Splitting of the vessel wall in the VERTEBRAL ARTERY. Interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the vertebral artery, aneurysm formation, or THROMBOEMBOLISM. Vertebral artery dissection is often associated with TRAUMA and injuries to the head-neck region but can occur spontaneously.
The first branch of the SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY with distribution to muscles of the NECK; VERTEBRAE; SPINAL CORD; CEREBELLUM; and interior of the CEREBRUM.
Aneurysm caused by a tear in the TUNICA INTIMA of a blood vessel leading to interstitial HEMORRHAGE, and splitting (dissecting) of the vessel wall, often involving the AORTA. Dissection between the intima and media causes luminal occlusion. Dissection at the media, or between the media and the outer adventitia causes aneurismal dilation.
The splitting of the vessel wall in one or both (left and right) internal carotid arteries (CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL). Interstitial hemorrhage into the media of the vessel wall can lead to occlusion of the internal carotid artery and aneurysm formation.
INFARCTION of the dorsolateral aspect of MEDULLA OBLONGATA in the BRAIN STEM. It is caused by occlusion of the VERTEBRAL ARTERY and/or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Clinical manifestations vary with the size of infarction, but may include loss of pain and temperature sensation in the ipsilateral face and contralateral body below the chin; ipsilateral HORNER SYNDROME; ipsilateral ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; VERTIGO; nausea, hiccup; dysphagia; and VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p801)
Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
An occupational discipline founded by D.D. Palmer in the 1890's based on the relationship of the spine to health and disease.
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of CORONARY VESSELS. Most coronary aneurysms are due to CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as KAWASAKI DISEASE.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.
Agents that prevent clotting.
A syndrome associated with defective sympathetic innervation to one side of the face, including the eye. Clinical features include MIOSIS; mild BLEPHAROPTOSIS; and hemifacial ANHIDROSIS (decreased sweating)(see HYPOHIDROSIS). Lesions of the BRAIN STEM; cervical SPINAL CORD; first thoracic nerve root; apex of the LUNG; CAROTID ARTERY; CAVERNOUS SINUS; and apex of the ORBIT may cause this condition. (From Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, pp500-11)
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
A clinically significant reduction in blood supply to the BRAIN STEM and CEREBELLUM (i.e., VERTEBROBASILAR INSUFFICIENCY) resulting from reversal of blood flow through the VERTEBRAL ARTERY from occlusion or stenosis of the proximal subclavian or brachiocephalic artery. Common symptoms include VERTIGO; SYNCOPE; and INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION of the involved upper extremity. Subclavian steal may also occur in asymptomatic individuals. (From J Cardiovasc Surg 1994;35(1):11-4; Acta Neurol Scand 1994;90(3):174-8)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Infarctions that occur in the BRAIN STEM which is comprised of the MIDBRAIN; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.
A branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the kidneys, adrenal glands and ureters.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
A method of hemostasis utilizing various agents such as Gelfoam, silastic, metal, glass, or plastic pellets, autologous clot, fat, and muscle as emboli. It has been used in the treatment of spinal cord and INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS, renal arteriovenous fistulas, gastrointestinal bleeding, epistaxis, hypersplenism, certain highly vascular tumors, traumatic rupture of blood vessels, and control of operative hemorrhage.
A large vessel supplying the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Diseases of the twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve or nuclei. The nuclei and fascicles of the nerve are located in the medulla, and the nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen and innervates the muscles of the tongue. Lower brain stem diseases, including ischemia and MOTOR NEURON DISEASES may affect the nuclei or nerve fascicles. The nerve may also be injured by diseases of the posterior fossa or skull base. Clinical manifestations include unilateral weakness of tongue musculature and lingual dysarthria, with deviation of the tongue towards the side of weakness upon attempted protrusion.
The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.
Dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical LYMPH NODES and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. This type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. The prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by Crile in 1906.
Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.
The arterial trunk that arises from the abdominal aorta and after a short course divides into the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.

Cervicocerebral artery dissections. (1/128)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the aetiology, frequency, presentation, and outcome of blunt cervicocerebral arterial dissection presentations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were retrospectively identified through the stroke registers at Royal Melbourne Hospital (a tertiary teaching hospital) and Geelong Hospital (a regional referral centre). Medical notes were then reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 18 cases were identified, with ages ranging from 28 to 53 years. Fifty five per cent of the injuries sustained were to the internal carotid artery and 45% to the vertebral artery. The majority of the injuries were either spontaneous or associated with trivial forces. Other causes included motor vehicle accidents, falls, and cervical manipulations. Fifty five per cent of patients complained of significant neck pain before presentation. Most patients had delayed presentations, with only 39% presenting on the day of the incident. Seventy eight per cent presented with a neurological deficit. Initial computed tomography was normal in 71% of patients. The majority of patients were managed with anticoagulation, and had minimal functional deficit on discharge. Other treatment modalities included surgery (one patient) and thrombolysis (two patients). One patient was managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of blunt cervicocerebral arterial dissection is unknown; however it is an uncommon diagnosis. The most common presentation is that of a delayed neurological event. Initial brain computed tomography is usually normal. Minimal adverse outcomes at discharge were noted in patients treated with anticoagulation only.  (+info)

Embolic cerebellar infarction caused by spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery--two case reports. (2/128)

Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery (VA) may cause ischemic stroke in the posterior circulation. A 22-year-old female and a 38-year-old male presented with sudden onset of vertigo and nausea without trauma. Angiography was initially interpreted as normal, but retrospective examination disclosed extracranial VA dissection in the V3 segment in both cases. Arterial dissection resulting in embolic stroke in the territory of the ipsilateral posterior inferior cerebellar artery was highly suspected. Both patients were treated conservatively without sequelae. Careful angiographic interpretation is important for the diagnosis of extracranial VA dissection. Spontaneous extracranial VA dissection should be suspected in young patients presenting with ischemic stroke but without predisposing risk factors or associated trauma.  (+info)

Aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection : associated factors and outcome. (3/128)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The natural history of aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection (CAD) is ill defined. The aims of this study were to assess (1) clinical and anatomic outcome of aneurysmal forms of extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) dissections and (2) factors associated with aneurysmal forms of CAD. METHODS: Seventy-one consecutive patients with CAD were reviewed. Aneurysmal forms of CAD were identified from all available angiograms by 2 neuroradiologists. The frequency of arterial risk factors, of multiple vessel dissections, and of artery redundancies was compared in patients with and without aneurysm. Patients with aneurysm were invited by mail to undergo a final clinical and radiological evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 71 patients, 35 (49.3%) had a total of 42 aneurysms. Thirty aneurysms were located on a symptomatic artery (ICA, 23; VA, 7) and 12 on an asymptomatic artery (ICA, 10; VA, 2). Patients with aneurysm had multiple dissections of cervical vessels (18/35 versus 7/36; P:=0.005) and arterial redundancies (20/35 versus 11/36; P:=0.02) more frequently than patients without aneurysm. They were also more often migrainous (odds ratio=2.7 [95% CI, 0.8 to 8.5]) and tobacco users (odds ratio=2.2 [95% CI, 0.7 to 6.3]). Clinical and anatomic follow-up information was available for 35 (100%) and 33 patients (94%), respectively. During a mean follow-up of >3 years, no patient had signs of cerebral ischemia, local compression, or rupture. At follow-up, 46% of the aneurysms involving symptomatic ICA were unchanged, 36% had disappeared, and 18% had decreased in size. Resolution was more common for VA than for ICA aneurysms (83% versus 36%). None of the aneurysms located on an asymptomatic ICA had disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: Although aneurysms due to CAD frequently persist, patients carry a very low risk of clinical complications. This favorable clinical outcome should be kept in mind before potential harmful treatment is contemplated.  (+info)

Mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: a possible risk factor for cervical artery dissection. (4/128)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pathogenesis of cervical artery dissection (CAD) remains unknown in most cases. Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia [hyperH(e)], an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, induces damage in endothelial cells in animal cell culture. Consecutive patients with CAD and age-matched control subjects have been studied by serum levels of homocyst(e)ine and the genotype of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). METHODS: Twenty-six patients with CAD, admitted to our Stroke Unit (15 men and 11 women; 16 vertebral arteries, 10 internal carotid arteries), were compared with age-matched control subjects. All patients underwent duplex ultrasound, MR angiography, and/or conventional angiography. RESULTS: Mean plasma homocyst(e)ine level was 17.88 micromol/L (range 5.95 to 40.0 micromol/L) for patients with CAD and 6.0+/-0.99 micromol/L for controls (P:<0.001). The genetic analysis for the thermolabile form of MTHFR in CAD patients showed heterozygosity in 54% and homozygosity in 27%; comparable figures for controls were 40% (P:=0.4) and 10% (P:=0.1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mild hyperH(e) might represent a risk factor for cervical artery dissection. The MTHFR mutation is not significantly associated with CAD. An interaction between different genetic and environmental factors probably takes place in the cascade of pathogenetic events leading to arterial wall damage.  (+info)

Neurological complications of cervical spine manipulation. (5/128)

To obtain preliminary data on neurological complications of spinal manipulation in the UK all members of the Association of British Neurologists were asked to report cases referred to them of neurological complications occurring within 24 hours of cervical spine manipulation over a 12-month period. The response rate was 74%. 24 respondents reported at least one case each, contributing to a total of about 35 cases. These included 7 cases of stroke in brainstem territory (4 with confirmation of vertebral artery dissection), 2 cases of stroke in carotid territory and 1 case of acute subdural haematoma. There were 3 cases of myelopathy and 3 of cervical radiculopathy. Concern about neurological complications following cervical spine manipulation appears to be justified. A large long-term prospective study is required to determine the scale of the hazard.  (+info)

Chiropractic manipulation and stroke: a population-based case-control study. (6/128)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several reports have linked chiropractic manipulation of the neck to dissection or occlusion of the vertebral artery. However, previous studies linking such strokes to neck manipulation consist primarily of uncontrolled case series. We designed a population-based nested case-control study to test the association. METHODS: Hospitalization records were used to identify vertebrobasilar accidents (VBAs) in Ontario, Canada, during 1993-1998. Each of 582 cases was age and sex matched to 4 controls from the Ontario population with no history of stroke at the event date. Public health insurance billing records were used to document use of chiropractic services before the event date. RESULTS: Results for those aged <45 years showed VBA cases to be 5 times more likely than controls to have visited a chiropractor within 1 week of the VBA (95% CI from bootstrapping, 1.32 to 43.87). Additionally, in the younger age group, cases were 5 times as likely to have had >/=3 visits with a cervical diagnosis in the month before the case's VBA date (95% CI from bootstrapping, 1.34 to 18.57). No significant associations were found for those aged >/=45 years. CONCLUSIONS: While our analysis is consistent with a positive association in young adults, potential sources of bias are also discussed. The rarity of VBAs makes this association difficult to study despite high volumes of chiropractic treatment. Because of the popularity of spinal manipulation, high-quality research on both its risks and benefits is recommended.  (+info)

Clinically unidentified dissection of vertebral artery as a cause of cerebellar infarction. (7/128)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dissection of vertebral arteries has been reported in association with minor neck movements without signs of trauma on the surface of the neck. In addition, injury of a vertebral artery can cause brain infarctions. However, few cases have been reported in which fatal brain infarction was due to nonocclusive, clinically undetected, traumatic thrombus formation in a vertebral artery. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 62-year-old man was hit by a car, and a right cerebellar infarction was found the day after the accident. The cause of the infarction could not be detected by angiography. Although the patient recovered favorably after surgical removal of the right lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum, he died suddenly 2 weeks after the accident. An autopsy and a microscopic study revealed pulmonary thromboembolism and organizing traumatic lesions of the right vertebral artery without occlusion or noteworthy stenosis of the artery. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the patient sustained traumatic lesions of the right vertebral artery during the traffic accident 2 weeks before death and that his cerebellar infarction was due to a thrombus resulting from these traumatic lesions.  (+info)

Brain stem compression by a giant vertebrobasilar aneurysm mimicking seronegative myasthenia. (8/128)

A patient is described with a vertebrobasilar aneurysm who was erroneously thought to have myasthenia gravis on the basis of the clinical presentation and investigations, which were interpreted as supportive of a disorder of the neuromuscular junction. Despite the correct diagnosis being made at a late stage the patient made a full recovery after radiological intervention.  (+info)

Vertebral artery dissection is a medical condition that involves a tear in the inner lining (the tunica intima) of the vertebral artery, one of the major blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the brain. This tear allows blood to enter the vessel wall, creating a false lumen and leading to narrowing or blockage of the true lumen. The dissection can occur spontaneously or following trauma to the neck, and it can result in decreased blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum, potentially causing symptoms such as headache, neck pain, dizziness, vertigo, double vision, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, and weakness or numbness on one side of the body. Vertebral artery dissection is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and management to prevent potential complications such as stroke.

The vertebral artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and upper spinal cord. It arises from the subclavian artery, then ascends through the transverse processes of several cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum. Inside the skull, it joins with the opposite vertebral artery to form the basilar artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. The vertebral artery also gives off several important branches that supply blood to various regions of the brainstem and upper spinal cord.

A dissecting aneurysm is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a tear in the inner layer of the artery wall, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the artery wall. This can cause the artery to bulge or balloon out, leading to a dissection aneurysm.

Dissecting aneurysms can occur in any artery, but they are most commonly found in the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. When a dissecting aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it is often referred to as a "dissecting aortic aneurysm."

Dissecting aneurysms can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), genetic disorders that affect the connective tissue, trauma, or illegal drug use (such as cocaine).

Symptoms of a dissecting aneurysm may include sudden severe chest or back pain, which can feel like ripping or tearing, shortness of breath, sweating, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness. If left untreated, a dissecting aneurysm can lead to serious complications, such as rupture of the artery, stroke, or even death.

Treatment for a dissecting aneurysm typically involves surgery or endovascular repair to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of rupture. The specific treatment approach will depend on various factors, including the location and size of the aneurysm, the patient's overall health, and their medical history.

A carotid artery, internal, dissection is a medical condition that affects the internal carotid artery, which is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. In this condition, there is a separation (dissection) of the layers of the artery wall, causing blood to accumulate in the space between the layers. This can lead to narrowing or blockage of the artery, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Internal carotid artery dissection can be caused by trauma, high blood pressure, connective tissue disorders, or spontaneously. Symptoms may include neck pain, headache, facial pain, visual disturbances, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and dizziness or loss of balance.

Lateral Medullary Syndrome, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, is a type of stroke that affects the lateral part (side) of the medulla oblongata, which is a structure at the lower end of the brainstem. This condition is typically caused by a blockage or narrowing of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), leading to infarction (tissue death due to lack of blood supply) in this area.

The lateral medulla contains several important nerve tracts and nuclei that are responsible for various functions, including:

1. Pain and temperature sensation from the face and body
2. Facial movements and sensations
3. Eye movement control
4. Hearing
5. Vestibular function (balance)
6. Swallowing and cough reflexes
7. Cardiovascular regulation

As a result, individuals with Lateral Medullary Syndrome may experience various symptoms such as:
- Ipsilateral (same side) facial pain and temperature sensation loss
- Contralateral (opposite side) body pain and temperature sensation loss
- Vertigo, dizziness, or unsteady gait due to vestibular dysfunction
- Difficulty swallowing and hoarseness
- Horner's syndrome (drooping eyelid, small pupil, and decreased sweating on the affected side of the face)
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
- Hiccups
- Ipsilateral (same side) limb ataxia (lack of coordination)

The severity and combination of symptoms may vary depending on the extent and location of the infarction. Treatment typically involves managing underlying risk factors, such as hypertension or diabetes, and providing supportive care to address specific symptoms.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a medical condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the vertebral and basilar arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. These arteries arise from the subclavian arteries and merge to form the basilar artery, which supplies critical structures in the posterior circulation of the brain.

VBI is often caused by atherosclerosis, or the buildup of plaque in the arterial walls, leading to narrowing (stenosis) or occlusion of these vessels. Other causes include embolism, arterial dissection, and vasculitis. The decreased blood flow can result in various neurological symptoms, such as dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, visual disturbances, and even transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.

Diagnosis of VBI typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like MRA or CTA, and sometimes cerebral angiography to assess the extent and location of vascular narrowing or occlusion. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, medications to manage risk factors (such as hypertension, diabetes, or high cholesterol), antiplatelet therapy, or surgical interventions like endarterectomy or stenting in severe cases.

Cerebral angiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the blood vessels in the brain after injecting a contrast dye into them. This procedure helps doctors to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the blood vessels in the brain, such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and stenosis (narrowing of the blood vessels).

During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg and threaded through the body to the blood vessels in the neck or brain. The contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken to visualize the blood flow through the brain's blood vessels.

Cerebral angiography provides detailed images of the blood vessels in the brain, allowing doctors to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be causing symptoms or increasing the risk of stroke. Based on the results of the cerebral angiography, doctors can develop a treatment plan to address these issues and prevent further complications.

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the blood vessels or arteries within the body. It is a type of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that focuses specifically on the circulatory system.

MRA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various conditions related to the blood vessels, such as aneurysms, stenosis (narrowing of the vessel), or the presence of plaques or tumors. It can also be used to plan for surgeries or other treatments related to the vascular system. The procedure does not use radiation and is generally considered safe, although people with certain implants like pacemakers may not be able to have an MRA due to safety concerns.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

Chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system, with an emphasis on the spine. Chiropractors use manual therapies, including spinal manipulation and adjustment, to realign the spine and improve function, reduce pain, and promote overall health and well-being.

The primary goal of chiropractic care is to correct subluxations, or misalignments of the vertebrae in the spine, which can cause nerve interference and affect the body's natural ability to heal itself. Chiropractors may also use other therapies such as exercise, nutrition counseling, and lifestyle modifications to help patients achieve optimal health and wellness.

Chiropractic is a drug-free and non-surgical approach to healthcare that is recognized by major regulatory bodies around the world. It has been shown to be effective for a wide range of conditions, including back pain, neck pain, headaches, and other musculoskeletal disorders.

Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.

An intracranial aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled dilation or bulging in the wall of a cerebral artery within the skull (intracranial). These aneurysms typically occur at weak points in the arterial walls, often at branching points where the vessel divides into smaller branches. Over time, the repeated pressure from blood flow can cause the vessel wall to weaken and balloon out, forming a sac-like structure. Intracranial aneurysms can vary in size, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter.

There are three main types of intracranial aneurysms:

1. Saccular (berry) aneurysm: This is the most common type, characterized by a round or oval shape with a narrow neck and a bulging sac. They usually develop at branching points in the arteries due to congenital weaknesses in the vessel wall.
2. Fusiform aneurysm: These aneurysms have a dilated segment along the length of the artery, forming a cigar-shaped or spindle-like structure. They are often caused by atherosclerosis and can affect any part of the cerebral arteries.
3. Dissecting aneurysm: This type occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining (intima) of the artery, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the vessel wall. It can lead to narrowing or complete blockage of the affected artery and may cause subarachnoid hemorrhage if it ruptures.

Intracranial aneurysms can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other conditions. However, when they grow larger or rupture, they can lead to severe complications such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or even death. Treatment options include surgical clipping, endovascular coiling, or flow diversion techniques to prevent further growth and potential rupture of the aneurysm.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

A coronary aneurysm is a localized dilation or bulging of a portion of the wall of a coronary artery, which supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart. It's similar to a bubble or balloon-like structure that forms within the artery wall due to weakness in the arterial wall, leading to abnormal enlargement or widening.

Coronary aneurysms can vary in size and may be classified as true or false aneurysms based on their structure. True aneurysms involve all three layers of the artery wall, while false aneurysms (also known as pseudoaneurysms) only have one or two layers involved, with the remaining layer disrupted.

These aneurysms can lead to complications such as blood clots forming inside the aneurysm sac, which can then dislodge and cause blockages in smaller coronary arteries (embolism). Additionally, coronary aneurysms may rupture, leading to severe internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening situations.

Coronary aneurysms are often asymptomatic but can present with symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, especially if the aneurysm causes a significant narrowing (stenosis) in the affected artery. They can be diagnosed through imaging techniques like coronary angiography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as stenting or bypass grafting to repair or reroute the affected artery.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

In medical terms, dissection refers to the separation of the layers of a biological tissue or structure by cutting or splitting. It is often used to describe the process of surgically cutting through tissues, such as during an operation to separate organs or examine their internal structures.

However, "dissection" can also refer to a pathological condition in which there is a separation of the layers of a blood vessel wall by blood, creating a false lumen or aneurysm. This type of dissection is most commonly seen in the aorta and can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

In summary, "dissection" has both surgical and pathological meanings related to the separation of tissue layers, and it's essential to consider the context in which the term is used.

Cerebral infarction, also known as a "stroke" or "brain attack," is the sudden death of brain cells caused by the interruption of their blood supply. It is most commonly caused by a blockage in one of the blood vessels supplying the brain (an ischemic stroke), but can also result from a hemorrhage in or around the brain (a hemorrhagic stroke).

Ischemic strokes occur when a blood clot or other particle blocks a cerebral artery, cutting off blood flow to a part of the brain. The lack of oxygen and nutrients causes nearby brain cells to die. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a weakened blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding within or around the brain. This bleeding can put pressure on surrounding brain tissues, leading to cell death.

Symptoms of cerebral infarction depend on the location and extent of the affected brain tissue but may include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; loss of balance or coordination; and severe headache with no known cause. Immediate medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment to minimize potential long-term damage or disability.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The basilar artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. It is formed by the union of two vertebral arteries at the lower part of the brainstem, near the junction of the medulla oblongata and pons.

The basilar artery runs upward through the center of the brainstem and divides into two posterior cerebral arteries at the upper part of the brainstem, near the midbrain. The basilar artery gives off several branches that supply blood to various parts of the brainstem, including the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain, as well as to the cerebellum.

The basilar artery is an important part of the circle of Willis, a network of arteries at the base of the brain that ensures continuous blood flow to the brain even if one of the arteries becomes blocked or narrowed.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a rare condition that affects the arterial walls, primarily in the medium and large-sized arteries. According to the American Heart Association, FMD is characterized by uneven growth or damage to the cells in the artery wall, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue and areas with narrowing (stenosis) or ballooning (aneurysm) of the artery.

FMD most commonly affects the renal (kidney) and carotid (neck) arteries but can also occur in other arteries, such as those in the abdomen, arms, and legs. The exact cause of FMD is unknown, but genetic factors and hormonal influences are believed to play a role.

Symptoms of FMD depend on which arteries are affected and may include high blood pressure, headaches, neck pain, dizziness, visual disturbances, or kidney problems. Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT angiography, or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options for FMD include medications to manage symptoms and control high blood pressure, as well as various interventions such as angioplasty or stenting to open narrowed arteries.

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It originates from the common carotid artery and passes through the neck, entering the skull via the carotid canal in the temporal bone. Once inside the skull, it branches into several smaller vessels that supply different parts of the brain with blood.

The internal carotid artery is divided into several segments: cervical, petrous, cavernous, clinoid, and supraclinoid. Each segment has distinct clinical significance in terms of potential injury or disease. The most common conditions affecting the internal carotid artery include atherosclerosis, which can lead to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and dissection, which can cause severe headache, neck pain, and neurological symptoms.

It's important to note that any blockage or damage to the internal carotid artery can have serious consequences, as it can significantly reduce blood flow to the brain and lead to permanent neurological damage or even death. Therefore, regular check-ups and screening tests are recommended for individuals at high risk of developing vascular diseases.

The subclavian artery is a major blood vessel that supplies the upper limb and important structures in the neck and head. It arises from the brachiocephalic trunk (in the case of the right subclavian artery) or directly from the aortic arch (in the case of the left subclavian artery).

The subclavian artery has several branches, including:

1. The vertebral artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum.
2. The internal thoracic artery (also known as the mammary artery), which supplies blood to the chest wall, breast, and anterior mediastinum.
3. The thyrocervical trunk, which gives rise to several branches that supply the neck, including the inferior thyroid artery, the suprascapular artery, and the transverse cervical artery.
4. The costocervical trunk, which supplies blood to the neck and upper back, including the posterior chest wall and the lower neck muscles.

The subclavian artery is a critical vessel in maintaining adequate blood flow to the upper limb, and any blockage or damage to this vessel can lead to significant morbidity, including arm pain, numbness, weakness, or even loss of function.

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

Horner syndrome, also known as Horner's syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy, is a neurological disorder characterized by the interruption of sympathetic nerve pathways that innervate the head and neck, leading to a constellation of signs affecting the eye and face on one side of the body.

The classic triad of symptoms includes:

1. Ptosis (drooping) of the upper eyelid: This is due to the weakness or paralysis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, which is responsible for elevating the eyelid.
2. Miosis (pupillary constriction): The affected pupil becomes smaller in size compared to the other side, and it may not react as robustly to light.
3. Anhydrosis (decreased sweating): There is reduced or absent sweating on the ipsilateral (same side) of the face, particularly around the forehead and upper eyelid.

Horner syndrome can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as brainstem stroke, tumors, trauma, or certain medical disorders affecting the sympathetic nervous system. The diagnosis typically involves a thorough clinical examination, pharmacological testing, and sometimes imaging studies to identify the underlying cause. Treatment is directed towards managing the underlying condition responsible for Horner syndrome.

Neck injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in any part of the neck, including soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, tendons), nerves, bones (vertebrae), and joints (facet joints, intervertebral discs). These injuries can result from various incidents such as road accidents, falls, sports-related activities, or work-related tasks. Common neck injuries include whiplash, strain or sprain of the neck muscles, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and pinched nerves, which may cause symptoms like pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, or hands. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.

Subclavian Steal Syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when there is a narrowing or blockage (stenosis) in the subclavian artery, usually at or near its origin from the aorta. This stenosis causes reduced blood flow to the ipsilateral upper extremity. The decreased blood supply to the arm leads to reversal of flow in the vertebral artery, which normally supplies blood to the brain and neck structures. As a result, the brain may receive insufficient blood flow, causing symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope (fainting), or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs or "mini-strokes").

The syndrome is called 'subclavian steal' because the vertebral artery essentially "steals" blood from the circle of Willis (the network of arteries at the base of the brain) to compensate for the reduced flow in the subclavian artery. The condition most commonly affects the left subclavian artery, but it can also occur on the right side or both sides.

Subclavian Steal Syndrome is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography (CTA), or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Treatment options include surgical bypass, endovascular stenting, or medication to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of stroke.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Brainstem infarctions refer to the damage or death of brain tissue in the brainstem due to lack of blood supply, resulting in a localized injury known as an infarction. The brainstem is a critical region that controls essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and consciousness. Infarctions in this area can result in various symptoms depending on the location and extent of damage, which may include:

1. Hemiparesis or paralysis on one side of the body
2. Cranial nerve dysfunction, leading to double vision, slurred speech, or facial weakness
3. Difficulty swallowing or speaking
4. Unstable blood pressure and heart rate
5. Altered level of consciousness, ranging from confusion to coma
6. Abnormal muscle tone and reflexes
7. Respiratory disturbances, such as irregular breathing patterns or apnea (cessation of breathing)

Brainstem infarctions can be caused by various conditions, including atherosclerosis, embolism, vasospasm, or small vessel disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to minimize the risk of long-term disability or death.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels and blood flow within the body. It combines the use of X-ray technology with digital image processing to produce detailed images of the vascular system.

In DSA, a contrast agent is injected into the patient's bloodstream through a catheter, which is typically inserted into an artery in the leg and guided to the area of interest using fluoroscopy. As the contrast agent flows through the blood vessels, X-ray images are taken at multiple time points.

The digital subtraction process involves taking a baseline image without contrast and then subtracting it from subsequent images taken with contrast. This allows for the removal of background structures and noise, resulting in clearer images of the blood vessels. DSA can be used to diagnose and evaluate various vascular conditions, such as aneurysms, stenosis, and tumors, and can also guide interventional procedures such as angioplasty and stenting.

The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.

The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.

Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.

A stent is a small mesh tube that's used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body. A stent is placed in an artery as part of a procedure called angioplasty. Angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked arteries by inflating a tiny balloon inside the blocked artery to widen it.

The stent is then inserted into the widened artery to keep it open. The stent is usually made of metal, but some are coated with medication that is slowly and continuously released to help prevent the formation of scar tissue in the artery. This can reduce the chance of the artery narrowing again.

Stents are also used in other parts of the body, such as the neck (carotid artery) and kidneys (renal artery), to help maintain blood flow and prevent blockages. They can also be used in the urinary system to treat conditions like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or narrowing of the urethra.

Carotid artery diseases refer to conditions that affect the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the head and neck. The most common type of carotid artery disease is atherosclerosis, which occurs when fatty deposits called plaques build up in the inner lining of the arteries.

These plaques can cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of stroke. Other carotid artery diseases include carotid artery dissection, which occurs when there is a tear in the inner lining of the artery, and fibromuscular dysplasia, which is a condition that affects the muscle and tissue in the walls of the artery.

Symptoms of carotid artery disease may include neck pain or pulsations, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or "mini-strokes," and strokes. Treatment options for carotid artery disease depend on the severity and type of the condition but may include lifestyle changes, medications, endarterectomy (a surgical procedure to remove plaque from the artery), or angioplasty and stenting (procedures to open blocked arteries using a balloon and stent).

The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is a major artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the intestines, specifically the lower part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and the first and second parts of the transverse colon. It originates from the abdominal aorta, located just inferior to the pancreas, and passes behind the neck of the pancreas before dividing into several branches to supply the intestines. The SMA is an essential vessel in the digestive system, providing blood flow for nutrient absorption and overall gut function.

Puerperal disorders are a group of medical conditions that can affect women during the period following childbirth, also known as the puerperium. The puerperium typically lasts for six to eight weeks after delivery. These disorders can be complications of childbirth or postpartum infections and include:

1. Puerperal fever: This is a febrile illness that occurs during the puerperium, usually caused by a bacterial infection. The most common causative organisms are group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

2. Puerperal sepsis: This is a severe form of puerperal fever characterized by the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and widespread inflammation throughout the body. It can lead to organ failure and even death if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

3. Puerperal endometritis: This is an infection of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that occurs during the puerperium. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.

4. Puerperal mastitis: This is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur during lactation, often caused by a bacterial infection. It is more common in women who are breastfeeding but can also occur in non-lactating women.

5. Puerperal psychosis: This is a rare but serious mental health disorder that can occur after childbirth. It is characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.

6. Puerperal thromboembolism: This is a blood clot that forms during the puerperium, usually in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) or in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). It can be a serious complication of childbirth and requires prompt medical attention.

Overall, puerperal disorders are a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries where access to healthcare is limited. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications.

The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the 12th cranial nerve (CN XII), is primarily responsible for controlling tongue movements. Hypoglossal nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and result in various tongue-related symptoms. These disorders can be congenital or acquired, and they may stem from different causes such as trauma, tumors, infections, inflammation, or degenerative processes.

Hypoglossal nerve diseases can present with the following symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the tongue muscles on one or both sides.
2. Deviation of the tongue towards the affected side when protruded.
3. Fasciculations (involuntary muscle twitches) or atrophy (wasting) of the tongue muscles.
4. Difficulty with speaking, swallowing, and chewing due to tongue weakness.
5. Changes in taste and sensation on the back of the tongue and throat.

Some specific hypoglossal nerve diseases include:

1. Hypoglossal nerve palsy: A condition characterized by unilateral or bilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue due to damage to the hypoglossal nerve. Causes can include trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, or other neurological disorders.
2. Hypoglossal neuritis: Inflammation of the hypoglossal nerve, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune processes, leading to tongue weakness and atrophy.
3. Congenital hypoglossal nerve anomalies: Abnormal development of the hypoglossal nerve during fetal growth can result in various tongue-related symptoms and difficulties with speech and swallowing.
4. Tumors affecting the hypoglossal nerve: Both benign and malignant tumors, such as schwannomas or neurofibromas, can compress or infiltrate the hypoglossal nerve, causing weakness or paralysis.
5. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis: A surgical procedure that connects the hypoglossal nerve to the facial nerve to restore facial movement in cases of facial nerve palsy. This connection can lead to tongue weakness as a side effect.

Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:

1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.

These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

An aortic aneurysm is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal widening or bulging of the wall of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When the aortic wall weakens, it can stretch and balloon out, forming an aneurysm.

Aortic aneurysms can occur anywhere along the aorta but are most commonly found in the abdominal section (abdominal aortic aneurysm) or the chest area (thoracic aortic aneurysm). The size and location of the aneurysm, as well as the patient's overall health, determine the risk of rupture and associated complications.

Aneurysms often do not cause symptoms until they become large or rupture. Symptoms may include:

* Pain in the chest, back, or abdomen
* Pulsating sensation in the abdomen
* Difficulty breathing
* Hoarseness
* Coughing or vomiting

Risk factors for aortic aneurysms include age, smoking, high blood pressure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the aneurysm and may include monitoring, medication, or surgical repair.

A ruptured aneurysm is a serious medical condition that occurs when the wall of an artery or a blood vessel weakens and bulges out, forming an aneurysm, which then bursts, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can lead to internal hemorrhage, organ damage, and even death, depending on the location and severity of the rupture.

Ruptured aneurysms are often caused by factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, aging, and genetic predisposition. They can occur in any part of the body but are most common in the aorta (the largest artery in the body) and the cerebral arteries (in the brain).

Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm may include sudden and severe pain, weakness or paralysis, difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness, and shock. Immediate medical attention is required to prevent further complications and increase the chances of survival. Treatment options for a ruptured aneurysm may include surgery, endovascular repair, or medication to manage symptoms and prevent further bleeding.

Neck dissection is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of lymph nodes and other tissues from the neck. It is typically performed as part of cancer treatment, particularly in cases of head and neck cancer, to help determine the stage of the cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or treat existing metastases. There are several types of neck dissections, including radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissection, which vary based on the extent of tissue removal. The specific type of neck dissection performed depends on the location and extent of the cancer.

Infarction is the term used in medicine to describe the death of tissue (also known as an "area of necrosis") due to the lack of blood supply. This can occur when a blood vessel that supplies oxygen and nutrients to a particular area of the body becomes blocked or obstructed, leading to the deprivation of oxygen and nutrients necessary for the survival of cells in that region.

The blockage in the blood vessel is usually caused by a clot (thrombus) or an embolus, which is a small particle that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a smaller vessel. The severity and extent of infarction depend on several factors, including the size and location of the affected blood vessel, the duration of the obstruction, and the presence of collateral circulation (alternative blood vessels that can compensate for the blocked one).

Common examples of infarctions include myocardial infarction (heart attack), cerebral infarction (stroke), and pulmonary infarction (lung tissue death due to obstruction in the lung's blood vessels). Infarctions can lead to various symptoms, depending on the affected organ or tissue, and may require medical intervention to manage complications and prevent further damage.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

A false aneurysm, also known as a pseudoaneurysm, is a type of aneurysm that occurs when there is a leakage or rupture of blood from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues, creating a pulsating hematoma or collection of blood. Unlike true aneurysms, which involve a localized dilation or bulging of the blood vessel wall, false aneurysms do not have a complete covering of all three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and adventitia). Instead, they are typically covered by only one or two layers, such as the intima and adventitia, or by surrounding tissues like connective tissue or fascia.

False aneurysms can result from various factors, including trauma, infection, iatrogenic causes (such as medical procedures), or degenerative changes in the blood vessel wall. They are more common in arteries than veins and can occur in any part of the body. If left untreated, false aneurysms can lead to serious complications such as rupture, thrombosis, distal embolization, or infection. Treatment options for false aneurysms include surgical repair, endovascular procedures, or observation with regular follow-up imaging.

Cranial nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect the cranial nerves, which are a set of 12 pairs of nerves that originate from the brainstem and control various functions in the head and neck. These functions include vision, hearing, taste, smell, movement of the eyes and face, and sensation in the face.

Diseases of the cranial nerves can result from a variety of causes, including injury, infection, inflammation, tumors, or degenerative conditions. The specific symptoms that a person experiences will depend on which cranial nerve is affected and how severely it is damaged.

For example, damage to the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) can cause vision loss or visual disturbances, while damage to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) can result in weakness or paralysis of the face. Other common symptoms of cranial nerve diseases include pain, numbness, tingling, and hearing loss.

Treatment for cranial nerve diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause and relieve symptoms. Physical therapy or rehabilitation may also be recommended to help individuals regain function and improve their quality of life.

The celiac artery, also known as the anterior abdominal aortic trunk, is a major artery that originates from the abdominal aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the foregut, which includes the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and upper part of the duodenum. It branches into three main branches: the left gastric artery, the splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery. The celiac artery plays a crucial role in providing blood to these vital organs, and any disruption or damage to it can lead to serious health consequences.

Arterial occlusive diseases are medical conditions characterized by the blockage or narrowing of the arteries, which can lead to a reduction in blood flow to various parts of the body. This reduction in blood flow can cause tissue damage and may result in serious complications such as tissue death (gangrene), organ dysfunction, or even death.

The most common cause of arterial occlusive diseases is atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the inner lining of the artery walls. Over time, this plaque can harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow. Other causes of arterial occlusive diseases include blood clots, emboli (tiny particles that travel through the bloodstream and lodge in smaller vessels), inflammation, trauma, and certain inherited conditions.

Symptoms of arterial occlusive diseases depend on the location and severity of the blockage. Common symptoms include:

* Pain, cramping, or fatigue in the affected limb, often triggered by exercise and relieved by rest (claudication)
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected limb
* Coldness or discoloration of the skin in the affected area
* Slow-healing sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs
* Erectile dysfunction in men

Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet. Medications to lower cholesterol, control blood pressure, prevent blood clots, or manage pain may also be prescribed. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore blood flow.

Nonpenetrating wounds are a type of trauma or injury to the body that do not involve a break in the skin or underlying tissues. These wounds can result from blunt force trauma, such as being struck by an object or falling onto a hard surface. They can also result from crushing injuries, where significant force is applied to a body part, causing damage to internal structures without breaking the skin.

Nonpenetrating wounds can cause a range of injuries, including bruising, swelling, and damage to internal organs, muscles, bones, and other tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the force of the trauma, the location of the impact, and the individual's overall health and age.

While nonpenetrating wounds may not involve a break in the skin, they can still be serious and require medical attention. If you have experienced blunt force trauma or suspect a nonpenetrating wound, it is important to seek medical care to assess the extent of the injury and receive appropriate treatment.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

... is less common than carotid artery dissection (dissection of the large arteries in the front of the ... Vertebral artery dissection is one of the two types of cervical artery dissection. The other type, carotid artery dissection, ... Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck ... or for symptoms of carotid artery dissection to occur at the same time as those of vertebral artery dissection. Some give a ...
Vertebral artery dissection, a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery that supply blood to the brain and ... Cervical artery dissection is dissection of one of the layers that compose the carotid and vertebral artery in the neck (cervix ... As such, cervical artery dissection can be further categorized based on the involvement of artery: carotid vs. vertebral, and ... Jasmin L. "Carotid Dissection". Cedars-Sinai. Archived from the original on 2019-09-02. Retrieved 2021-11-03. "Vertebral Artery ...
Aortic dissection Vertebral artery dissection Amal Mattu; Deepi Goyal; Barrett, Jeffrey W.; Joshua Broder; DeAngelis, Michael; ... The incidence of spontaneous carotid artery dissection is low, and incidence rates for internal carotid artery dissection have ... Carotid artery dissection is a separation of the layers of the artery wall supplying oxygen-bearing blood to the head and brain ... there is no practical or proven method to screen patients with neck pain and headache for vertebral artery dissection. However ...
Pan, Xudong (2012). "Vertebral artery dissection associated with viral meningitis". BMC Neurology. 12: 79. doi:10.1186/1471- ... It has been proposed that viral meningitis might lead to inflammatory injury of the vertebral artery wall. The Meningitis ...
Jones, Jeremy; Jones, Catherine; Nugent, Kenneth (January 5, 2015). "Vertebral artery dissection after a chiropractor neck ... The vertebral arteries are major arteries of the neck. Typically, the vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian arteries ... the vertebral artery sends branches to the surrounding musculature via the anterior spinal arteries. The vertebral artery may ... Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery at the base of the pons. The basilar artery is the ...
... they published the case of Golfer's Stroke from Vertebral Artery Dissection. Further groundbreaking publications include the ... golf-induced stroke from vertebral artery dissection". Surgical Neurology. 67 (2): 163-168, discussion 168. doi:10.1016/j. ... and to assess ophthalmic artery reversal of flow indicating a thrombosis of the carotid artery (1969). Maroon et al. published ... Maroon, J. C.; Campbell, R. L.; Dyken, M. L. (1970-04-01). "Internal carotid artery occlusion diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound ...
There is controversy regarding the degree of risk of vertebral artery dissection, which can lead to stroke and death, from ... "Does cervical manipulative therapy cause vertebral artery dissection and stroke?". Neurologist. 14 (1): 66-73. doi:10.1097/NRL. ... While the biomechanical evidence is not sufficient to support the statement that CMT causes cervical artery dissection (CD), ... a precautionary principle in healthcare for chiropractic intervention even if a causality with vertebral artery dissection ...
"Does cervical manipulative therapy cause vertebral artery dissection and stroke?". Neurologist. 14 (1): 66-73. doi:10.1097/NRL. ... a device said to detect the level of neurophysiologic activity due to the existence of vertebral subluxation based on changes ... between cervical manipulative therapy and vertebrobasilar artery stroke. A 2012 review found that there is not enough evidence ... which uses a percussion instrument in attempts to adjust what is measured from specific X-rays and found to be a vertebral ...
Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med. 2001;344;898-906. (Articles with short description ... or occlusion of the renal artery have been associated with renal artery FMD. The carotid and vertebral arteries are most ... FMD can be found in almost every artery in the human body, but most often affects the carotid, vertebral, renal arteries and ... or focal disease involving multiple branches of the renal arteries may develop renal artery dissection or progressive renal ...
"Bilateral Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Infarction Caused by Traumatic Vertebral Artery Dissection." JNeurosci. 1 Mar. 2001. 28 ...
"Unilateral posterior cervical spinal cord infarction due to spontaneous vertebral artery dissection". The Journal of Spinal ... Posterior spinal artery syndrome (PSAS), also known as posterior spinal cord syndrome, is a type of incomplete spinal cord ... Treatment for posterior spinal artery syndrome depends on the causes and symptoms, as well as the source of the infarction. The ... These lesions can be caused by trauma to the neck, occlusion of the spinal artery, tumors, disc compression, vitamin B12 ...
Phillip Hughes, 25, Australian cricketer, vertebral artery dissection leading to subarachnoid haemorrhage. P. D. James, 94, ...
"Transient global amnesia with intracranial vertebral artery dissection and hippocampal CA1 lesion". Neurology India. 63 (4): ...
Perro Aguayo Jr., 35, Mexican professional wrestler (AAA), stroke from vertebral artery dissection. Ishaya Bakut, 67, Nigerian ... pulmonary artery dissection. Tony Reddin, 95, Irish hurler (Tipperary GAA). Atul Tandon, 67, Indian academic, heart attack. ...
There it was diagnosed that he had suffered a life-threatening stroke due to vertebral artery dissection. Lynagh was released ...
There is controversy regarding the degree of risk of vertebral artery dissection, which can lead to stroke and death, from ... Haldeman S, Carey P, Townsend M, Papadopoulos C (2002). "Clinical perceptions of the risk of vertebral artery dissection after ... A 2016 systematic-review found the data supporting a correlation between neck manipulation and cervical artery dissection to be ... this type of therapy has the potential to expose patients to vertebral artery damage that can be avoided with the use of ...
... died unexpectedly at home from an aortic dissection, at the age of 60. Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection ... Aortic dissection with an intramural hematoma as seen on TEE Type A aortic dissection Type A aortic dissection Dissection of ... in the dissection. The right coronary artery is involved more commonly than the left coronary artery. If the myocardial ... Vasculitis (inflammation of an artery) is rarely associated with aortic dissection. It can also be the result of chest trauma. ...
... stroke and vertebral artery dissection. Chances of stroke may be increased due to possible tears in neck arteries, known as ... cervical dissection, and is among the most common causes of stroke for young and middle-aged adults. However, it is difficult ...
... and vertebral artery dissection. Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture, leading to a pneumothorax. Vomiting after a ...
... and vertebral artery dissection was the leading cause of sulcal artery syndrome. The arteries of the base of the brain. ... These branches are derived from the vertebral artery, the ascending cervical artery, a branch of the inferior thyroid artery in ... The anterior spinal artery arises bilaterally as two small branches near the termination of the vertebral arteries. One of ... In fact, acute sulcal artery syndrome should be suspected in patients with acute hemicord syndrome, and vertebral artery ...
... stroke from vertebral artery dissection. March 22: Julieta Marín Torres, 71, politician, MP for Puebla (2009-2012), lung cancer ...
He retired in December 2015, aged just 26, on medical advice after he suffered a vertebral artery dissection earlier in the ...
Hughes died two days later at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, as a result of a vertebral artery dissection, leading to ...
... a possible cause of vertebral artery dissection in children". Dev Med Child Neurol. 43 (7): 491-6. doi:10.1017/ ... Cushing K, Ramesh V, Gardner-Medwin D, Todd N, Gholkar A, Baxter P, Griffiths P (2001). "Tethering of the vertebral artery in ... that covers the groove for the vertebral artery. It is a common anatomical variation and estimated to occur in approximately 3- ...
... deaths since 1934 have been recorded after chiropractic neck manipulation typically associated with vertebral artery dissection ... Vertebral subluxation, the core concept of chiropractic, is not based on solid science. The concept of subluxation remains ... According to magnetic healer Daniel D. Palmer, the founder of chiropractic, "vertebral subluxation" was the sole cause of all ... The coroner's jury found that "receiving an upper cervical neck manipulation from a chiropractor could injure the arteries in ...
... causing a vertebral artery dissection that led to a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The Australian team doctor, Peter Brukner, noted ... injury was a rare but described type of sport-related blunt-force cerebrovascular injury called a vertebral artery dissection ...
Dissection of the vertebral artery, usually caused by trauma, can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage if the dissection involves ... both carotid arteries and both vertebral arteries) that supply the brain. When the aneurysm has been located, platinum coils ... Those of the basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery are hard to reach surgically and are more accessible for endovascular ... a catheter is inserted into the femoral artery in the groin and advanced through the aorta to the arteries ( ...
Vertebral artery dissection are less common but also dangerous for similar reasons. Mesenteric artery dissection may limit the ... Dissections can also arise in virtually any other artery. Carotid artery dissection, for example, places patients at increased ... Dissections can occur in any artery and are named for their vessel of origin. Aortic dissections can be further classified and ... Renal artery dissections can decrease blood flow to the kidneys and contribute to hypertension. Peripheral arterial dissections ...
... dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain Vertebral artery dissection, the development of a flap-like ... tear in the vertebral artery Ventricular assist device, a mechanical circulatory device used to replace the function of a ...
Carotid artery dissection and vertebral artery dissection (together cervical artery dissection), in which a tear forms inside ... and dissection of an artery in the neck. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, there may be syncope (transient loss of consciousness), ... may be useful in identifying problems with the arteries (such as dissection), and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) ... Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Cervical artery dissection Hypertensive emergency (severely raised blood pressure) Spontaneous ...
Vertebral artery dissection is less common than carotid artery dissection (dissection of the large arteries in the front of the ... Vertebral artery dissection is one of the two types of cervical artery dissection. The other type, carotid artery dissection, ... Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck ... or for symptoms of carotid artery dissection to occur at the same time as those of vertebral artery dissection. Some give a ...
Although its pathophysiology and treatment closely resemble that of its sister condition, carotid artery dissection (CAD), the ... Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is an increasingly recognized cause of stroke in patients younger than 45 years. ... encoded search term (Vertebral Artery Dissection) and Vertebral Artery Dissection What to Read Next on Medscape ... Vertebral artery hypoplasia and vertebral artery dissection: a hospital-based cohort study. Neurology. 2015 Feb 24. 84(8):818- ...
Yoon W, Seo JJ, Kim TS, Do HM, Jayaraman MV, Marks MP: Dissection of the V4 segment of the vertebral artery: clinicoradiologic ... Takano K, Yamashita S, Takemoto K, Inoue T, Kuwabara Y, Yoshimitsu K: MRI of intracranial vertebral artery dissection: ... Arauz A, Márquez JM, Artigas C, Balderrama J, Orrego H: Recanalization of vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 2010;41:717-721. ... Nagahata M, Manabe H, Hasegawa S, Takemura A: Morphological change of unruptured vertebral artery dissection on serial MR ...
Intracranial vertebral-basilar artery dissection (IVAD) is an arterial disorder leading to life-threatening consequences. ... Whole-exome sequencing reveals known and novel variants in a cohort of intracranial vertebral-basilar artery dissection (IVAD) ... Intracranial vertebral-basilar artery dissection (IVAD) is an arterial disorder leading to life-threatening consequences. ...
This exhibit consist of colorization of MRI films depicting a left vertebral artery dissection. Also, an illustration is made ... Vertebral Artery Dissection with Development of Emboli Resulting in Cerebral Infarction - Image ... Cervical Chiropractic Adjustment with Tearing of Vertebral Artery Wall and Resulting Stroke - Animation ... to show the location of the vertebral occlusion and the area of stroke in the left lateral medulla. ...
Find the latest published documents for vertebral artery dissection, Related hot topics, top authors, the most cited documents ... Posterior Communicating Artery Hypoplasia: A Risk Factor for Vertebral Artery Dissection Causing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ... Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection is a rare cause of cerebellar infarction. Common presentations of cerebellar artery ... Endovascular therapy for acute basilar artery occlusion caused by vertebral artery dissection ...
Vertebral artery dissection may be misdiagnosed as post-concussive syndrome, stroke, or TIA, based on neurologic symptoms. ... If dissection of the carotid or vertebral artery is diagnosed, a neurosurgeon or at least a neurologist should be consulted. ... Vertebral artery dissection may be misdiagnosed as post-concussive syndrome, stroke, or TIA, based on neurologic symptoms. ... Vertigo After a Car Accident: Vertebral Artery Dissection?. June 22, 2012. Brady Pregerson, MD ...
Tag Archives: vertebral artery dissection. Postpartum Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion Secondary to Vertebral Artery Dissection. ... 7, Issue 4 and tagged stroke, vertebral artery dissection, postpartum period, basilar artery occlusion on May 20, 2021. by ... Acute basilar artery occlusion secondary to spontaneous vertebral artery dissection in the postpartum period is an infrequent ... The imagistic workup revealed right vertebral artery dissection and basilar artery occlusion without constituted ischemic ...
43 Responses to Vertebral artery dissection after chiropractic manipulation: yet another case. * ... Danish doctors reported a critical case of bilateral vertebral artery dissection (VAD) causing embolic occlusion of the basilar ... I recommend you read this case study: Recognition of Spontaneous Vertebral Artery Dissection Preempting Spinal Manipulative ... Lets postulate that she actually had a vertebral artery injury, which gave her the symptoms. The chiro wrung her neck instead ...
Introduction Endovascular intervention for cervical carotid artery dissection (CAD) and vertebral artery dissection (VAD) may ... Dissections were spontaneous (n=67), traumatic (n=36), or iatrogenic (n=13). Traumatic dissections in patients with CAD were ... The cohorts were well matched for age, sex, dissection etiology, and admission and follow-up modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores ... Objective To review our institutional experience with endovascular treatment of cervical dissections over the past 20 years to ...
... Chen Weijian1, Qiao Hongyu2, Fang Guiting1, Zhong Xing1, ... Vertebral artery dissection caused by swinging a golf club: case report and literature review. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24(2):155 ... Traumatic vertebral artery dissection in high school rugby players: a report of two cases. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 47(Supplement ... Schievink WI . Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(12):898-906. doi: 10.1056/ ...
Hospitals in India for Vertebral Artery Dissection Treatment. Get free guidance & assistance for treatment ...
Copy For Citation EROĞLU O., ÖZSAN S. O., CÖMERTPAY E., VURAL S., ÇOŞKUN F. 11th European Congress on Emergency Medicine 2017, ATİNA, Greece, 23 - 27 September 2017 ...
Stenosis and Dissection in the Same Vertebral Artery ... Stenosis and Dissection in the Same Vertebral Artery. Evguenia ... the left vertebral artery (VA). Despite the presence of the prominent atherosclerotic VA pathology, the patient develops ... lesions of the extracranial part of the vertebral arteries, thrombosis of the right and high-grade stenosis of the V1 segment ... asymptomatic VA dissection of the left V1 segment. The brain computed tomography was without data for brain infarction. The ...
... such as the dissection of the cervical arteries. Dissection of the vertebral artery generally presents as alternating syndromes ... Wallenbergs syndrome secondary to dissection of the vertebral artery caused by chiropractic manipulation. 2003;37(9):837-9. ... Wallenbergs syndrome secondary to dissection of the vertebral artery caused by chiropractic manipulation ...
Internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection: an approach to patient management ... The diagnosis of spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection and vertebral artery dissection]. Radiologiya - praktika. 2016; ... Internal carotid and vertebral artery dissection: an approach to patient management Internal carotid and vertebral artery ... We aimed to evaluate the treatment results in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) dissection. ...
Suspected vertebral artery dissection. 1. Cancer. 1. Not otherwise specified¶. 1. Cases attributed to A. cantonensis infection ...
Read more about Paediatric Traumatic Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Case Report Disclaimer. Manuscripts that are Published ...
The management of cervicocephalic arterial dissections raises many unsolved issues such as: how to best acutely treat patients ... Vertebral Artery Dissection / complications * Vertebral Artery Dissection / therapy* ... Treatment issues in spontaneous cervicocephalic artery dissections Int J Stroke. 2011 Jun;6(3):213-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1747- ... Meanwhile, cervicocephalic arterial dissection remains a situation when a bedside clinician should use, on a case-by-case basis ...
Vertebral Artery Dissection. Several cases of vertebral artery dissection presenting 12 to 24 hours after a neck injury on the ... Vertebral artery dissections are the result of abrupt cervical hyperextension and rotation. Trauma to the artery may result in ... an intramural thrombus, which can cause a subsequent dissection of the vessel and possible intracranial emboli. These are often ...
Incidence of traumatic carotid and vertebral artery dissections: results of cervical vessel computed tomography angiogram as a ... Incidence of traumatic carotid and vertebral artery dissections: results of cervical vessel computed tomography angiogram as a ...
Vertebral artery dissection. No. No. -. Clopidogrel for 6 wk Speech and swallowing therapy. -. Partially. ... Vertebral and carotid ultrasonography Head and neck CT and MRI. Systemic corticosteroids Speech and swallowing therapy. 6 mo. ... Aneurism of extracranial internal carotid artery. No. No. Carotid angiography Head and neck CT and MRI. -. -. - ...
Dissection of the cervical and intracranial vessels is an uncommon but increasingly recognized condition. ... Dissection occurs when blood extrudes into the connective tissue framework of a vessel wall, causing separation of the natural ... Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissections and pseudoaneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1993 Aug. 79 (2):183-91. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection--data from the Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischaemic Stroke Patients (CADISP) ...
He was found to have bilateral carotid artery dissections and a right vertebral artery dissection. (An arterial dissection ... Vertebral artery anatomy. The arrows point to the vertebral artery. Note how it bends around bony protrusions. ... The theory to follow about vertebral artery dissection was purely based off of damage done during "rapid rotation" which is ... I however, survived my vertebral artery dissection. Yes, it is more common than documented. They can tear and heal ...
Vertebral artery dissection is incredibly rare, Brukner told media at St Vincents hospital in Sydney. ... Phillip took the blow at the side of the neck and as a result of that blow his vertebral artery, one of the main arteries ... Brukner said Hughes, 25, died as a result of a vertebral artery dissection,. ... That caused the artery to split and for bleeding to go up into the brain, and he had a massive bleed into his brain. ...
Vertebral Artery Dissection: Looking for the Ideal Study Protocol N. Anzalone and M. Cadioli ... Is It Possible to Recognize Cervical Artery Dissection on Stroke Brain MR Imaging? A Matched Case-Control Study O. Naggara, F. ... Carotid Artery Wall Thickness and Leukoaraiosis: Preliminary Results Using Multidetector Row CT Angiography L. Saba, L. ... Artery or Vein: To Be or Not To Be? M. Castillo and H. Alvarez ...
In respect of Mr As complaint that Mr B manipulated his neck causing vertebral artery dissection, my advisor stated that ... manipulated Mr As neck causing bilateral vertebral artery dissection. *failed to appreciate the seriousness of symptoms Mr A ... The MRI report stated that the bilateral vertebral artery dissections previously documented had resolved and that the basilar ... caused by bilateral vertebral artery dissections (a stroke). Mr A was commenced on anticoagulants. ...
Vertebral Artery Dissection (tear) Jun 30 06. 2 Looking for Angioplasty in Washington State. May 7 06 ... Is there a way to treat a coronary artery that is calcifying and causing it to "stutter"?. Jul 22 10 ... Should we leave a 99% obstructed bypass graft alone? Whats the prognosis for another stented artery? (June 7, 2001). ... Peripheral angioplasty & stenting (opening up blocked arteries in the legs or other non-coronary areas) Aug 24 11 ...
  • Also, an illustration is made to show the location of the vertebral occlusion and the area of stroke in the left lateral medulla. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • Postpartum Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion Secondary to Vertebral Artery Dissection. (jccm.ro)
  • Acute basilar artery occlusion secondary to spontaneous vertebral artery dissection in the postpartum period is an infrequent entity and a major diagnostic and treatment challenge. (jccm.ro)
  • The imagistic workup revealed right vertebral artery dissection and basilar artery occlusion without constituted ischemic lesions. (jccm.ro)
  • Danish doctors reported a critical case of bilateral vertebral artery dissection (VAD) causing embolic occlusion of the basilar artery (BA) in a patient whose symptoms started after chiropractic Spinal manipulative therapy (cSMT). (edzardernst.com)
  • Cerebral angiogram of a left internal carotid dissection showing gradual vessel tapering to occlusion. (medscape.com)
  • Brain and cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed an atlantoaxial subluxation, fractured C2 odontoid process, left vertebral artery occlusion, and bilateral extensive ischemia in the medulla oblongata and high cervical spinal cord. (dovepress.com)
  • Vertebral artery dissection is further classified as being either traumatic (caused by mechanical trauma to the neck) or spontaneous, and it may also be classified by the part of the artery involved: extracranial (the part outside the skull) and intracranial (the part inside the skull). (wikipedia.org)
  • The causes of vertebral artery dissection can be grouped under two main categories, spontaneous and traumatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • This paper reports a case where a patient suffered a vertebrobasilar stroke secondary to a traumatic bilateral vertebral arteries dissection was treated with late thrombectomy. (jccm.ro)
  • Dissections were spontaneous (n=67), traumatic (n=36), or iatrogenic (n=13). (bmj.com)
  • Traumatic dissections in patients with CAD were associated with poor admission mRS scores (p=0.01). (bmj.com)
  • Traumatic vertebral artery dissection in high school rugby players: a report of two cases. (cams.cn)
  • Traumatic intracranial vertebral artery injury is a relatively rare but potentially fatal disease. (dovepress.com)
  • Barbara Hofforth, 33, claims she suffered a bilateral vertebral artery dissection, which led to a warning stroke and permanent brain damage at the base of her brain stem within moments of having her neck adjusted by chiropractor George Herman. (chirowatch.com)
  • Zochodne says Hofforth suffered a bilateral vertebral artery dissection, possibly as a result of the therapy. (chirowatch.com)
  • Head pain occurs in 50-75% of all cases of vertebral artery dissection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although minor trauma rarely causes vascular injury, cases of vertebral artery dissection have been reported following very low-energy mechanisms, even prolonged upward gaze while painting a ceiling or other overhead object. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Neck computed tomography angiography identified a right vertebral artery dissection at the C3 level. (sciencegate.app)
  • ANSWER: Right vertebral artery dissection. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissections and pseudoaneurysms. (medscape.com)
  • Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection is a rare cause of cerebellar infarction. (sciencegate.app)
  • Differences in demographic characteristics and risk factors in patients with spontaneous vertebral artery dissections with and without ischemic events. (medscape.com)
  • As illustrated by the MRA study in Figure 1 (previous page) filling of the right vertebral artery is compromised compared with that of the left, a finding that confirms the diagnosis of arterial dissection. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Vertebral arterial dissection is a rare cause of neck pain and also a rare cause of stroke. (patientcareonline.com)
  • The consensus is that, given the well-established initial thromboembolic risk, an urgent antithrombotic treatment is required in patients with a recent nonhemorrhagic cervicocephalic arterial dissection, but the type of antithrombotic treatment - anticoagulants or aspirin - as well as the indication for a local arterial treatment such as angioplasty/stenting remain debated. (nih.gov)
  • Meanwhile, cervicocephalic arterial dissection remains a situation when a bedside clinician should use, on a case-by-case basis, best clinical judgment and adopt a stepped care approach in the minority of patients who deteriorate despite initial treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Yamaura A. Nontraumatic Intracranial Arterial Dissection: Natural History, Diagnosis, and Treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Although high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) has been used as a strong imaging method for diagnosing intracranial vertebral artery dissection (IVAD), the diagnosis is sometimes challenging because a dissection has geometric changes in the natural course. (karger.com)
  • Intracranial vertebral-basilar artery dissection (IVAD) is an arterial disorder leading to life-threatening consequences. (nih.gov)
  • The other type, carotid artery dissection, involves the carotid arteries. (wikipedia.org)
  • The carotid arteries provide the main blood supply to your brain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If the dissection of the artery extends to the part of the artery that lies inside the skull, subarachnoid hemorrhage may occur (1% of cases). (wikipedia.org)
  • We aimed to evaluate the treatment results in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) dissection. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • Axial T1-weighted MRI demonstrating a crescent sign (arrow) in a patient with a left internal carotid artery dissection. (medscape.com)
  • Internal Carotid Artery Strains During High-Speed, Low-Amplitude Spinal Manipulations of the Neck. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Six of 67 (9.0%) patients with spontaneous dissection reported recent chiropractic manipulation. (bmj.com)
  • INTRODUCTION: Chiropractic manipulations of the cervical region are techniques that are used more and more frequently to treat a number of osteomuscular pathologies, but can give rise to important complications, such as the dissection of the cervical arteries. (manuelmenendez.com)
  • Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Chiropractic Care and Cervical Artery Dissection: No Evidence for Causation. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Chiropractic ("chiroquacktic" to skeptics [1] ) is the theory and practice of correction of "vertebral subluxation processes" (or "cracking backbones" to audiophiles) to treat and cure a supposedly vast array of diseases with no scientifically verified connection to vertebral anatomy. (rationalwiki.org)
  • A "chiropractic subluxation" is an asymptomatic misalignment or a "vertebral subluxation complex" thought to be a cause of disease. (rationalwiki.org)
  • Common presentations of cerebellar artery infarction are dizziness and ataxia. (sciencegate.app)
  • We are reporting a case of a 31-year-old male who presented with acute onset dizziness while playing badminton, who was diagnosed as cerebellar vermis infarction secondary to vertebral artery dissection. (sciencegate.app)
  • The patient also developed vertebral artery dissection and medullary infarction. (bvsalud.org)
  • The dissection presented as ischemic stroke in 175 patients and with local symptoms in the others. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • Kalashnikova L.A., Dobrynina L.A. Dissektsiya arteriy golovnogo mozga: ishemicheskiy insul't i drugie klinicheskie proyavleniya [Cervical artery dissection: ischemic stroke and other clinical manifestations]. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • The management of cervicocephalic arterial dissections raises many unsolved issues such as: how to best acutely treat patients who present with ischemic stroke or occasionally with sub-arachnoid hemorrhage? (nih.gov)
  • ultrasonography may have a role in the initial diagnosis of dissections if CT-A or MRA are unavailable. (medscape.com)
  • Ms Mashka is currently in critical condition at Nebraska Medical Center after sustaining a cerebellar stroke and vertebral artery dissection in the attack. (yahoo.com)
  • Timing of Incident Stroke Risk After Cervical Artery Dissection Presenting Without Ischemia. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Post questions or comments about helping family members or friends deal with coronary artery disease, hospitals, doctors, etc. (ptca.org)
  • How can I avoid my family history of coronary artery disease? (ptca.org)
  • However, ultrastructural abnormalities of the dermal connective tissue components are discernible in two out of three patients with spontaneous dissection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vertebral artery dissection presenting as acute cerebrovascular accident. (umaryland.edu)
  • The symptoms of vertebral artery dissection include head and neck pain and intermittent or permanent stroke symptoms such as difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss. (wikipedia.org)
  • If dissection of the carotid or vertebral artery is diagnosed, a neurosurgeon or at least a neurologist should be consulted. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Methods Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database to identify patients with extracranial dissection who underwent endovascular intervention between January 1996 and January 2016. (bmj.com)
  • The authors reported a case of vertebral artery dissection (VAD) probably caused by massage, which showed double lumen sign on axial images of CT angiography, treated with anticoagulation and antiplatelet. (cams.cn)
  • Antiplatelet treatment compared with anticoagulation treatment for cervical artery dissection (CADISS): a randomised trial. (medscape.com)
  • Antiplatelets vs anticoagulation for dissection: CADISS nonrandomized arm and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Georgiadis D, Arnold M, von Buedingen HC, Valko P, Sarikaya H, Rousson V. Aspirin vs anticoagulation in carotid artery dissection: a study of 298 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Her severe headache preceding the manipulations, along with recurrent, painful, oral and genital ulcers (recurrent aphthous stomatitis), cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and brainstem involvement after a vertebral artery dissection, raised concern for Behçet syndrome and eventually neurologic involvement of Behçet syndrome. (sciencegate.app)
  • The cohorts were well matched for age, sex, dissection etiology, and admission and follow-up modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. (bmj.com)
  • Vertebral Artery Dissection Probably Caused by Massage: A Case Report[J].Chinese Medical Sciences Journal, 2019, 34(1): 65-68. (cams.cn)
  • Vertebral artery dissection caused by swinging a golf club: case report and literature review. (cams.cn)
  • Obstruction of blood flow through the affected vessel may lead to dysfunction of part of the brain supplied by the artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • A, Dissection of the left vertebral artery secondary to guidewire injury. (medscape.com)
  • This report first presents the details of this case and the relevant literature data on postpartum arterial dissections and the subsequent ischemic complications and available treatment options. (jccm.ro)
  • The patient underwent endovascular intervention with dilation of the narrowed vertebral artery and stent retriever basilar artery thrombectomy, with a favourable clinical outcome. (jccm.ro)
  • Introduction Endovascular intervention for cervical carotid artery dissection (CAD) and vertebral artery dissection (VAD) may be indicated in specific circumstances. (bmj.com)
  • It is therefore possible for the symptoms to occur on both sides, or for symptoms of carotid artery dissection to occur at the same time as those of vertebral artery dissection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vertebral artery dissection may be misdiagnosed as post-concussive syndrome, stroke, or TIA, based on neurologic symptoms. (patientcareonline.com)
  • Symptoms remitted after endovascular therapy, which included dilatation of the left vertebral artery (VA) and extraction of thrombus from the BA. (edzardernst.com)
  • There were no strokes in 110 patients with local symptoms due to ICA/VA dissection during the observation period. (annaly-nevrologii.com)
  • After being taken to a local hospital, our client suffered additional neurological damage when an emergency room physician failed to timely diagnose the vertebral artery dissection and treat the ongoing stroke-like symptoms. (ckandf.com)
  • 2016 . Cervical artery dissections: a review . (ajtmh.org)
  • This exhibit consist of colorization of MRI films depicting a left vertebral artery dissection. (nucleusmedicalmedia.com)
  • A. Emergency digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed serious and irregular narrowing of the left vertebral artery (red arrows). (cams.cn)
  • Is tingling in left arm a sign of blocked arteries? (ptca.org)
  • Computed tomography angiogram showing narrowing and irregularity of the left V4 segments of the vertebral arteries (white arrows). (ajtmh.org)
  • Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated left vertebral artery dissection just below the level of vertebral body C2. (dovepress.com)
  • Kim YK, Schulman S. Cervical artery dissection: pathology, epidemiology and management. (medscape.com)
  • 8 Blum CA, Yaghi S. Cervical Artery Dissection: A Review of the Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Treatment and Outcome. (thieme-connect.com)
  • An "orthopaedic subluxation" is a painful partial dislocation of a vertebral body. (rationalwiki.org)
  • CT angiography of half a year after hospital discharge showed the vertebral artery became smooth. (cams.cn)
  • Dissection of the vertebral artery generally presents as alternating syndromes, of which Wallenberg s syndrome, either complete or incomplete, is the most frequent. (manuelmenendez.com)
  • C. T2-weighted MRI of the cervical spine cord showed patches of high signal intensity between the C1 and C4 vertebral bodies (yellow arrows). (cams.cn)
  • Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a relatively rare but increasingly recognized cause of stroke in patients younger than 45 years. (medscape.com)