence of an interaction effect of the two compounds on the progression rate (P = 0.052), with seven of the progressed lesions occurring in those randomized to both vitamins compared to a total of six in the three other groups. The currently available evidence from this and other trials suggests that high doses of these compounds are unlikely to increase the regression or decrease the progression of minor atypia and CIN I.  (+info)

Risk factors for cervical dysplasia in Kerala, India. (4/334)

A study in Kerala, India, confirmed the importance of genital hygiene in the fight against infections that have a role in the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer. Many women cannot afford sanitary pads, while adequate facilities for washing after coitus are often unavailable. Health education, satisfactory living standards, and the empowerment of women are prerequisites for reducing the incidence of cervical dysplasia.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical analysis, human papillomavirus DNA detection, hormonal manipulation, and exogenous gene expression of normal and dysplastic human cervical epithelium in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. (5/334)

The cervical squamocolumnar junction of normal and dysplastic human xenografts was maintained in SCID-beige mice. Dysplastic tissue maintained a dysplastic morphology, irregular pattern of keratin expression, elevated levels of cellular proliferation, and human papillomavirus type 16 and/or type 18 DNA. Hyperplastic changes of normal xenografts occurred via high-dose estrogen exposure, and through recombinant adenovirus infection, the introduction and stable expression of an exogenous gene was accomplished.  (+info)

HPV testing in the evaluation of the minimally abnormal Papanicolaou smear. (6/334)

Minor cytologic abnormalities of the cervix, such as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), are vastly more common than high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or invasive cancer. Current guidelines for the management of ASCUS include repeating the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear at specific intervals, referring all patients for colposcopy or using an adjunctive test such as hybrid capture human papillomavirus (HPV) testing or cervicography. The usefulness of the Pap smear is limited by its considerable false-negative rate and its dependence on clinician and laboratory performance. Colposcopy is a highly sensitive procedure, but many patients with ASCUS have normal colposcopic findings. The hybrid capture test not only measures quantitative HPV load but also detects both oncogenic and nononcogenic HPV types, thereby increasing the probability that serious cervical disease is not missed. Hybrid capture sampling is simple to perform, and positive results are strongly associated with cervical dysplasia. HPV testing in women with ASCUS can be used as an adjunctive test to identify those with HPV-associated disease; it can also serve as a quality assurance measure. Together, repeat Pap smears and HPV testing should identify most patients with underlying cervical dysplasia. Combined testing may also minimize the number of unnecessary colposcopic examinations in women who have no disease.  (+info)

Anxiety amongst women with mild dyskaryosis: costs of an educational intervention. (7/334)

BACKGROUND: A randomized controlled trial in primary care investigated whether a structured educational intervention had an impact on the psychological morbidity associated with a 6-month period of surveillance for mild dyskaryosis. In the context of high levels of sustained distress, and few differences in terms of objective measures of anxiety, the intervention led to a greater proportion of women who were comfortable with a 6-month interval before their next smear test. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the implications to general practices and the NHS, in terms of both costs and numbers of patient contacts, of a change from current policy to one of actively inviting all women with mild dyskaryosis to consult the practice nurse for the intervention. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic, cluster-randomized controlled trial, comparing the intervention with standard care. The setting was general practices in Avon and South Glamorgan, UK. The subjects were women under surveillance following their first ever mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear result. The main outcome measures were as follows. Costs were reported according to randomization group, from the viewpoint of general practices and the NHS. The main elements which were costed were those attributable to production of the package and training in its use, and the costs of consultations subsequent to the woman receiving her smear test result. In addition, since in practice the intervention might be applied in different circumstances to those prevailing in the trial, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the costs of the educational package as realistically as possible. RESULTS: Almost twice as many women in the intervention group compared with the control group visited their practice to discuss their result. From the perspective of the practices, a change from current policy to the intervention policy led to potential (negligible) savings of around pound sterling 3.50 per partner per year. From the NHS perspective, the intervention would lead to slightly increased costs of between pound sterling 1000 and pound sterling 2500 per year for an area performing 60000 tests per year. CONCLUSIONS: It is both feasible and acceptable for practice nurses to deliver the educational package. Moreover, from the perspective of a practice, the policy is effectively cost-neutral. The main implication for general practices is the change in the pattern of care provided: fewer women consulted their GP about their smear result and many more, following active encouragement, consulted the practice nurse.  (+info)

HPV testing in primary screening of older women. (8/334)

Certain types of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are well established as the primary cause of cervical cancer. Several studies have shown that HPV testing can improve the detection rate of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but these have been carried out primarily in younger women. In this study we evaluated the role of HPV testing as an adjunct to cytology in women aged 35 or over. An additional aim was to evaluate commercially available kits for HPV testing. A total of 2988 eligible women aged 34 or more attending for a routine smear in 40 general practitioner practices received HPV testing in addition to routine cytology, after having given written informed consent. Samples were assayed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and two versions of the Hybrid Capture test for HPV, and women were invited for colposcopy if there was any cytological abnormality (including borderline smears) or the PCR test was positive. Any apparent abnormality was biopsied and loop-excision was performed as necessary. CIN was judged by histology; 42 women had high-grade CIN, of which six were cytology negative (86% sensitivity for borderline or worse) and three had a borderline smear (79% sensitivity for mild dyskaryosis or worse). The positive predictive value of a borderline smear was only 3.1%. Eleven high-grade lesions were negative by the PCR HPV test (sensitivity 74%). The first generation Hybrid Capture II test had a similar sensitivity but an unacceptably high false positive rate (18.3%), while the newer Hybrid Capture II microtitre kit had a 95% sensitivity and a 2.3% positivity rate in normal women when used at a 2 pg ml(-1) cut-off (positive predictive value 27%). Cytology performed very well in this older cohort of women. The newer Hybrid Capture II microtitre test may be a useful adjunct, especially if the results reported here are reproducible in other studies. A combined screening test offers the possibility of greater protection and/or longer screening intervals, which could reduce the overall cost of the screening programme.  (+info)

Uterine cervical dysplasia is a condition characterized by abnormal cell growth on the lining of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is also known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Cervical dysplasia can be caused by certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. The abnormal cells may develop into cancerous cells over time, although not all cases of cervical dysplasia will progress to cancer.

Cervical dysplasia is typically detected through a Pap test or HPV test, which are screening tests used to detect precancerous changes in the cervix. Depending on the severity and extent of the abnormal cells, treatment options may include close monitoring, surgical removal of the affected tissue, or more extensive surgery.

It is important for women to receive regular Pap tests and HPV tests as recommended by their healthcare provider to detect and treat cervical dysplasia early, before it has a chance to progress to cancer.

Uterine cervical neoplasms, also known as cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia, refer to abnormal growths or lesions on the lining of the cervix that have the potential to become cancerous. These growths are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be detected through routine Pap smears.

Cervical neoplasms are classified into different grades based on their level of severity, ranging from mild dysplasia (CIN I) to severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIN III). In some cases, cervical neoplasms may progress to invasive cancer if left untreated.

Risk factors for developing cervical neoplasms include early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, smoking, and a weakened immune system. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing are recommended for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.

A vaginal smear, also known as a Pap test or Pap smear, is a medical procedure in which a sample of cells is collected from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) and examined under a microscope. The purpose of this test is to detect abnormal cells, including precancerous changes, that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or other conditions such as infections or inflammation.

During the procedure, a speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the cervix. A spatula or brush is then used to gently scrape cells from the surface of the cervix. The sample is spread onto a microscope slide and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Regular Pap smears are recommended for women as part of their routine healthcare, as they can help detect abnormalities at an early stage when they are more easily treated. The frequency of Pap smears may vary depending on age, medical history, and other factors. It is important to follow the recommendations of a healthcare provider regarding the timing and frequency of Pap smears.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a term used to describe the abnormal growth and development of cells on the surface of the cervix. These changes are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is a common sexually transmitted infection. CIN is not cancer, but it can develop into cancer if left untreated.

The term "intraepithelial" refers to the fact that the abnormal cells are found in the epithelium, or the lining of the cervix. The term "neoplasia" means abnormal growth or development of cells. CIN is further classified into three grades based on the severity of the cell changes:

* CIN 1: Mild dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) affecting the lower third of the epithelium.
* CIN 2: Moderate dysplasia affecting the lower two-thirds of the epithelium.
* CIN 3: Severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, which means that the abnormal cells are found in the full thickness of the epithelium and have a high risk of progressing to invasive cancer if not treated.

It's important to note that CIN can regress on its own without treatment, especially in younger women. However, some cases may progress to invasive cervical cancer if left untreated. Regular Pap testing is recommended to detect and monitor any abnormal cell changes in the cervix. If CIN is detected, further diagnostic procedures such as a colposcopy or biopsy may be performed to determine the extent of the abnormality and guide treatment decisions.

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, also known as the Pap smear, is a screening procedure for detecting precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix. It involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to look for any abnormalities. The test is typically recommended for women aged 21-65 as part of routine pelvic exams, with the frequency depending on age and risk factors.

The Pap test was developed by Georgios Papanikolaou in the early 20th century and has since become a widely used and important tool in preventing cervical cancer. The test is usually performed in a healthcare provider's office and takes only a few minutes to complete. It is a relatively simple, safe, and painless procedure that can help detect cervical abnormalities at an early stage, when they are most treatable.

Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.

The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.

In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.

Papillomavirus infections are a group of diseases caused by various types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). These viruses infect the skin and mucous membranes, and can cause benign growths such as warts or papillomas, as well as malignant growths like cervical cancer.

There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and they can be classified into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, commonly cause benign genital warts and respiratory papillomas. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

HPV infections are typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most sexually active individuals will acquire at least one HPV infection during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system is able to clear the virus without any symptoms or long-term consequences. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to the development of cancer over time.

Prevention measures for HPV infections include vaccination against high-risk HPV types, safe sex practices, and regular screening for cervical cancer in women. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years old, and can also be given to older individuals up to age 45 who have not previously been vaccinated or who have not completed the full series of shots.

A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of tumor viruses include:

1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.

Colposcopy is a medical procedure in which a colposcope, which is a type of microscope, is used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease or abnormalities. The colposcope allows the healthcare provider to see these areas in greater detail than is possible with the naked eye. During the procedure, the provider may take a small sample of tissue (biopsy) for further examination under a microscope.

Colposcopy is often used to investigate abnormal Pap test results or to follow up on women who have been diagnosed with certain types of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cell growth). It can also be used to diagnose and monitor other conditions, such as genital warts, inflammation, or cancer.

It is important to note that colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure and not a treatment. If abnormalities are found during the exam, additional procedures may be necessary to remove or treat them.

Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a specific type of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes, and there are over 200 types of HPV. Some types of HPV can cause warts, while others are associated with an increased risk of certain cancers.

HPV16 is one of the high-risk types of HPV and is strongly associated with several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. HPV16 is responsible for about 50% of all cervical cancers and is the most common high-risk type of HPV found in these cancers.

HPV16 is typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most people who are sexually active will acquire at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. While HPV infections are often harmless and clear up on their own without causing any symptoms or health problems, high-risk types like HPV16 can lead to cancer if left untreated.

Fortunately, there are vaccines available that protect against HPV16 and other high-risk types of HPV. These vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing HPV-related cancers and precancerous lesions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for both boys and girls starting at age 11 or 12, although the vaccine can be given as early as age 9. Catch-up vaccinations are also recommended for older individuals who have not yet been vaccinated.

The cervix uteri, often simply referred to as the cervix, is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. It has an opening called the external os through which menstrual blood exits the uterus and sperm enters during sexual intercourse. During childbirth, the cervix dilates or opens to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.

Electrosurgery is a surgical procedure that uses high-frequency electrical currents to cut, coagulate, or fulgurate tissue. It is often used in surgical procedures as an alternative to traditional scalpels and electrocautery. The electrical currents are delivered through a specialized instrument called an electrosurgical unit (ESU) that can be set to produce different forms of energy, including cutting, coagulation, or blended currents.

During the procedure, the ESU is used to apply electrical energy to the target tissue, which responds by heating up and vaporizing, allowing for precise cuts to be made. The heat generated during the procedure also helps to seal off blood vessels and nerve endings, reducing bleeding and minimizing post-operative pain.

Electrosurgery is commonly used in a variety of surgical procedures, including dermatology, gynecology, urology, orthopedics, and general surgery. It offers several advantages over traditional surgical techniques, such as reduced blood loss, shorter operating times, and faster recovery times for patients. However, it also requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safe and effective use.

Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV-18) is a specific type of human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a group of more than 200 related viruses. HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) some types can cause.

HPV-18 is one of the high-risk types of HPV that are linked to several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. HPV-18 along with HPV-16 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers.

HPV is passed from one person to another during skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will have an HPV infection at some point in their lives, but most will never know it because the virus often causes no symptoms and goes away on its own. However, when HPV doesn't go away, it can cause serious health problems, including cancer.

There are vaccines available to protect against HPV-18 and other high-risk types of HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get the HPV vaccine at age 11 or 12, but it can be given as early as age 9 and until age 26 for those who have not yet received it. The vaccine is most effective when given before becoming sexually active.

Megaloblasts are large, structurally abnormal immature red blood cells that appear in the bone marrow due to disorders in DNA synthesis, most commonly caused by deficiencies in folate or vitamin B12. They are characterized by an increased size, an oval or lobulated nucleus with condensed chromatin, and a cytoplasm filled with RNA and ribosomes. Megaloblasts can be found in megaloblastic anemias such as pernicious anemia and folate deficiency anemia. The presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow is indicative of impaired maturation of red blood cells, which can lead to various hematological abnormalities.

Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone is a rare, benign bone disorder that is characterized by the replacement of normal bone tissue with fibrous (scar-like) and immature bone tissue. This results in weakened bones that are prone to fractures, deformities, and pain. The condition can affect any bone in the body but most commonly involves the long bones of the legs, arms, and skull. It can occur as an isolated finding or as part of a genetic disorder called McCune-Albright syndrome. The exact cause of fibrous dysplasia is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a genetic mutation that occurs during early bone development. There is no cure for fibrous dysplasia, and treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the development and formation of ectodermal tissues, which include the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. The condition is usually present at birth or appears in early infancy.

The symptoms of ED can vary widely depending on the specific type and severity of the disorder. Common features may include:

* Sparse or absent hair
* Thin, wrinkled, or rough skin
* Abnormal or missing teeth
* Nail abnormalities
* Absent or reduced sweat glands, leading to heat intolerance and problems regulating body temperature
* Ear abnormalities, which can result in hearing loss
* Eye abnormalities

ED is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the development of ectodermal tissues. Most cases of ED are inherited in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a child can inherit the disorder even if only one parent (dominant) or both parents (recessive) carry the mutated gene.

There is no cure for ED, but treatment is focused on managing the symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include measures to maintain body temperature, such as cooling vests or frequent cool baths; dental treatments to replace missing teeth; hearing aids for hearing loss; and skin care regimens to prevent dryness and irritation.

Papillomavirus E7 proteins are small, viral regulatory proteins encoded by the E7 gene in papillomaviruses (HPVs). These proteins play a crucial role in the life cycle of HPVs and are associated with the development of various types of cancer, most notably cervical cancer.

The E7 protein functions as a transcriptional activator and can bind to and degrade the retinoblastoma protein (pRb), which is a tumor suppressor. By binding to and inactivating pRb, E7 promotes the expression of genes required for cell cycle progression, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation.

E7 proteins are also capable of inducing genetic alterations, such as chromosomal instability and DNA damage, which can contribute to the development of cancer. Additionally, E7 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death) and promote angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), further contributing to tumor growth and progression.

Overall, Papillomavirus E7 proteins are important oncogenic factors that play a central role in the development of HPV-associated cancers.

Uterine cervical diseases refer to conditions that affect the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. These diseases can range from minor abnormalities to more serious conditions, such as:

1. Cervical dysplasia: This is a precancerous condition characterized by the presence of abnormal cells on the cervix. It is usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be detected through a Pap test.
2. Cervical cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the cervical tissue. The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the cells lining the surface of the cervix.
3. Cervicitis: This is an inflammation of the cervix, which can be caused by infections, irritants, or allergies. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, pain, and bleeding.
4. Cervical polyps: These are benign growths that develop on the cervix. They are usually small and asymptomatic but can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.
5. Cervical incompetence: This is a condition where the cervix begins to open prematurely during pregnancy, leading to a risk of miscarriage or preterm labor.

It's important to note that regular screening and early detection can help prevent or manage many cervical diseases, including cervical cancer.

Alphapapillomavirus is a genus of Papillomaviridae, a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Members of this genus are known to cause various types of benign and malignant tumors in humans, including skin warts, genital warts, and cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, and oropharynx.

The Alphapapillomavirus genus is further divided into several species, each containing multiple types or strains of the virus. Some of the most well-known and studied types of Alphapapillomavirus include:

* Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18, which are associated with a high risk of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers
* HPV type 6 and 11, which are commonly found in genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
* HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which are also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer and other malignancies.

Preventive measures such as vaccination against high-risk HPV types have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Regular screening for cervical cancer and other precancerous lesions is also an important part of prevention and early detection.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants. It is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life or beyond, due to abnormal development and injury to the lungs.

The condition was first described in the 1960s, following the introduction of mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of oxygen therapy for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). These treatments, while lifesaving, can also cause damage to the delicate lung tissue, leading to BPD.

The pathogenesis of BPD is complex and involves an interplay between genetic factors, prenatal exposures, and postnatal injury from mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung development contribute to the development of BPD.

Infants with BPD typically have abnormalities in their airways, alveoli (air sacs), and blood vessels in the lungs. These changes can lead to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and poor growth. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, diuretics, and other medications to support lung function and minimize complications.

The prognosis for infants with BPD varies depending on the severity of the disease and associated medical conditions. While some infants recover completely, others may have long-term respiratory problems that require ongoing management.

Oncogene proteins, viral, are cancer-causing proteins that are encoded by the genetic material (DNA or RNA) of certain viruses. These viral oncogenes can be acquired through infection with retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), and certain types of papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses.

When these viruses infect host cells, they can integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes. These oncogenes may then cause uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in the formation of tumors or cancers. The process by which viruses contribute to cancer development is complex and involves multiple steps, including the alteration of signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Examples of viral oncogenes include the v-src gene found in the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which causes chicken sarcoma, and the E6 and E7 genes found in human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. Understanding viral oncogenes and their mechanisms of action is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat virus-associated cancers.

Carcinoma in situ is a medical term used to describe the earliest stage of cancer, specifically a type of cancer that begins in the epithelial tissue, which is the tissue that lines the outer surfaces of organs and body structures. In this stage, the cancer cells are confined to the layer of cells where they first developed and have not spread beyond that layer into the surrounding tissues or organs.

Carcinoma in situ can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, cervix, breast, lung, prostate, bladder, and other areas. It is often detected through routine screening tests, such as Pap smears for cervical cancer or mammograms for breast cancer.

While carcinoma in situ is not invasive, it can still be a serious condition because it has the potential to develop into an invasive cancer if left untreated. Treatment options for carcinoma in situ may include surgery, radiation therapy, or other forms of treatment, depending on the location and type of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for each individual case.

Developmental bone diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of bones. These diseases are present at birth or develop during childhood and adolescence, when bones are growing rapidly. They can result from genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors such as poor nutrition.

Some examples of developmental bone diseases include:

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): Also known as brittle bone disease, OI is a genetic disorder that affects the body's production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy bones. People with OI have fragile bones that break easily and may also experience other symptoms such as blue sclerae (whites of the eyes), hearing loss, and joint laxity.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short limbs and a large head relative to their body size.
3. Rickets: A condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or an inability to absorb or use vitamin D properly. This leads to weak, soft bones that can bow or bend easily, particularly in children.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare bone disorder where normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
5. Scoliosis: An abnormal curvature of the spine that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While not strictly a developmental bone disease, scoliosis can be caused by various underlying conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Treatment for developmental bone diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment may include medication, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery to correct deformities and improve function. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor growth, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

A precancerous condition, also known as a premalignant condition, is a state of abnormal cellular growth and development that has a higher-than-normal potential to progress into cancer. These conditions are characterized by the presence of certain anomalies in the cells, such as dysplasia (abnormal changes in cell shape or size), which can indicate an increased risk for malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all precancerous conditions will eventually develop into cancer, and some may even regress on their own. However, individuals with precancerous conditions are often at a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Regular monitoring and appropriate medical interventions, if necessary, can help manage this risk and potentially prevent or detect cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Examples of precancerous conditions include:

1. Dysplasia in the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN)
2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia in the breast
3. Actinic keratosis on the skin
4. Leukoplakia in the mouth
5. Barrett's esophagus in the digestive tract

Regular medical check-ups, screenings, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for individuals with precancerous conditions to monitor their health and reduce the risk of cancer development.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.

There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).

Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.

It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.

Carotenoids are a class of pigments that are naturally occurring in various plants and fruits. They are responsible for the vibrant colors of many vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, and leafy greens. There are over 600 different types of carotenoids, with beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin being some of the most well-known.

Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, which means they can help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which is important for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. Other carotenoids, such as lycopene and lutein, have been studied for their potential role in preventing chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease.

In addition to being found in plant-based foods, carotenoids can also be taken as dietary supplements. However, it is generally recommended to obtain nutrients from whole foods rather than supplements whenever possible, as food provides a variety of other beneficial compounds that work together to support health.

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare condition that affects the arterial walls, primarily in the medium and large-sized arteries. According to the American Heart Association, FMD is characterized by uneven growth or damage to the cells in the artery wall, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue and areas with narrowing (stenosis) or ballooning (aneurysm) of the artery.

FMD most commonly affects the renal (kidney) and carotid (neck) arteries but can also occur in other arteries, such as those in the abdomen, arms, and legs. The exact cause of FMD is unknown, but genetic factors and hormonal influences are believed to play a role.

Symptoms of FMD depend on which arteries are affected and may include high blood pressure, headaches, neck pain, dizziness, visual disturbances, or kidney problems. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options for FMD include medications to manage symptoms and control high blood pressure, as well as various interventions such as angioplasty or stenting to open narrowed arteries.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Osteochondrodysplasias are a group of genetic disorders that affect the development of bones and cartilage. These conditions can result in dwarfism or short stature, as well as other skeletal abnormalities. Osteochondrodysplasias can be caused by mutations in genes that regulate bone and cartilage growth, and they are often characterized by abnormalities in the shape, size, and/or structure of the bones and cartilage.

There are many different types of osteochondrodysplasias, each with its own specific symptoms and patterns of inheritance. Some common examples include achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. These conditions can vary in severity, and some may be associated with other health problems, such as respiratory difficulties or neurological issues.

Treatment for osteochondrodysplasias typically focuses on managing the symptoms and addressing any related health concerns. This may involve physical therapy, bracing or surgery to correct skeletal abnormalities, and treatment for any associated medical conditions. In some cases, genetic counseling may also be recommended for individuals with osteochondrodysplasias and their families.

Fibrous dysplasia, monostotic is a benign bone disorder that affects a single bone (monostotic) and is characterized by the replacement of normal bone tissue with fibrous (scar-like) tissue. This results in the formation of abnormal bone that is weakened and more susceptible to fractures. The lesions can cause deformities, pain, and decreased mobility, depending on their size and location. Monostotic fibrous dysplasia is the most common form of fibrous dysplasia, accounting for approximately 70-80% of all cases. It typically manifests during childhood or adolescence and may stabilize or progress slowly over time. In some cases, it can be associated with endocrine disorders such as precocious puberty, hyperthyroidism, or growth hormone excess.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bone tissue. It is characterized by the replacement of normal bone tissue with fibrous (scar-like) tissue, leading to weak and fragile bones that are prone to fractures and deformities. The term "polyostotic" refers to the involvement of multiple bones in the body.

In this condition, there is an abnormal development of the bone during fetal growth or early childhood due to a mutation in the GNAS gene. This results in the formation of fibrous tissue instead of normal bone tissue, leading to the characteristic features of Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic.

The symptoms of this condition can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the affected bones. Common symptoms include:

* Bone pain and tenderness
* Bone deformities (such as bowing of the legs)
* Increased risk of fractures
* Skin pigmentation changes (cafe-au-lait spots)
* Hearing loss or other hearing problems (if the skull is affected)

Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic can also be associated with endocrine disorders such as precocious puberty and hyperthyroidism. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to manage pain and prevent fractures, as well as surgical intervention to correct bone deformities or stabilize fractures.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small T-shaped piece of flexible plastic with strings attached to it for removal. There are two types of IUDs available: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and thins the lining of the uterus, preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Copper IUDs, on the other hand, produce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs, preventing fertilization.

IUDs are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can remain in place for several years, depending on the type. They are easily removable by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or choose another form of contraception. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use condoms in addition to an IUD for protection against STIs.

In summary, Intrauterine Devices are small, T-shaped plastic devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They come in two types: hormonal and copper, both of which work by preventing fertilization. IUDs are highly effective, long-acting, and reversible forms of contraception.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a type of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm and egg, preventing fertilization. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control available, with a failure rate of less than 1%.

The copper IUD can be used by women who have previously given birth as well as those who have not. It can be inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse as emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Once inserted, the copper IUD can remain in place for up to ten years, although it can be removed at any time if a woman wants to become pregnant or for other reasons.

Copper IUDs are also used as an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and can be used to manage endometriosis-associated pain. Common side effects of copper IUDs include heavier and longer menstrual periods, cramping during insertion, and irregular periods during the first few months after insertion. However, these side effects usually subside over time.

It is important to note that while copper IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still recommended to use condoms or other barrier methods of protection during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A medicated IUD is a type of IUD that contains hormones, which are released slowly over time to provide additional benefits beyond just contraception.

There are two types of medicated IUDs available in the US market: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). The LNG-IUS releases a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, thins the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and can also inhibit ovulation in some women. The Cu-IUD is non-hormonal and works by releasing copper ions that create a toxic environment for sperm, preventing them from reaching the egg.

Medicated IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, with typical use failure rates of less than 1% per year. They can remain in place for several years, depending on the brand, and can be removed at any time by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or experience side effects. Common side effects of medicated IUDs may include irregular menstrual bleeding, cramping, and spotting between periods, although these tend to improve over time.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) expulsion is a medical condition that refers to the unintentional and partial or complete removal of an IUD from the uterus after its initial insertion. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of manipulation, and it may happen soon after insertion or even several months or years later.

IUD expulsion is more common in women who have not previously given birth, and it can increase the risk of unintended pregnancy and other complications. Symptoms of IUD expulsion may include irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or the absence of the IUD strings in the vagina. If a woman suspects that her IUD has been expelled, she should contact her healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) migration is a medical condition where the IUD, a long-acting reversible contraceptive device placed inside the uterus, moves from its original position. Normally, an IUD is designed to remain in the uterus, with the vertical strings attached to it trailing down through the cervix into the vagina, allowing for easy removal or checking of its position.

IUD migration refers to the unintended movement of the device, either partially or completely, outside the uterine cavity. This may occur due to various reasons such as a weakened uterus, infection, or anatomical abnormalities. The migration can lead to complications like perforation of the uterus, damage to nearby organs, and difficulty in removing or locating the IUD. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that the IUD remains in its proper place and to address any potential issues early on.

Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Contraceptive agents, female, are medications or devices specifically designed to prevent pregnancy in women. They work by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Some common examples of female contraceptive agents include:

1. Hormonal methods: These include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, vaginal rings, and hormonal implants. They contain synthetic forms of the female hormones estrogen and/or progesterone, which work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, or thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. They release hormones or copper ions that interfere with sperm movement and prevent fertilization or implantation.
3. Barrier methods: These include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. They work by physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
4. Emergency contraception: This includes medications such as Plan B or Ella, which can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. They work by delaying ovulation or preventing fertilization of the egg.
5. Fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs): These involve tracking a woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile window. Some FABMs also involve using barrier methods during this time.

It is important to note that different contraceptive agents have varying levels of effectiveness, side effects, and risks. Women should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best method for their individual needs and circumstances.

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Cervical dyskaryosis is classified into three degrees of severity: mild dyskaryosis, moderate and severe. A further category is ... Dyskaryosis is used synonymously with dysplasia, which is the more common term. The term "dyskaryosis" is not to be confused ... ". "Dyskaryosis" is a term used for all squamous mucosal surfaces and commonly used for the uterine cervix condition in which ... Dyskaryosis means abnormal nucleus and refers to the abnormal epithelial cell which may be found in cervical sample. It is ...
... as in cervical vertebrae or cervical lymph nodes) or to the uterine cervix (as in cervical cap or cervical cancer). Latin ... A result of dysplasia is usually further investigated, such as by taking a cone biopsy, which may also remove the cancerous ... The narrow, central cervical canal runs along its entire length, connecting the uterine cavity and the lumen of the vagina. The ... including cervical caps and cervical diaphragms, aim to block or prevent the passage of sperm through the cervical canal. ...
It has also been shown that uterine macrophage directly physically couple with uterine myocytes through GJA1, transferring Ca² ... Mutations in this gene have been associated with ODDD; craniometaphyseal dysplasia; sudden infant death syndrome, which is ... cervical carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, prostate cancer, thyroid carcinoma, and testicular cancer. Its ... to promote uterine muscle contraction and excitation during human labor onset. In addition, GJA1 can be found in the Leydig ...
... although it is distinct from other forms of uterine cancer such as cervical cancer, uterine sarcoma, and trophoblastic disease ... Endometrial glandular dysplasia occurs with an overexpression of p53, and develops into a serous carcinoma. Diagnosis of ... Cervical stenosis, the narrowing of the cervical opening, is a sign of endometrial cancer when pus or blood is found collected ... A cervical screening test, such as a Pap smear, is not a useful diagnostic tool for endometrial cancer because the smear will ...
... epidermolysis bullosa Ectodermal dysplasia Ectodermal dysplasia with corkscrew hairs Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft ... cervical accessory tragus, wattle) Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral fold of ... Multinucleate cell angiohistocytoma Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis syndrome (leiomyomatosis cutis et uteri, ... palmoplantar ectodermal dysplasia type VIII, palmoplantar keratoderma of the Norrbotten type) Naxos syndrome (diffuse non- ...
The secretions originate from uterine and cervical glands. It is a rare, congenital condition and usually occurs independent of ... and skeletal dysplasia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 66 (3): 343-346. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19961218)66:3. 3.0. ...
These include (chronic) upper genital tract infections, urinary tract infections and cervical dysplasias. The prophylactic use ... of this IgG is thought to originate from the circulation and appear in vaginal fluids via transudation through the uterine ... cervical length, and vaginal progesterone treatment for preterm birth risk". Microbiome. 5 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0223- ... "Effect of immunopotentialization on rate of vaginal smear normalization according to appearance of cervical intraepithelial ...
2007). "Reserve cells in human uterine cervical epithelium are derived from müllerian epithelium at midgestational age". Int. J ... Tase T, Okagaki T, Clark BA, Twiggs LB, Ostrow RS, Faras AJ (1989). "Human papillomavirus DNA in glandular dysplasia and ... Daniele E, Nuara R, Morello V, Nagar C, Tralongo V, Tomasino RM (1993). "[Micro-glandular hyperplasia of the uterine cervix. ... Chumas JC, Nelson B, Mann WJ, Chalas E, Kaplan CG (1985). "Microglandular hyperplasia of the uterine cervix". Obstet Gynecol. ...
It classifies mild dysplasia as CIN1, moderate dysplasia as CIN2, and severe dysplasia and CIS as CIN3. More recently, CIN2 and ... "Radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine preservation in the treatment of cervical cancer". American ... Stage 1A cervical cancer Stage 1B cervical cancer Stage 2A cervical cancer Stage 2B cervical cancer Stage 3B cervical cancer ... Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the potential precursor to cervical cancer, is often diagnosed on examination of cervical ...
Cervical ectropion, dysplasia, polyps or cervical carcinoma may cause lesions in the cervix leading to minor haemorrhaging or ... During the third trimester of pregnancy, thinning of the lower uterine segment or contractions caused by cervical dilation can ... Cervical canal and distal genital tract Most cases of Antepartum haemorrhaging originate from within the cervical canal or ... Cervical ectropion (cervical erosion). (2015). Guy's and St Rhomas' NHS Foundation Trust, pp.1-2. Mater Patient Information. ( ...
These substances promote uterine contractions and cervical ripening, causations of premature birth. The risk of developing ... Long-term infant complications like bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cerebral palsy, and Wilson-Mikity syndrome have been associated ... Additional risk factors include: Fetal tachycardia Maternal leukocytosis (>15,000 cells/mm³) Purulent cervical drainage ... uterine tenderness and preterm rupture of membranes. Causes of chorioamnionitis stem from bacterial infection as well as ...
The endometrial and uterine expression of TRPV6 has been reported in mammals. The expression of TRPV6 in the uterus is thought ... The study indicated that compound heterozygous variants of TRPV6 result in severe undermineralization and severe dysplasia of ... October 2016). "TRPV6 is a prognostic marker in early-stage cervical squamous cell carcinoma". Tumour Biology. 37 (12): 15743- ... Lee BM, Lee GS, Jung EM, Choi KC, Jeung EB (May 2009). "Uterine and placental expression of TRPV6 gene is regulated via ...
A significant share of the women with cervical atresia have it since birth, that is, congenital cervical atresia. However, ... such as uterine cavity catheterization. For the women who have an imperforate hymen, a minor surgery is required incising the ... and skeletal dysplasia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 66 (3): 343-346. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19961218)66:3. 3.0. ... Cervical atresia is a relatively rare Mullerian duct anomaly of the female reproductive tract. It is associated with acute or ...
and murine uterine epithelium by in vitro addition of the cytokine to cell culture medium. In vitro studies of TGF-β1 signaling ... March 1995). "Thanatophoric dysplasia (types I and II) caused by distinct mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3". ... This is consistent with other results showing loss of perlecan in basement membranes affected by invasive cervical cancer ... Arikawa-Hirasawa E, Wilcox WR, Le AH, Silverman N, Govindraj P, Hassell JR, Yamada Y (April 2001). "Dyssegmental dysplasia, ...
Patients with certain uterine anomalies may have a surgical correction (i.e. removal of a uterine septum), and those with ... Preterm cervical shortening is linked to preterm birth and can be detected by ultrasonography. Cervical cerclage is a surgical ... Babies born before 32 weeks have been shown to have a lower risk of death from bronchopulmonary dysplasia if they have CPAP ... A short cervix preterm is undesirable: A cervical length of less than 25 mm (0.98 in) at or before 24 weeks of gestational age ...
MAPK10 Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple 1; 132400; COMP Epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, 2; 600204; COL9A2 Epiphyseal dysplasia, ... CLN6 Cervical cancer, somatic; 603956; FGFR3 Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome; 275630; ABHD5 Char syndrome; 169100; TFAP2B Charcot- ... WNT4 Multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomata; 150800; FH Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIA; 171400; RET Multiple endocrine ... FXN Frontometaphyseal dysplasia; 305620; FLNA Frontonasal dysplasia 2; 613451; ALX4 Frontonasal dysplasia 3; 613456; ALX1 ...
... spayed females cannot develop uterine, cervical or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.[citation ... One study showed the incidence of hip dysplasia increased to 6.7% for dogs neutered before 5.5 months compared to 4.7% for dogs ... The uterine body (which is very short in litter-bearing species) and related arteries are also tied off just in front of the ... The uterine horns are identified and the ovaries are found by following the horns to their ends. There is a ligament that ...
Having been told you have Cervical Dysplasia is not a condition that makes a woman feel good. Come learn WHY you have this and ... Cervical and Uterine Dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the ... What Causes Cervical Dysplasia in Women. In many women with cervical dysplasia, HPV is found in cervical cells. HPV infection ... Diagnosis of Cervical Dysplasia. Because a pelvic exam is usually normal in women with cervical dysplasia, a Pap test is ...
Read about problems that can affect the cervix, like cervicitis (inflammation) and cervical polyps. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Uterine Cervical Diseases (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Uterine Cervical Dysplasia ... Cervical Dysplasia (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Cervical Dysplasia: Is It Cancer? (Mayo Foundation ... Cervical Fibroids (Merck & Co., Inc.) Also in Spanish * Cervical Length: Why Does It Matter during Pregnancy? (Mayo Foundation ...
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / prevention & control * Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / therapy * Viral Vaccines* Substances * ...
We looked at HPV testing for types 16, 18, 31, and 33 on material taken at the time of a cervical smear in 2009 eligible women ... in screening for cervical cancer but as yet the relevance is unclear. ... Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / diagnosis* * Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / pathology * Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / virology ... Human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening Lancet. 1995 Jun 17;345(8964):1533-6. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95) ...
... cervical dysplasia, leiomyomatous disease, abnormal uterine bleeding, sexually transmitted infections, family planning, ...
Things are, for example, cervical dysplasia, vaginal/uterine infection, uterine pathology like polyps and fibroids, etc. When ... Having a spontaneous uterine rupture, in other words a uterine rupture without contractions is extremely rare. Having a uterine ... The worst case scenario of having a niche is the chance of a uterine rupture. A uterine rupture means that the wall of the ... A uterine niche, also known as a Cesarean scar defect or an isthmocele, is an indentation of the myometrium at the site of a ...
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is defined as abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of organic disease. ... Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common presenting problem in the ED. ... Cervical dysplasia or other genital tract pathology may present as postcoital or irregular bleeding. ... Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding). StatPearls [Internet]. 2018 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text]. ...
Others include abnormal uterine bleeding.. *Cervical dysplasia (a precancerous condition in the cervix area). ... These procedures are Uterine Artery Embolization or surgical removal of a portion of uterus known as Myomectomy. The other ... RADICAL- In this type of hysterectomy, the whole uterus, cervix, the tissues bordering the cervical area and upper part of the ... Uterine cancers, Endometrium cancers or Ovarian cancer can also lead to the surgical removal of the uterus. ...
Plasma levels of antioxidant beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in uterine cervix dysplasias and cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1991;15: ... cervical dysplasia).(9,10) Improvement in cervical dysplasia using folic acid supplementation is also well documented.(11) The ... Management of Cervical Dysplasia & Human Papillomavirus. Dr. Marianne Marchese, ND October 1, 2011 ... 11) Marshall K. Cervical dysplasia: early intervention. Altern Med Rev. 2003; 8(2):156-170.. (12) Grubbs Cj, Steele VE, ...
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. *Uterine Fibroids. *Menopause Management. *Cervical Dysplasia. *Disorders of the Cervix ...
... uterine or cervical cancer, uterine or cervical perforation, partial expulsion, and pregnancy. Use with caution if any of the ... cervical dysplasia; known immunodeficiency or hematologic malignancy (Mirena). Dosing: Adult. Contraception: Females: ... Intrauterine device (IUD): Consider administering analgesics or cervical anesthetic prior to insertion. Insert into the uterine ... Cervical or endometrial cancer: Women diagnosed with cervical or endometrial cancer prior to IUD insertion should not use an ...
Additionally, we treat gynecologic pre-cancers, including vulvar dysplasia, vaginal dysplasia, cervical dysplasia and uterine ... Cervical cancer screening. A Pap smear is the primary screening method for cervical cancer. During the test, cells are ... We treat gynecologic cancers, which includes vulvar, vaginal, cervical, uterine, fallopian tube, ovarian and primary peritoneal ... Women should begin cervical cancer screening at 21 years old and continue to be tested every three years until they are 29 ...
Previous research suggested that it may be useful in treating uterine diseases such as cervical dysplasia, an abnormal growth ... The authors encouraged women with cervical dysplasia to seek other treatment options. ...
Cervical dysplasia. *Cancer, including breast cancer and gynecological cancers such as uterine cancer, vulvar cancer, and ... Cone biopsy, a surgical procedure used to screen for and treat cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia ... Abnormal uterine bleeding, including heavy or irregular periods. *Bladder issues, including urinary incontinence and infections ...
Oral HPV-16 detection is more common in women with HPV-associated cervical dysplasia. [67] Oral HPV-16 detection is much less ... HPV-16 has been linked to the development of dysplasia and carcinoma of the uterine cervix. ... Koilocytic dysplasia of the lower lip in an HIV-seropositive man. AIDS Read. 1998. 8(3):131-3. ... Oral HPV prevalence in women positive for cervical HPV infection and their sexual partners: a German screening study. Eur Arch ...
FSWs are at a substantially high risk of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia development as compared with healthy control ... so were cervical lesions (P < 0.01). HPV prevalence in our sample of FSWs fell in the upper range of reported values in FSWs ... High-risk HPV types in lesions of the uterine cervix of female commercial sex workers in the Philippines. J Med Virol. 2009;81( ... moderate dysplasia (CIN 2), or severe dysplasia (CIN 3). Cytologically, cervical dysplasia is further categorized with the ...
The most common indications were cervical. dysplasia, uterine fibroids, dysmenorrhoea or abnormal uterine bleeding, adenomyosis ...
Cervical dysplasia, Uterine fibroid ... Cervical biopsy, O...ophorectomy, Robotic surgery, Ovarian ... Uterine polyps, Vulvodynia, Ovarian cyst, Sexually transmitted disease, Vaginal atrophy, Female sexual dysfunction, ...
... cervical dysplasia, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, intermenstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, uterine cervical ... disorder, uterine spasm, vaginal burning, vaginal irritation, atrophic vaginitis, vulvar erythema, vulvar laceration, vulvitis ...
Cervical biopsy, Menopause-related conditions, Uterine polyps, Ovarian cyst, Uterine fibroid, Cervical dysplasia, Sexually ... Cervical biopsy, Hot flashes, Menopause, Painful intercourse, Uterine polyps, Ovarian cyst, Cervical dysplasia, Sexually ... Uterine polyps, Ovarian cyst, Uterine fibroid, Endometriosis, Chronic pelvic pain, Adenomyosis, Uterine anomaly, Ovarian ... Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2, Vulval irritation, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 ...
... extending across my pelvis on the left side they said after the ultrasound theres a tranverse exphotyic mass on my uterine ... your history of cervical dysplasia or other factors. There are no doctors on this board or on uterine board where you also ... your history of cervical dysplasia or other factors. There are no doctors on this board or on uterine board where you also ... the cervical dysplasia from before is what scares me the most while in the ER they did the ct scan with and without contrast ...
Cervical cancer prevention, Cervical dysplasia, Colposcopy, Contraception, Diagnostic ultrasound, Endometrial ablation, ... Abnormal uterine bleeding, Adolescent gynecology, Artificial insemination, Bioidentical hormones, Breast cancer prevention, ...
Abnormal uterine bleeding, Bioidentical hormones, Breast cancer prevention, Cervical cancer prevention, Cervical dysplasia, ... Cervical incompetence, Colposcopy, Contraception, Decreased ovarian reserve, Endometrial ablation, Endometriosis, Fibroids, ... Uterine cancer, Vaginal birth after C-section, Vulvovaginitis ...
Cervical Conization. *Cervical Dysplasia. Show More. *Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. *Amenorrhea. *Anal Pap Smear ...
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia 1 0 Ductus Arteriosus, Patent 1 0 Fibrocystic Breast Disease 1 0 ...
cervical dysplasia (developmental abnormalities). *deep embedding of the IUD (a serious problem in developing countries, where ... "The Uterine Therapeutic System: A New Approach to Female Contraception." Contemporary OB/GYN, June 1975, pages 49 to 55. ... 21] Uterine perforation is one of the complications listed in the patient information pamphlets for Kyleena (July 2021); ... All of the IUDs currently on the market have patient information pamphlets that warn about the possibility of uterine ...
... management of abnormal PAPs and cervical dysplasia, contraceptive care and family planning, menopause care ... abnormal uterine bleeding. medical and surgical treatment. menopause. contraceptive care. View Full Profile for Amna H. Khan, ... High and low risk pregnancy care and delivery, laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery, abnormal uterine bleeding, management of ... General ob/gyn, abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal pap smear, surgical treatment of benign disease, complex OB ...
The frequency of cervical papillomavirus lesions (cervical erosion, dysplasia, cervical leukoplakia) is much more higher in ... The background of Uterine Cervical Dysplasia.. According to the WHO the Human Papillomavirus is the main cause for the progress ... Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix, rarely cervical cancer. 35,58. Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix, rarely malignant ... cervical erosion, dysplasia, leukoplakia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) have to consult annually the gynecologist having ...
exp uterine cervical neoplasms/pc or exp cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/pc or exp uterine cervical dysplasia/pc or exp ... exp uterine cervical neoplasms/pc or exp cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/pc or exp uterine cervical dysplasia/pc or exp ... TI=(((cervical or breast or colorectal or colon*) same (neoplasm* or cancer*)) or mammogra* or vaginal smear* or colonoscopy or ... exp CERVIX NEOPLASMS/pc or exp UTERINE NEOPLASMS/pc or exp VAGINAL NEOPLASMS/pc or exp GENITAL NEOPLASMS, FEMALE/pc or exp ...
Cervical Dysplasia, Bursitis, Meniscus Lesion, Osteoarthritis, Device Failure, Arthralgia, non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Angiopathy, ... Reactions: Femur Fracture, Wound, Uterine Polyp, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, LOW Turnover Osteopathy, Cushingoid, ... Uterine Spasm, Spinal Osteoarthritis, Tooth Disorder Adverse event resulted in: hospitalization, disablity Drug(s) suspected as ... Uterine Disorder, Bone Metabolism Disorder, Adverse Drug Reaction, Fall, Foot Fracture, Rotator Cuff Syndrome, Bone Disorder, ...
  • The most common reason for hysterectomy is uterine fibroids. (harcourthealth.com)
  • The most common indications were cervical dysplasia, uterine fibroids, dysmenorrhoea or abnormal uterine bleeding, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia and chronic pelvic pain. (isge.org)
  • Uterine fibroids are abnormal growths of the uterus. (azgyn.com)
  • Cervical dysplasia is a precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the surface lining of the cervix or endocervical canal, the opening between the uterus and the vagina. (spineboy.com)
  • Your health care provider may perform a Pap test during your health checkup to look for changes to the cells of the cervix, including cervical cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cervical dysplasia (a precancerous condition in the cervix area). (harcourthealth.com)
  • RADICAL- In this type of hysterectomy, the whole uterus, cervix, the tissues bordering the cervical area and upper part of the vagina are removed. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Previous research suggested that it may be useful in treating uterine diseases such as cervical dysplasia, an abnormal growth on the cervix. (livestrong.com)
  • Cervical dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the precursor of invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HPV-16 (50%) and HPV 18 (10%) are more frequent among all, therefore women with confirmed genital HPV lesions of the cervix (cervical erosion, dysplasia, leukoplakia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) have to consult annually the gynecologist having a colposcopy, cytological examination of cervical smears, virological and immunological examination. (allokin.ru)
  • An important step in the prevention of cervical erosion and malignant neoplasm of the cervix is early diagnosis and effective treatment of cervical lesions with human papillomavirus. (allokin.ru)
  • Healing Cervical Dysplasia Naturally is a continuing entreaty in light of the fact that it is crucial when considering High Grade Cervical Dysplasia Hysterectomy, High Grade Dysplasia, and High Grade Dysplasia Cervix Treatment. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether handheld vital microscopy (HVM) enables real-time detection of microvascular alterations associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and CC. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an oncologic hospital and outpatient clinic, and included ten healthy controls, ten women with CIN, and ten women with CC. The microvasculature was assessed in four quadrants of the uterine cervix using HVM. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said treatment cavity is so defined that said inactivation agent is applied under pressure so that the agent infuses cell structure of the uterine cervix through to the basal cell layer where human papillomavirus resides, and further infuses into the multitudinous gland structures and cavities in the walls of the uterine cervix. (gc.ca)
  • This is chiefly because there glandular lesion of the uterine cervix. (who.int)
  • Early clini- fication scheme for tumours of the atypical transformation zone, usually cal invasive disease (stage IB1) may uterine cervix recognizes three general by colposcopy in developed countries be considered for radical cervical categories of epithelial tumours: squa- in the presence of a report showing removal as described for stage IA2. (who.int)
  • The 1978 DES Task Force concluded that, in the uterine cervix, the risks for squamous cell cancer were the same in unexposed and exposed daughters, i.e., there was no reliable scientific evidence to indicate that a risk of squamous cell cancer was associated with DES exposure in utero. (cdc.gov)
  • A recent study that has reopened the issue of cervical abnormalities is a report from the DESAD Project summarizing the cytologic and pathologic abnormalities of the cervix and vagina noted during the first 7 years of follow-up of DES-exposed daughters (8). (cdc.gov)
  • Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. (wikipedia.org)
  • But women who go undiagnosed or who don't receive appropriate care are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. (spineboy.com)
  • Some authors believe that SAH minimizes anatomical disruption so it has fewer adverse effects than TAH (e.g. wound infection, haematoma and symptomatic vault granulation) [6,7], while the risk of developing cervical cancer after SAH remains (who.int)
  • Almost 80% of the population is well screened and may of atypia than AIS, including endocer- cases occur in developing countries, avoid developing cervical cancer vical dysplasia, cervical intraepithelial where, in many regions, it is the most altogether. (who.int)
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common presenting problem in the emergency department (ED). Vaginal bleeding accounts for approximately 5% of ED visits, and the cause of bleeding is life-threatening in about 1% of patients. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormall uterine bleeding is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding during a woman's reproductive years. (medscape.com)
  • Also, moderate pain during sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding results from a disturbance of the normal hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and is particularly common at the extremes of the reproductive years. (medscape.com)
  • Uterine cancers, Endometrium cancers or Ovarian cancer can also lead to the surgical removal of the uterus. (harcourthealth.com)
  • Uterine or ovarian structural abnormalities, including leiomyoma or fibroid uterus, may be noted on bimanual examination. (medscape.com)
  • But moderate-to-severe cervical dysplasia -- and mild cervical dysplasia that persists for two years -- usually requires treatment to remove the abnormal cells and reduce the risk of cervical cancer. (spineboy.com)
  • Of the more than 100 different strains of HPV, more than one-third of them can be sexually transmitted, and two particular types -- HPV 16 and HPV 18 -- are strongly associated with cervical cancer. (spineboy.com)
  • Cervical Dysplasia: Is It Cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Several studies have examined the role of tests for human papillomavirus (HPV) in screening for cervical cancer but as yet the relevance is unclear. (nih.gov)
  • In the 1950s, George Papanicolaou and Herbert Traut developed a test to screen for cervical cancer in women, called the Pap smear. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Thanks to the Pap test, precancerous lesions called dysplasia are diagnosed more frequently than invasive cervical cancer. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Annual screening and early diagnosis give physicians a chance to start treatment and prevent cervical cancer. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • The main risk factor for cervical cancer is the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • HPV type 18 is the second most common type found in women with cervical cancer as well as adenocarcinomas. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Types 6 and 11, which cause genital warts, are considered low risk because they are not linked to cervical cancer. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Although the rate of HPV infection is high among sexually active adolescents, invasive cervical cancer is very rare. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Smoking is linked to cervical cancer, as it increases the duration of infection with high-risk HPV. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Poor nutritional status is linked to cervical cancer. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in women, claiming more than 270,000 lives annually worldwide [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the most common types of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • although the virus alone may not be sufficient to cause cancer [ 4 ], virtually all cervical cancers are associated with persistent infection with one of the high-risk types of HPV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More than 70% of cervical cancer cases have associated with HPV of 16 and 18 types (A guide for doctors 'Application of Allokin-alpha in the treatment of viral infections' F. I. Ershov, V. A. Isakov, G. P. Becker, M. Y. Serebryakov, T. V. Sologub, N. B. Serebryanaya, M. S. Tischenko, S. I. Chernysh 2008, p. 77) . (allokin.ru)
  • Last time about 20 types of HPV are attributed with cancer of the cervical canal (95%) (A guide for doctors 'Application of Allokin-alpha in the treatment of viral infections' F. I. Ershov, V. A. Isakov, G. P. Becker, M. Y. Serebryakov, T. V. Sologub, N. B. Serebryanaya, M. S. Tischenko, S. I. Chernysh 2008, p. 78) . (allokin.ru)
  • A malignancy erosive process is possible at further progress of the disease (or the source of infection, which visually may not manifest as an erosion), and therefore the development of dysplasia and cervical cancer. (allokin.ru)
  • The following outlines evidence gaps for client reminders to increase breast, cervical, or colorectal cancer screening. (thecommunityguide.org)
  • Uterine Dysplasia is a relevant analysis on the grounds that it is crucial when contemplating Does Dysplasia Mean Cancer, Does High Grade Dysplasia Mean Cancer, and Does Mild Dysplasia Mean I Have HPV. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • human papilloma virus creates cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer cells, genital excrescences, plantar protuberances, losing unborn babies, inability to conceive and also penile cancer. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • HPV, a sexually-transmitted issue that can result in cervical cancer cells, is a lot more common compared to what most people normally believe. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • 21 years (regardless of sexual debut and history) does not reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality compared with beginning screening at age 21 years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 65 years who has had adequate prior screening and no history of CIN II+ in the last 20 years should not be screened for cervical cancer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women worldwide. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In the United States, cervical cancer has dropped to 20th place in causes of cancer deaths in 2021. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cervical cancer most commonly occurs in those aged 35 to 44 years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In 2021, it was projected that there would be 14,480 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed and 4,290 women will die from the disease. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 50% in the past 40 years because of widespread cervical cancer screening tests. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Immunization: Immunization decreases high-risk HPV infections and CIN2/3 cervical pathology for at least 5 to 7 years but has not yet been shown to decrease cervical cancer. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The HPV vaccine is safe and effective for the prevention of cervical cancer when given prior to HPV infection. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • A study in the journal Vaccines adds to accumulating data that HPV vaccination may also help reduce cervical cancer rates in women who have been diagnosed with high-grade cervical dysplasia (HSIL). (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • BACKGROUND: Ninety percent of cervical cancer (CC) diagnoses and deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). (bvsalud.org)
  • however, longitudinal studies in sub-Saharan Africa comparing cervical cancer rates between women living with HIV (WLWH) and women without HIV are scarce. (bvsalud.org)
  • To address this gap, we compared cervical precancer and cancer incidence rates between WLWH and women without HIV in South Africa using reimbursement claims data from a medical insurance scheme from January 2011 to June 2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • We used Royston-Parmar flexible parametric survival models to estimate cervical precancer and cancer incidence rates as a continuous function of age, stratified by HIV status. (bvsalud.org)
  • Women need regular gynecology care to monitor reproductive health and screen for health issues like breast cancer and cervical cancer. (heartfeltobgyn.com)
  • Objective Approximately 85% of cervical cancer cases and deaths occur in resource-constrained countries where best practices for prevention, particularly for women with HIV infection, still need to be developed. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The aim of this study was to assess cervical cancer prevention capacity in select HIV clinics located in resource-constrained countries. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Sites were surveyed on the availability of cervical cancer screening and treatment among women with HIV infection and without HIV infection. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Conclusions Despite limited resources, most sites surveyed had the capacity to perform cervical cancer screening and treatment. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The existing infrastructure of HIV clinical and research sites may provide the ideal framework for scale-up of cervical cancer prevention in resource-constrained countries with a high burden of cervical dysplasia. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, usually a sexually exist to eliminate HPV infection, precancerous lesions and transmitted disease, is a risk factor for cervical cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • HPV and cervical cancer, research to develop a prophylactic a public health priority. (cdc.gov)
  • Fortunately, cervical cancer is highly pre- ventable with regular Papanicolaou (Pap) testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Institute) documented a 43% decrease in incidence and a 46% decrease in death from cervical cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Epidemiologic research strongly implicates Human papillomavirus (HPV) as the major risk factor for cervical cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • HPV infection, SIL (squamous intraepithelial lesions), or cervical cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Panel B demonstrates cervical-cancer diagnosis, treatment, and natu- referred to as high-risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Throughout a woman's lifetime, her HPV, SIL, or cervical cancer status can be discovered either through development of symp- toms or through routine Pap tests. (cdc.gov)
  • High-grade SIL can progress to cervical adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effective- cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Cervical epithelium leads to two categories of Incidence and mortality world- cancer is less common in economi- intraepithelial squamous lesions: pro- wide cally developed countries, where in the ductive, self-limited HPV infections, The majority of cervical cancer cases year 2000, it was estimated to com- and those with potential to progress to today occur in the developing world. (who.int)
  • Indeed, it is an apparent mortality rates of cervical cancer. (who.int)
  • While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • most who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genetic factors also contribute to cervical cancer risk. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 10 to 20 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 90% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are adenocarcinoma, and a small number are other types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cervical cancer screening using the Pap test or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes, which when treated, can prevent the development of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Worldwide, cervical cancer is both the fourth-most common type of cancer and the fourth-most common cause of death from cancer in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced rates of cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Expected scenarios for the reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer worldwide (and specially in low-income countries) have been reviewed, given assumptions with respect to the achievement of recommended prevention targets using triple-intervention strategies defined by WHO. (wikipedia.org)
  • In medical research, the most famous immortalized cell line, known as HeLa, was developed from cervical cancer cells of a woman named Henrietta Lacks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely free of symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bleeding after douching or after a pelvic exam is a common symptom of cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection with some types of HPV is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer, followed by smoking. (wikipedia.org)
  • Not all of the causes of cervical cancer are known, however, and several other contributing factors have been implicated. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, these serotypes are usually not related to cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Having multiple strains at the same time is common, including those that can cause cervical cancer along with those that cause warts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection with HPV is generally believed to be required for cervical cancer to occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cigarette smoking, both active and passive, increases the risk of cervical cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that cervical infection with one of 16 HPV types accounts for all cervical cancers. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Only 0.1% of cervical cancers occur before age 20 years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • HPV types 16 and 18 are associated with ~70% of all cervical cancers. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • While the results were not statistically significant, vaccinating these patients may aid in reducing cervical cancers rates. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • HPV 16 and 18 strains are responsible for nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • HPV vaccines protect against two to seven high-risk strains of this family of viruses and may prevent up to 90% of cervical cancers. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of deaths occur in developing countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • 44% of the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions of grade 2/3 detected had negative cytology and were found only by HPV testing. (nih.gov)
  • 2) HPV type 16 is the most common carcinogen detected in women with cervical cell changes including precancerous and cancerous lesions. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • According to the WHO the Human Papillomavirus is the main cause for the progress of cervical erosive lesions , and also dysplasia and malignancies of cervical epithelium . (allokin.ru)
  • The frequency of cervical papillomavirus lesions (cervical erosion, dysplasia, cervical leukoplakia) is much more higher in sexually active women younger than 25 years. (allokin.ru)
  • DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at a referral center for treating uterine cervical lesions. (bvsalud.org)
  • TVD, FCD, and PPV were lower in women with CIN and CC. CONCLUSIONS: HVM enables easy, real-time, non-invasive assessment of cervical lesions through the detection of microvascular alterations. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate the clinical role of nm23 expression in identifying both high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) and high‐grade cervical lesions or carcinomas [cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 + (CIN2 + )], and to compare it with p16 overexpression, as this latter biomarker has already been reported widely in HR‐HPV infected cervical lesions. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Immunohistochemical evaluation of nm23 and p16 in 143 cervical biopsy specimens including negative, low‐ and high‐grade lesions and squamous carcinomas (SC). (mcmaster.ca)
  • Histologically, CIN is graded into mild dysplasia (CIN 1), moderate dysplasia (CIN 2), or severe dysplasia (CIN 3). (biomedcentral.com)
  • HPV High Grade Dysplasia is a noted solicitation by reason of the point that it is of interest when considering HPV Low Grade Dysplasia, HPV Mild Dysplasia, and HPV Mild Dysplasia CIN 1. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • C1N1 Cervical Dysplasia is a typically mentioned proposition since it is applicable to CIN 1 Cervical Dysplasia, CIN 1 Dysplasia, and CIN 1 Mild Dysplasia. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • Japan were very similar to those now economic status and ethnic and reli- sis, condyloma, mild dysplasia, cervi- seen in developing countries. (who.int)
  • CIN 11 Moderate Dysplasia is a normally identified condition due to the fact that it is crucial when contemplating CIN 111 Severe Dysplasia, CIN 2 3 Dysplasia, and CIN 3 Cervical Dysplasia Treatment. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • By safe natural ways, conveniently eliminate HPV infections and problems, like atypical Pap tests and cervical dysplasia. (cervical-dysplasia-cure.com)
  • The prognosis is excellent for women with cervical dysplasia who receive appropriate follow-up and treatment. (spineboy.com)
  • In many women with cervical dysplasia, HPV is found in cervical cells. (spineboy.com)
  • Because a pelvic exam is usually normal in women with cervical dysplasia, a Pap test is necessary to diagnose the condition. (spineboy.com)
  • The authors encouraged women with cervical dysplasia to seek other treatment options. (livestrong.com)
  • Chronic HPV infection and cervical dysplasia are also associated with other factors that weaken the immune system, such as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs for certain diseases or after an organ transplant, or infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. (spineboy.com)
  • FSWs are at a substantially high risk of HPV infection and cervical dysplasia development as compared with healthy control subjects in Shenyang, China. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding is a diagnosis of exclusion. (medscape.com)
  • It did, however, reduce recurrence, which was defined by one or more negative exams between conization and recurrent cervical dysplasia diagnosis, they reported. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Managing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) is challenging, considering the CIN2 regression rate, perinatal risks associated with excisional procedures, and insufficient well-established risk factors to predict progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • When uterine fibroid tumors contribute to pain and excess bleeding, a hysterectomy removal of the uterus is often recommended. (nutritionstudies.org)
  • Bleeding from anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding is thought to result from changes in prostaglandin concentration, increased endometrial responsiveness to vasodilating prostaglandins, and changes in endometrial vascular structure. (medscape.com)
  • An endometrial sampling is done if the patient is suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding. (harcourthealth.com)
  • The other alternatives are endometrial ablation and medications given to control uterine bleeding. (harcourthealth.com)
  • We looked at HPV testing for types 16, 18, 31, and 33 on material taken at the time of a cervical smear in 2009 eligible women having routine screening. (nih.gov)
  • The tests used for diagnosing ailments of the uterus include PAP smear and Cervical examination. (harcourthealth.com)
  • It is important to screen women for high-risk HPV along with their annual Pap smear, which screens for cervical cell abnormalities. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Most Pap smear testing is now done with liquid-based cytology using the ThinPrep or SurePath vials, which can test for both abnormal cervical cells and HPV. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • Strongly associated with sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical dysplasia is most common in women under age 30 but can develop at any age. (spineboy.com)
  • Women vaccinated following conization experienced a slightly lower, though not statistically significant, rate of recurrence of high-grade cervical dysplasia, according to a recent study. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Researchers collected charts of 1,914 consecutive patients who were newly diagnosed with high grade cervical dysplasia, or HSIL, and undergoing conization from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2014, and had 5 years of follow-up. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • These are postmentrual spotting, pain during menstrual bleeding, technical difficulty inserting the catheter during embryo transfer and secondary unexplained infertility combined with intrauterine fluid (fluid inside of the uterine cavity after the ovulation). (wikipedia.org)
  • The large majority of cervical dysplasia in adolescents resolves on its own without treatment. (vitalitymagazine.com)
  • To be inserted into uterine cavity. (drugs.com)
  • 2 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concurred in this assessment, finding that "IUDs seem to interfere in some manner with the implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterine cavity. (hli.org)
  • Among women with a chronic HPV infection, smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop severe cervical dysplasia, because smoking suppresses the immune system. (spineboy.com)
  • Persistent HPV infection is the most important risk factor for cervical dysplasia, especially moderate-to-severe cervical dysplasia. (spineboy.com)
  • Although a Pap test alone can identify mild, moderate, or severe cervical dysplasia, further tests are often required to determine appropriate follow-up and treatment. (spineboy.com)
  • The lack of treatment or incorrect treatment of patients with human papillomavirus infection leads to the development of cervical erosion. (allokin.ru)
  • Mild cervical dysplasia sometimes resolves without treatment, and may only require careful observation with Pap tests every three or six months. (spineboy.com)
  • Parity and maternal age have been shown to increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes, such as intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight (LBW) and mortality. (bvsalud.org)
  • Approximately 90% of dysfunctional uterine bleeding cases result from anovulation, and 10% of cases occur with ovulatory cycles. (medscape.com)
  • Multiple studies in populations around the world have found that prevalence of high-grade dysplasia has fallen significantly in HPV-immunized populations. (unboundmedicine.com)