Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.
The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
One of three principal openings in the SUBARACHNOID SPACE. They are also known as cerebellomedullary cistern, and collectively as cisterns.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.
An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.
A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.
A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.
The physiological narrowing of BLOOD VESSELS by contraction of the VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Pregnane derivatives containing three double bonds in the ring structures.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.
Regional infusion of drugs via an arterial catheter. Often a pump is used to impel the drug through the catheter. Used in therapy of cancer, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, infection, and peripheral vascular disease.
The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
Delivery of drugs into an artery.
1,4-Diethylene dioxides. Industrial solvents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), dioxane itself may "reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen." (Merck Index, 11th ed)
The creation and display of functional images showing where the blood flow reaches by following the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream.
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A group of amides with the general formula of R-CONH2.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123.
The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the CAUDATE NUCLEUS; INTERNAL CAPSULE; PUTAMEN; SEPTAL NUCLEI; GYRUS CINGULI; and surfaces of the FRONTAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE.
A scale that assesses the outcome of serious craniocerebral injuries, based on the level of regained social functioning.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
A colorless to white crystalline compound with a camphoraceous odor and taste. It is a widely used preservative in various pharmaceutical solutions, especially injectables. Also, it is an active ingredient in certain oral sedatives and topical anesthetics.
A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.
A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Lysergic acid is a crystalline ergoline alkaloid found in the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which is used as a precursor in the synthesis of medically important derivatives like LSD and ergotamine, but it also has hallucinogenic properties when ingested directly.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
Arteries originating from the subclavian or axillary arteries and distributing to the anterior thoracic wall, mediastinal structures, diaphragm, pectoral muscles and mammary gland.
The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.

The incidence of T2-weighted MR imaging signal abnormalities in the brain of cocaine-dependent patients is age-related and region-specific. (1/402)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cocaine and its metabolites can produce vasospasm, and cocaine-dependent patients are at increased risk for stroke. Based on previous case reports, we hypothesized that the incidence of hyperintense brain lesions observed on T2-weighted MR images would also be increased in asymptomatic cocaine-dependent individuals. METHODS: Sixty-two male "crack" (smoked) cocaine-dependent participants ranging in age from 25 to 66 years were compared with 116 normal male control participants ranging in age from 25 to 80 years. Those with histories of neurologic symptoms or illnesses were excluded. The severity of hyperintense lesions was rated on a 0- to 3-point scale, and ratings of 3 were used in the data analysis as an indicator of a probable pathologic process. Three regions were separately rated: the cerebral white matter, insular subcortex white matter, and subcortical gray matter (basal ganglia and thalamus region). RESULTS: Significantly increased risk of severe lesions was observed in the two white matter regions of the cocaine-dependent group (odds ratio of 16.7 and 20.3) but not in the subcortial gray matter region (odds ratio of 1.4). In the insula subcortex white matter, the risk of lesions increased with age in the cocaine-dependant sample, but remained essentially absent among normal controls through the age of 80 years. In the cerebral white matter, the relationship of age and risk of lesion among normal participants was similar in shape to that in cocaine-dependent participants, but equivalent risk was seen 20 years earlier among cocaine-dependent participants. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine-dependent participants had a significantly increased age-related risk of white matter damage. The possible clinical implications of this damage are discussed.  (+info)

Very late-onset symptomatic cerebral vasospasm caused by a large residual aneurysmal subarachnoid hematoma--case report. (2/402)

A 70-year-old female developed delayed ischemic neurological deficits at 35 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt and Kosnik grade III, Fisher group 4) caused by a ruptured aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery. Angiography indicated late-onset cerebral vasospasm probably due to the mass effect of a large hematoma remaining in the sylvian fissure and an intracerebral hematoma after surgery. Patients with a large subarachnoid hematoma after subarachnoid hemorrhage should receive therapy to prevent cerebral vasospasm until the mass effect of the hematoma has diminished.  (+info)

Brain natriuretic peptide and cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical and TCD correlations. (3/402)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hyponatremia has been shown in association with cerebral vasospasm (CVS) following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the past few years there has been increasing evidence that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is responsible for natriuresis after SAH. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between BNP plasma concentrations and CVS after aneurysmal SAH. METHODS: BNP plasma concentrations were assessed at 4 different time periods (1 to 3 days, 4 to 6 days, 7 to 9 days, and 10 to 12 days) in 19 patients with spontaneous SAH. BNP plasma levels were investigated with respect to neurological condition, SAH severity on CT, and flow velocities measured by means of transcranial Doppler. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had Doppler evidence of CVS; 7 of these had nonsymptomatic CVS. In 6 patients, CVS was severe and symptomatic, with delayed ischemic lesion on CT in 5 of these. CVS was severe and symptomatic in 6 patients, and delayed ischemic lesions were revealed on CT in 5 of these. BNP levels were found to be significantly elevated in SAH patients compared with control subjects (P=0.024). However, in patients without CVS or with nonsymptomatic CVS, BNP concentrations decreased throughout the 4 time periods, whereas a 6-fold increase was observed in patients with severe symptomatic CVS between the first and the third periods (P=0.0096). A similar trend in BNP plasma levels was found in patients with severe SAH compared with those with nonvisible or moderate SAH (P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results show that BNP plasma levels are elevated shortly after SAH, although they increase markedly during the first week in patients with symptomatic CVS. The present findings suggest that secretion of BNP secretion after spontaneous SAH may exacerbate blood flow reduction due to arterial vasospasm.  (+info)

Diffuse vasospasm after pretruncal nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (4/402)

Pretruncal (perimesencephalic) nonaneurysmal hemorrhage is a benign form of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Angiographic changes of vasospasm are uncommon in patients with this type of hemorrhage, and if vasospasm is present, it is mild and focal. We report two patients with pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH who developed severe and diffuse vasospasm, expanding the clinical spectrum of this type of SAH. The first patient was a 40-year-old woman who suffered pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH. Angiography performed on the seventh day post hemorrhage showed diffuse and severe vasospasm affecting both the anterior and the posterior circulation. The patient was treated with hypervolemia, and she remained asymptomatic. Follow-up angiography showed resolution of the vasospasm. The second patient was a 67-year-old woman who suffered pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH. The results of the initial angiography were normal. Repeat angiography on the ninth day post hemorrhage showed severe vasospasm in the anterior circulation and moderate vasospasm in the posterior circulation. Nine hours later, the patient developed transient dysphasia, and she was treated with hypervolemia. Three days later, a transcranial Doppler examination showed normalization of blood velocities. The presence of diffuse and severe vasospasm does not exclude a diagnosis of pretruncal nonaneurysmal SAH.  (+info)

Increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. (5/402)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to elevation of circulating catecholamines, is implicated in the genesis of cerebral vasospasm and cardiac aberrations after subarachnoid hemorrhage. To this juncture, sympathetic nervous testing has relied on indirect methods only. METHODS: We used an isotope dilution technique to estimate the magnitude and time course of sympathoadrenal activation in 18 subarachnoid patients. RESULTS: Compared with 2 different control groups, the patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage exhibited an approximately 3-fold increase in total-body norepinephrine spillover into plasma within 48 hours after insult (3.2+/-0.3 and 4.2+/-0.7 versus 10.2+/-1.4 nmol/L; P<0.05 versus both). This sympathetic activation persisted throughout the 7- to 10-day examination period and was normalized at the 6-month follow-up visit. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has established that massive sympathetic nervous activation occurs in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. This overactivation may relate to the well-known cardiac complications described in subarachnoid hemorrhage.  (+info)

The presence of an extractable substance in the CSF of humans with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage that correlates with phosphatase inhibition. (6/402)

The cellular events leading to cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage are poorly understood, although an increase in smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphorylation has been observed. This study set out to determine if phosphatase inhibition may be involved in the pathological maintenance of tension observed during vasospasm. We found that 1 nM okadaic acid, a type 2A protein phosphatase inhibitor, elicited an increase in rate of O(2) consumption in the porcine carotid artery similar to that by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from vasospastic patients (CSF(V), n=5) (control 0.23+/-0.03, CSF(V) 0.84+/-0.16 and okadaic acid 0.85+/-0.02 micromol min(-1) g dwt(-1)). It was also observed that phosphatase inhibition with 1 nM okadaic acid significantly slowed relaxation after a stretch in a similar fashion to CSF(V) haemorrhage. CSF from vasospastic subarachnoid haemorrhage patients, but not from those without vasospasm, contains an extractable substance which modulates myosin light chain phosphorylation in vitro. A phosphatase preparation obtained from the porcine carotid artery dephosphorylated 63+/-2% of the phosphorylated (MLC(20)) substrate in vitro, and non-vasospastic CSF treated enzyme dephosphorylated 60+/-2.6%. Okadaic acid inhibited phosphatase dephosphorylated only 7.5+/-1% of the substrate where CSF(V) treated enzyme dephosphorylated 22+/-2.8% of the substrate. We conclude that inhibition of smooth muscle phosphatase may be involved in the mechanisms associated with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage.  (+info)

Complications associated with intraarterial administration of papaverine for vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage--two case reports. (7/402)

Complications associated with intraarterial papaverine infusion occurred in two patients treated for vasospasm due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A 42-year-old male with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm underwent craniotomy and aneurysm clipping. Five days after the SAH occurred, angiography demonstrated moderate vasospasm in spite of hypervolemic-hypertensive therapy. During papaverine infusion into the carotid artery, he suffered loss of consciousness due to a seizure for a few minutes. A 61-year-old female with a right internal carotid-posterior communicating artery aneurysm underwent clipping. Six days after the SAH occurred, angiography demonstrated severe vasospasm in spite of hypervolemic-hypertensive therapy. Angiography performed immediately after papaverine infusion into the carotid artery revealed exacerbation of the vasospasm. Finally she suffered cerebral infarction and died. Complications of intraarterial papaverine infusion are potentially dangerous. We recommend trial administration of papaverine with angiography and neurological examination before full dose infusion to avoid complications.  (+info)

Iatrogenic arterial spasm relieved by intraarterial mannitol infusion. (8/402)

Catheter placement for blood brain-barrier disruption and enhanced chemotherapy delivery can sometimes trigger arterial spasm of moderate-to-severe degree. A slow infusion of a small quantity of intraarterially administered mannitol (10 mL of 25% mannitol) was evaluated as a means to obtain a rapid resolution of catheter placement-induced spasm. We prospectively report 12 consecutive cases of blood brain-barrier disruption among patients who developed catheter placement-induced spasm that was treated by this means without side effects, resulting in rapid resolution of spasm.  (+info)

Intracranial vasospasm is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the intracranial arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply blood to the brain. This narrowing is usually caused by the contraction or spasming of the smooth muscle in the walls of the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain tissue.

Intracranial vasospasm is often associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of stroke caused by bleeding in the space surrounding the brain. SAH can cause the release of blood components, such as hemoglobin and iron, which can irritate and damage the walls of the arteries. This irritation can trigger an inflammatory response that leads to the contraction of the smooth muscle in the artery walls, causing vasospasm.

Vasospasm can cause further ischemia (reduced blood flow) or infarction (tissue death) in the brain, leading to serious neurological deficits or even death. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and treatment of intracranial vasospasm are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Treatment options may include medications to dilate the blood vessels, angioplasty (balloon dilation) or stenting procedures to mechanically open up the arteries, or surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the brain.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

Coronary vasospasm refers to a sudden constriction (narrowing) of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This constriction can reduce or block blood flow, leading to symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or, in severe cases, a heart attack (myocardial infarction). Coronary vasospasm can occur spontaneously or be triggered by various factors, including stress, smoking, and certain medications. It is also associated with conditions such as coronary artery disease and variant angina. Prolonged or recurrent vasospasms can cause damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

The basilar artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is formed by the union of two vertebral arteries at the lower part of the brainstem, near the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons.

The basilar artery runs upward through the center of the brainstem and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries at the upper part of the brainstem, near the midbrain. The basilar artery gives off several branches that supply blood to various parts of the brainstem, including the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, as well as to the cerebellum.

The basilar artery is an important part of the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain that ensures continuous blood flow to the brain even if one of the arteries becomes blocked or narrowed.

A Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), also known as a "mini-stroke," is a temporary period of symptoms similar to those you'd get if you were having a stroke. A TIA doesn't cause permanent damage and is often caused by a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of your brain, which may last as little as five minutes.

Like an ischemic stroke, a TIA occurs when a clot or debris blocks blood flow to part of your nervous system. However, unlike a stroke, a TIA doesn't leave lasting damage because the blockage is temporary.

Symptoms of a TIA can include sudden onset of weakness, numbness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, typically on one side of your body. You could also experience slurred or garbled speech, or difficulty understanding others. Other symptoms can include blindness in one or both eyes, dizziness, or a severe headache with no known cause.

Even though TIAs usually last only a few minutes, they are a serious condition and should not be ignored. If you suspect you or someone else is experiencing a TIA, seek immediate medical attention. TIAs can be a warning sign that a full-blown stroke is imminent.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

The term "cisterna magna" is derived from Latin, where "cisterna" means "reservoir" or "receptacle," and "magna" means "large." In medical anatomy, the cisterna magna refers to a large, sac-like space located near the lower part of the brainstem. It is a subarachnoid cistern, which means it is a space that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

More specifically, the cisterna magna is situated between the cerebellum (the lower part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining balance) and the occipital bone (the bone at the back of the skull). This space contains a significant amount of CSF, which serves as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal cord, helps regulate intracranial pressure, and facilitates the circulation of nutrients and waste products.

The cisterna magna is an essential structure in neurosurgical procedures and diagnostic imaging techniques like lumbar puncture (spinal tap) or myelograms, where contrast agents are introduced into the CSF to visualize the spinal cord and surrounding structures. Additionally, it serves as a crucial landmark for various surgical approaches to the posterior fossa (the lower part of the skull that houses the cerebellum and brainstem).

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle, group of muscles, or a hollow organ such as the ureter or bronchi. Spasms can occur as a result of various factors including muscle fatigue, injury, irritation, or abnormal nerve activity. They can cause pain and discomfort, and in some cases, interfere with normal bodily functions. For example, a spasm in the bronchi can cause difficulty breathing, while a spasm in the ureter can cause severe pain and may lead to a kidney stone blockage. The treatment for spasms depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Papaverine is defined as a smooth muscle relaxant and a non-narcotic alkaloid derived from the opium poppy. It works by blocking the phosphodiesterase enzyme, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels within the cells, which in turn results in muscle relaxation.

It is used medically for its vasodilatory effects to treat conditions such as cerebral or peripheral vascular spasms and occlusive diseases, Raynaud's phenomenon, and priapism. Papaverine can also be used as an anti-arrhythmic agent in the management of certain types of cardiac arrhythmias.

It is important to note that papaverine has a narrow therapeutic index, and its use should be closely monitored due to the potential for adverse effects such as hypotension, reflex tachycardia, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

A ruptured aneurysm is a serious medical condition that occurs when the wall of an artery or a blood vessel weakens and bulges out, forming an aneurysm, which then bursts, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to internal hemorrhage, organ damage, and even death, depending on the location and severity of the rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms are often caused by factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, aging, and genetic predisposition. They can occur in any part of the body but are most common in the aorta (the largest artery in the body) and the cerebral arteries (in the brain).

Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden and severe pain, weakness or paralysis, difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and shock. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further complications and increase the chances of survival. Treatment options for a ruptured aneurysm may include surgery, endovascular repair, or medication to manage symptoms and prevent further bleeding.

Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:

1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.

These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and measure the velocity of blood flow in the cerebral arteries located in the skull. This imaging modality employs the Doppler effect, which describes the change in frequency of sound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells. By measuring the frequency shift of the reflected ultrasound waves, the velocity and direction of blood flow can be determined.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is primarily used to assess cerebrovascular circulation and detect abnormalities such as stenosis (narrowing), occlusion (blockage), or embolism (obstruction) in the intracranial arteries. It can also help monitor patients with conditions like sickle cell disease, vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments such as thrombolysis or angioplasty. The procedure is typically performed by placing a transducer on the patient's skull after applying a coupling gel, and it does not involve radiation exposure or contrast agents.

Ergonovine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is derived from the ergot fungus and is used in medical settings as a uterotonic agent, which means it causes the uterus to contract. Ergonovine is often used after childbirth to help the uterus return to its normal size and reduce bleeding.

Ergonovine works by binding to specific receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus, causing it to contract. It has a potent effect on the uterus and can also cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) in other parts of the body. This is why ergonovine is sometimes used to treat severe bleeding caused by conditions such as uterine fibroids or ectopic pregnancy.

Like other ergot alkaloids, ergonovine can have serious side effects if not used carefully. It should be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare provider and should not be used in women with certain medical conditions, such as high blood pressure or heart disease. Ergonovine can also interact with other medications, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before receiving this drug.

Nimodipine is an antihypertensive and calcium channel blocker drug, which is primarily used in the prevention and treatment of neurological deficits following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a type of stroke caused by bleeding in the space surrounding the brain. It works by relaxing and dilating blood vessels in the brain, improving blood flow, and preventing spasms in cerebral arteries, which can help reduce the risk of further damage to brain tissues.

Nimodipine is available in the form of capsules or an injectable solution for medical use. It is crucial to follow a healthcare professional's instructions carefully when using this medication, as improper usage may lead to unwanted side effects or reduced effectiveness. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, nausea, and flushing.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized medical advice regarding the use of Nimodipine or any other medications.

Nicardipine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers. It works by relaxing the muscles of your heart and blood vessels, which helps to lower your blood pressure and increase the supply of oxygen and blood to your heart.

Medically, Nicardipine is defined as a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist that is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. It selectively inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, which leads to vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance. Nicardipine also reduces afterload and myocardial oxygen demand, making it useful in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. It is available in immediate-release and extended-release formulations for oral administration, as well as in an intravenous formulation for use in hospital settings.

Cerebrovascular circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the brain tissue, and remove waste products. It includes the internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, circle of Willis, and the intracranial arteries that branch off from them.

The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries merge to form the circle of Willis, a polygonal network of vessels located at the base of the brain. The anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, and communicating arteries are the major vessels that branch off from the circle of Willis and supply blood to different regions of the brain.

Interruptions or abnormalities in the cerebrovascular circulation can lead to various neurological conditions such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and vascular dementia.

Vasoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of blood vessels due to the contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls. This process decreases the diameter of the lumen (the inner space of the blood vessel) and reduces blood flow through the affected vessels. Vasoconstriction can occur throughout the body, but it is most noticeable in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, which control the amount of blood that flows into the capillary network.

The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, plays a significant role in regulating vasoconstriction through the release of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Various hormones and chemical mediators, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and serotonin, can also induce vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction is a vital physiological response that helps maintain blood pressure and regulate blood flow distribution in the body. However, excessive or prolonged vasoconstriction may contribute to several pathological conditions, including hypertension, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

Pregn-4-en-3-ones, or pregnatrienes, are a group of steroid hormones that contain a pregnane skeleton and three carbon-carbon double bonds. They are unsaturated steroids that have a structural backbone consisting of four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring.

Pregnatrienes are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various steroid hormones, such as progesterone, testosterone, and estrogens. They can be synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions involving cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Pregn-4-en-3-one, also known as 5β-pregnan-3,20-dione or 5β-pregnadien-3,20-dione, is a specific example of a pregnatriene. It is a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of progesterone and other steroid hormones.

It's important to note that while pregnatrienes are involved in various physiological processes, they are not typically used as medical terminology or diagnostic criteria. Instead, specific steroid hormones derived from pregnatrienes, such as progesterone or testosterone, are more commonly referenced in medical contexts.

Vasodilator agents are pharmacological substances that cause the relaxation or widening of blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle in the vessel walls. This results in an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels, which decreases vascular resistance and ultimately reduces blood pressure. Vasodilators can be further classified based on their site of action:

1. Systemic vasodilators: These agents cause a generalized relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of both arteries and veins, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and preload (the volume of blood returning to the heart). Examples include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers.
2. Arterial vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in arterial vessel walls, leading to a reduction in afterload (the pressure against which the heart pumps blood). Examples include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and direct vasodilators like sodium nitroprusside.
3. Venous vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in venous vessel walls, increasing venous capacitance and reducing preload. Examples include nitroglycerin and other organic nitrates.

Vasodilator agents are used to treat various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, angina, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is essential to monitor their use carefully, as excessive vasodilation can lead to orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, or fluid retention.

Angina pectoris, variant (also known as Prinzmetal's angina or vasospastic angina) is a type of chest pain that results from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to spasms in the coronary arteries. These spasms cause the arteries to narrow, temporarily reducing the supply of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

Variant angina is typically more severe than other forms of angina and can occur at rest or with minimal physical exertion. It is often treated with medications that help relax the coronary arteries and prevent spasms, such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates. In some cases, additional treatments such as angioplasty or bypass surgery may be necessary to improve blood flow to the heart.

It's important to note that chest pain can have many different causes, so it is essential to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of angina or other types of chest pain. A healthcare professional can help determine the cause of your symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Intra-arterial infusion is a medical procedure in which a liquid medication or fluid is delivered directly into an artery. This technique is used to deliver drugs directly to a specific organ or region of the body, bypassing the usual systemic circulation and allowing for higher concentrations of the drug to reach the target area. It is often used in cancer treatment to deliver chemotherapeutic agents directly to tumors, as well as in other conditions such as severe infections or inflammation.

Intra-arterial infusions are typically administered through a catheter that is inserted into an artery, usually under the guidance of imaging techniques such as fluoroscopy, CT, or MRI. The procedure requires careful monitoring and precise control to ensure proper placement of the catheter and accurate delivery of the medication.

It's important to note that intra-arterial infusions are different from intra venous (IV) infusions, where medications are delivered into a vein instead of an artery. The choice between intra-arterial and intra-venous infusion depends on various factors such as the type of medication being used, the location of the target area, and the patient's overall medical condition.

The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is one of the main blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It arises from the internal carotid artery and divides into several branches, which supply the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

The MCA is responsible for providing blood flow to critical areas of the brain, such as the primary motor and sensory cortices, Broca's area (associated with speech production), Wernicke's area (associated with language comprehension), and the visual association cortex.

Damage to the MCA or its branches can result in a variety of neurological deficits, depending on the specific location and extent of the injury. These may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, sensory loss, language impairment, and visual field cuts.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Intra-arterial injection is a type of medical procedure where a medication or contrast agent is delivered directly into an artery. This technique is used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

For instance, intra-arterial chemotherapy may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to the site of a tumor, while intra-arterial thrombolysis involves the administration of clot-busting medications to treat arterial blockages caused by blood clots. Intra-arterial injections are also used in diagnostic imaging procedures such as angiography, where a contrast agent is injected into an artery to visualize the blood vessels and identify any abnormalities.

It's important to note that intra-arterial injections require precise placement of the needle or catheter into the artery, and are typically performed by trained medical professionals using specialized equipment.

Dioxanes are a group of chemical compounds that contain two oxygen atoms and four carbon atoms, linked together in a cyclic structure. The most common dioxane is called 1,4-dioxane, which is often used as a solvent or as a stabilizer in various industrial and consumer products, such as cosmetics, cleaning agents, and paint strippers.

In the medical field, 1,4-dioxane has been classified as a likely human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to high levels of 1,4-dioxane has been linked to an increased risk of cancer in laboratory animals, and there is some evidence to suggest that it may also pose a cancer risk to humans.

It's worth noting that the use of 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics and other personal care products has been controversial, as some studies have found detectable levels of this chemical in these products. However, the levels of exposure from these sources are generally low, and it is unclear whether they pose a significant cancer risk to humans. Nonetheless, some organizations and experts have called for stricter regulations on the use of 1,4-dioxane in consumer products to minimize potential health risks.

Perfusion imaging is a medical imaging technique used to evaluate the blood flow or perfusion in various organs and tissues of the body. It is often utilized in conjunction with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.

During a perfusion imaging procedure, a contrast agent is introduced into the patient's bloodstream, and a series of images are captured to track the flow and distribution of the contrast agent over time. This information helps medical professionals assess tissue viability, identify areas of reduced or blocked blood flow, and detect various pathological conditions such as stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism, and tumors.

In summary, perfusion imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating the circulatory function of different organs and tissues in the body.

A ventriculostomy is a medical procedure in which an opening is made into one of the cerebral ventricles, the fluid-filled spaces within the brain, to relieve pressure or to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing. This is typically performed using a catheter known as an external ventricular drain (EVD). The EVD is inserted through a burr hole in the skull and into the ventricle, allowing CSF to drain out and be measured or tested. Ventriculostomy may be necessary in the management of various conditions that can cause increased intracranial pressure, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumors, or traumatic brain injuries.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon or syndrome, is a condition that affects the blood vessels, particularly in the fingers and toes. It is characterized by episodes of vasospasm (constriction) of the small digital arteries and arterioles, which can be triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stress. This results in reduced blood flow to the affected areas, causing them to become pale or white and then cyanotic (blue) due to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood. As the episode resolves, the affected areas may turn red as blood flow returns, sometimes accompanied by pain, numbness, or tingling sensations.

Raynaud's disease can be primary, meaning it occurs without an underlying medical condition, or secondary, which is associated with connective tissue disorders, autoimmune diseases, or other health issues such as carpal tunnel syndrome, vibration tool usage, or smoking. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's.

Treatment for Raynaud's disease typically involves avoiding triggers, keeping the body warm, and using medications to help dilate blood vessels and improve circulation. In some cases, lifestyle modifications and smoking cessation may also be recommended to manage symptoms and prevent progression of the condition.

Brain ischemia is the medical term used to describe a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery to brain tissue. This can result in brain damage or death of brain cells, known as infarction. Brain ischemia can be caused by various conditions such as thrombosis (blood clot formation), embolism (obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign material), or hypoperfusion (reduced blood flow). The severity and duration of the ischemia determine the extent of brain damage. Symptoms can range from mild, such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes"), to severe, including paralysis, speech difficulties, loss of consciousness, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further damage and potential long-term complications.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Formamides are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the structure R-C(=O)NH2, where R can be a hydrogen atom or any organic group. The simplest formamide is formic acid amide (methanamide), which has the formula HC(=O)NH2. Formamides are important in biological systems and are also used in industry as solvents and intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Iofetamine is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in myocardial perfusion imaging, a type of nuclear stress test. It is a derivative of the amphetamine family and functions as a vasoconstrictor when administered. Iofetamine is labeled with technetium-99m (^99mTc) before use, which allows for the detection and imaging of the heart's blood flow and function during rest and stress conditions. This information helps physicians diagnose and assess coronary artery disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments.

The medical definition of Iofetamine is:

A radiopharmaceutical agent, (^99mTc)Tc-sestamibi or (^99mTc)Tc-MIBI, used in myocardial perfusion imaging for the assessment of coronary artery disease. Iofetamine is a lipophilic cation that accumulates in myocardial cells in proportion to regional blood flow. The technetium-99m label enables gamma camera detection and imaging, providing information about the heart's blood flow and function during rest and stress conditions.

A smooth muscle within the vascular system refers to the involuntary, innervated muscle that is found in the walls of blood vessels. These muscles are responsible for controlling the diameter of the blood vessels, which in turn regulates blood flow and blood pressure. They are called "smooth" muscles because their individual muscle cells do not have the striations, or cross-striped patterns, that are observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle in the vascular system is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by hormones, and can contract or relax slowly over a period of time.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Endothelin-1 is a small peptide (21 amino acids) and a potent vasoconstrictor, which means it narrows blood vessels. It is primarily produced by the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. Endothelin-1 plays a crucial role in regulating vascular tone, cell growth, and inflammation. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure. It exerts its effects by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors (ETA and ETB) on the surface of target cells.

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of medications that work by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions into cardiac and smooth muscle cells. This action leads to relaxation of the muscles, particularly in the blood vessels, resulting in decreased peripheral resistance and reduced blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers also have anti-arrhythmic effects and are used in the management of various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, angina, and certain types of arrhythmias.

Calcium channel blockers can be further classified into two main categories based on their chemical structure: dihydropyridines (e.g., nifedipine, amlodipine) and non-dihydropyridines (e.g., verapamil, diltiazem). Dihydropyridines are more selective for vascular smooth muscle and have a greater effect on blood pressure than heart rate or conduction. Non-dihydropyridines have a more significant impact on cardiac conduction and contractility, in addition to their vasodilatory effects.

It is important to note that calcium channel blockers may interact with other medications and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Potential side effects include dizziness, headache, constipation, and peripheral edema.

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used by healthcare professionals to assess the level of consciousness and neurological response in a person who has suffered a brain injury or illness. It evaluates three aspects of a patient's responsiveness: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The scores from these three categories are then added together to provide an overall GCS score, which can range from 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) to 15 (indicating a normal level of consciousness). This scale helps medical professionals to quickly and consistently communicate the severity of a patient's condition and monitor their progress over time.

Vascular diseases are medical conditions that affect the circulatory system, specifically the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). These diseases can include conditions such as:

1. Atherosclerosis: The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the walls of the arteries, which can restrict blood flow.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): A condition caused by atherosclerosis where there is narrowing or blockage of the peripheral arteries, most commonly in the legs. This can lead to pain, numbness, and cramping.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain. This can increase the risk of stroke.
5. Cerebrovascular Disease: Conditions that affect blood flow to the brain, including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA or "mini-stroke").
6. Aneurysm: A weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge outward and potentially rupture.
7. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, which can cause pain, swelling, and increased risk of pulmonary embolism if the clot travels to the lungs.
8. Varicose Veins: Swollen, twisted, and often painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood, usually appearing in the legs.
9. Vasculitis: Inflammation of the blood vessels, which can cause damage and narrowing, leading to reduced blood flow.
10. Raynaud's Phenomenon: A condition where the small arteries that supply blood to the skin become narrowed, causing decreased blood flow, typically in response to cold temperatures or stress.

These are just a few examples of vascular conditions that fall under the umbrella term "cerebrovascular disease." Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for many of these conditions.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Hemodilution is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the concentration of certain components in the blood, usually referring to red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. This occurs when an individual's plasma volume expands due to the infusion of intravenous fluids or the body's own production of fluid, such as during severe infection or inflammation. As a result, the number of RBCs per unit of blood decreases, leading to a lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level. It is important to note that while hemodilution reduces the concentration of RBCs in the blood, it does not necessarily indicate anemia or blood loss.

Vasoconstrictor agents are substances that cause the narrowing of blood vessels by constricting the smooth muscle in their walls. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow. They work by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls, causing them to contract.

Vasoconstrictor agents are used medically for a variety of purposes, including:

* Treating hypotension (low blood pressure)
* Controlling bleeding during surgery or childbirth
* Relieving symptoms of nasal congestion in conditions such as the common cold or allergies

Examples of vasoconstrictor agents include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and epinephrine. It's important to note that prolonged use or excessive doses of vasoconstrictor agents can lead to rebound congestion and other adverse effects, so they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.

Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) are serine/threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including actin cytoskeleton organization, cell migration, and gene expression. They are named after their association with the small GTPase RhoA, which activates them upon binding.

ROCKs exist as two isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, which share a high degree of sequence homology and have similar functions. They contain several functional domains, including a kinase domain, a coiled-coil region that mediates protein-protein interactions, and a Rho-binding domain (RBD) that binds to active RhoA.

Once activated by RhoA, ROCKs phosphorylate a variety of downstream targets, including myosin light chain (MLC), LIM kinase (LIMK), and moesin, leading to the regulation of actomyosin contractility, stress fiber formation, and focal adhesion turnover. Dysregulation of ROCK signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, and fibrosis. Therefore, ROCKs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of these diseases.

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is found primarily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of humans and other animals. It is produced by the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and then to serotonin.

In the CNS, serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, and behavior, among other functions. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor, helping to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. In the GI tract, it is involved in peristalsis, the contraction and relaxation of muscles that moves food through the digestive system.

Serotonin is synthesized and stored in serotonergic neurons, which are nerve cells that use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. These neurons are found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and they communicate with other neurons by releasing serotonin into the synapse, the small gap between two neurons.

Abnormal levels of serotonin have been linked to a variety of disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraines. Medications that affect serotonin levels, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly used to treat these conditions.

Intraventricular injections are a type of medical procedure where medication is administered directly into the cerebral ventricles of the brain. The cerebral ventricles are fluid-filled spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This procedure is typically used to deliver drugs that target conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as infections or tumors.

Intraventricular injections are usually performed using a thin, hollow needle that is inserted through a small hole drilled into the skull. The medication is then injected directly into the ventricles, allowing it to circulate throughout the CSF and reach the brain tissue more efficiently than other routes of administration.

This type of injection is typically reserved for situations where other methods of drug delivery are not effective or feasible. It carries a higher risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, or damage to surrounding tissues, compared to other routes of administration. Therefore, it is usually performed by trained medical professionals in a controlled clinical setting.

Oxyhemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin that is combined with oxygen in red blood cells. It's created when oxygen molecules bind to the iron-containing heme groups of the hemoglobin protein inside the lungs, allowing for the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to body tissues. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is influenced by factors such as pH, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature, which can affect the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin in different parts of the body based on their specific needs.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) is a paired set of arteries that originate from the internal carotid artery or its branch, the posterior communicating artery. They supply oxygenated blood to the frontal lobes and parts of the parietal lobes of the brain.

The ACA runs along the medial side of each hemisphere, anterior to the corpus callosum, which is the largest bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. It gives off branches that supply the motor and sensory areas of the lower extremities, as well as the areas responsible for higher cognitive functions such as language, memory, and emotion.

The ACA is divided into several segments: A1, A2, A3, and A4. The A1 segment runs from its origin at the internal carotid artery to the anterior communicating artery, which connects the two ACAs. The A2 segment extends from the anterior communicating artery to the bifurcation of the ACA into its terminal branches. The A3 and A4 segments are the distal branches that supply the frontal and parietal lobes.

Interruptions or blockages in the flow of blood through the ACA can lead to various neurological deficits, including weakness or paralysis of the lower extremities, language impairment, and changes in cognitive function.

The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) is a widely used clinical measurement for assessing the outcome and recovery of patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or other neurological disorders. It was first introduced in 1975 by Graham Jennett and colleagues at the University of Glasgow.

The GOS classifies the overall functional ability and independence of a patient into one of the following five hierarchical categories:

1. **Death:** The patient has died due to the injury or its complications.
2. **Vegetative State (VS):** The patient is unaware of their surroundings, shows no meaningful response to stimuli, and has minimal or absent brainstem reflexes. They may have sleep-wake cycles but lack higher cognitive functions.
3. **Severe Disability (SD):** The patient demonstrates considerable disability in their daily life, requiring assistance with personal care and activities. They might have cognitive impairments, communication difficulties, or physical disabilities that limit their independence.
4. **Moderate Disability (MD):** The patient has some disability but can live independently, manage their own affairs, and return to work in a sheltered environment. They may exhibit minor neurological or psychological deficits.
5. **Good Recovery (GR):** The patient has resumed normal life with minimal or no residual neurological or psychological deficits. They might have some minor problems with memory, concentration, or organizational skills but can perform their daily activities without assistance.

The Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) is an updated and more detailed version of the GOS, which further breaks down the original five categories into eight subcategories for a more nuanced assessment of patient outcomes.

The vertebral artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and upper spinal cord. It arises from the subclavian artery, then ascends through the transverse processes of several cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum. Inside the skull, it joins with the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The vertebral artery also gives off several important branches that supply blood to various regions of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

Chlorobutanol is a chemical compound that is used primarily as a preservative in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. It is an organic compound that belongs to the class of compounds known as halogenated hydrocarbons, which contain one or more halogens (such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine) and hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon skeleton.

In medical terms, Chlorobutanol is used as an antimicrobial agent, which means it helps to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in products such as eye drops, nasal sprays, and injectable medications. It works by denaturing proteins in microorganisms, which makes it difficult for them to survive and multiply.

It is important to note that Chlorobutanol can be harmful if ingested or absorbed through the skin in large quantities, so it should be used with caution and only under the direction of a healthcare professional.

Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is a medication used primarily for the treatment of angina pectoris (chest pain due to coronary artery disease) and hypertensive emergencies (severe high blood pressure). It belongs to a class of drugs called nitrates or organic nitrites.

Nitroglycerin works by relaxing and dilating the smooth muscle in blood vessels, which leads to decreased workload on the heart and increased oxygen delivery to the myocardium (heart muscle). This results in reduced symptoms of angina and improved cardiac function during hypertensive emergencies.

The drug is available in various forms, including sublingual tablets, sprays, transdermal patches, ointments, and intravenous solutions. The choice of formulation depends on the specific clinical situation and patient needs. Common side effects of nitroglycerin include headache, dizziness, and hypotension (low blood pressure).

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and provides nutrients to the brain while removing waste products. CSF is produced by specialized cells called ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) inside the brain. From there, it circulates through the ventricular system and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed back into the bloodstream. CSF analysis is an important diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancer.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Lysergic acid is not a medical term per se, but it is a key component in the chemical structure of several psychedelic drugs, including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Medically, lysergic acid itself does not have any approved uses. However, I can provide you with a definition of LSD:

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide) is a potent synthetic hallucinogenic drug, derived from lysergic acid, a compound found in the ergot fungus that grows on grains. LSD is typically consumed orally, often by placing it on absorbent paper, which is then dried and cut into small squares known as "blotters."

LSD is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and in many other countries, indicating that it has a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use, and a lack of safety under medical supervision. Its effects on perception, mood, and thought are highly unpredictable and can vary greatly among users and even between experiences had by the same user.

Angioplasty, balloon refers to a medical procedure used to widen narrowed or obstructed blood vessels, particularly the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. This procedure is typically performed using a catheter-based technique, where a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into an artery, usually through the groin or wrist, and guided to the site of the narrowing or obstruction in the coronary artery.

Once the catheter reaches the affected area, a small balloon attached to the tip of the catheter is inflated, which compresses the plaque against the artery wall and stretches the artery, thereby restoring blood flow. The balloon is then deflated and removed, along with the catheter.

Balloon angioplasty is often combined with the placement of a stent, a small metal mesh tube that helps to keep the artery open and prevent it from narrowing again. This procedure is known as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angioplasty and stenting.

Overall, balloon angioplasty is a relatively safe and effective treatment for coronary artery disease, although complications such as bleeding, infection, or re-narrowing of the artery can occur in some cases.

The mammary arteries are a set of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the mammary glands, which are the structures in female breasts responsible for milk production during lactation. The largest mammary artery, also known as the internal thoracic or internal mammary artery, originates from the subclavian artery and descends along the inner side of the chest wall. It then branches into several smaller arteries that supply blood to the breast tissue. These include the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, lateral thoracic artery, and pectoral branches. The mammary arteries are crucial in maintaining the health and function of the breast tissue, and any damage or blockage to these vessels can lead to various breast-related conditions or diseases.

Vasodilation is the widening or increase in diameter of blood vessels, particularly the involuntary relaxation of the smooth muscle in the tunica media (middle layer) of the arteriole walls. This results in an increase in blood flow and a decrease in vascular resistance. Vasodilation can occur due to various physiological and pathophysiological stimuli, such as local metabolic demands, neural signals, or pharmacological agents. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and thermoregulation.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

... that cause the vasospasm. Intracranial aneurysms may result from diseases acquired during life, or from genetic conditions. ... An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a cerebral aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a ... Intracranial aneurysms occur more in women, by a ratio of 3 to 2, and are rarely seen in pediatric populations. Interventional ... The vasospasm is thought to be secondary to the apoptosis of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils that become ...
After the hypothermia rewarming period, the patient died from increased intracranial pressure and anisocoria. A sample of the ... Vasospasm typically appears 4 to 10 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main ... Like physical resistance, vasospasms can occur due to atherosclerosis. Vasospasm is the major cause of Prinzmetal's angina. ... Ischemia in the heart due to prolonged coronary vasospasm can lead to angina, myocardial infarction and even death. Vasospasm ...
"The Effects of Vasospasm and ReBleeding on the Outcome of Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from Ruptured Intracranial ... "Evaluation of adequate timing for the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms" in 2015. In addition to his PhD, Filipče ...
... posttraumatic vasospasm can occur, thus cutting blood supply to the brain. Besides, intracranial hemorrhage that are atypical ... Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull. Subtypes are intracerebral ... Intracranial hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency because the buildup of blood within the skull can lead to increases in ... Intracranial bleed in hypertensive subjects usually occurs at 50 to 60 years of life with 30 to 50% chance of death. Such ...
CT scan can also rule out intracranial hemorrhage.[18] If an intracranial hemorrhage is present, aneurysmal rupture should be ... investigated given its association with arterial vasospasm resulting in stroke.[3] Anterior cerebral artery strokes could be ... and a recent Cochrane review showed that these agents correlated with a high risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Dual antiplatelet ... head CT should be quickly followed by CT angiography of the head and neck to expedite identification of intracranial large ...
... and blood byproducts that increase intracranial pressure and may increase the risk for cerebral vasospasm. Efforts to keep a ... International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators) (December 1998). "Unruptured intracranial aneurysms-- ... Vasospasm, in which the blood vessels constrict and thus restrict blood flow, is a serious complication of SAH. It can cause ... A protocol referred to as "triple H" is often used as a measure to treat vasospasm when it causes symptoms; this is the use of ...
... migraine/vasospasm, drug misuse) The following factors are suggested as pathogenesis of ESUS: Subclinical atrial fibrillation: ... by CT or MRI that is not lacunar No major-risk cardioembolic source of embolism Absence of extracranial or intracranial ...
... investigates the role of intracranial fluid hydrodynamics (e.g. cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral blood flow, ... cerebral vasospasm, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and cerebral aneurysm. Neurohydrodynamics is an emerging discipline ...
... vasospasm, optic neuropathies, giant cell arteritis, angle-closure glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, orbital ... Migraine Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Intracranial tumor Psychogenic Despite the temporary nature of the vision loss, ... Brief fluctuations in intracranial or systemic blood pressure may then result in transient loss of function in the eyes." ... Burger SK, Saul RF, Selhorst JB, Thurston SE (September 1991). "Transient monocular blindness caused by vasospasm". N. Engl. J ...
Because it has some selectivity for cerebral vasculature, nimodipine's main use is in the prevention of cerebral vasospasm and ... specifically from ruptured intracranial berry aneurysms irrespective of the patient's post-ictus neurological condition. Its ... Nimodipine, sold under the brand name Nimotop among others, is calcium channel blocker used in preventing vasospasm secondary ...
TCD is primarily a technique for diagnosing various intracranial vascular disorders such as emboli, stenosis, or vasospasm, and ... Intracranial pressure Intracranial hypotension Intracranial pressure monitoring Headache Meningitis Space adaptation syndrome ... "Noninvasive Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure". Petkus V, Ragauskas A, Jurkonis R (May 2002). "Investigation of intracranial ... Blood flow in the intracranial OA segment is affected by intracranial pressure, while flow in the extracranial (intraorbital) ...
Traumatic vascular lesions Vasospasm Vertebral body tumors Vertebral body compression fractures Stroke Intracranial aneurysm ... New techniques: Sole stenting and flow diversion stents From the early 2000s, intracranial stents were used to prevent the ... In the 1970s Fedor Serbinenko developed a technique for closing intracranial aneurysms with balloons that were released into ... Zenteno, M (March 2012). "Endovascular approach in the management of intracranial aneurysms. Part 1: basic concepts and devices ...
... intracranial aneurysm, stroke, cerebral vasospasm, cerebral arteriovenous malformation (for Spetzler-Martin grading and plan ... Delayed or incomplete contrast washout may indicate vasospasm or dissection. Cervical arch angiogram is taken if there is any ... Cerebral angiography is used to image various intracranial (within the head) or extracranial (outside the head) diseases. ... During the catheterisation of vertebral artery, extra care should be taken to prevent vessel dissection or vasospasm. ...
Fraser JF, Riina H, Mitra N, Gobin YP, Simon AS, Stieg PE: Treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: looking to the past to ... Janardhan V, Biondi A, Riina HA, Sanelli PC, Stieg PE, Gobin YP: Vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: diagnosis, ... "Home - PubMed - NCBI". Stieg PE, Batjer HH, Samson DS (Eds): Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations. New York: Informa ... authored more than 100 peer-reviewed publications in the medical literature and has co-edited a textbook titled Intracranial ...
In order to calculate the CPP the intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) must be available. C P P = M A P − I C ... This is important because blood is an irritant to brain tissue and can cause complications such as vasospasm. The EVD is ... A sudden increase in hourly output of CSF may indicate intracranial hypertension, bloody CSF may indicate recurrent aneurysm ... EVDs can be used to monitor intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH ...
... vasospasm, intracranial MeSH C10.228.140.300.950 - vertebral artery dissection MeSH C10.228.140.380 - dementia MeSH C10.228. ... intracranial embolism and thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.400 - intracranial embolism MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.425 - ... intracranial aneurysm MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.475 - intracranial arteriosclerosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.510.200.475.500 - ... intracranial thrombosis MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.669 - sinus thrombosis, intracranial MeSH C10.228.140.300.525.669.375 - ...
Surgery may be required to debride or repair the injury or to relieve excessive intracranial pressure. Intracranial pressure is ... or cerebral vasospasm are more likely to have worse outcomes. People with penetrating head trauma may have complications such ... Most deaths from penetrating trauma are caused by damage to blood vessels, which can lead to intracranial hematomas and ... As in closed head injury, intracranial pressure is likely to increase due to swelling or bleeding, potentially crushing ...
Intracranial pressure (ICP) management: Ventricular catheter to monitor Brain oxygen and concentrations of glucose and PH. With ... manage systemic complications and maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and prevent vasospasm and bridge patient to angiographic ... When planning for nursing interventions it is beneficial to be aware of the patient's intracranial adaptive capacity, i.e., ... intracranial compliance, to avoid the development of elevated ICP. All nursing interventions is performed with the aim of ...
... vasospasm, intracranial MeSH C14.907.253.953 - vertebral artery dissection MeSH C14.907.253.956 - vertebrobasilar insufficiency ... intracranial embolism MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213.350 - intracranial thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.350.850.213.669 - sinus ... intracranial embolism MeSH C14.907.355.830.850.213.350 - intracranial thrombosis MeSH C14.907.355.830.850.213.669 - sinus ... intracranial thrombosis MeSH C14.907.253.378.586 - sinus thrombosis, intracranial MeSH C14.907.253.378.586.375 - cavernous ...
DHE and triptans should never be taken within 24 hours of each other due to the potential for coronary artery vasospasm.[ ... acting as an agonist to the serotonin receptors and causing vasoconstriction of the intracranial blood vessels, but also ...
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels and arteries during migraine is thought to be caused by vasospasm. Use of a Transcranial ... In a similar manner to Streptokinase, Alteplase increases the risk of intracranial haemorrhage, however, mortality rate is not ... Marshall, N.; Maclaurin, W. A.; Koulouris, G. (2007). "MRA Captures Vasospasm in Fatal Migrainous Infarction". Headache: The ... Thie, A.; Spitzer, K.; Lachenmayer, L.; Kunze, K. (1988). "Prolonged Vasospasm in Migraine Detected by Noninvasive Transcranial ...
Infections within the intracranial cavity are a dangerous complication of TBI. They may occur outside of the dura mater, below ... Other types of vascular complications include vasospasm, in which blood vessels constrict and restrict blood flow, and the ... This in turn can create the following potential life-threatening symptoms: increased intra-cranial pressure (ICP), tachycardia ... Pneumocephalus occurs when air enters the intracranial cavity and becomes trapped in the subarachnoid space. ...
This will lead to intracranial hypertension, cerebral ischemia or wide spreading hemorrhage which may result in a permanent ... and forceps or vacuum application via direct occlusion or vasospasm can cause perinatal ischemic stroke. Hypoxic-ischemic ... Cranial ultrasound can identify intracranial hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, large cerebral sinus venous thrombosis ...
PRES may be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage, but this is relatively rare. The majority of people recover fully, although ... Some, therefore, include the vasospasm in the "toxic" theory. It is considered likely that these multiple mechanisms all ...
These headaches are usually benign, but occasionally are caused by intracranial hemorrhage and cerebral infarction, especially ... "Cerebral vasospasm and headache during sexual intercourse and masturbatory orgasms". Headache: The Journal of Head and Face ...
It can also be applied as a means to diagnose and monitor intracranial pressure, for example as incorporated into continuous ... Cranial Accelerometry Can Detect Cerebral Vasospasm Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Smith et al. (2015) Sun, M; Sekhar, LN; ... minuscule motion in the brain tissue as well as cerebrospinal fluid and therefore produces minimal changes in intracranial ...
... and raised intracranial pressure (the pressure within the skull). Intracranial pressure may rise due to swelling or a mass ... Complications involving the blood vessels include vasospasm, in which vessels constrict and restrict blood flow, the formation ... For intracranial hematomas, the collected blood may be removed using suction or forceps or it may be floated off with water. ... A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. ...
... the most widely-used scale to assess vasospasm risk after subarachnoid hemorrhage; and the concept of "CTA-for-All" for stroke ... "Recommended Primary Outcomes for Clinical Trials Evaluating Hemostatic Agents in Patients With Intracranial Hemorrhage: A ...
Coronary vasospasm may result in cardiac arrhythmias, altering the heart's electrical conduction with a risk of complete ... The most common non-cardiac causes are trauma, major bleeding (gastrointestinal bleeding, aortic rupture, or intracranial ... vasospasm, and mechanical abnormalities related to connective tissue diseases or trauma. These conditions account for 10-15% of ...
... and vasospasms. Techniques such as angioplasty, stenting, clot retrieval, embolization, and diagnostic angiography are ... tumors of the meninges and intracranial spaces, secondary metastases to the brain, spine, and nerves, and peripheral nervous ... Medical neurological procedure to check for intracranial bruits Global neurosurgery - Global health subspecialty List of ... neurosurgery involves most neurosurgical conditions including neuro-trauma and other neuro-emergencies such as intracranial ...
Intracranial" by people in this website by year, and whether "Vasospasm, Intracranial" was a major or minor topic of these ... Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may ... "Vasospasm, Intracranial" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Vasospasm, Intracranial" by people in Profiles. ...
... Jung-Hwan Oh1, Seung- ... Furthermore, intracranial vasospasm (ICVS) associated with spinal hemorrhage has been very rarely reported. We present an ICVS ... Multiple intracranial vasospasms were noted on a brain CT angiogram and transfemoral cerebral angiography. However, ... We suggest that spinal cord evaluation should be considered in patients with headache who have ICVS, although intracranial ...
... Author: ... THE EFFECT OF VASOSPASM ON CEREBRAL PERFUSION: A COLOUR DUPLEX STUDY OF THE EXTRA- AND INTRACRANIAL CEREBRAL ARTERIES. DSpace ...
SAH constitutes half of all spontaneous atraumatic intracranial hemorrhages; the other half consists of bleeding that occurs ... Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Radiology. 2004 Feb. 230(2):510-8. [ ... Simvastatin reduces vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a pilot randomized clinical trial. Stroke. ... Treatment of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: Comparison of Stenting and Balloon Remodeling. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar 5. [QxMD ...
... blood pressure is maintained at higher levels to diminish complications associated with vasospasm. Vasospasm usually occurs ... Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. The management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is highly controversial. The ... Large or giant intracranial aneurysms may be treated with a combination of devices, such as stent-assisted coil placement. [12 ... Unruptured intracranial aneurysms. N Engl J Med. 1999 May 6. 340(18):1440-1; discussion 1441-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / complications* * Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis / pathology * Ischemic Attack, ... Rupture of the arterial wall in two cases of recent cerebral embolism: morphological expression of cerebral vasospasm? J Neurol ...
... that cause the vasospasm. Intracranial aneurysms may result from diseases acquired during life, or from genetic conditions. ... An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a cerebral aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a ... Intracranial aneurysms occur more in women, by a ratio of 3 to 2, and are rarely seen in pediatric populations. Interventional ... The vasospasm is thought to be secondary to the apoptosis of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils that become ...
Sub arachnoid haemorrhage and Vasospasm. *Intracranial infections. *Traumatic brain injury. *Peadiatrics: Oncology, ...
Isolated benign cerebral vasculitis or migrainous vasospasm? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:73-76 doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.1. ... Intracranial VW-MR Imaging Is Currently in the Domain of Research. *. To predict future behavior of unruptured intracranial ... Intracranial VW-MR Imaging Is Likely a Useful Adjunct to Conventional Imaging. *. To differentiate among causes of intracranial ... Do human intracranial arteries lack vasa vasorum? A comparative immunohistochemical study of intracranial and systemic arteries ...
Cerebral protection during surgery of intracranial aneurysms. *Management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. *Vasospasm associated ... Table 13-4: Neuroprotection by prevention of vasospasm. List of Figures. Figure 1-1: A three-stage model of ischemic hypoxic ... Table 13-3: Medical and surgical methods of cerebral vasospasm management. ...
The technical procedure is made more difficult by existing factors such as vasospasm, hematoma, intracranial hypertension, and ... Follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated with detachable coils: comparison of plain radiographs, 3D time-of-flight MRA and ... Intracranial aneurysms: endovascular treatment with mechanical detachable spirals in 60 aneurysms. Radiology 1997;202:783-792. ... Jomin M, Lesoin F, Lozes G. Prognosis with 500 ruptured and operated intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 1984;l21:13-18. ...
A second carotid angiogram, 14 days later, showed normal intracranial arteries. These findings suggest arterial spasm rather ... Carotid angiograms displayed segmentary narrowing of intracranial arteries as previously described in benign cerebral ...
Findlay JM, Weir BK, Kanamaru K, Espinosa F: Arterial wall changes in cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurgery 1989;25:736-745; ... Kim BM, Kim SH, Kim DI, Shin YS, Suh SH, Kim DJ, Park SI, Park KY, Ahn SS: Outcomes and prognostic factors of intracranial ... Wang Y, Lou X, Li Y, Sui B, Sun S, Li C, Jiang P, Siddiqui A, Yang X: Imaging investigation of intracranial arterial dissecting ... Han M, Rim NJ, Lee JS, Kim SY, Choi JW: Feasibility of high-resolution MR imaging for the diagnosis of intracranial ...
The occurrence of these early morning headaches should not cause one to assume that the child has increased intracranial ... The first phase (the prodromal phase) is characterized by vasospasm, which causes focal cerebral ischemia and transient ... Patients in whom elevated intracranial pressure is suggested or those with focal neurologic deficits should undergo a ... The second phase results from compensatory vasodilation of the intracranial and extracranial vasculature. Brain acidosis and ...
Vascular changes in preeclampsia and eclampsia include hemoconcentration and intense vasospasm. Women with severe preeclampsia ... Maternal mortality is usually associated with intracranial hemorrhage.. In addition to fetal growth restriction, manifestations ...
Intracranial Extension of Spinal Subarachnoid Hematoma Causing Severe Cerebral Vasospasm Nam KH, Lee JI, Choi BK, Han IH ... Spinal subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) can extend into the intracranial subarachnoid space, but, severe cerebral vasospasm is ... rare complication of the extension of intracranial SAH from a spinal subarachnoid hematoma. A... ...
... with detachable coils in intracranial berry aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A ... ... Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms and vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ricardo A.Hanel, ... Intracranial aneurysms: endovascular treatment with mechanical detachable spirals in 60 aneurysms. Radiology 1997; 202:783-792 ... Treatment of large and giant fusiform intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg 1996; 84:55-62. ...
... or symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage at 24 h (four [2%] of 185 vs three [2%] of 192; p=0·71). Common adverse events related ... to thrombectomy were vasospasm (33 [23%] patients) and embolisation in a new territory (nine [6%]). ...
Intracranial aneurisms: endovascular coiling/stent coiling/flow diverters. *Complications of SAH. *Treatment of vasospasm ... Intracranial aneurysms occur in patients between approximately 35 to 65 years old. Prevalence of about two to five percent in ... Intracranial aneurisms: microsurgical clipping, 3D virtual reality simulation. * ... Deliberate basilar or vertebral artery occlusion in the treatment of intracranial anuerysms ...
Vasospasm treatment. After a stroke or an aneurysm, you may experience vasospasms. Vasospasms are the sudden narrowing of blood ... Intracranial pressure monitoring. After a brain injury, aneurysm or severe stroke, is vital to control cranial pressure to ... Vasospasm treatment. After a stroke or an aneurysm, you may experience vasospasms. Vasospasms are the sudden narrowing of blood ... Intracranial pressure monitoring. After a brain injury, aneurysm or severe stroke, is vital to control cranial pressure to ...
Migraine is a disease impacted by an intracranial vasospasm followed by the maximum dilatation of extra and intra-cranial ...
Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1968;28(1):14-20. 18. ... Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6 ... Tersons syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe brain injury accompanied by acutely raised intracranial pressure. J ...
Intracranial hypotension was diagnosed in most patients via MRI studies, which were often obtained due to failure to improve ... Neurovascular imaging showed focal segment irregularity and narrowing concerning for vasospasm of the left MCA in 4 cases and ... Intracranial hypotension was diagnosed in most patients via MRI studies, which were often obtained due to failure to improve ... Intracranial hypotension was diagnosed in most patients via MRI studies, which were often obtained due to failure to improve ...
The clinical utility of the technique is now well established for a number of different disease processes such as intracranial ... stenosis, evaluation of collateral blood flow, vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage, and brain death [16]. ... It offers a unique real time velocity measurement of intracranial vessels. Although a single velocity measurement is not ... Noninvasive imaging of asymptomatic brain aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and intracranial arterial stenosis became ...
... and intracranial diseases (non-traumatic SAH, cerebral aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, arterial vasospasm, acute stroke, ... 28 Blanc R, Piotin M, Mounayer C, Spelle L, Moret J. Direct cervical arterial access for intracranial endovascular treatment. ... 28 Blanc R, Piotin M, Mounayer C, Spelle L, Moret J. Direct cervical arterial access for intracranial endovascular treatment. ... All were performed for vascular access in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms in patients with peripheral access difficulty ...
1b) Vasospasm; 1c) Spontaneous Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. 4. CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE DEATH On 30th March 2023 Kirsty Michelle ... An MRI scan on 5th April 2023 showed multi territorial infarctions and significant narrowing of all the intracranial vessels. ... She had probably developed a severe vasospasm from the subarachnoid haemorrhage. Treatment options at this point are extremely ... Died from the complications of a subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a burst aneurysm which was not diagnosed until vasospasms ...
Intracranial Vasospasm 21% 1 Scopus citations * Cognitive Motor Dissociation: Gap Analysis and Future Directions. the Curing ...
58] as well conditions such as untreated coronary vasospasm and refractory angina. [59] ... but it can also be caused by intracranial, vascular/myofascial, neurogenic, TMJ, ear, eye, nasal, paranasal sinus, lymph node, ...
"What we need is a safe, noninvasive, user-independent method to detect cerebral vasospasm before it causes brain injury," says ... It is this latter ability, continuous monitoring, that provides a unique capability in detecting the onset of vasospasm," adds ... Jan Medicals Nautilus BrainPulse detected cerebral vasospasm with clinically meaningful accuracy in UCSF study. 14 April 2015 ... "This study has confirmed that our portable and continuous brain-sensing system can detect vasospasms quickly and noninvasively ...
Vasospasm is prevented by giving nimodipine 60 mg orally every 4 hours for 21 days to prevent vasospasm, but BP needs to be ... Evaluate intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition (see table ) Therapeutically reduce intracranial ... Secondary vasospasm may cause focal brain ischemia; about 25% of patients develop signs of a transient ischemic attack ... A congenital intracranial saccular or berry aneurysm is the cause in about 85% of patients. Bleeding may stop spontaneously. ...
  • The management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is highly controversial. (medscape.com)
  • The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) indicated a relatively low risk of rupture in small aneurysms without history of SAH. (medscape.com)
  • Recent guidelines and an evidence-based systematic review of the literature have formulated recommendations for the care of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms, principally based on age, history, and aneurysm size. (medscape.com)
  • Future studies in the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms may systematically account for the evolving technology of advanced endovascular approaches, detailed aneurysm morphology, novel neuroimaging correlates, ethnic and geographical variation, neurocognitive impairment following endovascular or surgical treatment, and quality-of-life issues. (medscape.com)
  • Basilar artery aneurysms represent only 3-5% of all intracranial aneurysms but are the most common aneurysms in the posterior circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of intracranial hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rebleeding, hydrocephalus (the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid), vasospasm (spasm, or narrowing, of the blood vessels), or multiple aneurysms may also occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intracranial aneurysms may result from diseases acquired during life, or from genetic conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cocaine use has also been associated with the development of intracranial aneurysms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other acquired associations with intracranial aneurysms include head trauma and infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Specific genes have also had reported association with the development of intracranial aneurysms, including perlecan, elastin, collagen type 1 A2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin receptor A and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most recently, the results of the International Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Trial (ISAT) demonstrated the clinical superiority of endovascular treatment to standard surgical management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms ( 9 - 10 ). (ajnr.org)
  • A consecutive series was analyzed retrospectively: from January 1998 to May 2003, 705 intracranial ruptured aneurysms in 650 patients were considered for endovascular treatment at five neuroradiologic centers. (ajnr.org)
  • To evaluate the stability of aneurysm occlusion at follow-up angiography after endovascular treatment (EVT) with detachable coils in intracranial berry aneurysms. (rsna.org)
  • Intracranial aneurysms: endovascular treatment with mechanical detachable spirals in 60 aneurysms. (rsna.org)
  • Noninvasive imaging of asymptomatic brain aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and intracranial arterial stenosis became available. (hindawi.com)
  • We will cover 10 years of experience in this area and divide our observations in 3 parts: cerebral angiograms (part I), carotid angioplasties (part II) and intracranial aneurysms (part III). (thieme-connect.de)
  • What is the time frame that leads to the best patient outcome for securing intracranial aneurysms? (snacc.org)
  • Furthermore, intracranial vasospasm (ICVS) associated with spinal hemorrhage has been very rarely reported. (en-journal.org)
  • We present an ICVS case without intracranial hemorrhage following SDH. (en-journal.org)
  • However, intracranial hemorrhage was not revealed by brain MRI or CT. (en-journal.org)
  • We suggest that spinal cord evaluation should be considered in patients with headache who have ICVS, although intracranial hemorrhage would not be visible in brain images. (en-journal.org)
  • Vasospasm, referring to blood vessel constriction, can occur secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage following a ruptured aneurysm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Maternal mortality is usually associated with intracranial hemorrhage. (aafp.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Attenuation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase. (duke.edu)
  • Introduction: Vasospasm accounts for a large fraction of the morbidity and mortality burden in patients sustaining subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (houstonmethodist.org)
  • The authors describe the clinical course of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) caused by BBA rupture and emphasize the value of internal carotid artery trapping combined with high-flow extracranial-intracranial (trapping/EC-IC) bypass during the acute period following SAH. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A hospital referral at this point would probably have identified the subarachnoid haemorrhage and allowed preventative treatment to reduce the risk of her developing severe vasospasm. (judiciary.uk)
  • She had probably developed a severe vasospasm from the subarachnoid haemorrhage. (judiciary.uk)
  • Jan Medical has announced that a clinical study published in Neurocritical Care demonstrated that Nautilus BrainPulse is a highly sensitive skull accelerometry that can detect cerebral vasospasm "with clinically meaningful accuracy", therefore suggesting, "promise in the ICU environment to detect as well as reject cerebral vasospasm as the cause of neurological deficits in subarachnoid haemorrhage. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • Background For endovascular rescue therapy (ERT) of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) due to spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH), non-compliant (NCB) and compliant (CB) balloons are used with both balloon types bearing the risk of vessel injury due to specific mechanical properties. (bmj.com)
  • Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH) can result in delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI) and CVS-associated infarction, both worsening patients outcome. (bmj.com)
  • Vasospasms are the sudden narrowing of blood vessels in your brain that cause further brain damage by preventing oxygen from getting to your brain. (iuhealth.org)
  • Multiple intracranial vasospasms were noted on a brain CT angiogram and transfemoral cerebral angiography. (en-journal.org)
  • [ 32 ] While studies have shown benefit regarding severity of neurologic deficits caused by cerebral vasospasm following SAH, no evidence exists that nimodipine either prevents or relieves spasms of cerebral arteries. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid angiograms displayed segmentary narrowing of intracranial arteries as previously described in benign cerebral vasculitis. (bmj.com)
  • A second carotid angiogram, 14 days later, showed normal intracranial arteries. (bmj.com)
  • 1 2 In this context, TBA is implemented in addition to spasmolytic drugs in proximal intracranial arteries. (bmj.com)
  • Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN). (sdsu.edu)
  • Secondary vasospasm (causing focal brain ischemia), meningismus, seizures, and hydrocephalus (causing persistent headache and obtundation) are common. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Intraarterial papaverine or endovascular balloon angioplasty may be used to treat vasospasm in select patients. (medscape.com)
  • The technology needs to be simple, and portable, to be most effective in the Neuro Critical Care setting, by more immediately detecting vasospasm so we can aggressively prevent stroke with cerebral angioplasty and/or vasospressor therapy. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • Acute extracranial-intracranial bypass using a radial artery graft along with trapping of a ruptured blood blister-like aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Kamijo K, Matsui T. Acute extracranial-intracranial bypass using a radial artery graft along with trapping of a ruptured blood blister-like aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • After a stroke or an aneurysm, you may experience vasospasms. (iuhealth.org)
  • Vasospasm usually occurs between days 3 and 21, presenting with headache, decreased level of consciousness, and variable neurological deficits. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion: Treatments with statins, serine protease inhibitors, and small molecular pathway inhibitors have demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in prevention of cerebral vasospasm, which is improved with earlier institution. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Methods: The literature was reviewed for studies investigating the role of PDGF in the pathogenesis of SAH-related vasospasm and efficacy of pharmacological interventions targeting the PDGF pathway in ameliorating the same and improving clinical outcomes. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Rupture of the arterial wall in two cases of recent cerebral embolism: morphological expression of cerebral vasospasm? (nih.gov)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous overexpression of EC-SOD attenuated vasospasm and oxidative stress but failed to reduce neurological deficits after SAH. (duke.edu)
  • Following surgical or endovascular aneurysm treatment, blood pressure is maintained at higher levels to diminish complications associated with vasospasm. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions: A subpopulation of children with hematologic malignancies develops subclinical vasospasm after intrathecal cytarabine treatment. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • The vasospasm is thought to be secondary to the apoptosis of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils that become trapped in the subarachnoid space. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blood in the subarachnoid space causes a chemical meningitis that commonly increases intracranial pressure for days or a few weeks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • An MRI scan on 5th April 2023 showed multi territorial infarctions and significant narrowing of all the intracranial vessels. (judiciary.uk)
  • Future research is needed to determine the long-term clinical consequences of cerebral vasospasm in this population. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Brain edema is maximal and risk of vasospasm and subsequent infarction (called angry brain) is highest between 72 hours and 10 days. (msdmanuals.com)
  • What we need is a safe, noninvasive, user-independent method to detect cerebral vasospasm before it causes brain injury," says Smith. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • This study has confirmed that our portable and continuous brain-sensing system can detect vasospasms quickly and noninvasively. (neuronewsinternational.com)
  • Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-β levels rise following SAH and correlate with incidence and severity of vasospasm. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Acute myeloid leukemia was identified as a potential risk factor for vasospasm. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Although high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) has been used as a strong imaging method for diagnosing intracranial vertebral artery dissection (IVAD), the diagnosis is sometimes challenging because a dissection has geometric changes in the natural course. (karger.com)
  • A congenital intracranial saccular or berry aneurysm is the cause in about 85% of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Quality-of-life issues, including the psychological morbidity of living with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm, also must be addressed. (medscape.com)
  • We examined whether overexpression of murine extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) alters SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm, oxidative stress, and neurological outcome. (duke.edu)
  • Vasospasm, Intracranial" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (sdsu.edu)
  • Children with vasospasm were more likely to have received intravenous cytarabine (75% versus 0%, p = 0.01) and less likely to have received steroids (25% versus 100%, p = 0.01). (johnshopkins.edu)