Viola
Allozyme diversity in natural populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): implications for conservation genetics. (1/36)
Genetic diversity was measured by allozyme electrophoresis in eight natural populations of the threatened Canarian endemic Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae). Nineteen alleles corresponding to 11 gene loci were detected. High levels of genetic diversity were found, ranging from 36.3 to 45.4 % for the percentage of polymorphic loci (P), from 1.45 to 1.60 for the average number of alleles per locus (A) and from 0.128 to 0.200 for the expected heterozygosity (H(e)). Between 85.5 and 96.6 % of genetic variability was apportioned within populations. As a whole, populations were not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a deficit of heterozygous individuals attributable to the existence of genetic structuring in the populations analysed. The levels of interpopulation genetic differentiation were low (mean F(ST) = 0.100), while genetic identity pair-wise comparisons were high (mean I = 0.973) suggesting considerable levels of gene flow among populations. No relationship was detected between genetic differentiation and geographical distances between populations. An outcrossing insect-mediated breeding system might contribute to pollen dispersion of this species. For conservation genetics we suggest in situ preservation areas are defined that are free of disturbance and that include populations with the highest genetic diversity. (+info)Cyclotides: a novel type of cytotoxic agents. (2/36)
Cytotoxic activities of three naturally occurring macrocyclic peptides (cyclotides) isolated from the two violets, Viola arvensis Murr. and Viola odorata L., were investigated. A nonclonogenic fluorometric microculture assay was used to examine cytotoxicity in a panel of 10 human tumor cell lines representing defined types of cytotoxic drug resistance. Additionally, primary cultures of tumor cells from patients, and for comparison normal lymphocytes, were used to quantify cytotoxic activity. All three cyclotides, varv A, varv F, and cycloviolacin 02, exhibited strong cytotoxic activities, which varied in a dose-dependent manner. Cycloviolacin 02 was the most potent in all cell lines (IC50 0.1-0.3 microM), followed by varv A (IC50 2.7-6.35 microM) and varv F (IC50 2.6-7.4 microM), respectively. Activity profiles of the cyclotides differed significantly from those of antitumor drugs in clinical use, which may indicate a new mode of action. This, together with the exceptional chemical and biological stability of cyclotides, makes them interesting in particular for their potential as pharmacological tools and possibly as leads to antitumor agents. (+info)Floral biology and pollination mechanisms in two Viola species--from nectar to pollen flowers? (3/36)
The genus Viola is represented by four related species in Brazil belonging to section Leptidium, one of the most primitive sections in the genus. Floral biology and pollination by bees were studied in Viola cerasifolia and V. subdimidiata in high-altitude areas in south-eastern Brazil. Flowers are zygomorphic and spurred. The five stamens are arranged in a cuff around the ovary, and pollen is released by means of apical connective projections, which form a cone surrounding the base of the style. The connective projections of the inferior stamens are elongated and curved to form a hook-shaped structure. Nectar-secreting tissue can occur in the basal connective appendages of the inferior stamens, which project into the spur. Flowers of V. subdimidiata secreted a mean volume of 0.14 micro l nectar over a 24-h period; approx. 40 % of flowers did not secrete any nectar. The main pollinators of these Viola species are female bees belonging to the genus Anthrenoides (Andrenidae), which search mainly for pollen. These bees seem to be oligolectic and obtain large amounts of pollen from Viola by vibrating the flowers or by moving the hook repeatedly back and forth. Males of Anthrenoides patrol Viola clusters and also feed on nectar, acting as secondary pollinators. The basic floral structure in the genus Viola fits that of 'nectar flowers'. The uncommon hook-shaped projections, scanty nectar production, and behaviour of pollinators suggest that V. cerasifolia and V. subdimidiata are shifting their reward for pollinators from nectar to pollen. Based on floral morphology, this shift may be widespread in Viola sect. Leptidium. (+info)Variability of the essential oil of Viola etrusca. (4/36)
Essential oils obtained from different populations of Viola etrusca from Italy have been analysed to verify the phenotypic discontinuity observed in a previous study. All of the essential oils contained methyl salicylate as a main constituent. However, multivariate analysis showed differences among some populations, in particular between northern and southern ones. Results suggest that this species could be undergoing a slow schizogenetic differentiation process due to its genetic isolation. (+info)The cumulation of Wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.) accessions: the possibility of species preservation and usage in medicine. (5/36)
Wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.) has a history in folk medicine of helping respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms. The drugs and extracts are prepared from raw material of pansy; it is a component of some prepared antitussives, cholagogues, dermatological medicines, roborants and tonics, alternatives, and anti-phlebitis remedies. Wild pansy is indigenous to or naturalized in large parts of Europe and the Middle East as far as Central Asia, also found through the United States. In the Lithuanian flora wild pansy habitats areas have been fast reducing; this not only limits the availability of the reserves of medicinal raw materials for pharmacy and therapy needs but also causes a menace to survival of species. The reasons of reduction of natural habitats and areas of wild pansy are not only unfavorable meteorological conditions (including summer droughts) but also the competition of different herbs and irrational human activities. The opportunities of preservation of the species wild pansy need to be cultivated and the most exhaustive adaptation research should be performed. (+info)Flavone C-glycosides from Viola yedoensis MAKINO. (6/36)
A new flavone C-glycoside, apigenin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-L-arabinopyranoside, has been isolated from Viola yedoensis together with the known compounds, apigenin 6,8-di-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isoschaftoside), apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (schaftoside), apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-beta-L-arabinopyranoside (neoschaftoside), apigenin 6,8-di-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (vicenin-2), apigenin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-xylopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, luteolin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isoorientin) and luteolin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isocarlinoside). The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods and new or revised (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectral assignments are proposed for some compounds. (+info)Tissue-specific expression of head-to-tail cyclized miniproteins in Violaceae and structure determination of the root cyclotide Viola hederacea root cyclotide1. (7/36)
The plant cyclotides are a family of 28 to 37 amino acid miniproteins characterized by their head-to-tail cyclized peptide backbone and six absolutely conserved Cys residues arranged in a cystine knot motif: two disulfide bonds and the connecting backbone segments form a loop that is penetrated by the third disulfide bond. This knotted disulfide arrangement, together with the cyclic peptide backbone, renders the cyclotides extremely stable against enzymatic digest as well as thermal degradation, making them interesting targets for both pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. We have examined the expression patterns of these fascinating peptides in various Viola species (Violaceae). All tissue types examined contained complex mixtures of cyclotides, with individual profiles differing significantly. We provide evidence for at least 57 novel cyclotides present in a single Viola species (Viola hederacea). Furthermore, we have isolated one cyclotide expressed only in underground parts of V. hederacea and characterized its primary and three-dimensional structure. We propose that cyclotides constitute a new family of plant defense peptides, which might constitute an even larger and, in their biological function, more diverse family than the well-known plant defensins. (+info)Conserved structural and sequence elements implicated in the processing of gene-encoded circular proteins. (8/36)
The cyclotides are the largest family of naturally occurring circular proteins. The mechanism by which the termini of these gene-encoded proteins are linked seamlessly with a peptide bond to form a circular backbone is unknown. Here we report cyclotide-encoding cDNA sequences from the plant Viola odorata and compare them with those from an evolutionarily distinct species, Oldenlandia affinis. Individual members of this multigene family encode one to three mature cyclotide domains. These domains are preceded by N-terminal repeat regions (NTRs) that are conserved within a plant species but not between species. We have structurally characterized peptides corresponding to these NTRs and show that, despite them having no sequence homology, they form a structurally conserved alpha-helical motif. This structural conservation suggests a vital role for the NTR in the in vivo folding, processing, or detoxification of cyclotide domains from the precursor protein. (+info)"Viola" is a term that has different meanings in various scientific and medical contexts. Here are some possible definitions related to medicine and biology:
1. Viola tricolor L. (Heartsease or Johnny-jump-up) - A species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, which is used in herbal medicine for treating skin conditions, coughs, and respiratory issues.
2. Viola odorata L. (Sweet violet) - Another species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, whose leaves and flowers are used to make teas, syrups, and other medicinal preparations for treating various ailments such as coughs, colds, and skin conditions.
3. In anatomy, "viola" is an archaic term that refers to the human uvula or the conical piece of soft tissue hanging down at the back of the throat.
4. Viola (musical instrument) - While not directly related to medicine, it's worth noting that "viola" is also a stringed musical instrument similar to a violin but slightly larger and with a deeper sound. In some contexts, such as music therapy, musical instruments can have therapeutic applications in healthcare settings.
It's essential to clarify the specific meaning of "Viola" in the given medical or scientific context since it can refer to different things depending on the field.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Violaceae" is not a medical term. It is the biological name of a family of flowering plants, also known as the violet family. This family includes various plants that may have medicinal uses, such as violets and pansies, but "Violaceae" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
Viola
Viola Hill
Viola jooi
Viola cheiranthifolia
Viola Bartlette
Viola, Idaho
Viola Kleiser
Viola braguesa
Viola Pitts
Viola reichenbachiana
Viola Odebrecht
Viola sheltonii
Viola, Kansas
Viola bakeri
Viola Priesemann
Viola lanaiensis
Viola Klein
Viola perreniformis
Viola ocellata
Viola Richard
Horaga viola
Viola trinervata
Viola sieberiana
Viola, Tennessee
Viola Sachs
Viola lanceolata
Viola cleistogamoides
Viola hastata
Viola purpurea
Viola sertaneja
Viola - Wikipedia
Viola Niccolai on Behance
Viola (Violaceae) - Wikimedia Commons
Viola - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
James and Viola Jones Scholarship | Fastweb
Viola Free WordPress Theme
Jessica Viola Archives - Metropolis
Viola Ree (Gunderson) Willeford Obituary | Star Tribune
viola davis | American Film Institute
Baroque Viola | SFCM
Viola is on Couchsurfing! | Couchsurfing
Viola Voice Activated Vibrator - AskMen
Bill Viola on St Paul's Cathedral commission: 'It flummoxed me'
Viola Davis | Filmmaker Magazine
Search: viola canina - Encyclopedia of Life
Viola Davis
Violin/Viola Studies | Middle Tennessee State University
Viola acuminata PFAF Plant Database
Daughter of former Mets pitcher Viola headed to Olympics
Viola Frymann DO FAAO FCA - Healthy.net
Schott Viola Sheet Music & Songbooks | Musician's Friend
Viola Ammesdörfer - Water Footprint Network
Gheller, Viola (2022) | Universität Tübingen
Viola adunca - Wikipedia
Horses in Viola
Viola egra - Wikispecies
Viola Schnittger - Schauspiel - Schule für Schauspiel Hamburg | XING
Cremona Student Violas | Musician's Friend
Viola Bows for Students - Long & McQuade
Violaceae2
- Viola (Violaceae) on Wikispecies. (wiktionary.org)
- Viola (Violaceae) on Wikimedia Commons. (wiktionary.org)
Davis11
- Featuring an all-star cast on a mission fueled by righteous rage led by Viola Davis, Michelle Rodriguez, Cynthia Erivo and Elizabeth Debicki, director Steve McQueen's WIDOWS came to AFI FEST in 2018 for a special Gala screening. (afi.com)
- Adapted from playwright August Wilson's celebrated play, director George C. Wolfe's MA RAINEY'S BLACK BOTTOM features an iconic cast that includes Viola Davis, Chadwick Boseman and Colman Domingo - and was recognized in the year of its release with an AFI AWARD, naming it among the most outstanding motion pictures of year. (afi.com)
- Viola Davis - What Movie Made You Cry? (listal.com)
- Two-time Tony winner and Oscar nominee Viola Davis has sent a letter to state legislators in Rhode Island urging them to support proposed legislation to prevent elephants traveling with circuses from enduring bullhook abuse and long periods of chaining. (peta.org)
- If you live in Rhode Island, join Viola Davis in asking your state legislators to support the ban on bullhooks and the chaining of elephants. (peta.org)
- Viola Davis accepts the award for best actress in a supporting role for "Fences" at the Oscars on Feb. 26, 2017, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles. (go.com)
- Oscar winner Viola Davis , who has also won an Emmy award and a Tony award , told ABC News' Amy Robach that she sometimes feels like she has 'impostor syndrome. (go.com)
- Mary Davis Cowell has held her position as Fixed Third Chair in the Colorado Symphony viola section since 2007. (coloradosymphony.org)
- Actress Viola Davis narrates for the documentary "A Touch of Sugar," which focuses on type 2 diabetes awareness. (medlineplus.gov)
- Acclaimed actress and producer Viola Davis is a true triple threat as a performer. (medlineplus.gov)
- Actress and producer Viola Davis, with her sisters Dolores Grant (left) and Dianne Davis-Wright (right), at the premiere of the documentary 'A Touch of Sugar. (medlineplus.gov)
Concerto7
- Examples include the symphonic poem Don Quixote, by Richard Strauss, and the symphony/concerto Harold en Italie, by Hector Berlioz. (wikipedia.org)
- Paul Hindemith, who was a violist, wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto Der Schwanendreher. (wikipedia.org)
- Any new work from her is a major event, and the Viola Concerto (from 1996, actually) is not a disappointment. (classical.net)
- Standard Viola Concerto? (violinist.com)
- I don't have as thorough of knowledge about the standard viola concerti as I do violin, so what would be considered an appropriate standard concerto to audition with at this level? (violinist.com)
- My favorite is the Forsyth viola concerto. (violinist.com)
- August 20, 2013 at 08:54 PM · Henri Casadesus Viola Concerto in C minor. (violinist.com)
Violin12
- The viola often plays the "inner voices" in string quartets and symphonic writing, and it is more likely than the first violin to play accompaniment parts. (wikipedia.org)
- The viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. (wikipedia.org)
- Small violas typically made for children typically start at 30 cm (12 in), which is equivalent to a half-size violin. (wikipedia.org)
- For a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a standard full size. (wikipedia.org)
- The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm (20 in) long to match the acoustics of a violin, making it impractical to play in the same manner as the violin. (wikipedia.org)
- A smaller viola, nearer the size of the violin, was called a vertical viola or an alto viola. (wikipedia.org)
- Historical Performance at SFCM offers bachelor's and master's music degrees in harpsichord and a one-year professional studies certificate in historical performance in voice, baroque violin, viola, cello, historical keyboards, or historical plucked strings. (sfcm.edu)
- Led by Dr. Andrea Dawson , the School of Music violin and viola studio is a group of commited, talented and thriving musicians. (mtsu.edu)
- After failing at violin practice for the hundredth time, Viola gets trapped inside her instrument's fantasy world. (indiedb.com)
- Play as the young Viola, who is trapped inside the fantasy world of a magic violin. (indiedb.com)
- August 13, 2013 at 10:30 PM · I teach violin privately, and occasionally have a viola student. (violinist.com)
Egra1
- Viola egra Evans , [1953]. (wikimedia.org)
Adunca2
- Viola adunca is a species of violet known by the common names hookedspur violet , early blue violet , sand violet , and western dog violet . (wikipedia.org)
- Viola adunca is the larval host plant of Myrtle's silverspot . (wikipedia.org)
Acuminata2
Cello2
- Many experiments with the acoustics of a viola, particularly increasing the size of the body, have resulted in a much deeper tone, making it resemble the tone of a cello. (wikipedia.org)
- Concertino viola and cello parts have been added editorially, to make Corbett's layering more explicit. (payloadz.com)
Species1
- List of Viola species on Wikipedia. (wiktionary.org)
Accompaniment1
- Piano Accompaniment, Viola - Early Intermediate - Digital Download Composed by Various. (free-scores.com)
Strings1
- Alfred The Lord of the Rings Instrumental Solos for Strings Viola Book (with Piano Acc. (guitarcenter.com)
20201
- Ms. Viola has enabled her clients to impact all of the major federal energy legislation passed over the last 20 years, including most recently the Inflation Reduction Act, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and Energy Policy Act of 2020. (hklaw.com)
WordPress2
- Very unusual, laconic and elegant free WordPress theme for definitely creative personalities - Viola is what can make your life easier and more successful. (smthemes.com)
- Viola uses native WordPress functionality for content management that allows quickly and easy switch any existing website to Viola. (themeforest.net)
Concerti1
- The concerti by Béla Bartók, Paul Hindemith, Carl Stamitz, Georg Philipp Telemann, and William Walton are considered major works of the viola repertoire. (wikipedia.org)
Occasionally2
- The viola was popular in the heyday of five-part harmony, up until the eighteenth century, taking three lines of the harmony and occasionally playing the melody line. (wikipedia.org)
- The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral music. (wikipedia.org)
Piano4
- Viola and piano - advanced - Digital Download Composed by Clara Wieck- Schumann (1819-1896). (free-scores.com)
- Viola and piano - advanced - Composed by Clara Wieck- Schumann (1819-1896). (free-scores.com)
- 15 Favourite Hymns for Thanksgiving and Harvest for Viola and Piano is a beautiful collection of well-known traditional Thanksgiving and Harvest hymns, carefully chosen to help you celebrate this special time of year with music. (free-scores.com)
- Viola and Piano edition. (boosey.com)
Music3
- Music for the viola differs from most other instruments in that it primarily uses the alto clef. (wikipedia.org)
- When viola music has substantial sections in a higher register, it switches to the treble clef to make it easier to read. (wikipedia.org)
- Since many composers wrote for a traditional-sized viola, particularly in orchestral music, changes in the tone of a viola can have unintended consequences upon the balance in ensembles. (wikipedia.org)
Voices1
- Lobbying extensively before the White House, federal agencies and Congress, Ms. Viola brings together businesses and powerful third-party voices in the non-governmental organization (NGO) space to deliver policy solutions that benefit both businesses and the environment. (hklaw.com)
Major1
- In addition to her domestic policy work, Ms. Viola has guided clients through major international climate negotiations, including United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings and development of the Paris Agreement, as well as Arctic climate issues and the Arctic Council. (hklaw.com)
Register2
- Large violas (tenors) were designed to play the lower register viola lines or second viola in five part harmony depending on instrumentation. (wikipedia.org)
- It was more suited to higher register writing, as in the viola 1 parts, as their sound was usually richer in the upper register. (wikipedia.org)
Plays1
- Given the important role that regulation plays in the energy and environment space, Ms. Viola has advocated on behalf of clients in the development and implementation of numerous complex regulatory schemes related to GHG emissions reductions. (hklaw.com)
Cellular1
- The data stem from VIOLA, an ongoing prospective study of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID vaccines in 60 patients with MS receiving ocrelizumab at MS care centers at NYU Langone and the University of Colorado Denver. (medscape.com)
Wikipedia1
- Viola (plant) on Wikipedia. (wiktionary.org)
Title1
- Title: Preventing flexor tenosynovitis in viola playing. (lu.se)
Make2
- For centuries, viola makers have experimented with the size and shape of the viola, often adjusting proportions or shape to make a lighter instrument with shorter string lengths, but with a large enough sound box to retain the viola sound. (wikipedia.org)
- FEDERAL WAY, Wash. - Brittany Viola, daughter of 1988 Cy Young Award winning pitcher Frank Viola, won the women's 10-meter platform at the U.S. Olympic trials yesterday in her third attempt to make the Olympics. (nypost.com)
Share1
- Share your thoughts/ideas/stories, connect with social networks, allow public to comment, grow your popularity with Viola! (themeforest.net)
Student4
- As a baroque viola student at SFCM, you'll have extensive performing opportunities in both large and small ensembles, taking advantage of a small studio size. (sfcm.edu)
- Viola Santini is an MA student in International Law at the Geneva Graduate Institute. (opiniojuris.org)
- That way the student would possibly get good fingerings and bowings and some idea about what a viola college teacher would expect concerning an audition. (violinist.com)
- I have tried to pass this student on to a viola professor or professional player, but I'm afraid there's just not a good match in our vicinity. (violinist.com)
Range1
- Possessing decades of experience in climate change and energy policy, Ms. Viola advises a range of corporate clients, coalitions and industry associations on public policy related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions and the transition to a low carbon economy, including the funding and deployment of clean energy and innovative technologies and advocacy on related environment, tax, trade and appropriations issues. (hklaw.com)
Present2
- Sorry, no Film Viola Licks & Riffs available for Viola at present. (8notes.com)
- Looking ahead, Kister said the VIOLA investigators plan to present data on the durability of COVID-19 vaccines in ocrelizumab-treated patients up to 48 weeks after the third dose. (medscape.com)
Double1
- August 23, 2013 at 02:50 PM · And nobody's mentioned the Brahms Sonatas (Brahms had originally designed them for the clarinet, but during composition decided that they were equally meant for the viola - note double stoppings in the viola part). (violinist.com)
Written1
- The Prelude seems to me, with its climax on bottom C-sharp, to be almost written for the viola. (violinist.com)
Time1
- In her off time, Susan indulges her love of the viola as a member of a local art rock band. (cdc.gov)