Pregnancy complication where fetal blood vessels, normally inside the umbilical cord, are left unprotected and cross FETAL MEMBRANES. It is associated with antepartum bleeding and FETAL DEATH and STILLBIRTH due to exsanguination.
Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.
The position or orientation of the FETUS at near term or during OBSTETRIC LABOR, determined by its relation to the SPINE of the mother and the birth canal. The normal position is a vertical, cephalic presentation with the fetal vertex flexed on the NECK.
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
Extraction of the FETUS by means of abdominal HYSTEROTOMY.
The excretory duct of the testes that carries SPERMATOZOA. It rises from the SCROTUM and joins the SEMINAL VESICLES to form the ejaculatory duct.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
Abnormal placentation in which all or parts of the PLACENTA are attached directly to the MYOMETRIUM due to a complete or partial absence of DECIDUA. It is associated with POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE because of the failure of placental separation.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Monitoring of FETAL HEART frequency before birth in order to assess impending prematurity in relation to the pattern or intensity of antepartum UTERINE CONTRACTION.
Nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins.
Extraction of the fetus by abdominal hysterotomy anytime following a previous cesarean.
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).
The last third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 29th through the 42nd completed week (197 to 294 days) of gestation.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.
Excision of the uterus.
Dilatation of the cervix uteri followed by a scraping of the endometrium with a curette.
The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.
A method of stopping internal bleeding or blood flow, or the closure of a wound or body cavity, achieved by applying pressure or introducing an absorbent liquid, gel, or tampon.
Pregnancy in which the mother and/or FETUS are at greater than normal risk of MORBIDITY or MORTALITY. Causes include inadequate PRENATAL CARE, previous obstetrical history (ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS), pre-existing maternal disease, pregnancy-induced disease (GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION), and MULTIPLE PREGNANCY, as well as advanced maternal age above 35.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Diagnosis and management of vasa previa: a questionnaire survey. (1/2)

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Unanticipated difficult airway in obstetric patients: development of a new algorithm for formative assessment in high-fidelity simulation. (2/2)

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop a consensus-based algorithm for the management of the unanticipated difficult airway in obstetrics, and to use this algorithm for the assessment of anesthesia residents' performance during high-fidelity simulation. METHODS: An algorithm for unanticipated difficult airway in obstetrics, outlining the management of six generic clinical situations of "can and cannot ventilate" possibilities in three clinical contexts: elective cesarean section, emergency cesarean section for fetal distress, and emergency cesarean section for maternal distress, was used to create a critical skills checklist. The authors used four of these scenarios for high-fidelity simulation for residents. Their critical and crisis resource management skills were assessed independently by three raters using their checklist and the Ottawa Global rating scale. RESULTS: Sixteen residents participated. The checklist scores ranged from 64-80% and improved from scenario 1 to 4. Overall Global rating scale scores were marginal and not significantly different between scenarios. The intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.78) represents a good interrater reliability for the checklist. Multiple critical errors were identified, the most common being not calling for help or a difficult airway cart. CONCLUSIONS: Aside from identifying common critical errors, the authors noted that the residents' performance was poorest in two of our scenarios: "fetal distress and cannot intubate, cannot ventilate" and "maternal distress and cannot intubate, but can ventilate." More teaching emphasis may be warranted to avoid commonly identified critical errors and to improve overall management. Our study also suggests a potential for experiential learning with successive simulations.  (+info)

Vasa previa is a rare but serious condition that can occur during pregnancy. It happens when the fetal blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta develop in an abnormal location, either over the internal cervical os (the opening of the cervix) or within the membranes covering the inner cervix. This placement puts these vital blood vessels at risk of being compressed, ruptured, or injured during labor and delivery, which can result in fetal hemorrhage, hypoxia, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and managed.

Vasa previa is usually detected through ultrasound examination during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. If identified early, healthcare providers can closely monitor the pregnancy, recommend cesarean delivery before labor begins to minimize risks, and take other necessary precautions to ensure a safe outcome for both mother and baby.

Placenta previa is a medical condition that occurs during pregnancy where the placenta partially or fully covers the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the birth canal. This condition can cause severe bleeding during pregnancy and delivery, and it may lead to other complications such as preterm labor and delivery. Placenta previa is typically diagnosed through an ultrasound exam and managed with close monitoring, bed rest, and sometimes cesarean delivery.

'Labor presentation' is a term used in obstetrics to describe the part of the fetus that enters the mother's pelvis first during labor. This positioning determines the route the baby will take through the birth canal. The most common and uncomplicated presentation is vertex or cephalic presentation, where the baby's head is the presenting part. Other possible presentations include breech (buttocks or feet first), face, brow, and shoulder presentations, which can potentially lead to complications during delivery if not managed appropriately.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Placental diseases, also known as placental pathologies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the development and function of the placenta during pregnancy. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus while removing waste products.

Placental diseases can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus, including preterm labor, growth restriction, stillbirth, and long-term health problems for the child. Some common placental diseases include:

1. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, causing bleeding and potentially harming the fetus.
2. Placental previa: This is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower part of the uterus, covering the cervix. It can cause bleeding and may require cesarean delivery.
3. Preeclampsia: This is a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Placental dysfunction is thought to play a role in its development.
4. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): This occurs when the fetus does not grow properly due to poor placental function, leading to low birth weight and potential health problems.
5. Chorioamnionitis: This is an infection of the membranes surrounding the fetus, which can lead to preterm labor and other complications.
6. Placental infarction: This occurs when a portion of the placenta dies due to a lack of blood flow, which can lead to growth restriction or stillbirth.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of placental diseases are essential for ensuring the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.

Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.

In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.

Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.

A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.

There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:

* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.

C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.

If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.

The vas deferens is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation in males. It is a part of the male reproductive system and is often targeted in surgical procedures like vasectomy, which is a form of permanent birth control.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Placenta accreta is a medical condition where the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall, beyond the normal depth. In a healthy pregnancy, the placenta attaches to the uterus and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus through the umbilical cord. However, in placenta accreta, the placental tissue invades the muscle of the uterus, which can cause complications during childbirth.

There are three types of placenta accreta:

1. Placenta Accreta: The placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall but does not penetrate the uterine muscle.
2. Placenta Increta: The placenta grows into and partially penetrates the uterine muscle.
3. Placenta Percreta: The placenta fully penetrates the uterine muscle and can grow into nearby organs, such as the bladder or bowel.

Placenta accreta is a serious condition that can cause severe bleeding during childbirth, which may require an emergency hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) to control the bleeding. It is more common in women who have had previous cesarean sections or other uterine surgeries.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technical means of monitoring the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions during pregnancy, particularly during labor. It provides visual information about the fetal heart rate pattern and the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions. This helps healthcare providers assess the well-being of the fetus and the progression of labor.

The cardiotocograph records two main traces:

1. Fetal heart rate (FHR): It is recorded using an ultrasound transducer placed on the mother's abdomen. The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other complications.

2. Uterine contractions: They are recorded using a pressure sensor (toco) placed on the mother's abdomen. The intensity and frequency of uterine contractions can be assessed to evaluate the progression of labor and the effect of contractions on fetal oxygenation.

Cardiotocography is widely used in obstetrics as a non-invasive method for monitoring fetal well-being during pregnancy and labor. However, it should always be interpreted cautiously by healthcare professionals, considering other factors like maternal and fetal conditions, medical history, and clinical presentation. Overinterpretation or misinterpretation of CTG traces can lead to unnecessary interventions or delays in recognizing actual fetal distress.

The vasa vasorum are small blood vessels that supply larger blood vessels, such as the arteries and veins, with oxygen and nutrients. They are located in the outer layers (the adventitia and media) of these larger vessels and form a network of vessels that surround and penetrate the walls of the larger vessels. The vasa vasorum are particularly important in supplying blood to the thicker walls of larger arteries, such as the aorta, where diffusion from the lumen may not be sufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the vessel wall.

A "repeat cesarean section" is a medical term that refers to the delivery of a fetus through surgical incision in the abdominal and uterine walls, which has been performed previously. It is also known as a "classical repeat cesarean delivery." This procedure may be recommended when vaginal birth poses potential risks to the mother or the baby, such as in cases of placenta previa, previous classical uterine incision, or multiple pregnancies. The decision for a repeat cesarean section is typically made after considering various factors, including the patient's medical history, current pregnancy status, and personal preferences.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.

Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.

Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.

The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Abruptio placentae, also known as placental abruption, is a medical condition that occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus before the baby is born. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy to provide oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus.

In abruptio placentae, the separation of the placenta from the uterus can cause bleeding, which can be serious or life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. The severity of the condition depends on how much of the placenta has separated from the uterus and how much bleeding has occurred.

Abruptio placentae can cause a range of symptoms, including vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, contractions, and fetal distress. In severe cases, it can lead to preterm labor, low birth weight, and even stillbirth. The exact cause of abruptio placentae is not always known, but risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, cocaine use, trauma to the abdomen, and advanced maternal age. Treatment may involve hospitalization, bed rest, medication to prevent contractions, or delivery of the baby if the pregnancy is at term.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) is a medical procedure commonly performed on the uterus. The term "dilatation" refers to the widening or opening of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. This is achieved using dilators, which are gradually inserted into the cervical canal to stretch it open.

The term "curettage" refers to the scraping or suctioning out of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium). A curette, a long, loop-shaped surgical instrument, is used to scrape the lining, or suction equipment may be used to remove the tissue.

A D&C procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the uterus, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, heavy menstrual periods, endometrial hyperplasia, or to remove residual tissue after a miscarriage or abortion. It's usually a minor surgical procedure that can be done in a hospital, clinic, or doctor's office, and is often performed under local anesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia depending on the situation and patient preference.

Neonatal anemia is a condition characterized by a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or lower-than-normal levels of hemoglobin in the blood of a newborn infant. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues.

There are several types and causes of neonatal anemia, including:

1. Anemia of prematurity: This is the most common type of anemia in newborns, especially those born before 34 weeks of gestation. It occurs due to a decrease in red blood cell production and a shorter lifespan of red blood cells in premature infants.
2. Hemolytic anemia: This type of anemia is caused by the destruction of red blood cells at a faster rate than they can be produced. It can result from various factors, such as incompatibility between the mother's and baby's blood types, genetic disorders like G6PD deficiency, or infections.
3. Fetomaternal hemorrhage: This condition occurs when there is a significant transfer of fetal blood into the maternal circulation during pregnancy or childbirth, leading to anemia in the newborn.
4. Iron-deficiency anemia: Although rare in newborns, iron-deficiency anemia can occur if the mother has low iron levels during pregnancy, and the infant does not receive adequate iron supplementation after birth.
5. Anemia due to nutritional deficiencies: Rarely, neonatal anemia may result from a lack of essential vitamins or minerals like folate, vitamin B12, or copper in the newborn's diet.

Symptoms of neonatal anemia can vary but may include pallor, lethargy, poor feeding, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis typically involves a complete blood count (CBC) to measure red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and other parameters. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of anemia and may include iron supplementation, transfusions, or management of any underlying conditions.

Endotamponade is a medical term that refers to the use of an internal tamponade in ophthalmology, specifically in the treatment of certain eye conditions such as retinal detachment or severe ocular trauma.

In this procedure, a gas or liquid material is injected into the vitreous cavity (the space inside the eye between the lens and the retina) to help reattach the retina to the wall of the eye or to control bleeding inside the eye. The tamponading agent presses against the retina, holding it in place and preventing further fluid from accumulating under it, which can help promote healing and prevent further damage.

The choice of tamponade material depends on the specific condition being treated. For example, a gas bubble may be used for retinal detachment, while silicone oil may be used for more complex cases or where a longer-lasting tamponade is required. The gas or liquid is usually injected through a small incision in the eye and may be left in place for several weeks or months, depending on the individual case.

Overall, endotamponade is an important technique in the management of various retinal disorders and can help preserve vision and prevent blindness in certain cases.

High-risk pregnancy is a term used to describe a situation where the mother or the fetus has an increased risk of developing complications during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or in the postpartum period. These risks may be due to pre-existing medical conditions in the mother, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS. Other factors that can contribute to a high-risk pregnancy include advanced maternal age (35 years and older), obesity, multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.), fetal growth restriction, placental issues, and a history of previous pregnancy complications or preterm labor.

High-risk pregnancies require specialized care and monitoring by healthcare professionals, often involving maternal-fetal medicine specialists, obstetricians, perinatologists, and neonatologists. Regular prenatal care, frequent checkups, ultrasound monitoring, and sometimes additional testing and interventions may be necessary to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Derbala, Yasmine; Grochal, Frantisek; Jeanty, Philippe (January 2007). "Vasa previa". Journal of Prenatal Medicine. 1 (1): 2-13 ... Vasa praevia is a rare condition that can result in bleeding from the fetoplacental circulation. Vasa praevia happens most ... Placenta praevia or vasa praevia refers to the placenta or fetal blood vessels, respectively, covering or being located close ... Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. Placental abruption involves the separation of the placental lining from ...
... occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. The term "vasa previa" is derived from the Latin; "vasa" means vessels ... "Vasa previa". Journal of Prenatal Medicine 2007. 1 (1): 2-13.Full text Lijoi A, Brady J (2003). "Vasa previa diagnosis and ... found that 2/3 of patient with vasa previa at delivery had a low-lying placenta or placenta previa that resolved prior to the ... It is thought that vasa previa arises from an early placenta previa. As the pregnancy progresses, the placenta tissue ...
Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion ... Charles J Lockwood, MD, MHCM, Karen Russo-Stieglitz, MD (July 2017). "Velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa". ... The primary consideration is the presence of a placenta previa which is a low lying placenta at or very near to the internal ... Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to ...
Vasa previa Rupture of the vessels and membranes Small placenta Low arterial cord pH Vascular thrombosis Intrapartum bleeding ... If such vessels are identified, vasa previa may be present and cervical length is measured every week to determine the risk of ... Paavonen J, Jouttunpää K, Kangasluoma P, Aro P, Heinonen P (1984). "Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord and vasa previa ... Nomiyama M, Toyota Y, Kawano H (1998). "Antenatal diagnosis of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa with color ...
Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, Abruptio Placentae, and Vasa Previa". Creasy and Resnik's maternal-fetal medicine : ...
Chances of vasa previa and placental abruption increase in the presence of a bilobed placenta due to decreased surface area for ... Incidences of vasa previa and haemorrhaging in the presence of a succenturiate placenta are highly increased. Fetal blood (can ... Vasa praevia is a very rare, presenting only 4:10,000 cases from the largest study of the condition. Risks of antepartum ... Vasa praevia is the presence of unprotected foetal blood vessels running along the placenta and over the internal cervical ...
... the Apt test may not be done when there is suspicion of vasa previa, because the time to fetal collapse with bleeding from vasa ... and could be due to vasa previa. A negative test indicates that the blood is of maternal origin. In practice, ... a test to identify bleedingfrom vasa previa". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 131 (2): 151-153. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.05. ... previa is often very short. The Apt test can also be used to detect the presence of fetal blood in the maternal circulation in ...
The bleeding may be due to placental abruption, uterine rupture, placenta accrete, undiagnosed placenta previa, or vasa previa ... Complete placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers the opening of the cervix. If placenta previa is present at the time ... November 2011). "Risk of placenta previa in second birth after first birth cesarean section: a population-based study and meta- ... including placenta previa Benefits for the infant include: Develop microbiota from exposure to the bacteria from the mother's ...
ISBN 978-0-443-07109-6. "Placenta Previa, Placenta Previa Accreta and Vasa Previa: Diagnosis and Management" (PDF). RCOG ... Vaginal examination is avoided in known cases of placenta previa. Previa can be confirmed with an ultrasound. Transvaginal ... The following have been identified as risk factors for placenta previa: Previous placenta previa (recurrence rate 4-8%), ... Women with placenta previa often present with painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. This commonly occurs around 32 weeks of ...
Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during labor, which is called vasa previa ...
Other causes of vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy include placental abruption, placenta previa, vasa previa, uterine rupture, ... placenta previa, or placental abruption. Bloody show itself is an exclusionary diagnosis, that is, it rules out other causes of ...
... including vasa previa, complete placenta praevia, umbilical cord prolapse or active genital herpes simplex infection, in which ...
Villitis of unknown etiology TORCH infections Circumvallate placenta Placental villous immaturity Placenta previa Vasa previa ...
... vasa previa, multilobate including bilobate and succenturiate-lobed placentas, velamentous insertion) Other complications of ...
... total placenta previa, vasa previa, cord presentation or prolapse) Uterine or cervical scarring from previous cesarean section ...
... found out that I likely have Vasa previa today, as I have blood vessels sitting extremely close to my cervix. I also have a ... Apparently, Vasa previa can cause stillbirth. And now here I sit, terrified that I am going to lose my rainbow baby before they ... UPDATE! OBs office called just after noon and told me to go straight to L&D. The vasa previa isnt only next to my cervix, it ... So, found out that I likely have Vasa previa today, as I have blood vessels sitting extremely close to my cervix. I also have a ...
Vasa Previa - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What Is Vasa Previa?. In vasa previa, membranes that contain blood vessels from the fetus to the placenta cross the entrance to ... If vasa previa is diagnosed before delivery, doctors usually do nonstress testing Fetal monitoring Labor is a series of ... Vasa previa is present in about 1 in 2,500 to 5,000 deliveries. It is more likely to occur when certain other abnormalities in ...
Vasa Previa , Questionnaire , Fundraising , Contact Us , Privacy Policy , Disclaimer © 2023 International Vasa Previa ... Association of vasa previa at delivery with a history of second-trimester placenta previa. JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 48 ... Placenta previa and vasa previa: Time to leave the dark ages. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 18 (2): 96-99. Wiley ... Vasa previa in ramathibodi hospital: A 10 years review. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 81 (12): 998-1002.. ...
Vasa Previa - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... What Is Vasa Previa?. In vasa previa, membranes that contain blood vessels from the fetus to the placenta cross the entrance to ... How can doctors tell if I have vasa previa? Doctors may suspect vasa previa if an earlier routine ultrasound Ultrasonography ... What are the symptoms of vasa previa? *. You may have painless vaginal bleeding when your water breaks, usually soon after you ...
Two types of vasa previa occur: type 1 is associated with a velamentous cord insertion, and type II with succenturiate or ... The exact frequency of vasa previa is difficult to determine, but it probably occurs in 1 in 1,500 to 5,000 pregnancies. Fetal ... Vasa previa can be successfully managed through appropriate diagnosis, preparation and readiness for surgery. ... or even death may result with rupture of vasa previa vessels whether spontaneous or during artificial rupture of membranes. ...
... to vasa previa, which often leads to fetal death. As prenatal ultrasound becomes increasingly sophisticated, many of these ... Vasa previa. Vasa previa occurs when the fetal vessels in the membrane are situated in front of the presenting part of the ... The cause of vasa previa is unknown. Vasa previa may be associated with low-lying placenta, placenta with accessory lobes, ... Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Apr. 107(4):927-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Vasa previa refers to the presence of large placental vessels crossing the cervical opening ahead of the presenting part. These ... Vasa previa refers to the presence of large placental vessels crossing the cervical opening ahead of the presenting part. These ...
Topic: Placenta Previa/Accreta/Increta/Percreta & Vasa Previa. Read all the slides and answer the questions. ...
Derbala, Yasmine; Grochal, Frantisek; Jeanty, Philippe (January 2007). "Vasa previa". Journal of Prenatal Medicine. 1 (1): 2-13 ... Vasa praevia is a rare condition that can result in bleeding from the fetoplacental circulation. Vasa praevia happens most ... Placenta praevia or vasa praevia refers to the placenta or fetal blood vessels, respectively, covering or being located close ... Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. Placental abruption involves the separation of the placental lining from ...
We included 21 studies that reported 428 pregnancies with vasa previa of 1,027,918 deliveries (0.46 cases of vasa previa per ... "vasa previa," "placenta previa," "low lying placenta," "succenturiate lobe," "bilobate placenta," "bilobed placenta," and " ... Vasa previa and associated risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis Journal Articles ... The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of known risk factors for vasa previa included a low-lying placenta (61.5%, 53.0%- ...
Information on the International Vasa Previa Foundation Cause Vasa previa occurs when fetal blood vessel(s)… ... on behalf of the Intl Vasa Previa Foundation. Some of the information is fairly "technical" but generally clear and ...
Abnormally invasive placenta and vasa previa Find out about sessions that will address this topic, hear from Prof Salomon about ...
Vasa Previa Feminino Gravidez Humanos Vasa Previa/diagnóstico por imagem Vasa Previa/epidemiologia Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal ... Vasa previa with a venous vasa previa needs to be considered because of the difficulties associated with an antenatal diagnosis ... These cases were recently proposed as Type 3 vasa previa. The present study investigated the incidence of Type 3 vasa previa ... Vasa previa is a condition in which fetal blood vessels are located on fetal membranes within 2 cm of the internal cervical os ...
Vasa Previa Show All Expertise Programs and Centers. Penn Medicines programs and centers combine doctors from many disciplines ...
Vasa Previa Show All Expertise Programs and Centers. Penn Medicines programs and centers combine doctors from many disciplines ...
In the absence of vasa previa or placenta previa, its unlikely you would need a C-section based on a diagnosis of velamentous ... Mayo Clinic, Placenta Previa, March 2020.*Merck Manual, Vasa Previa, October 2020.*National Institutes of Health, National ... This is especially true when these vessels are located close to the cervix, as they might be if you also have vasa previa.* ... American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Diagnosis and Management of Vasa Previa, November 2015. *American Journal of ...
Placenta previa and accreta, vasa previa, subchorionic hemorrhage, and abruptio placentae. In: Resnik R, Lockwood CJ, Moore TR ... Placenta previa. *Placenta growing into the muscle of the uterus and has trouble separating after the baby is born (placenta ... Placenta covers all or part of the opening to the birth canal (placenta previa) ...
Vasa previa *need articles to start at the second color to successfully make the subcategories look like part of the list, so ...
Placenta previa, placenta accreta, and vasa previa. Obstet Gynecol (2006) 107(4):927-41. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 ... These can be loosely defined as peripartum in nature, such as placental abruption, vasa praevia (a condition where fetal blood ...
Vasa Previa * Vulvar Abscess * Vulvar Disease * Vulvar Dysplasia * Vulvitis * Vulvodynia * Well Woman Visit ...
Vasa previa. Face and neck. - Reviews & Chapters - Face. - Reviews & Chapters - Face. - Reviews & Chapters - Neck. ...
Vasa Previa. Vasa previa occurs when one or more of the blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta cross the cervix. ... or if you have other placenta problems like placenta previa. In some cases, a cesarean delivery may be necessary. Potential ...
Vaginal delivery is not contraindicated (eg, by placenta previa or vasa previa). ... If bleeding occurs during middle or late pregnancy, placenta previa Placenta Previa Placenta previa is implantation of the ... Transvaginal ultrasonography is necessary if placenta previa is suspected based on transabdominal ultrasonography. ... if placenta previa is present, examination may increase bleeding. ...
Unruptured vasa previa with anomalous umbilical cord formation: a case of postpartum physician tachycardia. Prince GD. Prince ...
vasa previa 663.5. *. velamentous insertion of cord 663.8. *. young maternal age 659.8. ...
Vasa previa. * Placenta previa. Awareness of these more unusual cervical ultrasound appearances along with good technique will ...
Define Vasa Previa.. *Recall the associated anomalies of a Short Umbilical Cord and a Long Umbilical Cord. ...
About 6% of pregnancies with velamentous cord insertion also have a condition called vasa previa. With vasa previa, the ... The outcomes associated with vasa previa improve greatly with a C-section. The survival rate for the fetus goes up to 97% to 99 ... Pregnancies where unprotected blood vessels from the umbilical cord travel across your cervix (vasa previa). ... Schedule a C-section around week 34 if theres concern that blood vessels could burst and cause severe bleeding, as with vasa ...
Timing of birth and adverse pregnancy outcomes in cases of prenatally diagnosed Vasa Previa: A systematic review and meta- ... Incidence and Causes of Perinatal Death in Prenatally Diagnosed Vasa Previa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Am J ...
I was diagnosed with a rare pregnancy disorder called Vasa Previa which … ... I had a previa that cleared up but not without a bleeding episode and a few weeks of bed rest, but … ...
  • Vasa previa refers to the presence of large placental vessels crossing the cervical opening ahead of the presenting part. (medicalalgorithms.com)
  • These can be loosely defined as peripartum in nature, such as placental abruption, vasa praevia (a condition where fetal blood vessels cross the external orifice of the uterus and often rupture), or a hypoxic-ischemic event at birth ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Placental attachment at the incision site of a previous cesarean section significantly increased the incidence of complete placenta previa and PAS disorders compared with placental attachment at a site without incision, but did not significantly influence pregnancy outcomes. (edu.au)
  • Placental attachment to the anterior wall was an independent risk factor for postpartum hemorrhage in patients with placenta previa. (edu.au)
  • CONCLUSION: The site of placental attachment in patients with placenta previa has an important influence on the pregnancy outcome. (edu.au)
  • Complete placenta previa ultrasound biometry and surgical outcomes [4] "To evaluate the relationship between surgical outcomes and ultrasound measurement of placental extension beyond the cervical os in women with placenta previa. (edu.au)
  • In this document, we focus on placenta previa, morbidly adherent placentation, vasa previa, placental abruption, cesarean scar pregnancy, intra-abdominal pregnancy, and uterine rupture as important sources of antenatal bleeding. (brightoncollaboration.org)
  • The most important causes are placental abruption (most common), placenta previa Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. (lecturio.com)
  • So, found out that I likely have Vasa previa today, as I have blood vessels sitting extremely close to my cervix. (babycenter.com)
  • OB's office called just after noon and told me to go straight to L&D. The vasa previa isn't only next to my cervix, it runs down and over my cervix. (babycenter.com)
  • In vasa previa, membranes that contain blood vessels connecting the umbilical cord and placenta lie across or near the opening of the cervix-the entrance to the birth canal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In vasa previa, some of these blood vessels are located in the membranes that surround the fetus, in the area between the fetus and the opening of the cervix. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In vasa previa, membranes that contain blood vessels from the fetus to the placenta cross the entrance to the birth canal (the opening of the cervix). (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is especially true when these vessels are located close to the cervix, as they might be if you also have vasa previa. (whattoexpect.com)
  • Vasa previa occurs when one or more of the blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta cross the cervix. (wkw.com)
  • Pregnancies where the placenta attaches to the lower portion of the uterus, near your cervix (placenta previa). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Pregnancies where unprotected blood vessels from the umbilical cord travel across your cervix ( vasa previa ). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • With vasa previa, the umbilical cord attaches to membranes that are close to your cervix. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta is near or over the cervix. (medical-abortions.com)
  • Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers or partially covers your cervix, blocking the path of blood flow from your uterus to your baby. (medical-abortions.com)
  • 2007. Vasa praevia after ivf: Should there be guidelines? (vasaprevia.com)
  • 2006. Vasa praevia: A lethal threat to the fetus. (vasaprevia.com)
  • 1998. Ante- and intrapartum diagnosis of vasa praevia in singleton pregnancies by colour coded doppler sonography. (vasaprevia.com)
  • 2007. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of vasa praevia and analysis of risk factors. (vasaprevia.com)
  • 1989. Vasa praevia: Another cause for concern in in vitro fertilization pregnancies. (vasaprevia.com)
  • 2010. The cost-effectiveness of targeted or universal screening for vasa praevia at 18-20 weeks of gestation in ontario. (vasaprevia.com)
  • Placenta praevia or vasa praevia refers to the placenta or fetal blood vessels, respectively, covering or being located close to the opening of the uterus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Published Medical Journals & Articles on Vasa Praevia. (vasapraevia.co.uk)
  • Incidence of and risk indicators for vasa praevia: a systematic review , Ruiter et al, BJOG, Volume 123, Issue 8, p.1278-1287. (vasapraevia.co.uk)
  • https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vasa-praevia-1 Dr Yuranga Weerakkody◉et al. (myesr.org)
  • Vasa previa occurs when fetal blood vessels that are unprotected by the umbilical cord or placenta run through the amniotic membranes and traverse the cervical os. (exxcellence.org)
  • Vasa previa is a condition in which fetal blood vessels are located on fetal membranes within 2 cm of the internal cervical os. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vasa previa is defined as aberrant fetal blood vessels crossing over or within 2 cm of the internal cervical os. (myesr.org)
  • Umbilical cord abnormalities are numerous, ranging from false knots, which have no clinical significance, to vasa previa, which often leads to fetal death. (medscape.com)
  • Vasa previa has been classified into two types Type 1, in which vessels connect a velamentous umbilical cord to the placenta , and Type 2, in which vessels connect the lobes of a bilobed placenta or the placenta to a succenturiate lobe. (bvsalud.org)
  • You may also be at risk if your baby's umbilical cord doesn't connect properly to the placenta, or if you have other placenta problems like placenta previa. (wkw.com)
  • Vasa Previa is a condition where the umbilical vessels are located in the lower segment of the uterus. (medical-abortions.com)
  • Doctors may suspect vasa previa when ultrasonography, routinely done earlier in the pregnancy, detects certain abnormalities in the placenta or when the fetus's heart rate is abnormal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • 2006. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa through color doppler and three-dimensional power doppler ultrasonography. (vasaprevia.com)
  • Perform transvaginal ultrasonography with color and pulsed doppler to rule out vasa previa even if previa/low-lying placenta resolved as risk for vasa previa is increased. (exxcellence.org)
  • Difficulties were associated with diagnosing two out of the 14 cases of vasa previa using routine transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS). (bvsalud.org)
  • However, with the technologic advances in ultrasonography, the diagnosis of placenta previa is commonly made earlier in pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • The exact frequency of vasa previa is difficult to determine, but it probably occurs in 1 in 1,500 to 5,000 pregnancies. (exxcellence.org)
  • All original research studies reporting on 5 or more pregnancies with vasa previa were included. (mcmaster.ca)
  • RESULTS: We included 21 studies that reported 428 pregnancies with vasa previa of 1,027,918 deliveries (0.46 cases of vasa previa per 1000 deliveries). (mcmaster.ca)
  • CONCLUSION: Vasa previa affects 0.46 cases per 1000 pregnancies. (mcmaster.ca)
  • Given the high prevalence of prenatally detectable risk factors in affected pregnancies, the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for vasa previa either in isolation, using a risk factor-based approach, or universally, in tandem with cervical-length screening using transvaginal ultrasound, should be revisited. (mcmaster.ca)
  • About 6% of pregnancies with velamentous cord insertion also have a condition called vasa previa. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In the late third trimester, placenta previa is highly uncommon, occurring in just one out of every 200 pregnancies. (theasianparent.com)
  • Placenta previa is frequently reported to occur in 0.3-0.5% of all US pregnancies. (medscape.com)
  • If left untreated, placenta previa can lead to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which occurs when blood leaks out of your uterus after giving birth. (medical-abortions.com)
  • When the placenta connects to the wall of the uterus ower than normal it is called placenta previa. (drsteverad.com)
  • Vasa previa is a problem with the blood vessels in the placenta. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fetal hemorrhage, exsanguination, or even death may result with rupture of vasa previa vessels whether spontaneous or during artificial rupture of membranes. (exxcellence.org)
  • Some cases of vasa previa due to a succenturiate lobe (type II) may be treated antenatally with laser ablation of the vessels, but this procedure may not be available in many locations. (exxcellence.org)
  • All 5 Type 3 cases had only one fetal aberrant vessel of vasa previa , while 6 out of 9 Type 1 cases (67%) had two or more aberrant vessels. (bvsalud.org)
  • Effect of site of placentation on pregnancy outcomes in patients with placenta previa [3] "This retrospective study included 678 cases of placenta previa. (edu.au)
  • Placenta previa is an obstetric complication that classically presents as painless vaginal bleeding in the third trimester secondary to an abnormal placentation near or covering the internal cervical os. (medscape.com)
  • Placenta previa - Usually painless vaginal bleeding. (logicalimages.com)
  • Vasa previa - Also usually painless vaginal bleeding with rapid fetal compromise and in utero demise if delivery does not occur expeditiously. (logicalimages.com)
  • However, a bleeding placenta previa, which might be painless, is a medical emergency that has to be treated right away. (theasianparent.com)
  • A leading cause of third-trimester hemorrhage, placenta previa presents classically as painless bleeding. (medscape.com)
  • 2001. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of vasa previa: Ultrasound findings and obstetric outcome in ten cases. (vasaprevia.com)
  • A follow-up ultrasound, usually done with a device inserted into your vagina, can confirm that you have vasa previa. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If placenta previa or low-lying placenta is diagnosed at mid-trimester ultrasound, perform a follow-up ultrasound at 32 weeks gestation (or sooner as needed). (exxcellence.org)
  • Placenta previa invading the lower uterine segment and covering the cervical os. (medscape.com)
  • 1993. Antenatal diagnosis of vasa previa by transvaginal color doppler sonography. (vasaprevia.com)
  • A transvaginal image showing vasa previa. (myesr.org)
  • 2005. Vasa previa: Prenatal diagnosis and evaluation with 3-dimensional sonography and power angiography. (vasaprevia.com)
  • 1996. Prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa presenting as amniotic band. (vasaprevia.com)
  • Vasa previa can be successfully managed through appropriate diagnosis, preparation and readiness for surgery. (exxcellence.org)
  • Vasa previa: diagnosis and management. (exxcellence.org)
  • Most Type 3 cases may present with only one fetal aberrant vessel of vasa previa and fewer risk factors , suggesting that the diagnosis of vasa previa may be more challenging in Type 3 cases than in the other types. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vasa previa with a venous vasa previa needs to be considered because of the difficulties associated with an antenatal diagnosis due to unclear imaging of the vasculature or the lack of specific color Doppler flow patterns. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our study has shown improvement of 38% (from 50% to 88%) in compliance of the sonographers in assessment of vasa previa by raising awareness about the new guidelines and regarding the importance of diagnosis of vasa previa and impact on its management. (myesr.org)
  • 2010. Third trimester fetoscopic laser ablation of type ii vasa previa. (vasaprevia.com)
  • A complete previa is defined as complete coverage of the cervical os by the placenta. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the inherent risk of hemorrhage, placenta previa may cause serious morbidity and mortality to both the fetus and the mother. (medscape.com)
  • In these cases, the aberrant fetal vessel of vasa previa was only one vein with a thin wall that was not clearly visualized by gray-scale TVUS as well as slow flow that was easily misread by color -Doppler. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two types of vasa previa occur: type 1 is associated with a velamentous cord insertion, and type II with succenturiate or multilobed placentae. (exxcellence.org)
  • Pregnancy complications, such as vasa previa, are problems that occur only during pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These cases were ultimately diagnosed as vasa previa based on non- pulsatile flow detected by color and pulsed Doppler. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present study investigated the incidence of Type 3 vasa previa and elucidated differences in clinical and ultrasonographical characteristics between traditional types and Type 3. (bvsalud.org)
  • Advanced maternal age has also been strongly associated with an increasing incidence of placenta previa. (medscape.com)
  • If vasa previa does not cause any complications, doctors often plan to deliver the baby between 34 to 37 weeks of pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Certain conditions associated with vasa previa such as low-lying placenta, multi-fetal gestation, IVF or presence of an accessory lobe of the placenta should raise suspicion and warrant further investigation. (exxcellence.org)
  • A meta-analysis showed that the rate of placenta previa increases with increasing numbers of cesarean deliveries, with a rate of 1% after 1 cesarean delivery, 2.8% after 3 cesarean deliveries, and as high as 3.7% after 5 cesarean deliveries. (medscape.com)
  • AUDIT (MARCH 2020) RE-AUDIT (MARCH 2021) COMPLIANCE RATE 50% 85% Recommendations/Action Plan:Presentation of audit and re-audit findings and discussion regarding vasa previa has been performed in our department.To continue to improve our efficacy in assessment of vasa previa by regular discussion with sonographers and performing further re-audits. (myesr.org)
  • Vasa previa may cause massive bleeding in the fetus and mother when the membranes around the fetus rupture, usually just before labor starts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If a woman has vasa previa, doctors check the fetus's heart rate frequently after 28 weeks of pregnancy to determine whether the fetus is in distress. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Historically, there have been three defined types of placenta previa: complete, partial, and marginal. (medscape.com)
  • More recently, these definitions have been consolidated into two definitions: complete and marginal previa. (medscape.com)
  • If the leading edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm from the internal os, but not fully covering, it is considered a marginal previa (see the following image). (medscape.com)
  • Vasa previa is present in about 1 in 2,500 to 5,000 deliveries. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Among 8,723 deliveries, there were 14 cases (0.16%) of vasa previa , all of which were diagnosed prenatally by US, not after vaginal delivery or CS. (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: To systematically review published literature and calculate the prevalence of vasa previa and its known risk factors. (mcmaster.ca)
  • If you have placenta previa and are planning on having babies in the future, you should talk with your doctor about what steps you should take to reduce your risk for PPH. (medical-abortions.com)
  • Clinical characteristics of a novel 'Type 3' vasa previa: case series at a single center. (bvsalud.org)
  • Differences between the different placenta previa positions and pregnancy outcomes were compared using the chi-square and independent t tests. (edu.au)
  • The significance of race in having a role in placenta previa is somewhat controversial. (medscape.com)
  • This rare and often treatable pregnancy condition was brought to my attention by Carol Prentice, on behalf of the Int'l Vasa Previa Foundation. (natural-parenting.com)
  • There are two types of vasa previa. (myesr.org)
  • These cases were recently proposed as Type 3 vasa previa . (bvsalud.org)
  • This was a single-center observational study using a cohort of all vasa previa cases between January 2010 and April 2020. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present results suggest that Type 3 may account for a large proportion of vasa previa cases. (bvsalud.org)