Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.
Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.
Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.
Intraocular infection caused mainly by pus-producing bacteria and rarely by fungi. The infection may be caused by an injury or surgical wound (exogenous) or by endogenous septic emboli in such diseases as bacterial endocarditis or meningococcemia.
Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)
Arthritis of children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*27 allele family.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.
'Rats, Inbred Lew' is a strain of laboratory rat that is widely used in biomedical research, known for its consistent genetic background and susceptibility to certain diseases, which makes it an ideal model for studying the genetic basis of complex traits and disease processes.
A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals.
A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the RETINA. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion.
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
The pigmented vascular coat of the eyeball, consisting of the CHOROID; CILIARY BODY; and IRIS, which are continuous with each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.
Proteins which bind with RETINOL. The retinol-binding protein found in plasma has an alpha-1 mobility on electrophoresis and a molecular weight of about 21 kDa. The retinol-protein complex (MW=80-90 kDa) circulates in plasma in the form of a protein-protein complex with prealbumin. The retinol-binding protein found in tissue has a molecular weight of 14 kDa and carries retinol as a non-covalently-bound ligand.
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
Diseases affecting the eye.
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.
'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.
A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732)
Inflammation of the choroid.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.
Form of granulomatous uveitis occurring in the region of the pars plana. This disorder is a common condition with no detectable focal pathology. It causes fibrovascular proliferation at the inferior ora serrata.
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
Inflammation of the joints of the SPINE, the intervertebral articulations.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
'Lens diseases' is a broad term referring to various pathological conditions affecting the lens of the eye, including cataracts, subluxation, and dislocation, which can lead to visual impairment or blindness if not managed promptly.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.
A republic in western Africa, south of GUINEA and west of LIBERIA. Its capital is Freetown.
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.
A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.
The administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity or organ via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument.
Heterogeneous group of arthritic diseases sharing clinical and radiologic features. They are associated with the HLA-B27 ANTIGEN and some with a triggering infection. Most involve the axial joints in the SPINE, particularly the SACROILIAC JOINT, but can also involve asymmetric peripheral joints. Subsets include ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; and others.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
The selectively permeable barrier, in the EYE, formed by the nonpigmented layer of the EPITHELIUM of the CILIARY BODY, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the IRIS. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
Pregnane derivatives containing two double bonds anywhere within the ring structures.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
A genus of aerobic, helical spirochetes, some species of which are pathogenic, others free-living or saprophytic.
A form of malignant cancer which occurs within the eyeball.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*51 allele family.
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.
Agents that dilate the pupil. They may be either sympathomimetics or parasympatholytics.
Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A light-sensitive neuroendocrine organ attached to the roof of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain. The pineal gland secretes MELATONIN, other BIOGENIC AMINES and NEUROPEPTIDES.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Experimental animal models for human AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME (see NEURITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL); MYASTHENIA GRAVIS (see MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL); and MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (see ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, AUTOIMMUNE, EXPERIMENTAL).
A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.
A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.
Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.
Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.
Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.
Arthritis is a general term used to describe inflammation in the joints, often resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, which can be caused by various conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or lupus.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.

Immunohistochemical studies on the endotoxin-induced uveitis. (1/325)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the longitudinal changes of macrophages and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive cells in the iris and ciliary body of Lewis rats after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies to monocytes and macrophages (ED1) and MHC class II-positive cells (OX6) on wholemounts of the iris and ciliary body in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). RESULTS: A network of macrophages (ED1+ cell) and MHC class II-positive cells, was present in the iris and ciliary body of normal Lewis rats. Most cells in the iris and ciliary body displayed dendritiform appearance. A severe involvement of the iris and ciliary body, as evidenced by a rapid influx of monocytes and macrophages and remarkable increase of MHC class II-positive cells, was observed after LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS: A network of macrophages and MHC class II-positive cells in the iris and ciliary body may play an important role in immune surveillance. LPS injection induces a severe inflammation in the anterior segment of the eye, which may serve as a model for acute anterior uveitis in human.  (+info)

Estrogen protects against cellular infiltration by reducing the expressions of E-selectin and IL-6 in endotoxin-induced uveitis. (2/325)

Anterior uveitis associated with Behcet's disease and ankylosing spondylitis preferentially occurs in adult men, which may suggest the effects of sex hormones on acute anterior uveitis. Recently, estrogen receptors in the vascular endothelium have been reported to be involved in several pathological conditions. In the present study, we examined the gender differences in susceptibility to endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) and the effects of estrogen on anterior inflammation. EIU was induced in adult male, female, and ovariectomized female Lewis rats (200 g) by hind footpad injection of 200 microg of LPS. In EIU, cellular infiltration was more marked in male than in female rats, and ovariectomy increased cellular infiltration. Treatment with 10 microg of 17beta-estradiol significantly reduced the cell number in male and ovariectomized female rats with EIU. Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity was found in the nucleus of vascular endothelium and in some stromal cells of the iris-ciliary body. Semiquantitative PCR revealed that E-selectin and IL-6 gene expressions were increased in rats following LPS injection, and an overdose of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, reversed the effect of 17beta-estradiol on E-selectin, but not its effect on IL-6. These observations suggested that the down-modulation of these inflammatory genes by estrogen may contribute to the reduction in cellular infiltration in acute anterior uveitis.  (+info)

HLA-B27 subtypes and HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with anterior uveitis. (3/325)

PURPOSE: Some patients with anterior uveitis (AU) have ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and are HLA-B27 class I-positive. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in HLA at the allele level among each group of patients with AU. METHODS: Seventy-three patients with AU were studied. They were classified into three groups: 31 with AS-associated AU, 14 with HLA-B27-associated AU, and 28 with idiopathic AU. Three control groups without AU were used: 138 random subjects, 33 HLA-B27-positive healthy subjects, and 19 HLA-B27-positive patients with AS. DRB1 and DQB1 genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. HLA-B27 subtype was determined by PCR-SSCP. RESULTS: There was no difference in the frequency of any class I antigen except HLA-B27 among the patients studied. The frequencies of HLA-DR12 in AS-associated AU and HLA-DR1 in HLA-B27-associated AU showed an increase. In HLA-B27-associated AU, DRB1*0101 and DQB1*0501 were increased compared with HLA-B27-positive control subjects. When HLA-B27 subtype distribution was compared among the groups, the proportion of B*2704 was significantly lower in HLA-B27-associated AU (P = 0.037), however, such a difference was not present in AS-associated groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that B*2704 seemed to be less susceptible to AU compared with B*2705 in Japanese subjects. The increase of HLA-DR12 and HLA-DR1 in AU may be caused by linkage disequilibrium with B*2704 and B*2705, respectively.  (+info)

Molecular analysis of resolving immune responses in uveitis. (4/325)

To identify the cellular immune processes underlying intra-ocular inflammation, aqueous humour was obtained at cataract surgery from 22 patients with clinically inactive uveitis and 24 patients with age-related cataract. mRNA expression for the cytokines IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta); T cell subsets CD3, CD4, CD8; monocytes and macrophages (CD14); and B cells (CD19) was measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radiometric analysis. The majority of uveitis patients demonstrated a T cell-mediated inflammatory response, predominately involving a Th1-like cytokine profile with expression of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in 16/22 and 18/22 samples, respectively. These cytokines were present in only a small number of patients with age-related cataract. This Th1-like polarization was supported by an increased expression of CD8 in a number of patients. IL-1beta was expressed in only six uveitic eyes. Only four patients expressed either IL-4 or IL-10 and no patient expressed both. TGF-beta mRNA could be detected in 18/22 uveitis patients and 15/24 controls. IL-12, the paradigmatic Th1-inducing cytokine, was absent in all samples but CD14 was expressed in the majority of patients and controls. CD19 could not be detected in any sample. The cellular infiltrate in the uveitic eyes showed clear evidence of low IL-1 and absent IL-12 expression despite a Th1-like profile and high expression of macrophages. This strongly suggests that the systemic immunosuppressive therapy used prior to surgery in some patients and/or the chronicity of the uveitis had actively suppressed/switched off macrophage function, leading to resolution of T cell activity.  (+info)

Fas-Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis within aqueous during idiopathic acute anterior uveitis. (5/325)

PURPOSE: Despite ocular immune privilege, (auto)immune-mediated acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is relatively common. However, although relapses of AAU are usually self-limiting, possible regulatory mechanisms remain undefined in humans. Experimentally, Fas-Ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis of Fas+ inflammatory cells contributes to the immune privilege within the anterior chamber and provides an explanation for the success of corneal allograft transplantation. Therefore, whether such mechanisms regulate the immune response in AAU was investigated. METHODS: Aqueous and peripheral blood samples from consecutive patients presenting with idiopathic AAU were obtained with consent. Leukocytic phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry, and apoptosis was determined by both flow cytometry and TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labeling analysis. Presence of soluble Fas and FasL was determined by western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared with control aqueous from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The ability of the aqueous to induce apoptosis in a Fas+ Jurkat cell line was also determined. RESULTS: During AAU aqueous-infiltrating Fas+ cells included CD3+ T cells and granulocytes, whereas FasL+ cells comprised predominantly of non-CD3+ T cells. Higher levels of functional soluble FasL were found in aqueous of AAU patients than in normal aqueous, capable of inducing apoptosis in 68.9% +/- 7.6% of Fas+ lymphoid cells. Compared with peripheral blood, the CD4+ T cells infiltrate within aqueous showed significantly increased CD69 and CD25(IL-2r) expression. Flow cytometric analysis of aqueous showed that 9.32% +/- 1.2% of infiltrating non-granulocyte CD45+ cells were apoptotic, confirmed as T cells on subsequent three-color flow cytometric analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together with published experimental data, the present study provides evidence for FasL-mediated apoptotic cell death contributing to the local immune regulation of ocular inflammatory disease and provides a mechanism to account for the self-limiting clinical course of AAU.  (+info)

Ocular manifestations in children and adolescents with Lyme arthritis. (6/325)

BACKGROUND: Lyme arthritis is the most frequent late manifestation of Lyme borreliosis and has been associated with ocular inflammation. METHODS: A group of 153 children and adolescents with arthritis, 84 of whom had Lyme arthritis and 69 other causes of arthritis, were followed prospectively for 22-73 (median 44) months in the course of a national study. RESULTS: Three of 84 patients with Lyme arthritis had ocular inflammation (4%), including keratitis, anterior uveitis, and uveitis intermedia. All three had symptoms of decreased visual acuity. Whereas anterior uveitis disappeared without sequelae, a corneal scar and a permanent loss of visual acuity in the patients with keratitis and intermediate uveitis remained. Systematic examination of all patients revealed no further ocular involvement. Of 69 patients with other causes of arthritis who were followed in parallel as a control group, four of 15 patients with early onset pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis had chronic anterior uveitis and two of 12 patients with juvenile spondyloarthropathy had acute anterior uveitis. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular involvement with keratitis, anterior uveitis, and intermediate uveitis may occur in children and adolescents with Lyme arthritis. Visual loss appears to be symptomatic, making regular ocular screening of such patients unnecessary.  (+info)

Anterior uveitis associated with intravenous cidofovir use in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. (7/325)

AIM: Intravenous cidofovir is used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and has been reported to cause anterior uveitis. Relations were sought between this complication and patient characteristics that might help predict its occurrence. METHODS: 17 patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis who were treated with intravenous cidofovir were identified, and the following data collected in a retrospective chart review: demographic characteristics, duration of CMV retinitis, retinal lesion characteristics, dose and duration of cidofovir therapy, tests of renal function, CD4+ T lymphocyte counts, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, iris colour, history of diabetes mellitus, and use of concomitant medications. Case-control analyses were performed to determine risk factors for developing cidofovir associated uveitis. RESULTS: Anterior uveitis characterised by pain, ciliary injection, and decreased visual acuity occurred in 10 patients (59%). Median interval to development of uveitis was 11 doses of cidofovir. Symptoms developed 4.4 (SD 2.5) days (median 3.5) after an infusion of cidofovir. Patients who developed uveitis had a significantly greater rise in CD4+ T lymphocyte count while receiving cidofovir (68.4 (75.7) x10(6)/l versus 5.0 (0.6) x10(6)/l, (p = 0.04)). By stepwise linear regression, this factor accounted for 33% (p = 0.03) of the effect of developing uveitis. Mean follow up time, intraocular pressure decline during cidofovir therapy, serum creatinine and urine protein concentrations, and rates of protease inhibitor use were not significantly different between patients who developed uveitis and those who did not. Uveitis responded to topical corticosteroids and cycloplegia. CONCLUSION: Anterior uveitis in patients receiving intravenous cidofovir therapy may be related to improving immune function. The uveitis responds to treatment and may not preclude continuation of cidofovir.  (+info)

Endotoxin-induced uveitis is partially inhibited by anti-IL-8 antibody treatment. (8/325)

PURPOSE: To examine the potential therapeutic effect of a neutralizing anti-IL-8 monoclonal antibody in endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in the rabbit. METHODS: An anti-IL-8 antibody (WS-4) was injected intravitreal 2 hours before, simultaneously with, or 6 hours after endotoxin challenge in rabbits. Eyes were examined for clinical signs of inflammation, and aqueous humor (AH) was sampled to study cellular infiltration and protein content. Leukocyte subset analysis was performed on Giemsa-stained AH cytospins. Histologic grading of inflammation was performed on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sagittal sections of enucleated eyes. In separate experiments, animals received the anti-IL-8 antibody simultaneously with the endotoxin challenge, before repeated anterior chamber paracentesis was performed (at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after injection) to estimate the kinetics and durability of changes in total cell count and protein concentration in AH. RESULTS: Anti-IL-8 therapy caused a decrease in the clinical and histologic grade of inflammation in EIU. The mean cell count in the AH at the peak of inflammation (24 hours) in eyes receiving endotoxin only was 6419+/-1165/microl (mean +/- SE) compared to 2546+/-573/microl in rabbits treated simultaneously with 250 microg of anti-IL-8 antibody (P < 0.05). The protein concentration in the AH was not significantly altered by anti-IL-8 treatment. Kinetic analysis of the leukocyte count in the AH demonstrated persistent inhibition of leukocyte accumulation (range, 60%-91% compared to control eyes) by the anti-IL-8 antibody administered simultaneously with endotoxin. This inhibition was sustained for up to 72 hours after injection. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-IL-8 antibody treatment partially blocks EIU in rabbits. A consistent decrease in the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the anterior chamber was obtained when neutralizing antibody was injected simultaneously with endotoxin. These findings suggest that IL-8 contributes to the chemotactic signal for the recruitment of leukocytes in EIU.  (+info)

Anterior uveitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the front portion of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye. The uvea includes the iris (the colored part of the eye), the ciliary body (a structure behind the iris that helps focus light onto the retina), and the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina).

Anterior uveitis is characterized by inflammation of the iris and/or the ciliary body, leading to symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a small pupil. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or unknown causes (idiopathic).

Treatment of anterior uveitis typically involves the use of topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and cycloplegics to relieve pain and prevent spasms of the ciliary muscle. In some cases, oral medications may be necessary to control the inflammation. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications such as glaucoma, cataracts, or permanent vision loss.

Posterior uveitis is a type of uveitis that specifically affects the back portion of the uvea, which includes the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that provides nutrients to the outer layers of the retina), the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye), and the optic nerve (which carries visual information from the eye to the brain).

Posterior uveitis can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, and decreased vision. It may also lead to complications such as retinal scarring, cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment if left untreated. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and trauma. Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

Intermediate uveitis is a type of uveitis that affects the vitreous cavity and peripheral retina. It is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous, called vitritis, and sometimes also by snowbanking or peripheral lesions in the retina. Intermediate uveitis can cause vision loss due to cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane formation, or complications such as glaucoma or cataract. The onset of intermediate uveitis is often insidious and the course can be chronic, with recurrent episodes of inflammation. The exact cause of intermediate uveitis is often unknown, but it can be associated with systemic diseases such as sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, or Lyme disease.

Panuveitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation that affects the entire uveal tract, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The uveal tract is the middle layer of the eye between the inner retina and the outer fibrous tunic (sclera). Panuveitis can also affect other parts of the eye, such as the vitreous, retina, and optic nerve.

The symptoms of panuveitis may include redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, floaters, and decreased visual acuity. The condition can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or unknown causes (idiopathic). Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, as well as addressing any underlying cause if identified. If left untreated, panuveitis can lead to complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal damage, which can result in permanent vision loss.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Iridocyclitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the ciliary body (a structure located behind the iris that helps control the shape of the lens and produces fluid inside the eye). This condition can cause redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, and tearing. It may be associated with various causes such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or trauma. Treatment typically involves medication to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

Suppurative uveitis is a specific type of uveal inflammation characterized by the presence of pus or purulent exudate within the eye. This condition can affect any part of the uveal tract, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Suppurative uveitis typically results from an infection caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites. The inflammation can lead to serious complications such as tissue damage, adhesions, glaucoma, and even blindness if not treated promptly and effectively. Symptoms may include pain, redness, photophobia, decreased vision, and the presence of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Ocular tuberculosis (OTB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), which results from the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria outside the lungs. In ocular tuberculosis, these bacteria primarily affect the eye and its surrounding structures.

The most common form of OTB is tubercular uveitis, which involves inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, and choroid). Other forms of OTB include:

* Tubercular conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the front part of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.
* Tubercular keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, the transparent outer layer at the front of the eye.
* Tubercular scleritis: Inflammation of the sclera, the white protective coating of the eye.
* Tubercular episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera.
* Tubercular dacryoadenitis: Inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
* Tubercular optic neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Diagnosis of OTB can be challenging due to its varied clinical presentations and the need for laboratory confirmation. A definitive diagnosis typically requires the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from ocular tissues or fluids, which may involve invasive procedures. In some cases, a presumptive diagnosis might be made based on clinical findings, epidemiological data, and response to anti-tuberculous therapy.

Treatment for OTB usually involves a standard anti-tuberculosis regimen consisting of multiple drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) for at least six months. Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents might be used concomitantly to manage inflammation and prevent tissue damage. Close monitoring is essential to ensure treatment adherence, assess response to therapy, and detect potential side effects.

Behçet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease that can cause symptoms in various parts of the body. It's characterized by recurrent mouth sores (aphthous ulcers), genital sores, and inflammation of the eyes (uveitis). The condition may also cause skin lesions, joint pain and swelling, and inflammation of the digestive tract, brain, or spinal cord.

The exact cause of Behçet syndrome is not known, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells and tissues. The condition tends to affect men more often than women and typically develops during a person's 20s or 30s.

There is no cure for Behçet syndrome, but treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options may include medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologics to reduce inflammation, as well as pain relievers and other supportive therapies.

Retinal vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can cause damage to the retina and may lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The inflammation can affect both the small and large blood vessels in the retina and can occur as a result of various systemic diseases or infections, including autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. In some cases, retinal vasculitis may also be associated with uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina.

In medical terms, the iris refers to the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is a circular structure composed of thin, contractile muscle fibers (radial and circumferential) arranged in a regular pattern. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light intensity or emotional arousal. By constricting or dilating the iris, the amount of light entering the eye can be regulated, which helps maintain optimal visual acuity under various lighting conditions.

The color of the iris is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigments within the iris stroma. The iris also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support its structure and function. Anatomically, the iris is continuous with the ciliary body and the choroid, forming part of the uveal tract in the eye.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a combination of different terms from various medical conditions.

1. Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white of the eye.
2. Meningoencephalitis refers to inflammation of both the meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) and the brain itself (encephalitis).

If you're looking for information on a specific medical condition that you think might be related to these terms, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional or searching for information on conditions like uveitis or meningoencephalitis.

Juvenile arthritis (JA) is a term used to describe a group of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders that can affect children aged 16 or younger. In JA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, causing inflammation in the joints, which can lead to pain, swelling, stiffness, and damage over time.

There are several types of juvenile arthritis, including:

1. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): This is the most common form of JA, and it includes several subtypes that are classified based on the number of joints affected and the presence or absence of certain symptoms.
2. Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (JSLE): This is a type of lupus that affects children, and it can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, and lungs.
3. Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels, leading to muscle weakness, skin rashes, and joint pain.
4. Juvenile Scleroderma: This is a group of disorders that cause hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues, which can also affect the joints.
5. Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis (JPsA): This is a type of arthritis that affects children who have psoriasis, a chronic skin condition. JPsA can cause inflammation in the joints and skin.

The causes of juvenile arthritis are not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is no cure for JA, but treatments such as medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

HLA-B27 antigen is a type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) found on the surface of white blood cells. HLAs are proteins that help the body's immune system distinguish its own cells from foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria.

HLA-B27 is a specific type of HLA-B antigen, which is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The presence of HLA-B27 antigen can be inherited from parents to their offspring.

While most people with the HLA-B27 antigen do not develop any health problems, this antigen is associated with an increased risk of developing certain inflammatory diseases, particularly spondyloarthritis, a group of disorders that affect the joints and spine. Examples of these conditions include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. However, not everyone with HLA-B27 will develop these diseases, and many people without the antigen can still develop spondyloarthritis.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an inflammatory eye disease caused by the parasitic infection of Toxoplasma gondii in the eye's retina. It can lead to lesions and scarring in the retina, resulting in vision loss or impairment. The severity of ocular toxoplasmosis depends on the location and extent of the infection in the eye. In some cases, it may cause only mild symptoms, while in others, it can result in severe damage to the eye. Ocular toxoplasmosis is usually treated with medications that target the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, often combined with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

I'm happy to help! "Rats, Inbred Lew" is a specific strain of laboratory rats that have been inbred for research purposes. The "Lew" part of the name refers to the location where they were first developed, the Lewis Institute in Lake Bluff, Illinois, USA.

Inbreeding is a process of mating closely related individuals over many generations to create a genetically homogeneous population. This results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain, making them ideal for use as experimental models because any differences observed between individuals are more likely to be due to the experimental manipulation rather than genetic variation.

Inbred Lew rats have been widely used in biomedical research, particularly in studies related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. They exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them useful for these types of studies, including their susceptibility to developing high blood pressure when fed a high-salt diet or given certain drugs.

It's important to note that while inbred strains like Lew rats can be very useful tools for researchers, they are not perfect models for human disease. Because they have been bred in a controlled environment and selected for specific traits, they may not respond to experimental manipulations in the same way that humans or other animals would. Therefore, it's important to interpret findings from these studies with caution and consider multiple lines of evidence before drawing any firm conclusions.

Arrestin is a type of protein that plays a crucial role in regulating the signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cells. These receptors are involved in various cellular responses to hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules.

When a signaling molecule binds to a GPCR, it activates the receptor and triggers a cascade of intracellular events, including the activation of G proteins. Arrestin binds to the activated GPCR and prevents further interaction with G proteins, effectively turning off the signal.

There are two main types of arrestins: visual arrestin (or rod arrestin) and non-visual arrestins (which include β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2). Visual arrestin is primarily found in the retina and plays a role in regulating the light-sensitive proteins rhodopsin and cone opsin. Non-visual arrestins, on the other hand, are expressed throughout the body and regulate various GPCRs involved in diverse physiological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and migration.

By modulating GPCR signaling, arrestins help maintain proper cellular function and prevent overactivation of signaling pathways that could lead to disease. Dysregulation of arrestin function has been implicated in various pathologies, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders.

The ciliary body is a part of the eye's internal structure that is located between the choroid and the iris. It is composed of muscle tissue and is responsible for adjusting the shape of the lens through a process called accommodation, which allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances. Additionally, the ciliary body produces aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye and helps to nourish the eye's internal structures. The ciliary body is also responsible for maintaining the shape and position of the lens within the eye.

Chorioretinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the choroid and the retina, which are both important structures in the eye. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina, while the retina is a light-sensitive tissue that converts light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

Chorioretinitis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious conditions, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. The symptoms of chorioretinitis may include decreased vision, floaters, blurry vision, sensitivity to light, and eye pain. Treatment for chorioretinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive therapies. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of chorioretinitis, as timely diagnosis and treatment can help prevent permanent vision loss.

The Uvea, also known as the uveal tract or vascular tunic, is the middle layer of the eye between the sclera (the white, protective outer coat) and the retina (the light-sensitive inner layer). It consists of three main parts: the iris (the colored part of the eye), the ciliary body (structures that control the lens shape and produce aqueous humor), and the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nutrients to the retina). Inflammation of the uvea is called uveitis.

Viral eye infections are caused by viruses that invade different parts of the eye, leading to inflammation and irritation. Some common types of viral eye infections include conjunctivitis (pink eye), keratitis, and dendritic ulcers. These infections can cause symptoms such as redness, watering, soreness, sensitivity to light, and discharge. In some cases, viral eye infections can also lead to complications like corneal scarring and vision loss if left untreated. They are often highly contagious and can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or respiratory droplets. Antiviral medications may be used to treat certain types of viral eye infections, but in many cases, the infection will resolve on its own over time. Preventive measures such as good hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes can help reduce the risk of viral eye infections.

Retinol-binding proteins (RBPs) are specialized transport proteins that bind and carry retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the bloodstream. The most well-known and studied RBP is serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), which is primarily produced in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream.

RBP4 plays a crucial role in delivering retinol to target tissues, where it gets converted into active forms of vitamin A, such as retinal and retinoic acid, which are essential for various physiological functions, including vision, immune response, cell growth, and differentiation. RBP4 binds to retinol in a 1:1 molar ratio, forming a complex that is stable and soluble in the bloodstream.

Additionally, RBP4 has been identified as an adipokine, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue, and has been associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. However, the precise mechanisms through which RBP4 contributes to these conditions are not yet fully understood.

Eye infections, also known as ocular infections, are conditions characterized by the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in any part of the eye or its surrounding structures. These infections can affect various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis), cornea (keratitis), eyelid (blepharitis), or the internal structures of the eye (endophthalmitis, uveitis). The symptoms may include redness, pain, discharge, itching, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. The cause can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic, and the treatment typically involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the underlying cause.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Retinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions.

The inflammation associated with retinitis can affect any part of the retina, but it typically involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, retinitis can cause a range of visual symptoms, such as blurry vision, floaters, loss of peripheral vision, or night blindness.

Retinitis is often distinguished from another condition called retinopathy, which refers to damage to the retina caused by diabetes or other systemic diseases. While both conditions can affect the retina and cause visual symptoms, retinitis is characterized by inflammation, while retinopathy is characterized by damage due to circulatory problems.

It's important to note that retinitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. Treatment options for retinitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disorder characterized by the formation of granulomas (small clumps of inflammatory cells) in various organs, most commonly the lungs and lymphatic system. These granulomas can impair the function of the affected organ(s), leading to a variety of symptoms. The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it's thought to be an overactive immune response to an unknown antigen, possibly triggered by an infection, chemical exposure, or another environmental factor.

The diagnosis of sarcoidosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as chest X-rays and CT scans), and laboratory tests (including blood tests and biopsies). While there is no cure for sarcoidosis, treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Corticosteroids are often used to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, while other medications may be prescribed to treat specific organ involvement or symptoms. In some cases, sarcoidosis may resolve on its own without any treatment.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic corticosteroid, which is a type of medication that reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune system. It is used to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. Fluocinolone acetonide works by reducing the production of chemicals in the body that cause inflammation.

Fluocinolone acetonide is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, solutions, and tape. It is usually applied to the affected area of the skin one to three times a day, depending on the severity of the condition and the specific formulation being used.

Like all corticosteroids, fluocinolone acetonide can have side effects, particularly with long-term use or if used in large amounts. These may include thinning of the skin, easy bruising, stretch marks, increased hair growth, and acne. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using this medication to minimize the risk of side effects.

Choroiditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid, a layer of blood vessels in the eye located between the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye) and the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye). The choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina.

Choroiditis is characterized by spots or patches of inflammation in the choroid, which can lead to damage and scarring of the tissue. This can result in vision loss if it affects the macula (the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision). Symptoms of choroiditis may include blurred vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, and decreased color perception.

There are several types of choroiditis, including:

1. Multifocal choroiditis: This type is characterized by multiple, small areas of inflammation in the choroid, often accompanied by scarring. It can affect both eyes and may cause vision loss if it involves the macula.
2. Serpiginous choroiditis: This is a chronic, relapsing form of choroiditis that affects the outer layers of the retina and the choroid. It typically causes well-defined, wavy or serpentine-shaped lesions in the posterior pole (the back part) of the eye.
3. Birdshot chorioretinopathy: This is a rare form of choroiditis that primarily affects the peripheral retina and choroid. It is characterized by multiple, cream-colored or yellowish spots throughout the fundus (the interior surface of the eye).
4. Sympathetic ophthalmia: This is a rare condition that occurs when one eye is injured, leading to inflammation in both eyes. The choroid and other structures in the uninjured eye become inflamed due to an autoimmune response.
5. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease: This is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder that affects the eyes, skin, hair, and inner ear. In the eye, it causes choroiditis, retinal inflammation, and sometimes optic nerve swelling.

Treatment for choroiditis depends on the underlying cause and may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or biologic agents to control inflammation. In some cases, laser therapy or surgery might be necessary to address complications such as retinal detachment or cataracts.

The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome (ARNS) is a rare, but severe ophthalmological emergency that primarily affects otherwise healthy individuals. It is characterized by rapid, progressive necrosis (death of cells) of the retina, the innermost layer of the eye responsible for processing visual images. The condition typically presents unilaterally (in one eye), but has a high risk (up to 75%) of progressing to involve the other eye within several weeks.

The primary causative agents of ARNS are various viruses, most commonly herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). These viruses gain access to the retina via hematogenous spread (dissemination through the bloodstream), infecting the retinal vessels and causing a robust inflammatory response that results in necrosis of the retinal tissue.

The clinical presentation of ARNS includes:

1. Acute onset of visual loss, typically over several days to two weeks.
2. Floaters (small, dark spots or strands that appear in the field of vision) and photopsias (flashes of light).
3. Inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye (anterior uveitis), characterized by cells and flare in the aqueous humor.
4. Vitritis (inflammation of the vitreous gel that fills the space between the lens and retina) with associated snowball or string-of-pearls opacities.
5. Retinal arteritis (inflammation of the retinal arteries), characterized by segmental narrowing, occlusion, and/or periarterial sheathing.
6. Progressive necrosis of the retina, often leading to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment or blindness if left untreated.

The diagnosis of ARNS is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic signs and symptoms, as well as supportive laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of aqueous humor or vitreous samples to detect viral DNA. Imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography can also aid in the diagnosis and management of this condition.

Treatment typically involves antiviral therapy, such as intravenous acyclovir, to target the underlying viral infection. Corticosteroids are often used concurrently to manage the inflammatory response. Immunomodulatory agents like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange may also be considered in severe cases or when there is a poor response to initial therapy.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of ARNS are crucial for preserving visual function and preventing complications such as retinal detachment. Regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist is essential for monitoring disease progression, managing complications, and adjusting treatment plans as necessary.

Hyphema is defined as the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. This condition usually results from trauma or injury to the eye, but it can also occur due to various medical conditions such as severe eye inflammation, retinal surgery, or blood disorders that affect clotting.

The blood in the anterior chamber can vary in amount, ranging from a few drops to a complete fill, which is called an "eight-ball hyphema." Hyphema can be painful and cause sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, or even loss of vision if not treated promptly.

Immediate medical attention is necessary for hyphema to prevent complications such as increased intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, glaucoma, or cataracts. Treatment options may include bed rest, eye drops to reduce inflammation and control intraocular pressure, and sometimes surgery to remove the blood from the anterior chamber.

I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.

Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':

Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.

Pars planitis is not a formally recognized medical condition according to the latest classification system for uveitis (inflammation of the eye), proposed by the International Uveitis Study Group in 2019. However, historically, pars planitis was used to describe a form of intermediate uveitis where there is a specific inflammatory process involving the pars plana, a region of the eye between the ciliary body and the retina. It is often characterized by the presence of "snowball" or "string of pearls" opacities in the vitreous humor (the gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina).

The new classification system for uveitis has replaced the term pars planitis with "intermediate uveitis associated with snowbank/snowball opacity." This change acknowledges that inflammation in this region can be part of a broader spectrum of intermediate uveitis, which may involve other parts of the eye as well.

It is essential to consult a medical professional or an ophthalmologist for accurate information and treatment options related to any eye condition.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine, although other joints can also be involved. It causes swelling in the spinal joints (vertebrae) that can lead to stiffness and pain. Over time, some of these joints may grow together, causing new bone formation and resulting in a rigid spine. This fusion of the spine is called ankylosis.

The condition typically begins in the sacroiliac joints, where the spine connects to the pelvis. From there, it can spread up the spine and potentially involve other areas of the body such as the eyes, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal system.

Ankylosing spondylitis has a strong genetic link, with most people carrying the HLA-B27 gene. However, not everyone with this gene will develop the condition. It primarily affects males more often than females and tends to start in early adulthood.

Treatment usually involves a combination of medication, physical therapy, and exercise to help manage pain, maintain mobility, and prevent deformity. In severe cases, surgery may be considered.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare inflammatory condition that can occur in the eye after trauma or surgery to the other eye. It is caused by an autoimmune response where the immune system mistakenly attacks the healthy eye tissues, thinking they are similar to the damaged tissues in the other eye. This condition can lead to severe inflammation, including redness, pain, light sensitivity, and potentially vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively with immunosuppressive therapy. Sympathetic ophthalmia typically develops within several weeks to a few months after the initial injury or surgery, but it can occur even years later.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

Macular edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula, a small area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. This buildup of fluid causes the macula to thicken and swell, which can distort central vision and lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Macular edema is often a complication of other eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis. It's important to note that while macular edema can affect anyone, it is more common in people with certain medical conditions like diabetes.

Anti-inflammatory agents are a class of drugs or substances that reduce inflammation in the body. They work by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are released during an immune response and contribute to symptoms like pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.

There are two main types of anti-inflammatory agents: steroidal and nonsteroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) include corticosteroids, which mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a larger group that includes both prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While both types of anti-inflammatory agents can be effective in reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms, they differ in their mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential risks. Long-term use of NSAIDs, for example, can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular events. Corticosteroids can have significant side effects as well, particularly with long-term use, including weight gain, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections.

It's important to use anti-inflammatory agents only as directed by a healthcare provider, and to be aware of potential risks and interactions with other medications or health conditions.

Spondylarthritis is a term used to describe a group of interrelated inflammatory diseases that primarily affect the spine and sacroiliac joints (where the spine connects to the pelvis), but can also involve other joints, ligaments, tendons, and entheses (sites where tendons or ligaments attach to bones). These conditions share common genetic, clinical, and imaging features.

The most common forms of spondylarthritis include:

1. Ankylosing spondylitis - a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing pain and stiffness. In some cases, it can lead to fusion of the spine's vertebrae.
2. Psoriatic arthritis - a form of arthritis that occurs in people with psoriasis, an autoimmune skin condition. It can cause inflammation in the joints, tendons, and entheses.
3. Reactive arthritis - a type of arthritis that develops as a reaction to an infection in another part of the body, often the urinary or gastrointestinal tract.
4. Enteropathic arthritis - a form of arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
5. Undifferentiated spondylarthritis - when a patient presents with features of spondylarthritis but does not meet the criteria for any specific subtype.

Common symptoms of spondylarthritis include:

- Back pain and stiffness, often worse in the morning or after periods of inactivity
- Peripheral joint pain and swelling
- Enthesitis (inflammation at tendon or ligament insertion points)
- Dactylitis (swelling of an entire finger or toe)
- Fatigue
- Uveitis (inflammation of the eye)
- Skin rashes, such as psoriasis
- Inflammatory bowel disease symptoms

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment often includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologic agents, and lifestyle modifications to manage symptoms and prevent joint damage.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Lens diseases refer to conditions that affect the lens of the eye, which is a transparent structure located behind the iris and pupil. The main function of the lens is to focus light onto the retina, enabling clear vision. Here are some examples of lens diseases:

1. Cataract: A cataract is a clouding of the lens that affects vision. It is a common age-related condition, but can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication.
2. Presbyopia: This is not strictly a "disease," but rather an age-related change in the lens that causes difficulty focusing on close objects. It typically becomes noticeable in people over the age of 40.
3. Lens dislocation: This occurs when the lens slips out of its normal position, usually due to trauma or a genetic disorder. It can cause vision problems and may require surgical intervention.
4. Lens opacity: This refers to any clouding or opacification of the lens that is not severe enough to be considered a cataract. It can cause visual symptoms such as glare or blurred vision.
5. Anterior subcapsular cataract: This is a type of cataract that forms in the front part of the lens, often as a result of injury or inflammation. It can cause significant visual impairment.
6. Posterior subcapsular cataract: This is another type of cataract that forms at the back of the lens, often as a result of diabetes or certain medications. It can also cause significant visual impairment.

Overall, lens diseases can have a significant impact on vision and quality of life, and may require medical intervention to manage or treat.

Eye neoplasms, also known as ocular tumors or eye cancer, refer to abnormal growths of tissue in the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Eye neoplasms can develop in various parts of the eye, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve.

Benign eye neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, or a noticeable mass in the eye. Treatment options for benign eye neoplasms include monitoring, surgical removal, or radiation therapy.

Malignant eye neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, floaters, or flashes of light. Treatment options for malignant eye neoplasms depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms can improve outcomes and prevent complications. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist are recommended for early detection and prevention of eye diseases, including eye neoplasms.

Scleritis is a serious, painful inflammatory condition that affects the sclera, which is the white, tough outer coating of the eye. It can lead to severe pain, light sensitivity, and potential loss of vision if not promptly treated. Scleritis may occur in isolation or be associated with various systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis). Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and management.

Autoantigens are substances that are typically found in an individual's own body, but can stimulate an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body's own immune system. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy tissues and organs because it recognizes some of their components as autoantigens. These autoantigens can be proteins, DNA, or other molecules that are normally present in the body but have become altered or exposed due to various factors such as infection, genetics, or environmental triggers. The immune system then produces antibodies and activates immune cells to attack these autoantigens, leading to tissue damage and inflammation.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Ocular hypotension is a medical term that refers to a condition where the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP) is lower than normal. The normal range for IOP is typically between 10-21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). Ocular hypotension can occur due to various reasons, including certain medications, medical conditions, or surgical procedures that affect the eye's ability to produce or drain aqueous humor, the clear fluid inside the eye.

While mild ocular hypotension may not cause any symptoms, more significant cases can lead to complications such as decreased vision, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. If left untreated, it could potentially result in a condition called glaucoma. It is essential to consult an eye care professional if you suspect ocular hypotension or experience any changes in your vision.

Endotoxins are toxic substances that are associated with the cell walls of certain types of bacteria. They are released when the bacterial cells die or divide, and can cause a variety of harmful effects in humans and animals. Endotoxins are made up of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are complex molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide component.

Endotoxins are particularly associated with gram-negative bacteria, which have a distinctive cell wall structure that includes an outer membrane containing LPS. These toxins can cause fever, inflammation, and other symptoms when they enter the bloodstream or other tissues of the body. They are also known to play a role in the development of sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a severe immune response to infection.

Endotoxins are resistant to heat, acid, and many disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated environments. They can also be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, industrial facilities, and agricultural operations, where they can pose a risk to human health.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by pathogenic serovars of the genus Leptospira. It's primarily a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The bacteria are often found in the urine of infected animals and can survive in freshwater environments for weeks or even months.

Humans typically get infected through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or contaminated soil or water. This can occur through cuts or abrasions on the skin, mouth, eyes, or through mucous membranes. Occupational groups like farmers, sewer workers, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinarians are at a higher risk of infection.

The symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, but they often include high fever, severe headache, muscle aches, and general weakness. In some cases, it can cause potentially serious complications like meningitis (inflammation of the membrane around the brain and spinal cord), liver damage, kidney failure, and respiratory distress. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent these complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sierra Leone" is not a medical term or concept. It is an African country located on the western coast of the continent, known for its rich natural resources and diverse culture. If you have any questions about medical topics or health-related issues, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) is a type of herpes zoster (shingles) infection that affects the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus remains inactive in the body and can reactivate later as shingles, often many years after the initial infection.

When the virus reactivates and affects the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, it can cause a painful rash on the forehead, nose, and around one eye. The rash may be accompanied by other symptoms such as headache, fever, and fatigue. In some cases, HZO can also affect the eye itself, causing inflammation, corneal ulcers, and vision loss if left untreated.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect you have HZO, as early treatment with antiviral medications can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.

Prednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is commonly used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions due to its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Prednisolone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, leading to changes in gene expression that reduce the production of substances involved in inflammation, such as cytokines and prostaglandins.

Prednisolone is available in various forms, including tablets, syrups, and injectable solutions. It can be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, skin conditions, and certain types of cancer.

Like other steroid medications, prednisolone can have significant side effects if used in high doses or for long periods of time. These may include weight gain, mood changes, increased risk of infections, osteoporosis, diabetes, and adrenal suppression. As a result, the use of prednisolone should be closely monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that its benefits outweigh its risks.

Intraocular injections are a type of medical procedure where medication is administered directly into the eye. This technique is often used to deliver drugs that treat various eye conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and endophthalmitis. The most common type of intraocular injection is an intravitreal injection, which involves injecting medication into the vitreous cavity, the space inside the eye filled with a clear gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This procedure is typically performed by an ophthalmologist in a clinical setting and may be repeated at regular intervals depending on the condition being treated.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure in which a thin needle or catheter is inserted through the abdominal wall to remove excess fluid from the peritoneal cavity. This procedure is also known as abdominal tap or paracentesis aspiration. The fluid removed, called ascites, can be analyzed for infection, malignant cells, or other signs of disease. Paracentesis may be performed to relieve symptoms caused by the buildup of excess fluid in the abdomen, such as pain, difficulty breathing, or loss of appetite. It is commonly used to diagnose and manage conditions such as liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart failure, and kidney failure.

Spondylarthropathies is a term used to describe a group of interrelated inflammatory diseases that primarily affect the joints of the spine (vertebral column) and the sites where the ligaments and tendons attach to the bones (entheses). These conditions also often have associations with extra-articular features, such as skin, eye, and intestinal manifestations. The most common spondylarthropathies are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly known as Reiter's syndrome), enteropathic arthritis (associated with inflammatory bowel disease), and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies.

The primary hallmark of these conditions is enthesitis, which is an inflammation at the sites where ligaments or tendons attach to bones. This can lead to pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in the affected areas, particularly in the spine and sacroiliac joints (the joints that connect the base of the spine to the pelvis).

Spondylarthropathies have a strong genetic association with the human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) gene. However, not all individuals with this gene will develop spondylarthropathies, and many people without the gene can still be affected by these conditions.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of spondylarthropathies are essential to help manage symptoms, prevent joint damage, and maintain mobility and quality of life. Treatment options typically include a combination of medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They consist of a hydrophilic polysaccharide called the O-antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and a lipid portion known as Lipid A. The Lipid A component is responsible for the endotoxic activity of LPS, which can trigger a powerful immune response in animals, including humans. This response can lead to symptoms such as fever, inflammation, and septic shock, especially when large amounts of LPS are introduced into the bloodstream.

Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

Iritis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the iris, which is the colored part of the eye. The iris controls the size of the pupil and thus regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. Iritis can cause symptoms such as eye pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), blurred vision, and headaches. It is often treated with anti-inflammatory medications and may require prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as glaucoma or vision loss. The underlying cause of iritis can vary and may include infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, or other conditions.

The anterior eye segment refers to the front portion of the eye, which includes the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and provides protection. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. The ciliary body is a muscle that changes the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances. The lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris that further refracts light to provide a clear image. Together, these structures work to focus light onto the retina and enable vision.

The blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) is a specialized structure in the eye that helps regulate the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the bloodstream and the anterior chamber of the eye. It is composed of two main components: the nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body and the endothelial cells of the iris vasculature.

The nonpigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body form a tight junction that separates the anterior chamber from the ciliary blood vessels, while the endothelial cells lining the iris blood vessels also have tight junctions that restrict the movement of molecules between the blood and the anterior chamber.

The BAB helps maintain the homeostasis of the anterior chamber by controlling the entry of immune cells and preventing the passage of large molecules, toxins, and pathogens from the bloodstream into the eye. Dysfunction of the BAB can lead to various ocular diseases such as uveitis, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.

Pregnadienes are a class of steroid hormones that contain a unsaturated bond between the C4 and C5 positions in their steroid nucleus. They are important precursors in the biosynthesis of various sex steroids, such as progesterone and testosterone, in the human body. Pregnadienes are derived from pregnanes, which have a saturated bond at this position. The term "pregnadiene" refers to the chemical structure of these hormones, specifically their double bond at the C4-C5 position. They play a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological processes related to reproduction and sexual development.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Leptospira is a genus of spirochete bacteria that are thin and tightly coiled, with hooked ends. These bacteria are aerobic and can survive in a wide range of environments, but they thrive in warm, moist conditions. They are known to cause a disease called leptospirosis, which is transmitted to humans and animals through direct contact with the urine of infected animals or through contaminated water, soil, or food.

Leptospira bacteria can infect a wide range of hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In animals, leptospirosis can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fever, muscle pain, kidney damage, and liver failure. In humans, the disease can also cause a range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe kidney and liver damage, meningitis, and respiratory distress.

There are several species of Leptospira, some of which are pathogenic (cause disease) and others that are non-pathogenic (do not cause disease). The pathogenic species include L. interrogans, L. kirschneri, L. borgpetersenii, L. santarosai, L. weilii, and L. alexanderi. These species contain more than 250 serovars (strains) that can cause leptospirosis in humans and animals.

Prevention of leptospirosis includes avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil, wearing protective clothing and footwear when working outdoors, vaccinating domestic animals against Leptospira infection, and controlling rodent populations. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or penicillin, and supportive care for severe cases.

Intraocular lymphoma, also known as ocular lymphoma or primary vitreoretinal lymphoma, is a rare type of malignancy that primarily affects the eye and surrounding tissues. It is a form of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, which originates from the B-lymphocytes in the eye's immune system.

Intraocular lymphoma can be divided into two types:

1. Vitreoretinal lymphoma: This type of intraocular lymphoma involves the vitreous humor (the gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye).
2. Uveal lymphoma: This type of intraocular lymphoma affects the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

The symptoms of intraocular lymphoma may include blurred vision, floaters, decreased vision, and eye pain or discomfort. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as optical coherence tomography or OCT), and sometimes vitreous or retinal biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells.

Treatment for intraocular lymphoma may include systemic chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, local treatments such as intravitreal chemotherapy or rituximab injections may be used to target the cancer cells within the eye. Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential to manage any potential recurrence or complications associated with the disease.

HLA-B51 is a specific type of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I histocompatibility antigen. Histocompatibility antigens are proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognize and distinguish between "self" and "non-self."

The HLA-B51 antigen is encoded by the HLA-B gene, which is located on chromosome 6. This particular antigen has been associated with a higher risk of developing certain autoimmune diseases, such as Behçet's disease, a rare inflammatory disorder that causes symptoms such as mouth sores, genital sores, eye inflammation, and skin lesions.

It is important to note that while the presence of HLA-B51 antigen may increase the risk of developing Behçet's disease, it does not necessarily mean that an individual will definitely develop the condition. Other genetic and environmental factors are also believed to play a role in its development.

Interstitial nephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation in the interstitium (the tissue between the kidney tubules) of one or both kidneys. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to certain toxins.

The inflammation may lead to symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (protein in the urine), decreased urine output, and kidney dysfunction. In some cases, interstitial nephritis can progress to chronic kidney disease or even end-stage renal failure if left untreated.

The diagnosis of interstitial nephritis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (such as urinalysis and blood tests), and imaging studies (such as ultrasound or CT scan). A kidney biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the inflammation.

Treatment for interstitial nephritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or discontinuation of any offending medications. In some cases, supportive care such as dialysis may be necessary to manage kidney dysfunction until the inflammation resolves.

Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.

Reactive arthritis is a form of inflammatory arthritis that occurs in response to an infection in another part of the body, such as the genitals, urinary tract, or gastrointestinal tract. It is also known as Reiter's syndrome. The symptoms of reactive arthritis include joint pain and swelling, typically affecting the knees, ankles, and feet; inflammation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes; and urethritis or cervicitis. It is more common in men than women and usually develops within 1-4 weeks after a bacterial infection. The diagnosis is made based on the symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically includes antibiotics to eliminate the underlying infection and medications to manage the symptoms of arthritis.

Mydriatics are medications that cause mydriasis, which is the dilation of the pupil. These drugs work by blocking the action of the muscarinic receptors in the iris, leading to relaxation of the circular muscle and constriction of the radial muscle, resulting in pupil dilation. Mydriatics are often used in eye examinations to facilitate examination of the interior structures of the eye. Commonly used mydriatic agents include tropicamide, phenylephrine, and cyclopentolate. It is important to note that mydriatics can have side effects such as blurred vision, photophobia, and accommodation difficulties, so patients should be advised accordingly.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "horses" is not a medical term. It is the common name given to the species *Equus ferus caballus*, which are large domesticated mammals used for transportation, work, and recreation. If you have any questions about horses or a related topic that you would like a medical perspective on, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.

There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.

Environmental Illness (EI) is a condition in which individuals report experiencing various symptoms that they believe are caused or worsened by exposure to specific environmental factors. These factors can include chemicals, allergens, pollutants, or other substances present in the air, water, or food. The symptoms of EI can vary widely and may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, respiratory problems, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal issues.

It's important to note that while some people may be more sensitive than others to environmental factors, the term "Environmental Illness" is not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by major medical organizations such as the American Medical Association or the World Health Organization. Instead, the symptoms of EI are often attributed to other conditions, such as allergies, asthma, or chemical sensitivities.

In some cases, individuals with EI may be diagnosed with a related condition called Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which is characterized by heightened sensitivity to chemicals and other environmental factors. However, MCS is also not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by many major medical organizations.

Overall, while some people may experience symptoms that they believe are caused by exposure to environmental factors, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Eye pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensations in the eye. It can be sharp, throbbing, stabbing, burning, or aching. The pain may occur in one or both eyes and can range from mild to severe. Eye pain can result from various causes, including infection, inflammation, injury, or irritation of the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, or uvea. Other possible causes include migraines, optic neuritis, and glaucoma. It is essential to seek medical attention if experiencing sudden, severe, or persistent eye pain, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition that requires prompt treatment.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

Eye enucleation is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire eyeball, leaving the eye muscles, eyelids, and orbital structures intact. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe eye conditions or injuries, such as uncontrollable pain, blindness, cancer, or trauma. After the eyeball is removed, an implant may be placed in the socket to help maintain its shape and appearance. The optic nerve and other surrounding tissues are cut during the enucleation procedure, which means that vision cannot be restored in the affected eye. However, the remaining eye structures can still function normally, allowing for regular blinking, tear production, and eyelid movement.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The pineal gland, also known as the epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland located in the brain. It is shaped like a pinecone, hence its name, and is situated near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, attached to the third ventricle. The primary function of the pineal gland is to produce melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms in response to light and darkness. Additionally, it plays a role in the onset of puberty and has been suggested to have other functions related to cognition, mood, and reproduction, although these are not as well understood.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

A nervous system autoimmune disease, experimental, refers to a type of disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy nerves or tissues in the nervous system. This category includes conditions that are currently being researched and have not yet been fully proven or accepted by the medical community as definitive diseases.

In an autoimmune disease, the body's immune system produces antibodies and activates immune cells (such as T-cells) to attack and destroy foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. However, in an experimental nervous system autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakenly identifies normal nerves or nerve tissues as harmful and attacks them. This can lead to damage or destruction of the nerves, resulting in various neurological symptoms.

Examples of experimental nervous system autoimmune diseases may include conditions such as MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, which are still being studied and have not yet been fully recognized by the medical community. It is important to note that while these conditions are considered experimental, they can still cause significant harm and should be treated with appropriate medical interventions.

Clobetasol is a topical corticosteroid medication that is used to reduce inflammation and relieve itching, redness, and swelling associated with various skin conditions. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce inflammation. Clobetasol is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, emulsions, and foams, and is usually applied to the affected area once or twice a day.

It is important to use clobetasol only as directed by a healthcare provider, as prolonged or excessive use can lead to thinning of the skin, increased susceptibility to infections, and other side effects. Additionally, it should not be used on large areas of the body or for extended periods without medical supervision.

The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is a specialized physiological barrier in the eye that helps regulate the movement of molecules between the retina and the bloodstream. It is made up of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels and between the pigment epithelium cells of the retina, which restrict the paracellular diffusion of solutes.

The BRB plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the retina by preventing harmful substances from entering the retina while allowing essential nutrients and oxygen to reach the retinal tissues. Disruption of the BRB has been implicated in various retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion.

An antigen is a substance (usually a protein) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of T-cells. Antigens can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and tumor cells. They can also come from non-living substances such as pollen, dust mites, or chemicals.

Antigens contain epitopes, which are specific regions on the antigen molecule that are recognized by the immune system. The immune system's response to an antigen depends on several factors, including the type of antigen, its size, and its location in the body.

In general, antigens can be classified into two main categories:

1. T-dependent antigens: These require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are typically larger, more complex molecules that contain multiple epitopes capable of binding to both MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors on CD4+ T-cells.
2. T-independent antigens: These do not require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are usually smaller, simpler molecules that contain repetitive epitopes capable of cross-linking B-cell receptors and activating them directly.

Understanding antigens and their properties is crucial for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and immunotherapies.

Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:

* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)

The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.

Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are hormone-like substances that cause pain and inflammation in the body. Tolmetin is available in immediate-release and sustained-release forms, and it is typically prescribed to treat conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

The medical definition of Tolmetin can be found in various pharmaceutical and medical references, including the Merck Manual, the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS) Drug Information, and the National Library of Medicine's MedlinePlus. According to these sources, the chemical name for Tolmetin is (3R,5S)-3-(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-indole-2-one, and its molecular formula is C19H16NO3.

Tolmetin has a number of potential side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, dizziness, and headache. It can also increase the risk of serious gastrointestinal side effects, such as bleeding, ulcers, and perforations in the stomach or intestines, especially in people who are over the age of 65 or have a history of stomach ulcers or other gastrointestinal problems. Tolmetin can also increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events, particularly in people who take it for a long time or at high doses.

Tolmetin is available only by prescription, and it should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the instructions on the label carefully and to talk to a doctor or pharmacist if there are any questions about how to take Tolmetin or what the potential side effects may be.

Th1 cells, or Type 1 T helper cells, are a subset of CD4+ T cells that play a crucial role in the cell-mediated immune response. They are characterized by the production of specific cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Th1 cells are essential for protecting against intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They activate macrophages to destroy ingested microorganisms, stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce antibodies, and recruit other immune cells to the site of infection. Dysregulation of Th1 cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a type of cytokine, which are proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and communication during the immune response. IL-17 is primarily produced by a subset of T helper cells called Th17 cells, although other cell types like neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells can also produce it.

IL-17 has several functions in the immune system, including:

1. Promoting inflammation: IL-17 stimulates the production of various proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes from different cell types, leading to the recruitment of immune cells like neutrophils to the site of infection or injury.
2. Defending against extracellular pathogens: IL-17 plays a critical role in protecting the body against bacterial and fungal infections by enhancing the recruitment and activation of neutrophils, which can engulf and destroy these microorganisms.
3. Regulating tissue homeostasis: IL-17 helps maintain the balance between immune tolerance and immunity in various tissues by regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and other structural components.

However, dysregulated IL-17 production or signaling has been implicated in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, targeting the IL-17 pathway with specific therapeutics has emerged as a promising strategy for treating these conditions.

Melanin is a pigment that determines the color of skin, hair, and eyes in humans and animals. It is produced by melanocytes, which are specialized cells found in the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) and the choroid (the vascular coat of the eye). There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is a black or brown pigment, while pheomelanin is a red or yellow pigment. The amount and type of melanin produced by an individual can affect their skin and hair color, as well as their susceptibility to certain diseases, such as skin cancer.

Arthritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation in one or more joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. There are many different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus, among others.

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and damage.

Arthritis can affect people of all ages, including children, although it is more common in older adults. Treatment for arthritis may include medications to manage pain and reduce inflammation, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.

Endophthalmitis is a serious inflammatory eye condition that occurs when an infection develops inside the eyeball, specifically within the vitreous humor (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina). This condition can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the eye through various means, such as trauma, surgery, or spread from another infected part of the body.

Endophthalmitis is often characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of pain, redness, decreased vision, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including blindness. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics or antifungal medications, either systemically or directly into the eye, and sometimes even requiring surgical intervention to remove infected tissues and relieve intraocular pressure.

In anterior uveitis, no associated condition or syndrome is found in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis ... In western countries, anterior uveitis accounts for between 50% and 90% of uveitis cases. In Asian countries the proportion is ... Anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis) is the most common, with the incidence of uveitis overall affecting approximately 1:4500, most ... In the United States uveitis accounts for about 10%-20% of cases of blindness. Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior ...
There is mild anterior uveitis. A cherry-red spot may be seen in the macula, along with cotton-wool spots elsewhere, due to ... Anterior segment ischemic syndrome is a similar ischemic condition of anterior segment usually seen in post-surgical cases. ... Surgical interruption of anterior ciliary blood vessels supplying the eye, particularly during extensive strabismus surgery on ... 3 or more rectus muscles, leading to an anterior segment ischemic syndrome. Central retinal vein occlusion Diabetic retinopathy ...
Anterior uveitis may be present under slit-lamp examination. Iritis can occur, too. Keratic precipitates are another eye ... Bachmeyer C, Turc Y, Curan D, Duval-Arnould M (January 2000). "Anterior uveitis as the initial sign of adult Kawasaki syndrome ... Burns JC, Joffe L, Sargent RA, Glode MP (1985). "Anterior uveitis associated with Kawasaki syndrome". Pediatric Infectious ... Eye changes associated with the disease have been described since the 1980s, being found as uveitis, iridocyclitis, ...
... for endogenous anterior uveitis: a phase III, multicenter, randomized study". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 55 ... and the treatment of endogenous anterior uveitis. Difluprednate ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% is also being studied in other ocular ... including a phase 3 study evaluating difluprednate for the treatment of anterior uveitis "Durezol emulsion". DailyMed. 11 July ... Clinical trial number NCT00501579 for "Study of Difluprednate in the Treatment of Uveitis" at ClinicalTrials.gov Sheppard JD, ...
Suarez E, Torres F, Vieira JC, Ramirez E, Arevalo JF (October 2002). "Anterior uveitis after laser in situ keratomileusis". ... Uveitis: estimated at 0.18 percent. For climbers - Although the cornea usually is thinner after LASIK, because of the removal ...
Tilden, Morris E. (1991-01-01). "Systemic Sulfonamides as a Cause of Bilateral, Anterior Uveitis". Archives of Ophthalmology. ...
These include viral anterior uveitis due to cytomegalovirus infection, and herpetic anterior uveitis caused by herpes simplex ... Specifically for viral anterior uveitis, patients with IOP levels above 30 mmHg are often suffer from secondary glaucoma caused ... In patients diagnosed with herpetic anterior uveitis, elevated IOP and secondary glaucoma are often detected. This is due to ... Secondary glaucoma is commonly associated with uveitis. Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, a middle layer tissue of the ...
... is used in the management of acute angle closure glaucoma, and uveitis. It can also prevent a ... Aqueous humor collected using anterior chamber paracentesis may be used for clinical diagnosis of infectious uveitis. In this ... The procedure is used in management of glaucoma and uveitis. It is also used for clinical diagnosis of infectious uveitis. ... "Anterior chamber paracentesis to improve diagnosis and treatment of infectious uveitis in South Africa". SAMJ: South African ...
Criteria for Axial Spondyloarthritis in the Context of Anterior Uveitis". Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 24 (4): 445-449. ... uveitis), bowel (inflammatory bowel disease), skin (psoriasis) or signs of elevated inflammation (C-reactive protein and ...
Poorly controlled chronic anterior uveitis may result in permanent eye damage, including blindness.[citation needed] Systemic ... Steroid eye drops are usually the first line treatment for anterior uveitis. However, other treatments - many of which also ... a form of chronic anterior uveitis), which affects about one in six children with JIA. Eye involvement occurs most commonly in ... Sen, Ethan S.; Dick, Andrew D.; Ramanan, Athimalaipet V. (31 March 2015). "Uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic ...
A slit lamp examination is likely to show evidence of anterior uveitis.[citation needed] Omics technologies have been used to ... However, if any of these symptoms is prominent, considering other diseases such as glaucoma, uveitis, keratitis, and even ... but without discharge or tearing Uveitis Acute angle-closure glaucoma Endophthalmitis Orbital cellulitis The most effective ...
Anterior uveitis is an uncommon presentation and occurs due to tumor necrosis. Cirumferentially growing tumors carry a bad ...
Hyphema, anterior uveitis and glaucoma are three main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber as ... Anterior uveitis is an inflammatory process affecting the iris and ciliary body, with resulting inflammatory signs in the ... Gonioscopy of the anterior chamber angle Gonioscopy of the anterior chamber angle. Labeled structures: 1. Schwalbe's line, 2. ... One peculiar feature of the anterior chamber is dampened immune response to allogenic grafts. This is called anterior chamber ...
See uveitis, choroiditis, iritis, iridocyclitis, anterior uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, and uveal melanoma. Oxford English ...
Naseri A, Good WV, Cunningham ET (March 2003). "Herpes zoster virus sclerokeratitis and anterior uveitis in a child following ...
There will be evidence of anterior uveitis (iris, Cyclitis and iridocyclitis) and choroiditis. Slit lamp examination may reveal ... Panuveitis also known as Diffuse uveitis or Total uveitis is an eye disease affecting the internal structures of the eye. In ... International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) defines panuveitis as generalized inflammation of all three parts (iris, ciliary body ... Panuitis is a type of uveitis in which inflammation occurs throughout the uveal tract, with no specific areas of predominant ...
Behçet's disease is a triad of mouth ulcers, genital ulcers and anterior uveitis. The main feature of Behçet's disease is ...
Uveitis* is inflammation within the eye. Anterior uveitis (inflammation of the iris and ciliary body) is most common in dogs. ... anterior uveitis, and localized swelling. Diagnosis of Valley Fever may include multiple tests, including serology and ... It can be caused by abnormal development of the drainage angle of the eye, lens luxation, uveitis, or cancer. Cocker Spaniels, ... Iris cysts are small hollow structures either attached to the iris of the eye or floating free in the anterior chamber. ...
Ocular involvement can be in the form of posterior uveitis, anterior uveitis, or retinal vasculitis. Anterior uveitis presents ... Anti-TNF therapy such as infliximab has shown promise in treating the uveitis associated with the disease. Another Anti-TNF ... Yamauchi Y, Cruz JM, Kaplan HJ, Goto H, Sakai J, Usui M (2005). "Suspected simultaneous bilateral anterior ischemic optic ... When symptoms are limited to the anterior chamber of the eye prognosis is improved. Posterior involvement, particularly optic ...
"Acute eosinophilic interstitial nephritis and renal failure with bone marrow-lymph node granulomas and anterior uveitis. A new ... Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) is a rare medical condition in which there is uveitis (inflammation of the uvea ... Mackensen, F; Billing, H (November 2009). "Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology ... in the eye) together with tubulointerstitial nephritis (inflammation of the tubules inside the kidney). Uveitis may cause pain ...
... is used to treat inflammation after eye surgery, to treat anterior uveitis, conjunctivitis and keratitis. The ...
Bettach E, Zadok D, Weill Y, Brosh K, Hanhart J (June 2020). "Bilateral anterior uveitis as a part of a multisystem ... who experienced uveitis in both eyes. (A further suspected adult case was covered in the Israeli national press.) A case ...
Ocular lymphoma in cats often presents as anterior uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye). Cats who are also infected ... Eye involvement, seen in 20 to 25 percent of cases, can lead to glaucoma, uveitis, bleeding within the eye, retinal detachment ...
... does not cause the presence of cells or flare in the anterior chamber of the eye. In 80 percent of cases, ... Typically, there is no uveitis, or thickening of the sclera. The diagnosis of episcleritis is based upon the history and ... Patients with episcleritis experience far less photophobia than patients with uveitis. ...
Lens luxation in cats can occur secondary to anterior uveitis (inflammation of the inside of the eye). With anterior lens ... Uveitis (inflammation of the eye) causes the pupil to constrict (miosis) and trap the lens in the anterior chamber, leading to ... Glaucoma secondary to anterior lens luxation is less common in cats than dogs due to their naturally deeper anterior chamber ... prolapse of the vitreous into the anterior chamber, and an increase or decrease of anterior chamber depth. Removal of the lens ...
The Heerfordt-Waldenstrom syndrome consists of sarcoidosis with parotid enlargement, fever, anterior uveitis, and facial nerve ...
About 30% of people with AS will also experience anterior uveitis causing eye pain, redness, and blurred vision. This is ... As the disease progresses, loss of spinal mobility and chest expansion, with a limitation of anterior flexion, lateral flexion ... uveitis) If these criteria still do not give a compelling diagnosis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be useful. MRI can ... other common symptoms of AS such as uveitis, diarrhea, pulmonary disease and heart valve disease may lead suspicion away from ...
especially when hitting Bartonella and Babesia colonies in the capillaries of the ciliary body in the eye anterior chamber. ... Other side effects include muscles pains and uveitis. , ...
"Clinical evaluation of clobetasone butyrate eye drops in the treatment of anterior uveitis and its effects on intraocular ...
Main article: Uveitis] The main diagnostic sign of noninfectious acute anterior uveitis is the presence of anterior chamber ... Uveitic glaucoma (or uveitis glaucoma, or anterior uveitic glaucoma, or anterior noninfectious uveitic glaucoma, or uveitis ... anterior chamber cells, or ACCs) floating within the anterior segment of the eye (see "Noninfectious anterior uveitis" in ... is most commonly a progression stage of noninfectious anterior uveitis or iritis. Noninfectious anterior uveitis is an ...
The most common ophthalmologic manifestation of sarcoidosis is uveitis. The combination of anterior uveitis, parotitis, VII ... Between 1909 and 1910 uveitis in sarcoidosis was first described, and later in 1915 it was emphasised, by Dr. Jörgen Nielsen ... Manifestations in the eye include uveitis, uveoparotitis, and retinal inflammation, which may result in loss of visual acuity ... Jamilloux Y, Kodjikian L, Broussolle C, Sève P (August 2014). "Sarcoidosis and uveitis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 13 (8): 840-9. ...
Anterior uveitis occurs in association with a variety of systemic conditions. Since the clinical features present on ophthalmic ... encoded search term (Uveitis%2C Anterior%2C Childhood) and Uveitis, Anterior, Childhood What to Read Next on Medscape ... In a large study from Israel, anterior uveitis accounted for 13.4% of all cases of uveitis affecting children and adolescents. ... Chronic anterior uveitis additionally may cause band keratopathy, cataract, spillover anterior vitreitis, and cystoid macular ...
Wendy Smith discusses juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), lens-associated uveitis, and Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis. ... Wendy Smith discusses juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), lens-associated uveitis, and Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis. ...
... and the anterior (front) portion of the ciliary body. ... Anterior uveitis, or iritis, is inflammation of the iris (the ... What is anterior uveitis?. Anterior uveitis, or iritis, is inflammation of the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the front ... Anterior uveitis is the most common of the uveitis types. It is estimated to be the cause of 90% of all cases of uveitis and 50 ... How is anterior uveitis different from other types of uveitis?. Uveitis is a general term for inflammation of the middle layer ...
... and acute anterior uveitis (AAU). The latter is commonly reported as a noninfectious acute inflammation of the anterior uveal ... Anterior uveitis is the most common type of uveitis encountered in Western countries, while posterior and panuveitis are more ... Anterior uveitis associated with SpA is typically a nongranulomatous type of uveitis characterized by the presence of fine ... In severe forms of acute anterior uveitis, hypopyon and fibrin can be visualized as a white and dense clot in the anterior ...
Acute Conjunctivitis with Episcleritis and Anterior Uveitis Linked to Adiaspiromycosis and Freshwater Sponges, Amazon Region, ... Acute Conjunctivitis with Episcleritis and Anterior Uveitis Linked to Adiaspiromycosis and Freshwater Sponges, Amazon Region, ...
Anterior Uveitis Market: Epidemiology, Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity, and Forecast 2023-2033. ... The anterior uveitis market has been comprehensively analyzed in IMARCs new report titled ... 10 Anterior Uveitis - Key Endpoints of Treatment. 11 Anterior Uveitis - Marketed Products. 11.1 List of Anterior Uveitis ... 16 Anterior Uveitis - Recent Events and Inputs From Key Opinion Leaders. 17 Anterior Uveitis Market - SWOT Analysis. 17.1 ...
Use of ocular hypotensive prostaglandin analogues in patients with uveitis: does their use increase anterior uveitis and ... Use of ocular hypotensive prostaglandin analogues in patients with uveitis: does their use increase anterior uveitis and ... in patients with uveitis resulted in an increase in the frequency of anterior uveitis or cystoid macular oedema (CMO). ... The frequency of anterior uveitis and CMO during PG analogue treatment was compared with the frequency of these complications ...
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Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea supplies blood ... Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye. The uvea supplies blood ... With proper treatment, most attacks of anterior uveitis go away in a few days to weeks. However, the problem often returns. ... Treatment of uveitis. eyewiki.aao.org/Treatment_of_Uveitis. Updated September 18, 2022. Accessed October 27, 2022. ...
Anterior uveitis occurs in association with a variety of systemic conditions. Since the clinical features present on ophthalmic ... encoded search term (Uveitis%2C Anterior%2C Childhood) and Uveitis, Anterior, Childhood What to Read Next on Medscape ... In a large study from Israel, anterior uveitis accounted for 13.4% of all cases of uveitis affecting children and adolescents. ... Chronic anterior uveitis additionally may cause band keratopathy, cataract, spillover anterior vitreitis, and cystoid macular ...
On most recent examination, the patient has not had recurrent inflammation, scleritis, or anterior uveitis.. ... consistent with anterior uveitis. A repeat laboratory evaluation showed a positive ANA of 1:320 and a CRP of 9 mg/L. The ... which subsequently resulted in a diagnosis of SLE associated anterior scleritis and uveitis. The patient was started on ...
Uveitis, Anterior / chemically induced * Uveitis, Anterior / metabolism* * Uveitis, Anterior / pathology Substances * Bacterial ... Interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor gene expression in endotoxin-induced uveitis Invest ... gene expression in the process of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) in rats. ...
Topical cyclosporine A 0.05% for recurrent anterior uveitis.. Prabhu SS, Shtein RM, Michelotti MM, Cooney TM.. BRITISH JOURNAL ... The demographics, episodes of anterior uveitis, severity of episodes and treatment modalities before and after initiation of ... The authors concluded that this study showed improvement of recurrent anterior uveitis in patients while on conventional ... Topical cyclosporine A 0.05% for recurrent anterior uveitis Reviewed by Jonathan Chan. ...
... indicating a potential novel therapy of MSC-Exo for uveitis. ... opaque anterior chamber, obscured pupil and red reflex absent, ... hazy anterior chamber and decreased red reflex; 3, moderately opaque anterior chamber, but pupil still visible and dull red ... Bai, L., Shao, H., Wang, H. et al. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Sci ... Yang, P. Editorial: Uveitis: Pathology, Molecular Mechanisms and Therapy. Curr Mol Med. 15, 510 (2015). ...
AIMS: To assess the possible role of virus infection in patients with unexplained anterior uveitis (AU).. METHODS: Intraocular ... Viral causes of unexplained anterior uveitis in Thailand.. N Kongyai, W Sirirungsi, K Pathanapitoon, N Tananuvat, P Kunavisarut ... RESULTS: Viral uveitis determined by either real-time PCR and/or GWC was documented in 20 out of 30 patients (67%). Of 30 ... and one Fuchs heterochromic uveitis syndrome (FHUS). Five out of 21 (24%) samples tested by GWC for Rubella virus were positive ...
Only one kitten showed unilateral anterior uveitis on day 16 after the infection was diagnosedbased on serology, oocyst ... "Anterior uveitis in a kitten infected with Toxoplasma gondii (Tehran strain)". Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 8, 1, ... Only one kitten showed unilateral anterior uveitis on day 16 after the infection was diagnosed. based on serology, oocyst ... Mosallanejad, B., Malmasi, A., Mohebali, M., Tabatabayi, M. Anterior uveitis in a kitten infected with Toxoplasma gondii ( ...
Anterior chamber cell grade was not associated with SFCT or CFT. The SFCT increased significantly during AAU. This indicates ... In the uveitis group, etiologic diagnoses included human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27-associated (n = 71) and idiopathic (n = 49 ... there are a limited number of reports of structural changes in the retina and choroid in acute anterior uveitis (AAU). The aim ... Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common type of uveitis among the general population. The specific cause of uveitis is ...
... such as anterior uveitis, episcleritis and corneal disease that can make the eye look red but are completely different. The ... Inflammatory cells in anterior uveitis may therefore be seen in the anterior chamber (iritis), and sometimes the anterior ... What are the signs of anterior uveitis?. What is the treatment of uveitis ?. The mainstay of therapy foruveitis is topical ... What is Uveitis ?. Uveitis is not a single disease entity. Similar to arthritis (joint inflammation), uveitis can be a part of ...
In anterior uveitis, no associated condition or syndrome is found in approximately one-half of cases. However, anterior uveitis ... In western countries, anterior uveitis accounts for between 50% and 90% of uveitis cases. In Asian countries the proportion is ... Anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis) is the most common, with the incidence of uveitis overall affecting approximately 1:4500, most ... In the United States uveitis accounts for about 10%-20% of cases of blindness. Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior ...
Anterior uveitis and hypotony have not returned with six months of follow-up.. Conclusion. Bilateral, profound hypotony ... Within a week of onset of her first episode of acute anterior uveitis, a 45 year-old Caucasian lady developed profound ocular ... Anterior uveitis and hypotony have not returned with six months of follow-up.ConclusionBilateral, profound hypotony maculopathy ... Anterior uveitis and hypotony have not returned with six months of follow-up.ConclusionBilateral, profound hypotony maculopathy ...
Traumatic Anterior Uveitis; Traumatic Iritis). By Ann P. Murchison , MD, MPH, Wills Eye Hospital ... and white blood cells in the anterior chamber. ...
Roughly a third of people with AS also have anterior uveitis, which can cause blurred vision and other changes to your vision. ...
Anterior uveitis. * ​Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) can manifest with the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis ( ... 10% of patients have subpleural honeycombing; compared with IPF, it is more anterior and involves upper lobes ...
Reduction of AxSpa-Associated Acute Anterior Uveitis with Certolizumab Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common Nov 20, ... Reduction of AxSpa-Associated Acute Anterior Uveitis with Certolizumab Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common extra- ...
Ophthalmology Breakthroughs: Exploring Diverse Facets of Anterior Uveitis Treatment Market Undoubtedly, the medical field ... Uveitis Treatment Landscape: Exploring Industry Trends, Drug Development, and Market Forecast The uveitis treatment sector is ... specifically anterior uveitis. The industry has witnessed significant breakthroughs that can change the current landscape. With ...
Photophobia may result from anterior uveitis.. Severe ocular pain occasionally can be associated with ciliary body melanoma, ... They can be classified as anterior uveal melanomas when the tumor arises in the iris and as posterior uveal melanomas when it ... It can help to differentiate tumors of the ciliary body from those of choroidal origin and help to define the anterior border. ... Melanomas in the ciliary body may grow anteriorly into the anterior chamber pushing the iris root centrally, becoming visible ...
A 51-year-old woman was referred with an anterior uveitis, initially presenting as a granulomatous iritis. Nodules had ... A 51-year-old woman was referred with an anterior uveitis, initially presenting as a granulomatous iritis. Nodules had ... anterior choroid, retina and the adjacent vitreous body. Further examination later showed T-cell lymphoma in the bone marrow, ...
Ali, A., Wandel, T., & Sharma, S. (2018). The Role of Estradiol in Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis During the Eumenorrheic Stage of ... The Role of Estradiol in Idiopathic Anterior Uveitis During the Eumenorrheic Stage of Life. ...
AND PREVENTS ANTERIOR UVEITIS (AU) FLARES Wordsworth P., Rudwaleit M., Claudepierre P., Loza E., Olivieri I., Wong RL., Oezer U ...
We evaluated tears from children with chronic anterior uveitis (CAU) for biomarkers reported in aqueous humor. In this pilot ... study, we used Schirmer strips to collect tears from seven children (nine eyes); three children had JIA- associated uveitis ( ... Biomarkers in easily obtained specimens that accurately predict uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) ... From: Discovery of tear biomarkers in children with chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis: a pilot study ...
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) Jan 21 - About one in 100 patients could develop acute anterior uveitis (AAU) in the week after receiving intravenous zoledronate, researchers from New Zealand report. (medscape.com)
  • Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) encompass a group of chronic inflammatory diseases sharing common genetic and clinical features, including the association with HLA-B27 antigen, the involvement of both the axial and the peripheral skeleton, the presence of dactylitis, enthesitis, and typical extra-articular manifestations such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and acute anterior uveitis (AAU). (hindawi.com)
  • The disease course is usually complicated by extra-articular manifestations (EAMs), such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and acute anterior uveitis (AAU) [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The most common form of nongranulomatous anterior uveitis is acute anterior uveitis (AAU), which is associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 allele in one half to two thirds of cases. (medscape.com)
  • However, only 1% of people who carry the HLA-B27 allele develop acute anterior uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • In the case of HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis, speculation about molecular mimicry has unsubstantiated in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Episodes of acute anterior uveitis are often associated with pain, photophobia, decreased vision, and the need for follow-up visits, all of which affect quality of life. (medscape.com)
  • Wakefield D, Chang JH, Amjadi S, Maconochie Z, Abu El-Asrar A, McCluskey P. What is new HLA-B27 acute anterior uveitis? (medscape.com)
  • HLA antigens in acute anterior uveitis in South African blacks. (bmj.com)
  • A search for gram-negative enteric micro-organisms in acute anterior uveitis: association of klebsiella with recent onset of disease, HLA-B27, and B7 CREG. (bmj.com)
  • Faecal samples obtained from patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and healthy controls unconnected with hospitals were examined for the presence of Gram-negative micro-organisms reported to be associated with AAU. (bmj.com)
  • A third group of patients with spondyloarthritis without uveitis was also evaluated to understand the role of acute anterior uveitis in increasing fecal calprotectin . (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with spondyloarthritis with or without acute anterior uveitis have significantly elevated levels of fecal calprotectin . (bvsalud.org)
  • The most common form of uveitis is acute anterior uveitis (AAU). (wikipedia.org)
  • A high prevalence of new axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) diagnoses was noted among patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and chronic back pain (CBP), and timely referral of patients with AAU and CBP could reduce diagnostic delay in axSpA, according to study results published in The Journal of Rheumatology . (painscientia.org)
  • Investigators included 100 patients with acute anterior uveitis, 100 patients with quiet recurrent anterior uveitis, and 100 normal age-matched subjects. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Iritis, or anterior uveitis, is the most common form of intraocular inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Iritis is the most frequent form of uveitis encountered by ophthalmologists. (medscape.com)
  • Iritis and irido-cyclitis (anterior uveitis) are most often mild. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anterior uveitis includes iridocyclitis and iritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Iritis is the inflammation of the anterior chamber and iris. (wikipedia.org)
  • Between 66% and 90% of uveitis cases are anterior in location (iritis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Iritis, also called anterior uveitis, refers to the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anterior uveitis (AU) inflammation from the iris choroid or ciliary body can cause significant eye morbidity including visual loss. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Introduction Anterior uveitis (AU) inflammation of the iris choroid and/or ciliary body can be idiopathic or secondary to an underlying autoimmune condition. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The uveal tract is composed of the anterior (iris & ciliary body) and posterior (choroidal) tissues. (veterinaryophthalmicconsulting.com)
  • Anterior uveitis is an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which includes the iris (colored part of the eye) and adjacent tissue, known as the ciliary body. (eyecrew.com)
  • Uveitis is inflammation of the eye originating in the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid. (nih.gov)
  • intermediate uveitis affects the ciliary body, posterior uveitis affects the choroid, and panuveitis affects multiple areas of the uvea. (nih.gov)
  • The condition can affect the iris (anterior uveitis), ciliary body (intermediate uveitis), and choroid (posterior uveitis) parts of the eye and is often chronic. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms include eye pain, eye redness, floaters and blurred vision, and ophthalmic examination may show dilated ciliary blood vessels and the presence of cells in the anterior chamber. (wikipedia.org)
  • As ciliary flush detected by clinical examination precedes active uveitis, an increased iris flow density seems to be predictive of a reactivation of a quiescent recurrent uveitis," the investigators concluded. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Classification of uveitis is by the primary anatomic location of intraocular inflammation, the most common category being anterior uveitis, involving the iris and anterior ciliary body. (entokey.com)
  • inflammatory cells are also present in the anterior chamber (A), posterior chamber (P), and cornea (C). Figure 8 Eye, Iris - Inflammation, Acute and Eye, Ciliary body - Inflammation, Acute in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). (nih.gov)
  • Zonular fibers extend from the ciliary body to the anterior and posterior capsule circumferentially near the equator and suspend the lens in the pupillary axis. (vin.com)
  • Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. (bvsalud.org)
  • Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). (bvsalud.org)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus-induced uveitis: intraocular and plasma human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA loads. (medscape.com)
  • Results: A 45-year-old woman affected by ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis was referred for left eye pain and inflammation one week after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. (unisr.it)
  • Posner-Schlossman syndrome, also known as glaucomatocyclitic crisis, is an ocular condition with self-limited recurrent episodes of markedly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and nongranulomatous anterior chamber inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Uveitis is an inflammatory intraocular disease that affects the uvea tract of the eye and may lead to serious sight-threatening eye disorders. (bmj.com)
  • The most common form of uveitis involves inflammation of the iris, in the front part of the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Another form of uveitis is pars planitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In one community-based study, anterior uveitis accounted for more than 90% of all cases of uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with uveitis starting before the age of 16 years represent 5% to 10% of the all cases of uveitis. (uveitis.org)
  • In Japan, among 2556 cases of uveitis, 1.8% had PSS. (medscape.com)
  • A close relationship between asymptomatic (subclinical) ileocolitis has been demonstrated in patients with recurrent uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, clinical uveitis may be chronic and/or recurrent in its behavior. (veterinaryophthalmicconsulting.com)
  • In 100 patients with quiet recurrent anterior uveitis, a mean iris blood flow density over 55.8% was positively correlated with a reactivation of inflammation within 13.2 days. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Clinical findings include abortion, renal failure, and recurrent uveitis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Antimicrobials can be given in acute infections, but are not helpful for recurrent uveitis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. (medscape.com)
  • At the 2016 Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) meeting in Seattle, about 100 uveitis and uveitis-related papers and posters were presented by researchers from around the world. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Despite the advantages and relevance of bibliometric studies on ophthalmology, no bibliometric analyses have been conducted on uveitis to date of our study. (bmj.com)
  • She had a history of anterior uveitis complicated by iris bombé for posterior synechiae and cataract. (unisr.it)
  • With the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography, iris flow density seems to consistently increase with the increased degree of inflammation in the anterior chamber, reported Francesco Pichi, MD, of the San Giuseppe Hospital, University Eye Clinic, Bologna, Italy. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG) are characterized by loss of pigment from the posterior surface of the iris and excessive pigment release throughout the anterior segment of the eye. (medscape.com)
  • Contact of the posterior iris against the lens is thought to produce excessive pigment release into the anterior segment. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] Many believe that this exacerbates physical contact of the posterior iris surface against the anterior lens zonules and results in excessive pigment release into the aqueous fluid. (medscape.com)
  • In 1979, David G. Campbell, MD, proposed that pigment is released from the pigment epithelium of the iris when it rubs against the lens and the anterior lens zonules during normal pupil movements. (medscape.com)
  • Inflamación de la úvea anterior que comprende el iris, estructuras del ángulo, y el cuerpo ciliar. (bvsalud.org)
  • Exposure to toxins or injury can also cause uveitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • More rare infections such as HIV and syphilis can also cause uveitis. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Accidental eye injuries, and eye surgery complications, can also cause uveitis, though these are rarer than other factors. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Infectious causes in order of global burden include: tuberculosis brucellosis herpesviruses (herpes zoster ophthalmicus - shingles of the eye) leptospirosis presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome syphilis toxocariasis toxoplasmic chorioretinitis Lyme disease Zika fever Rifabutin, a derivative of Rifampin, has been shown to cause uveitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Uveitis may be restricted anatomically to the anterior chamber (anterior uveitis) intermediate chamber (intermediate uveitis IU) or posterior chamber (including the retina) or can involve multiple regions (panuveitis) (1). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Idiopathic or undifferentiated uveitis may also be a chronic and bilateral although it more often primarily affects the intermediate chamber. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • These included grading scales for Anterior Chamber (AC) cell (predicated on the amount of cells in 1 mm slit-lamp beam) and AC flare (Desk 1). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Clinical examination after cataract surgery showed intense inflammation in the anterior chamber and marked hypotony. (unisr.it)
  • 1+ anterior chamber cells. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • It divides the eye's anterior chamber into an anterior and posterior chamber. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • To evaluate the feasibility of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) for measuring anterior chamber (AC) cells in children with uveitis and to compare different AS-OCT acquisition modes. (entokey.com)
  • Active anterior uveitis is recognized by the presence of cells (leukocytes) in the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye. (entokey.com)
  • 1 In recent years, it has become increasingly evident that complement is also involved in the antigen-specific immune responses with an identified role in antigen processing and presentation, T-cell proliferation and differentiation, B-cell activation, 2 3 and systemic tolerance induced by the introduction of antigen into an immune-privileged site such as the anterior chamber of the eye. (arvojournals.org)
  • Placebo-controlled clinical studies demonstrated that VEXOL® 1% Ophthalmic Suspension is efficacious for the treatment of anterior chamber inflammation following cataract surgery. (nih.gov)
  • During an eye blink, a small aliquot of aqueous is burped from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, resulting in increased pressure in the anterior chamber. (medscape.com)
  • Glaucomatocyclitic crisis is characterized by a slight decrease in vision, elevated IOP, and open anterior chamber angles, with normal visual fields and optic nerve appearance. (medscape.com)
  • which typically reveals flare (due to an increase in protein content of the aqueous humor from the inflammatory exudate) and white blood cells in the anterior chamber. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) into the anterior chamber. (crstoday.com)
  • I then reinjected methylcellulose 20mg/mL into the anterior chamber. (crstoday.com)
  • Abundant inflammatory cells are present in the anterior chamber (arrow), as well as the adjacent corneal stroma (arrowhead). (nih.gov)
  • Eye, Anterior chamber - Inflammation, Acute in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). (nih.gov)
  • The inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber are almost entirely neutrophils (asterisk). (nih.gov)
  • those in the anterior chamber (A), posterior chamber (P), and cornea (C) are also neutrophils. (nih.gov)
  • This area is called the anterior chamber angle, or the angle. (adam.com)
  • Abnormalities of the zonular fibers that normally hold the lens in position may occur, resulting in luxation of the lens from its normal position into the anterior chamber or into the vitreous humor. (vin.com)
  • Uveitis can be further subdivided into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis based on the primary anatomical location of the inflammation in the eye. (nih.gov)
  • Methotrexate and the more expensive mycophenolate mofetil performed similarly in a head-to-head clinical trial that compared the two drugs for treating noninfectious uveitis, an eye disease that accounts for up to 15% of blindness in the U. S. In cases of more severe disease, posterior uveitis and panuveitis, the international trial showed that methotrexate was more effective in controlling inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • The First-line Antimetabolites for Steroid-sparing Treatment (FAST) Uveitis Trial enrolled and randomly assigned 216 patients with intermediate or posterior/panuveitis from India, the United States, Australia, Saudi Arabia and Mexico to methotrexate (107 participants) or mycophenolate (109 participants) treatment groups. (nih.gov)
  • In patients with posterior or panuveitis, the most severe forms, 74% in the methotrexate group achieved control at six months, versus 55% in the mycophenolate group, indicating that methotrexate was significantly more effective at controlling inflammation for this subtype of uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • Steroid tablets may be required for uveitis towards the back of the eye (intermediate, posterior and panuveitis). (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Ocular syphilis can involve almost any eye structure, but posterior uveitis and panuveitis are the most common. (cdc.gov)
  • The case definition for an ocular syphilis case is as follows: a person with clinical symptoms or signs consistent with ocular disease (i.e. uveitis, panuveitis, diminished visual acuity, blindness, optic neuropathy, interstitial keratitis, anterior uveitis, and retinal vasculitis) with syphilis of any stage. (cdc.gov)
  • Uveitis is swelling and inflammation of the uvea . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Uveitis is inflammation of the eye's blood vessel-rich middle layer of tissue called the uvea. (nih.gov)
  • Uveitis (/ˌjuːvi.aɪtɪs/) is inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer of the eye between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea. (wikipedia.org)
  • VEXOL® 1% (rimexolone ophthalmic suspension) is indicated for the treatment of postoperative inflammation following ocular surgery and in the treatment of anterior uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • Intermediate uveitis is defined by inflammation of the vitreous cavity and pars plana, while posterior uveitis involves the retina and choroid. (nih.gov)
  • Posterior uveitis or chorioretinitis is the inflammation of the retina and choroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Available at https://www.touchophthalmology.com/uveitis-and-ocular-immunology/journal-articles/laser-flare-photometry-clinical-use-and-future-possibilities-as-a-biomarker-2/ . (medscape.com)
  • The term uveitis describes inflammation of any of these tissues and is typically associated with variable breakdown of the blood-ocular barrier. (veterinaryophthalmicconsulting.com)
  • Purpose: To describe the development and management of ocular decompression retinopathy after cataract surgery in a patient with chronic severe HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis. (unisr.it)
  • Conclusion: Ocular decompression retinopathy may present after cataract surgery in patients with complicated HLA-B27 associated anterior uveitis who develop severe post-surgical hypotony and inflammation. (unisr.it)
  • They often have long disease courses, and children with chronic anterior uveitis are at high risk for ocular complications. (entokey.com)
  • The role of complement in ocular autoimmunity was explored in a experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU) animal model. (arvojournals.org)
  • This study measured fecal calprotectin levels in a series of patients with anterior uveitis in order to determine whether anterior uveitis patients with associated spondyloarthritis have higher levels of fecal calprotectin than patients with anterior uveitis of other etiologies. (bvsalud.org)
  • and (c) Group 3, uveitis without spondyloarthritis (n=9). (bvsalud.org)
  • However, no relationship between fecal calprotectin levels and the presence of uveitis with spondyloarthritis could be demonstrated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Risk factors for loss of visual acuity among patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Study. (medscape.com)
  • Because the symptoms of anterior uveitis are similar to those of other eye diseases, your optometrist will carefully examine the inside of your eye, under bright light and high magnification, to determine the presence and severity of the condition. (eyecrew.com)
  • It can affect people with autoimmune diseases, but there are other causes of uveitis, such as infection, eye injury, and cancer. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Holland GN, Denove CS, Yu F. Chronic anterior uveitis in children: clinical characteristics and complications. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic anterior uveitis following bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination: molecular mimicry in action? (medscape.com)
  • Factors Predictive of Remission of Chronic Anterior Uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic Anterior Uveitis in Children. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic Anterior Uveitis in Children: Psychosocial Challenges for Patients and Their Families. (medscape.com)
  • ADJUVITE: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of adalimumab in early onset, chronic, juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated anterior uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • For example uveitis associated with JIA is usually most often an insidious (because it is usually asymptomatic) chronic relapsing AU that affects both eyes over time (6) whereas other types of non-JIA associated uveitis may more frequently be acute and symptomatic (eye pain redness and/or change in vision). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • This type of uveitis is called choroiditis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The symptoms of uveitis can be different depending on the type of uveitis you have. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • This type of uveitis typically affects one eye, and symptoms can develop quickly, within hours or days. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • This type of uveitis can happen in one or both eyes, is slower to develop, and doesn't usually cause pain. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • The type of steroid you receive depends on the type of uveitis. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • It is the most common type of uveitis . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Quantification of AC cell in children with uveitis is feasible with AS-OCT and has excellent reliability between different graders and acquisition modes. (entokey.com)
  • Children with uveitis represent a unique, at-risk population. (entokey.com)
  • Children with uveitis may be evaluated by multiple clinicians who need to share clinical information, emphasizing the importance of accurate assessments. (entokey.com)
  • Anterior segment adaptor modules are available for multiple optical coherence tomography (OCT) platforms, which allows for high-resolution imaging of the AC that should make AS-OCT widely available to clinicians who see children with uveitis. (entokey.com)
  • in contrast, studies of children with uveitis, the population for which such techniques would be particularly useful, are limited. (entokey.com)
  • One small, cross-sectional study suggested that use of AS-OCT for quantifying cells in children with uveitis was feasible, warranting additional studies. (entokey.com)
  • Children with uveitis whose vision does not interfere with school work may be eligible for accommodations under section 504 of the American with Disabilities Act. (uveitis.org)
  • We have found that the parents of children with uveitis are eager to work with school staff to ensure that their children achieve maximum potential, both academically and socially. (uveitis.org)
  • Anterior uveitis (iridocyclitis) is the most common, with the incidence of uveitis overall affecting approximately 1:4500, most commonly those between the ages of 20-60. (wikipedia.org)
  • Risk of cataract development among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids. (medscape.com)
  • If the uveitis is caused by a body-wide (systemic) infection, you may be given antibiotics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you have a body-wide (systemic) infection or disease, treating the condition may prevent uveitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The latter is commonly reported as a noninfectious acute inflammation of the anterior uveal tract and its adjacent structures. (hindawi.com)
  • The latter is commonly reported as a noninfectious acute inflammation of the anterior uveal tract and its adjacent structures, which may affect more than 20% of SpA patients representing the most common EAM of the disease [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The research was part of SAKURA Study 1, a phase III, randomized, multinational study to analyze the safety and efficacy of intravitreal sirolimus to treat active noninfectious uveitis in the posterior segment. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Lower levels of vitamin D were associated with an increased risk for noninfectious uveitis in a retrospective study, according to Lindsay Grotting, MD, of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, and co-investigators. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Investigators aimed to determine an association between vitamin D levels and the development of noninfectious uveitis, because noninfectious uveitis is theorized to be caused by immune dysfunction. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
  • Uveitis is described anatomically, by the part of the eye affected, as anterior, intermediate or posterior, or panuveitic if all parts are involved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitic forms-based on the part of the eye primarily affected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermediate uveitis, also known as pars planitis, consists of vitritis-which is inflammation of cells in the vitreous cavity, sometimes with snowbanking, or deposition of inflammatory material on the pars plana. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optic disk edema associated with sudden-onset anterior uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Additional manifestations may include anterior uveitis, optic neuropathy, retinal vasculitis and interstitial keratitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Ischaemic optic neuropathy is of two types: anterior (AION) and posterior (PION), the first involving the optic nerve head (ONH) and the second, the rest of the optic nerve. (ijo.in)
  • Male gender and poor visual outcome in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. (medscape.com)
  • Relapse rate of uveitis post-methotrexate treatment in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. (medscape.com)
  • In this review we discuss those biologics currently in widespread use and those with more theoretical applications for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated and idiopathic anterior uveitis. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Uveitis is an ophthalmic emergency that requires urgent control of the inflammation to prevent vision loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inclusion of eye drops containing Ketorolac in therapy makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of treatment in patients with anterior uveitis, to shorten the time of recovery and can be recommended for wide application in the practice of ophthalmic hospitals. (worldmedicine.ua)
  • 4. Suspected granulomatous anterior uveitis associated with brimonidine tartrate 0.2% and timolol maleate 0.5% ophthalmic solution. (nih.gov)
  • Comparison of rubella virus- and herpes virus-associated anterior uveitis: clinical manifestations and visual prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 717 patients who received treatment for anterior uveitis during the course of published clinical studies were identified by a systematic literature search using Medline. (nih.gov)
  • Inflammation of the anterior uveal tissues, may occur with or without significant clinical involvement of posterior uveal tissue. (veterinaryophthalmicconsulting.com)
  • Based on this head-to-head clinical trial, methotrexate is as good as or better than mycophenolate for treating uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • To estimate the incidence of anterior uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who underwent anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, using data from recently performed trials. (nih.gov)
  • Data from 4 placebo-controlled studies with anti-TNF agents in AS (2 with etanercept and 2 with infliximab) and 3 open-label studies were analyzed for the prestudy prevalence and the incidence of reported flares of anterior uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • Uveitis has an estimated prevalence of about 38 cases per 100,000 population, and an incidence of 15 cases per 100,000 population. (uveitis.org)
  • This study gives doctors and their patients with uveitis a starting point when considering treatment beyond corticosteroids," said lead study author Nisha Acharya, M.D., M.S., University of California, San Francisco. (nih.gov)
  • High-dose corticosteroids were supplemented to control the uveitis, with a progressive IOP increase and resolution of retinal hemorrhages over the following months. (unisr.it)
  • Treatment with prednisolone acetate for a median 47 days (range, 12-94 days) brought relief of symptoms and improvement of mean best-corrected visual acuity from 20/30 at presentation to 20/25 at resolution of uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Uveitis Specialists and Rheumatologists Select Different Therapies for Idiopathic Non-necrotizing Anterior Scleritis. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Their symptoms developed an average of three days after the zoledronate infusion (range, 1-7 days), and none of them had a previous history of uveitis. (medscape.com)
  • Some symptoms of Anterior uveitis include a red, sore and inflamed eye, and a small pupil. (drstamper.com)
  • These can detect many conditions , including uveitis before symptoms develop. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Ur Rehman S, Anand S, Reddy A, Backhouse OC, Mohamed M, Mahomed I. Poststreptococcal syndrome uveitis: a descriptive case series and literature review. (medscape.com)
  • 1. Brimonidine-associated uveitis - a descriptive case series. (nih.gov)
  • Herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus are the most common causes of virus-induced anterior uveitis. (nih.gov)
  • In the United States uveitis accounts for about 10%-20% of cases of blindness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite how rare it is, uveitis is the third leading cause of preventable blindness in the developed world. (uveitis.org)
  • Notably uveitis localized to a particular segment may also "spill over" to involve other areas. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Anterior uveitis is epitomized by the anterior segment being the predominate site of inflammation. (nih.gov)
  • We enrolled children younger than 18 years who had uveitis involving the anterior segment and children without eye disease as controls. (entokey.com)
  • To address the need for accurate and precise quantification of anterior segment inflammation, investigators have sought to develop objective image-based techniques to evaluate AC cells. (entokey.com)
  • Studies have shown that anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) can quantify AC cells, based on the number of hyperreflective dots in an AS-OCT image. (entokey.com)
  • Currently, the standard for determining the severity of an AC cellular reaction involves slitlamp biomicroscopy, during which the examiner assigns a semiquantitative level to the amount of cells visualized in a 1 × 1-mm beam, as defined by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. (entokey.com)
  • Anterior uveitis can occur as a result of trauma to the eye, such as a blow or foreign body penetrating the eye. (eyecrew.com)
  • Sometimes uveitis can occur in the other eye months or years after the original injury. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Posterior uveitis affects the back part of the eye. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You're more likely to develop uveitis if you have a condition that affects the body's immune system. (guidedogs.org.uk)
  • Uveitis (U'VE-I-TIS) is a rare, serious medical condition that affects vision. (uveitis.org)
  • Levinson RD. Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Out of 10 CMV-positive patients, four had endotheliitis, two had Posner-Schlossman syndrome, and one Fuchs heterochromic uveitis syndrome (FHUS). (qxmd.com)
  • In anterior uveitis, no associated condition or syndrome is found in approximately one-half of cases. (wikipedia.org)