The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE, including the branches of COCHLEAR NERVE and VESTIBULAR NERVE. Common examples are VESTIBULAR NEURITIS, cochlear neuritis, and ACOUSTIC NEUROMA. Clinical signs are varying degree of HEARING LOSS; VERTIGO; and TINNITUS.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Traumatic injuries to the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).
Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
Legal guarantee protecting the individual from attack on personal liberties, right to fair trial, right to vote, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. (from http://www.usccr.gov/ accessed 1/31/2003)
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.
The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Plasticity of first-order sensory synapses: interactions between homosynaptic long-term potentiation and heterosynaptically evoked dopaminergic potentiation. (1/135)

Persistent potentiations of the chemical and electrotonic components of the eighth nerve (NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked by afferent tetanization or local dendritic application of an endogenous transmitter, dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine). These modifications are attributable to the activation of distinct intracellular kinase cascades. Although dopamine-evoked potentiation (DEP) is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), tetanization most likely activates a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase via an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We present evidence that the eighth nerve tetanus that induces LTP does not act by triggering dopamine release, because it is evoked in the presence of a broad spectrum of dopamine antagonists. To test for interactions between these pathways, we applied the potentiating paradigms sequentially. When dopamine was applied first, tetanization produced additional potentiation of the mixed synaptic response, but when the sequence was reversed, DEP was occluded, indicating that the synapses potentiated by the two procedures belong to the same or overlapping populations. Experiments were conducted to determine interactions between the underlying regulatory mechanisms and the level of their convergence. Inhibiting PKA does not impede tetanus-induced LTP, and chelating postsynaptic Ca2+ with BAPTA does not block DEP, indicating that the initial steps of the induction processes are independent. Pharmacological and voltage-clamp analyses indicate that the two pathways converge on functional AMPA/kainate receptors for the chemically mediated EPSP and gap junctions for the electrotonic component or at intermediaries common to both pathways. A cellular model incorporating these interactions is proposed on the basis of differential modulation of synaptic responses via receptor-protein phosphorylation.  (+info)

Synapses involving auditory nerve fibers in primate cochlea. (2/135)

The anatomical mechanisms for processing auditory signals are extremely complex and incompletely understood, despite major advances already made with the use of electron microscopy. A major enigma, for example, is the presence in the mammalian cochlea of a double hair cell receptor system. A renewed attempt to discover evidence of synaptic coupling between the two systems in the primate cochlea, postulated from physiological studies, has failed. However, in the outer spiral bundle the narrow and rigid clefts seen between pairs of presumptive afferent fibers suggest the possibility of dendro-dendritic interaction confined to the outer hair cell system. The clustering of afferent processes within folds of supporting cells subjacent to outer hair cells is in contrast to the lack of such close associations in the inner hair cell region. The difference reinforces the suggestion of functional interaction of some sort between the outer hair cell afferent nerve processes.  (+info)

Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with brain stem enhancement. (3/135)

Postcontrast T1-weighted MR images in a patient with Ramsay Hunt syndrome showed an enhancing lesion in the region of the nucleus of the pontine facial nerve and abnormal enhancement of the intrameatal, labyrinthine, and tympanic facial nerve segments and of the geniculate ganglion, as well as enhancement of the vestibulocochlear nerve and parts of the membranous labyrinth. This enhancement most probably resulted from a primary neuritis of the intrameatal nerve trunks of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves.  (+info)

Intraoperative monitoring during surgery for acoustic neuroma: benefits of an extratympanic intrameatal electrode. (4/135)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of an extratympanic intrameatal electrode for intraoperative monitoring during acoustic neuroma and other cerebellopontine angle tumour surgery and to define the neurophysiological and surgical factors which influence hearing preservation. METHODS: Twenty two patients, 18 with acoustic neuromas and four with other cerebellopontine angle tumours, underwent intraoperative monitoring during tumour excision. The extratympanic intrameatal electrode (IME) was used to record the electrocochleogram (ECoG) and surface electrodes to record the brainstem auditory evoked response (ABR). RESULTS: The compound action potential (CAP) of the ECoG was two and a half times greater in amplitude than wave I of the ABR and was easily monitored. Virtually instant information was available as minimal averaging was required. Continuous monitoring was possible from the commencement of anaesthesia to skin closure. The IME was easy to place, non-invasive, and did not interfere with the operative field. Operative procedures which affected CAP or wave V latency or amplitude were drilling around the internal auditory meatus, tumour dissection, nerve section, and brainstem and cerebellar retraction. Hearing was achieved in 59% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The IME had significant benefits in comparison with other methods of monitoring. The technique provided information beneficial to preservation of hearing.  (+info)

High-resolution MR cisternography of the cerebellopontine angle: 2D versus 3D fast spin-echo sequences. (5/135)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The clinical usefulness of MR cisternography of the cerebellopontine angle, applying 2D or 3D fast spin-echo sequences, has been reported recently. Our purpose was to investigate the cause of signal loss in CSF in the prepontine or cerebellopontine angle cistern on 2D FSE MR images and to compare the cisternographic effects of 2D and 3D FSE sequences. METHODS: Preliminary experiments were performed in four volunteers to assess the causes of signal loss. Initially, using a 2D cardiac-gated cine phase-contrast method with a velocity encoding value of 6 cm/s, we measured the velocity and flow pattern of CSF. Comparisons were made to assess the effects of intravoxel dephasing, amplitude of the section-selecting gradient, echo time (TE), and section thickness. Four healthy subjects and 13 patients with ear symptoms were examined, and multisection 3-mm-thick 2D images and 30-mm-slab, 1-mm-section 3D images were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. Then, 3D MR cisternography was performed in 400 patients with ear symptoms, and qualitative evaluation was performed. RESULTS: In volunteers, the average peak velocity of CSF was 1.2 cm/s. With TE = 250, CSF may move an average of 3 mm, and can be washed out of a 3-mm-thick 2D section volume. The CSF signal relative to that of a water phantom decreased gradually as TE increased on single-section 3-mm-thick 2D images. The CSF signal relative to that of the water phantom increased gradually as section thickness increased. No significant differences were noted in intravoxel dephasing and amplitude of the section-selecting gradient. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between CSF and the cerebellar peduncle, and the visibility of the cranial nerves and vertebrobasilar artery were significantly improved on 3D images in 17 subjects. In images from 400 patients, no significant signal loss in the cistern was observed using 3D FSE. CONCLUSION: CSF signal loss in thin-section 2D MR cisternography is mainly attributable to the wash-out phenomenon. 3D acquisition can reduce this phenomenon and provide thinner sections. The scan time for 3D acquisition is not excessive when a long echo train length and half-Fourier imaging are used. MR cisternography should be performed using a 3D acquisition.  (+info)

AMPA-preferring glutamate receptors in cochlear physiology of adult guinea-pig. (6/135)

1. The present study was designed to determine which glutamate (Glu) receptors are involved in excitatory neurotransmission at the first auditory synapse between the inner hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons. 2. The Glu receptors present at the membrane level were investigated on isolated spiral ganglion neuron somata from guinea-pigs by whole-cell voltage-clamp measurements. Glu and AMPA induced a fast onset inward current that was rapidly desensitized, while kainate induced only a non-desensitizing, steady-state current. NMDA induced no detectable current. 3. To further discriminate between the AMPA and kainate receptors present, we used the receptor-specific desensitization blockers, cyclothiazide and concanavalin A. While no effect was observed with concanavalin A, cyclothiazide greatly enhanced the Glu-, AMPA- and kainate-induced steady-state currents and potentiated Glu-induced membrane depolarization. 4. To extrapolate the results obtained from the somata to the events occurring in situ at the dendrites, the effects of these drugs were evaluated in vivo. Cyclothiazide reversibly increased spontaneous activity of single auditory nerve fibres, while concanavalin A had no effect, suggesting that the functional Glu receptors on the somata may be the same as those at the dendrites. 5. The combination of a moderate-level sound together with cyclothiazide increased and subsequently abolished the spontaneous and the sound-evoked activity of the auditory nerve fibres. Histological examination revealed destruction of the dendrites, suggesting that cyclothiazide potentiates sound-induced Glu excitotoxicity via AMPA receptors. 6. Our results reveal that fast synaptic transmission in the cochlea is mainly mediated by desensitizing AMPA receptors.  (+info)

Vertical cell responses to sound in cat dorsal cochlear nucleus. (7/135)

The dorsal cochlear nucleus receives input from the auditory nerve and relays acoustic information to the inferior colliculus. Its principal cells receive two systems of inputs. One system through the molecular layer carries multimodal information that is processed through a neuronal circuit that resembles the cerebellum. A second system through the deep layer carries primary auditory nerve input, some of which is relayed through interneurons. The present study reveals the morphology of individual interneurons and their local axonal arbors and how these inhibitory interneurons respond to sound. Vertical cells lie beneath the fusiform cell layer. Their dendritic and axonal arbors are limited to an isofrequency lamina. They give rise to pericellular nests around the base of fusiform cells and their proximal basal dendrites. These cells exhibit an onset-graded response to short tones and have response features defined as type II. They have tuning curves that are closed contours (0 shaped), thresholds approximately 27 dB SPL, spontaneous firing rates of approximately 0 spikes/s, and they respond weakly or not at all to broadband noise, as described for type II units. Their responses are nonmonotonic functions of intensity with peak responses between 30 and 60 dB SPL. They also show a preference for the high-to-low direction of a frequency sweep. It has been suggested that these circuits may be involved in the processing of spectral cues for the localization of sound sources.  (+info)

Isolated metastases of adenocarcinoma in the bilateral internal auditory meatuses mimicking neurofibromatosis type 2--case report. (8/135)

A 56-year-old male with a history of lung cancer presented with isolated metastases of adenocarcinoma in the bilateral internal auditory meatuses (IAMs), mimicking the bilateral acoustic schwannomas of neurofibromatosis type 2, and manifesting as rapidly worsening tinnitus and bilateral hearing loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed small tumors in both IAMs with no sign of leptomeningeal metastasis. The preoperative diagnosis was neurofibromatosis type 2. Both tumors were removed and the histological diagnoses were adenocarcinoma. Neuroimaging differentiation of a solitary metastatic IAM tumor from a benign tumor is difficult, although rapidly progressive eighth cranial nerve dysfunction suggests a malignant process. Metastases should be considered as a rare diagnostic possibility in a patient with small tumors in both IAMs.  (+info)

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the auditory-vestibular nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a paired peripheral nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain. It has two distinct parts: the cochlear part and the vestibular part.

The cochlear part is responsible for hearing and transmits sound signals from the cochlea to the brain. The vestibular part, on the other hand, is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation by transmitting information about head movement and position from the vestibular apparatus (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) in the inner ear to the brain.

Together, these two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve play a crucial role in our ability to hear and maintain balance. Damage to this nerve can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), or balance problems.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for transmitting sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. Vestibulocochlear nerve diseases refer to conditions that affect this nerve and can result in hearing loss, vertigo, and balance problems.

These diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infection, trauma, tumors, or degeneration. Some examples of vestibulocochlear nerve diseases include:

1. Vestibular neuritis: an inner ear infection that causes severe vertigo, nausea, and balance problems.
2. Labyrinthitis: an inner ear infection that affects both the vestibular and cochlear nerves, causing vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
3. Acoustic neuroma: a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.
4. Meniere's disease: a inner ear disorder that causes vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of fullness in the ear.
5. Ototoxicity: damage to the inner ear caused by certain medications or chemicals that can result in hearing loss and balance problems.
6. Vestibular migraine: a type of migraine that is associated with vertigo, dizziness, and balance problems.

Treatment for vestibulocochlear nerve diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the 8th cranial nerve, is responsible for hearing and balance. It has two parts: the cochlear part, which is associated with hearing, and the vestibular part, which is associated with balance.

Vestibulocochlear nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to this nerve, which can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), disequilibrium (unsteadiness), and other balance-related issues. These injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as head trauma, acoustic neuroma (a benign tumor that develops on this nerve), infection, inflammation, or complications from surgery.

The severity of the injury can vary, leading to different symptoms and levels of disability. In some cases, vestibulocochlear nerve injuries may be treated with medication, therapy, or surgery, while in other cases, the damage may be permanent.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

The vestibular nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve or cranial nerve VIII, is a pair of nerves that transmit sensory information from the balance-sensing structures in the inner ear (the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) to the brain. This information helps the brain maintain balance and orientation of the head in space. The vestibular nerve also plays a role in hearing by transmitting sound signals from the cochlea to the brain.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.

Labyrinth diseases refer to conditions that affect the inner ear's labyrinth, which is the complex system of fluid-filled channels and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Examples of labyrinth diseases include Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Nerve compression syndromes refer to a group of conditions characterized by the pressure or irritation of a peripheral nerve, causing various symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected area. This compression can occur due to several reasons, including injury, repetitive motion, bone spurs, tumors, or swelling. Common examples of nerve compression syndromes include carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial nerve compression, and ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist or elbow. Treatment options may include physical therapy, splinting, medications, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimuli. They are sensory experiences that feel real, but are generated from inside the mind rather than by external reality. Hallucinations can occur in any of the senses, causing individuals to hear sounds, see visions, or smell odors that aren't actually present. They can range from relatively simple experiences, such as seeing flashes of light, to complex experiences like seeing and interacting with people or objects that aren't there. Hallucinations are often associated with certain medical conditions, mental health disorders, or the use of certain substances.

Civil rights are a group of rights and protections that guarantee equal treatment to all individuals, regardless of their race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or other characteristics. These rights are enshrined in the laws and constitutions of various countries and include freedoms such as the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to equal protection under the law, and the right to freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.

In the United States, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of legislation that prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and access to public accommodations. Other important civil rights laws in the U.S. include the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protects the right to vote, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.

Violations of civil rights can take many forms, including discrimination, harassment, intimidation, and violence. Those whose civil rights have been violated may be entitled to legal remedies, such as damages, injunctions, or orders for relief.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "microwaves" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; they are commonly used in communication devices and home appliances such as microwave ovens. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.

The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.

Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).

Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.

In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

The auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing and analyzing sounds, including speech. It is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, specifically within the Heschl's gyrus and the surrounding areas. The auditory cortex receives input from the auditory nerve, which carries sound information from the inner ear to the brain.

The auditory cortex is divided into several subregions that are responsible for different aspects of sound processing, such as pitch, volume, and location. These regions work together to help us recognize and interpret sounds in our environment, allowing us to communicate with others and respond appropriately to our surroundings. Damage to the auditory cortex can result in hearing loss or difficulty understanding speech.

The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply ... the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve. Cranial nerve 8, the vestibulocochlear nerve, goes to the middle portion of the ... The vestibulocochlear nerve carries axons of type special somatic afferent. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the ... The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode. This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the ...
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Vestibulocochlear)". Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear) on U.S. National Library of Medicine. StatPearls. PMID ... nerve inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion of vagus nerve inferior ganglion of vagus nerve Purves, ... the cranial nerve ganglia are ganglia of certain cranial nerves. They can be parasympathetic or sensory. All cranial nerve ... ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Bordoni, B.; Mankowski, N. L.; Daly, D. T. (2022). "Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 8 ( ...
... which in turn joins the vestibular nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve, or cranial nerve number VIII. The region of the ... Vestibulocochlear Nerve Middle brooks JC (2009). "Auditory System: Central Pathways". In Squire LF (ed.). Encyclopedia of ... Its hair cells transform the fluid waves into nerve signals. The journey of countless nerves begins with this first step; from ... There are far fewer inner hair cells in the cochlea than afferent nerve fibers - many auditory nerve fibers innervate each hair ...
doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-05712-7.00002-7. ISBN 978-0-323-05712-7. Hain, Timothy C. (2007). "12 - Cranial Nerve VIII: ... Vestibulocochlear System". Textbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd ed.). Saunders. pp. 199-215. doi:10.1016/B978-141603618-0.10012- ...
"Cranial Nerve VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve". Meddean. Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved 2008-06-04. Edge AS, Chen ZY (2008 ... Neurons of the auditory or vestibulocochlear nerve (the eighth cranial nerve) innervate cochlear and vestibular hair cells. The ... Inner hair cell nerve fibers are also very heavily myelinated, which is in contrast to the unmyelinated outer hair cell nerve ... A single inner hair cell is innervated by numerous nerve fibers, whereas a single nerve fiber innervates many outer hair cells ...
Electrical stimulation of the vestibulocochlear nerve). Nasenbluten (Epistaxis). Zur Histologie der Ohrpolypen (Histology of ...
... and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of ... The great auricular nerve, auricular nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, and lesser and greater occipital nerves of the cervical ... Parts of the otic vesicle in turn form the vestibulocochlear nerve. These form bipolar neurons which supply sensation to parts ... This causes depolarisation, which is passed as a signal to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve. Dynamic balance also ...
It accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) through the internal acoustic meatus. It supplies blood to the internal ... It accompanies the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) through the internal acoustic meatus. It divides into a cochlear branch ... It also supplies the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) along its length. The labyrinthine artery may become occluded. This can ...
It also contains two cranial nerves - the vestibulocochlear nerve and the facial nerve; the cerebellar flocculus and the ... Arachnoid cyst Facial nerve tumour Lipoma Meningioma Schwannoma of other cranial nerves (e.g. CN V >VII>IX, X, XI) Metastasis ...
... the latter two symptoms due to damage to vestibulocochlear nerve and the inner ear. Longitudinal fracture in the vertical plane ... the facial nerve can be reinnervated with techniques such as cross-facial nerve grafting, nerve transfers and end-to-end nerve ... If nerve conduction studies show a large (>90%) change in nerve conduction, the nerve should be decompressed. The facial ... through this canal travels the facial nerve together with the statoacoustisus nerve. In the case of inflammation the nerve is ...
This is achieved by inputs to the vestibular nucleus from: the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). This is related to head ... It connects the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), the trochlear nerve (CN IV), and the abducens nerve (CN VI). It ... The medial longitudinal fasciculus is the main central connection for the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and abducens nerve ... from the vestibulocochlear nerve, CN VIII). It is an integral component of saccadic eye movements, as well as vestibulo-ocular ...
A decay of more than 25 decibels is indicative of damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve. A tone at the frequency of 4000 Hz is ... TD is a procedure for diagnosing retro-cochlear pathology (RCP, damage to the auditory nerve). It is part of battery of tests ... The actual value of any tone decay procedure in accurately identifying 8 cranial nerve pathology has not been extensively ...
The cranial nerves containing SSA fibers are the optic nerve (II) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII). Drake et al. (2010), ... Special somatic afferent fibers (SSA) are the afferent nerve fibers that carry information from the special senses of vision, ...
The vestibular nuclei receive information through the vestibulocochlear nerve about changes in the orientation of the head. The ... For example, if unilateral damage occurs to the vestibulocochlear nerve, lateral vestibular nucleus, semicircular canals or ... With this they determined that the superior vestibular nerve plays a larger role in balance than the inferior vestibulo nerve ... This tract is found in the lateral funiculus, a bundle of nerve roots in the spinal cord. The lateral vestibulospinal tract ...
Vestibulocochlear nerve). ... in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve ...
In the depression between the upper end of the olive and the pons lies the vestibulocochlear nerve. In humans, it measures ... and between its upper end and the pons there is a slight depression to which the roots of the facial nerve are attached. The ... from which it is separated by the antero-lateral sulcus and the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. Behind (dorsally), it is ...
... trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve ... This creates a nerve signal that passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve. From here, it passes through to the cochlear ... Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge directly from the brainstem. The brainstem also contains many cranial nerve ... Visual signals leave the retinas through the optic nerves. Optic nerve fibres from the retinas' nasal halves cross to the ...
It transmits the facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) cranial nerves into a canal in the petrous temporal bone. Lies ... the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), and accessory nerve (CN XI). Lies at the anterolateral margins of the ... foramen magnum and transmits the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Also visible in the posterior cranial fossa are depressions caused ...
Ballance is also remembered for successfully sectioning the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) as a remedy for ... He is credited as being the first physician to perform a facial nerve to spinal accessory nerve anastomosis for treatment of ... The lecture was titled 'On Nerve Surgery'. It was published in 1933, dedicated "To the Memory of A.C.B.", his son Alaric ... He was a colleague of famed surgeon Victor Horsley (1857-1916). Ballance is remembered for his pioneer work involving nerve ...
... is also used experimentally to treat tinnitus and vertigo caused by vascular compression on the vestibulocochlear nerve. ... Less often the nerve is thin and pale. Once the vessel is mobilized a sponge like material is placed between the nerve and the ... Frequently a groove or indentation is seen in the nerve where the offending vessel was in contact with the nerve. ... Walter Dandy in 1925 was an advocate of partial sectioning of the nerve in the posterior cranial fossa. During this procedure ...
This electrical impulse is carried from the inner ear to the brainstem via the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve XIII). ... There are fewer nerve fibres and less myelination in patients' primary auditory cortex, illustrated by the higher grey matter- ... The auditosensory cortex takes part in the reception and processing of auditory nerve impulses, which passes sound information ... It is the initial cortical destination of auditory nerve impulses from the thalamus. The characteristics of neural activities ...
The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). In humans ... The vestibular nerve dynamically updates the frame of reference of motor movement based on the orientation of the head in ... Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus are found on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle ... Rapid compensation to damage of the vestibular nerve occurs within seven to ten days of receiving the damage. A small ...
The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem ... Every nerve, sensory or motor, has its own signal transmission speed. For example, nerves in the frog's legs have a 90 ft/s (99 ... The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve connects to taste buds ... Follicles are also wrapped in a plexus of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. These nerve endings detect the ...
... facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the ... The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve ( ... the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII ... The facial nerve is also the most commonly affected cranial nerve in blunt trauma. The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) supplies ...
For hearing, cochlear implants are used to stimulate the auditory nerve directly. The vestibulocochlear nerve is part of the ... Genetically modified neurons may enable connecting external components - such as prosthetic limbs - to nerves. There also is ... Neural implants such as deep brain stimulation and Vagus nerve stimulation are increasingly becoming routine for patients with ...
While the vestibulocochlear nerve has two ganglia associated with it (spiral ganglion and vestibular ganglion), both contain ... nerve inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion of the vagus nerve inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve ... inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve also carry information about taste ... The peripheral branch travels through the distal dorsal root into the spinal nerve all the way until skin, joint, and muscle. ...
The receptor cells located in the semicircular ducts are innervated by the eighth cranial nerve, the vestibulocochlear nerve ( ...
Persons with cochlear deficits fail otoacoustic emissions testing, while persons with 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear ... The electrodes of the implant are designed to stimulate the array of nerve fibers that previously responded to different ... which then send information to the brain via the auditory nerve. The cochlea is tonotopically mapped in a spiral fashion, with ... nerve) deficits fail auditory brainstem response testing. As part of differential diagnosis, an MRI scan may be done to check ...
This tonotopy then projects through the vestibulocochlear nerve and associated midbrain structures to the primary auditory ... Nerves that transmit information from different regions of the basilar membrane therefore encode frequency tonotopically. ... Studies in mature A1 have focused on neuromodulatory influences and have found that direct and indirect vagus nerve stimulation ...
The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply ... the cochlear nerve and the vestibular nerve. Cranial nerve 8, the vestibulocochlear nerve, goes to the middle portion of the ... The vestibulocochlear nerve carries axons of type special somatic afferent. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the ... The vestibulocochlear nerve is derived from the embryonic otic placode. This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the ...
What happens if the Vestibulocochlear nerve is damaged?. The vestibulocochlear nerve sends balance and head position ... 1 What happens if the Vestibulocochlear nerve is damaged?*1.1 What causes damage to the 8th cranial nerve?*1.1.1 How do you ... What do cranial nerves 9 and 10 do?. CRANIAL NERVE 9 (GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL) AND CRANIAL NERVE 10 (VAGUS) CNs 9 and 10 work together ... What does the 9th cranial nerve control?. The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) is responsible for swallowing and the ...
Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Anatomy / Cranial Nerve Lesions / Head and Neck / Ear. ...
3.01 acoustic nerve; auditory nerve; eighth cranial nerve; vestibulocochlear nerve. Nerve, consisting of two sets of fibers: ... the anterior branch or cochlear nerve and the posterior branch or vestibular nerve. Afferent fibers of the nerve conduct neural ...
... or cranial nerve (CN) VII, is the nerve of facial expression. The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, and knowledge of ... Note the changing spatial relationship between the facial nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN ... The facial nerve, or cranial nerve (CN) VII, is the nerve of facial expression. The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, ... Note the changing spatial relationship between the facial nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN ...
STUDY OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE AFFECTION IN HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS. Abstract. Naveen Kumar A. G1 , Mohan Kumar H. M2 , Gaurav R ... This study might suggest us a clue to the pathogenesis of vestibulocochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus ... and the pathogenesis of vestibulocochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of ... patients with herpes zoster oticus was designed in order to determine the classic characteristics of vestibulocochlear nerve ...
It can result from a problem in the inner ear, brain, or sensory nerve pathways. Learn more. ... Within this area is the vestibulocochlear nerve.. This nerve sends information to the brain about head motion, position, and ... acoustic neuroma, which is a benign growth that develops on the vestibulocochlear nerve near the inner ear ... Tiny organs in the inner ear respond to gravity and the persons position by sending messages via nerve signals to the brain. ...
SYN: vestibulocochlear nerve [CN VIII]. [L.] octi-. See oct-. octo-. See oct-. Octomitidae (ok-to-mit′i-de). A family in the ... Relating to the nerve fibers leading from the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus. occiput, gen. occipitis ( ...
Facial nerve. Definition. taste, control muscles of facial expression. Term. VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve. ...
58] Cranial nerve involvement, particularly the optic and vestibulocochlear nerves, has been reported. With chorioretinitis, ... The cranial nerves affected are, in descending order of frequency, cranial nerves VII, VIII, VI, and II. The meningitis may be ... Category 6 - Brain stem/cranial nerves (signs restricted to the brain stem and cranial nerves) ... Normal findings on nerve conduction studies are usually expected because motor fibers are rarely involved; partial anterior ...
Categories: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
vestibulocochlear nerve. *. Globular process emerges from each. * medial nasal process. *. Nasal fin connecting nasal disc and ...
Johnny, the vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth cranial (its all in your head) nerve. ... Johnny, the vestibulocochlear nerve is the eighth cranial (its all in your head) nerve. ... So would it be fair to say that you believe that there is a nerve, any nerve, that goes from the ear to the brain that impacts ... It surprises many to learn that some of the nerves that control, regulate and monitor the ear begin in the brain stem, continue ...
Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. Rubinstein D, Sandberg EJ, Cajade-Law AG. ...
Right acoustic nerve injury. *Vestibulocochlear nerve injury. Applies To. *Auditory nerve*Eighth cranial nerve*Traumatic ... Injury to acoustic nerve. *ICD-9-CM 951.5 is a billable medical code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis on a ... Home > 2010 ICD-9-CM Diagnosis Codes > Injury And Poisoning 800-999 > Injury To Nerves And Spinal Cord 950-957 > Injury to ... ear (acoustic nerve trauma) 951.5*. with perforation of tympanic membrane - see Wound, open, ear, drum ...
Learn about these growths that form in or near nerves connecting to the spinal cord. Surgery is the most common treatment. ... These nerves are twined together to form the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve). The pressure on the nerve from the ... Peripheral nerve tumors are growths that form in or near nerves. Nerves are strands of tissue that transmit signals from the ... Peripheral nerve tumors can press against nerves. This can lead to complications. Some may be permanent:. *Numbness and ...
The vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VIII) could not be reconstructed in either specimen. The foramina for the CN VIII branches are ... olfactory nerve; II, optic nerve canal; III, oculomotor nerve canal; IV, trochlear nerve canal; V, trigeminal nerve canal; VI, ... abducens nerve canal; VII, facial nerve canal; IX-XI shared canal for the glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory nerve; ... whereas only some of the larger nerve canals are visible in SMNS 16980. The optic nerves (CN II) exit the braincase through two ...
vestibulocochlear] nerve:. Any one who has received an injection of cold water in the ear may know that it produces a kind of ... However, significantly he showed no pathology of the middle ear, vestibulocochlear nerve or brain and related vertigo to the ... and infections of the labyrinths and vestibulocochlear nerves. Ménières syndrome was thought to be idiopathic until the ... in cases of irritation of the acoustic nerve, have been observed in adults and children. Rotatory movements have taken place in ...
Cranial nerve locations are described in the trijeminal, vestibulo-cochlear or occulomotor nerves. ... Most of tumours occur in the brachial plexus nerves (C6T2), but all other nerves are potentially affected. Secondary extension ... Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumours (PNST) are challenging problems for clinicians for three main problems:. They are slow growing ... Secondary tumours may invade peripheral nerve from its vicinity, they are muscle tumours (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas), ...
The inner ear is connected to the vestibulocochlear nerve, which carries sound and equilibrium information to the brain. ... Tiny hair cells in this organ translate the vibrations into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves ...
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) and horizontal cerebellar sulcus 12 . Choroid plexus fourth ventricle ...
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) and horizontal cerebellar sulcus 12 . Choroid plexus fourth ventricle ...
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)* vestibular ganglion (Scarpas ganglion). * glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) *Jacobson nerve ... Arnolds nerve, also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch, of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve ... abducens nerve (CN VI). * facial nerve (CN VII) (segments mnemonic , branches mnemonic) * geniculate ganglion * greater ( ... Arnolds nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ...
Information about the SNOMED CT code 77949003 representing Disorder of acoustic nerve. ... Vestibulocochlear nerve structure 8598002. parents. *Finding of head and neck region 118254002 ... Peripheral nerve disease 302226006. Disorder of acoustic nerve 77949003. SNOMED CT Concept 138875005. Clinical finding ... Cranial nerve disorder 73013002. Disorder of acoustic nerve 77949003. ancestors. sorted most to least specific ...
Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. D Rubinstein, E J Sandberg and A G Cajade- ... Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. D Rubinstein, E J Sandberg and A G Cajade- ... Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. D Rubinstein, E J Sandberg and A G Cajade- ...
The action potentials are sent to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve. The endolymph and perilymph differ based on the ... hairs detect the sound waves and the action potentials created are sent to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerves. The ... Also, vestibular neuritis does not affect hearing (Marill, 2011). Labyrinthitis disrupts the vestibular nerve leading to severe ... The inner ear contains the organs and nerves that are involved in hearing and balance. The cochlea separates the inner and ...
The cochlear nerve arises from the vestibulocochlear nerve for transmission to the cochlear nuclear complex at the brainstem ... eighth cranial nerve, [d]. [42]. [43]. cochlear nucleus, [44]. [45]. inferior colliculus, [46]. medial geniculate body, [47]. ... cochlea within which hair cells transduce sound into neural impulses that are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve. ...
... image shows enhancement within the cisternal segment of both the vestibulocochlear nerve complex and the facial nerve. C) Axial ...
This opening is probably the foramen ovale for the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). CT scans indicate that the pathway of CN ... However, on the posterior part of the pontine flexure the casts of canals of the cranial nerves IX-XI and the XII can be ... These foramina open into the pituitary fossa, thus they are most probably the exits for the abducens nerve (CN VI, Figure 3.2 ... Posterior to the opening of the abducens nerve (CN VI) an elongated groove extends from the ventral part of the basisphenoid up ...
Ototoxicity refers to exposure to drugs or chemicals that damages structures of the inner ear or the vestibulocochlear nerve. ... the inner ear and/or the nerve that travels to the brainstem) or in the central nervous system (i.e. neural pathways that ...
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some cases also impact cranial nerve VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve, which lies in close proximity to cranial nerve VII. (hillspet.com)
  • Cranial nerve VIII transmits both sound and information about the body's sense of balance from the ear to the brain. (hillspet.com)
  • Veterinary Partner notes that a disruption of cranial nerve VIII causes vestibular disease, which manifests as an unsteady gait, weakness, head tilt and nystagmus (abnormal eye movement). (hillspet.com)
  • Samples were transferred and kept fro- nerve (cranial nerve VIII), the inner zen at -20 °C in our research laboratory. (who.int)
  • Cranial nerve 8, the vestibulocochlear nerve, goes to the middle portion of the brainstem called the pons (which then is largely composed of fibers going to the cerebellum). (wikipedia.org)
  • The 8th cranial nerve runs between the base of the pons and medulla oblongata (the lower portion of the brainstem). (wikipedia.org)
  • What causes damage to the 8th cranial nerve? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • How do you test for the 8th cranial nerve? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • CRANIAL NERVE 9 (GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL) AND CRANIAL NERVE 10 (VAGUS) CNs 9 and 10 work together to supply the musculature of the pharynx (mostly supplied by CN 10) and transmit visceral afferent information from vascular baroreceptors, and each nerve also has additional individual functions listed below. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • How do you check cranial nerve 9 and 10? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • What does the 9th cranial nerve control? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) is responsible for swallowing and the gag reflex, along with other functions. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • The facial nerve , or cranial nerve (CN) VII, is the nerve of facial expression. (medscape.com)
  • These nerves are twined together to form the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve). (mayoclinic.org)
  • Cranial nerve locations are described in the trijeminal, vestibulo-cochlear or occulomotor nerves. (ivis.org)
  • An acoustic neuroma , also called a vestibular schwannoma , is a benign tumor that is located on the eighth cranial nerve. (medifocus.com)
  • The eighth cranial nerve, which traverses from the inner ear to the brain, is also called the auditory nerve or vestibulocochlear nerve . (medifocus.com)
  • The auditory nerve (eighth cranial nerve) is made up of two segments: the vestibular nerve segment and the cochlear nerve segment. (medifocus.com)
  • They also lie next to the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve). (medifocus.com)
  • Facial paralysis results from damage to a facial nerve called cranial nerve VII. (hillspet.com)
  • They will perform a comprehensive physical exam of your dog's eyes, ears and motor coordination and check for other cranial nerve and systemic neurological problems. (hillspet.com)
  • From their point of origin in the brain, the fibers of cranial nerve VII run close to the middle ear on their way to the face. (hillspet.com)
  • Vestibular Schwannoma A vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) is a Schwann cell-derived tumor of the 8th cranial nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All 12 pairs are a part of the peripheral nervous system, except cranial nerve number 2, which actually emerges from, which is kind of like an extension of the brain, so it's not technically a peripheral nerve. (anatomyzone.com)
  • We'll start with cranial nerve number 1, which is the olfactory nerve , and this nerve is responsible for olfaction , so the sense of smell. (anatomyzone.com)
  • This is a one-page cranial nerve cheat sheet you can print off and use for clinical or studying for an exam! (pinterest.com)
  • Cranial nerve functions are involved with the functioning of all five senses organs and muscle movements. (byjus.com)
  • How do I calm my trigeminal nerve? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • What happens if the trigeminal nerve is damaged? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • Trigeminal nerve injuries not only causes significant neurosensory deficits and facial pain, but can cause significant comorbidities due to changes in eating habits from muscular denervation of masticator muscles or altered sensation of the oral mucosa. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • The main cause of trigeminal neuralgia is blood vessels pressing on the root of the trigeminal nerve. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • The former courses ventrally into the first branchial arch and terminates near a branch of the trigeminal nerve that eventually becomes the lingual nerve. (medscape.com)
  • As they grow, tumors take on a pear-like shape and may begin to press on the trigeminal nerve, which is responsible for facial sensation. (medifocus.com)
  • Third division of trigeminal nerve innervates masseter and temporalis, so you should check for contraction of both muscles! (usc.edu)
  • The trigeminal nerve provides sensory supply to the face and mouth. (usc.edu)
  • The corneal reflex has two parts: the sensory, or afferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the motor, or efferent, part of the reflex is mediated by the facial nerve. (usc.edu)
  • How do you test for vagus nerve damage? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • To test the vagus nerve, a doctor may check the gag reflex. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • If the person doesn't gag, this may be due to a problem with the vagus nerve. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • Arnold's nerve , also known as the auricular branch or mastoid branch , of the vagus nerve (CN X) is a small sensory nerve supplying the skin of the external acoustic meatus. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Arnold's nerve originates from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and also has a small contribution from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is also responsible for the referred otalgia through the vagus nerve (CN X), in the case of laryngeal pathology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • However, the vagus nerve has branches to most of the internal organs and is the part of the autonomic nervous system. (byjus.com)
  • Deficits of the vestibular system can be due to problems with the peripheral nervous system (i.e. the inner ear and/or the nerve that travels to the brainstem) or in the central nervous system (i.e. neural pathways that travel throughout the brain and spinal cord). (vestibular.org)
  • Nodular plexiform neurofibromas may involve spinal nerve roots, typically growing through an intervertebral foramen to cause intraspinal and extraspinal masses (dumbbell tumor). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The common abnormalities include disease of the muscle itself (myopathy), and motor nerve damage in peripheral/spinal cord/brain from cancer or trauma. (usc.edu)
  • Cranial nerves arise directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves and exit through its foramina. (byjus.com)
  • Benign tumors can occur in nerves, muscle and bone. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Peripheral nerve tumors are growths that form in or near nerves. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Peripheral nerve tumors can occur anywhere in the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • There are several types of peripheral nerve tumors. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Intraneural tumors grow within nerves. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Extraneural tumors press against nerves. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Symptoms of peripheral nerve tumors vary depending on where the tumors are located and the tissues affected. (mayoclinic.org)
  • It's not clear why most peripheral nerve tumors develop. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In these disorders, tumors develop on or near the nerves throughout the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A person who was exposed to radiation is at higher risk of developing peripheral nerve tumors years later. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Peripheral nerve tumors can press against nerves. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Peripheral nerve tumors of the extremities. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Secondary tumours may invade peripheral nerve from its vicinity, they are muscle tumours (leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas), rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcoma) or bone tumors such as osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas, and others. (ivis.org)
  • Acoustic neuromas - also known as vestibular schwannomas - are non-cancerous tumors that develop on the vestibulocochlear nerve between the brain and inner ear. (providence.org)
  • Tumors first distort the vestibulocochlear nerve from which they develop, and then may eventually press on the facial nerve, which may become stretched as it makes room for the tumor. (medifocus.com)
  • It causes various types of benign or malignant tumors that involve central or peripheral nerves and often causes pigmented skin macules and sometimes other manifestations. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Peripheral tumors are common in NF1 and can develop anywhere along the course of peripheral nerves. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The tumors are neurofibromas, which develop from nerve sheaths and consist of mixtures of Schwann cells, fibroblasts, neural cells, and mast cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Occasionally, they transform to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If you have a patient look to the R and the R abducens nerve is damaged what happens? (freezingblue.com)
  • Damage to the Trochlear nerve might cause inability to move eyeball downwards and damage to abducens nerve might result in diplopia. (byjus.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve receives input from the general and special sensory fibers in the back of the throat. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • Anatomy of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves in the internal auditory canal. (nih.gov)
  • Groups 1 (16 symptomatic sides), 2 (14 asymptomatic sides), and 3 (16 control sides) were compared with regard to the anatomic relation between the vascular loop and the internal auditory canal and the presence of neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve with/without angulation/indentation. (ajnr.org)
  • These two nerve components lie next to each other and next to the cochlear nerve as they pass through the internal auditory canal , a small bony canal that leads from the inner ear to the brainstem. (medifocus.com)
  • The symptoms of a peripheral nerve tumor develop from direct effects on the main nerve or from the tumor pressing on nearby nerves, blood vessels or tissues. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Discharges from the facial motor area are carried through fascicles of the corticobulbar tract to the internal capsule, then through the upper midbrain to the lower brainstem, where they synapse in the pontine facial nerve nucleus. (medscape.com)
  • The cochlear nerve arises from the vestibulocochlear nerve for transmission to the cochlear nuclear complex at the brainstem pontomedullary junction. (slavery.org.uk)
  • The first two actually emerge from the telencephalon and diencephalon , but the rest of the nerves, nerves 3 to 12, emerge from the brainstem . (anatomyzone.com)
  • Tumor resection was performed using the retrolabyrinthine approach with continuous monitoring using dorsal cochlear nucleus action potential, auditory brainstem response, and facial nerve function muscle action potential. (bvsalud.org)
  • You can use your imagination there.There's also a mnemonic for remembering the functions of the cranial nerves. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Acronym/Mnemonics For Remembering 12 Cranial Nerves One simple way to learn the cranial nerves and their functions is to assign them a mnemonic to help you remember which terms are placed where. (pinterest.com)
  • The surgical anatomy and landmarks of the facial nerve. (medscape.com)
  • In the newborn, the facial nerve anatomy approximates that of an adult, except for its location in the mastoid, which is more superficial. (medscape.com)
  • Nerve, consisting of two sets of fibers: the anterior branch or cochlear nerve and the posterior branch or vestibular nerve. (asastandards.org)
  • Three thousand of the nerve fibers are somatosensory and secretomotor and make up the nervus intermedius. (medscape.com)
  • Relating to the nerve fibers leading from the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus. (theodora.com)
  • When the tumor can't be removed without damaging nearby healthy tissue and nerves, other treatments may be considered. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Acoustic neuromas typically remain encapsulated and, as they grow, they slowly displace surrounding tissue and nerves. (medifocus.com)
  • The cochlear nerve travels away from the cochlea of the inner ear where it starts as the spiral ganglia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vestibular nerve travels from the vestibular system of the inner ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the nerve along which the sensory cells (the hair cells) of the inner ear transmit information to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve sends balance and head position information from the inner ear (see left box) to the brain. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • Vertigo stems from a problem with the inner ear, brain, or sensory nerve pathway. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • An acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) is a benign tumor that develops on the balance and hearing nerves leading from the inner ear to the brain. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The inner ear is connected to the vestibulocochlear nerve, which carries sound and equilibrium information to the brain. (livescience.com)
  • br>The inner ear contains the organs and nerves that are involved in hearing and balance. (kenyon.edu)
  • The vestibular nerve transmits information about equilibrium (balance) from the inner ear to the brain. (medifocus.com)
  • Ototoxic substances cause chemical damage to the inner ear that contains both the hearing mechanism and the vestibulocochlear nerve that sends hearing and balance information to the brain. (kta.com)
  • The olfactory is a sensory nerve, and damage in the nasal epithelium or the basal gangliamight impair the ability to discriminate different smells. (usc.edu)
  • Removable auditory ossicles and labyrinth with cochlea and vestibulo cochlear nerve. (shopanatomical.com)
  • The membranous labyrinth spirals around a central bony canal, the modiolus, that contains the auditory division of the vestibulocochlear nerve (i.e., 8th cranial) and blood vessels to the cochlea. (cdc.gov)
  • 6 ⇓ - 8 Typewriter tinnitus is considered the result of dysmyelination and demyelination of the contact point between the arterial loop and the cochlear nerve that transmits an abnormal signal to the auditory cortex. (ajnr.org)
  • The cochlear nerve transmits information about sound. (medifocus.com)
  • The facial motor nerve supplies motor branches to the muscles of facial expression. (usc.edu)
  • A vestibular schwannoma is a histologically benign, usually slow-growing tumor that develops from the vestibular divisions of the vestibulocochlear nerve, typically presenting with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. (bmj.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve is accompanied by the labyrinthine artery, which usually branches off from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery at the cerebellopontine angle, and then goes with the 7th nerve through the internal acoustic meatus to the internal ear. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vestibular nerve splits into two branches: the inferior and superior vestibular nerves. (medifocus.com)
  • What does right optic nerve disruption causes? (freezingblue.com)
  • Only cranial nerves I and II are purely sensory and are responsible for the sense of smell and vision (optic nerve II). (byjus.com)
  • The optic nerve II is the agent of vision. (byjus.com)
  • This junction between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum that contains the 8th nerve is called the cerebellopontine angle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of tumours occur in the brachial plexus nerves (C6T2), but all other nerves are potentially affected. (ivis.org)
  • Oculomotor nerve helps in the movement of the eye. (byjus.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves originate in the brain stem and pass through the muscles and sense organs of the head and neck. (byjus.com)
  • Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve may cause the following symptoms: hearing loss vertigo false sense of motion loss of equilibrium (in dark places) nystagmus motion sickness gaze-evoked tinnitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Can auditory nerve damage be repaired? (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • But they can lead to pain, nerve damage and loss of function in the affected area. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The effects of nerve damage may persist for an extended or indefinite period of time. (hillspet.com)
  • Pet parents familiar with Bell's Palsy, a form of facial paralysis in people that the Mayo Clinic notes also includes nerve damage, will notice a similar change in the appearance of their dog's face. (hillspet.com)
  • When the patient cannot track motion this means neurologic damage involving cranial nerves III, IV, or VI. (usc.edu)
  • Damage to this nerve may result in distortion of smell and taste. (byjus.com)
  • Any damage to this nerve results in problems related to sight and vision. (byjus.com)
  • Damage to this nerve leads to distortion in vision or double vision and even problem in the coordination of eyes. (byjus.com)
  • Due to the damage to this nerve, it might cause the inability to move face parts on one or more sides. (byjus.com)
  • Anatomical features of the auditory pathway of interest to microwave hearing begin with the cochlea within which hair cells transduce sound into neural impulses that are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve. (slavery.org.uk)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve carries axons of type special somatic afferent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rest of the cranial nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres and are therefore referred to as the mixed cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
  • A more complex nerve sheath tumor may assume the shape of a dumbbell. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Once damaged, your auditory nerve and cilia cannot be repaired. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • The vestibular portion of the auditory nerve is the site of origin in up to 95% of the cases of acoustic neuromas. (medifocus.com)
  • Pressure on this nerve may also be caused by a tumor or multiple sclerosis (MS). (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • This type of tumor occurs in the spine and lower abdomen and are intertwined with important nerves. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The pressure on the nerve from the tumor may cause hearing loss and imbalance. (mayoclinic.org)
  • however, the term 'acoustic neuroma' is a misnomer because the tumor actually grows from the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve, rather than from the cochlear or acoustic division, and is pathologically a schwannoma. (bmj.com)
  • In this tutorial we're going to go through the 12 cranial nerves, we're going to look at where they originate from in the brain, and we'll talk a little bit about their function. (anatomyzone.com)
  • You've got somatic and visceral components, they've got motor components and there's some nerves which have special sensory components, so components to do with the special senses, like smell, vision, hearing, balance and taste. (anatomyzone.com)
  • When the nerve becomes swollen (right box), the brain can't interpret the information correctly. (greatgreenwedding.com)
  • This nerve sends information to the brain about head motion, position, and sound. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Nerves are strands of tissue that transmit signals from the brain to the rest of the body. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Tiny hair cells in this organ translate the vibrations into electrical impulses that are carried to the brain by sensory nerves. (livescience.com)
  • Inside the basilar membrane, specialized hairs detect the sound waves and the action potentials created are sent to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerves. (kenyon.edu)
  • The action potentials are sent to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve. (kenyon.edu)
  • Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, and you've got 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and they're a part of the peripheral nervous system. (anatomyzone.com)
  • If I just rotate the model of the brain around, you can see, so we're looking at the base of the brain, and you can see all these nerves emerging from the brain. (anatomyzone.com)
  • You can see this projection along the base of the brain, so this is called the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory nerves, synapse on to this olfactory bulb. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Nerves that extend throughout the body on both sides emerging directly from brain and brain stem are called cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
  • Cranial nerves carry information from the brain to other parts of the body, primarily to the head and neck. (byjus.com)
  • There are twelve cranial nerves which are numbered using Roman numerals according to the order in which they emerge from the brain (from front to back). (byjus.com)
  • Olfactory and optic nerves emerge from the cerebrum and all other 10 nerves emerge from the brain stem. (byjus.com)
  • Peripheral nerves control muscles that allow you to walk, blink, swallow, pick things up and do other activities. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, and knowledge of the key intratemporal and extratemporal landmarks is essential for accurate physical diagnosis and safe and effective surgical intervention in the head and neck. (medscape.com)
  • Pinched a nerve in my neck on a Photoshoot and got adjusted this morning. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Cranial nerves are concerned with the head, neck, and other facial regions of the body. (byjus.com)
  • Acoustic neuromas arise with equal frequency on the superior and inferior portion of the vestibular nerve. (medifocus.com)
  • This nerve helps you to have facial sensation. (byjus.com)
  • This nerve helps to feel the sense of smell. (byjus.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves belong to the somatic system. (byjus.com)
  • It consists of the cochlear nerve, carrying details about hearing, and the vestibular nerve, carrying information about balance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arterial compression of the cochleovestibular nerve complex has been suggested as a potential cause of hearing deficit, typewriter tinnitus, and equilibrium disturbance or vertigo. (ajnr.org)
  • This nerve is involved in hearing and balance control. (providence.org)
  • Vestibulocochlear (auditory vestibular nerve) is responsible for hearing and balance. (byjus.com)
  • Arnold's nerve innervates the small parts of the external acoustic meatus and is the source of jugulotympanic paraganglioma from the non-chromaffin paraganglion cells , which are found along the nerve. (radiopaedia.org)
  • However, considerable false-positive (no symptoms with neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve on MR imaging) and false-negative (typewriter tinnitus without demonstrable neurovascular compression of the cochlear nerve) findings were also observed. (ajnr.org)