Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.
Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.
Diseases affecting the eye.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
A vitreoretinal dystrophy characterized by splitting of the neuroretinal layers. It occurs in two forms: degenerative retinoschisis and X chromosome-linked juvenile retinoschisis.
Inflammation of the choroid.
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as ECTOPIA LENTIS.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants.
An operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
The blood vessels which supply and drain the RETINA.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities in adults with falciparum malaria. (1/92)

We studied 424 adults with falciparum malaria admitted over 28 months. They were divided into three groups: cerebral malaria (n = 214); severe non-cerebral malaria (n = 58); and uncomplicated malaria (n = 152). Fundus examination was done daily from admission to discharge, and weekly thereafter in those with persistent changes. All patients were treated by a protocol based on WHO guidelines. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities were: retinal haemorrhages, 40 (9.43%) (25 cerebral malaria, 10 severe non-cerebral and five uncomplicated malaria); papilloedema, 17 (7.94%) cerebral malaria and two uncomplicated malaria; blurring of disc margins, 25 (11.68%) cerebral and seven non-cerebral; retinal oedema, six (2.80%) cerebral and five non-cerebral malaria; disc pallor, five patients all with cerebral malaria; vitreous haemorrhage and hard exudate in one patient each, both cerebral malaria. Retinal haemorrhage was associated with cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, especially with severe anaemia (p < 0.001), as compared to uncomplicated malaria (p < 0.01). The association of papilloedema and cerebral malaria was highly significant compared to severe non-cerebral malaria (p < 0.001). None of these findings was associated with statistically significant mortality, except disc pallor in cerebral malaria (p < 0.05).  (+info)

New animal model for human ocular toxocariasis: ophthalmoscopic observation. (2/92)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although human ocular toxocariasis causes severe vision defect, little is known about its aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. To develop a new animal model for human ocular toxocariasis, ophthalmological findings of fundi in Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, and BALB/c mice were investigated following infection with Toxocara canis. METHODS: Using an ophthalmoscope, which was specifically developed to observe the fundi of small animals, ocular changes of fundi of 20 gerbils and 11 mice were monitored after oral infection with embryonated eggs of T canis. RESULTS: Vitreous, choroidal, and retinal haemorrhages were consistently observed in Mongolian gerbils, but rarely in mice. Severe exudative lesions and vasculitis were often present in gerbils but not in mice. Migrating larvae were also frequently observed in gerbils. CONCLUSION: Mongolian gerbils are more appropriate animal model for human ocular toxocariasis than previously used experimental animal such as mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys because of its high susceptibility of ocular infection.  (+info)

Vascular adhesion molecules in vitreous from eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (3/92)

PURPOSE: To investigate whether proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PDR) is associated with a selective increase in vitreous levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte extravasation and interaction with endothelium during processes of inflammation and neovascularization. METHODS: Vitreous from 55 patients undergoing vitrectomy for treatment of PDR complicated by vitreous hemorrhage and/or traction retinal detachment was assayed for the presence of the soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Vitreous from 12 cadaveric eyes matching age and sex of the patients were used as control samples. RESULTS: Vitreous levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin were significantly higher in eyes with PDR than in control cadaveric vitreous, and levels of all three molecules did not relate to the type or duration of diabetes mellitus. However, eyes with either traction retinal detachment alone or both traction retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage exhibited significantly higher levels of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin than eyes with vitreous hemorrhage alone. Vitreous levels of sVCAM-1 were similar in eyes with either vitreous hemorrhage or traction retinal detachment alone. CONCLUSIONS: The present observations suggest that molecular inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to processes of neovascularization and fibrosis observed in PDR, possibly not as the causative event, but as a result of endothelial, Muller, and retinal pigment epithelial cell activation. The results also indicate that retinal detachment amplifies the existing inflammation within the diabetic retina. Identification of any abnormalities in the production and control of specific adhesion molecules could have important implications in the design of new therapeutic regimens to treat and prevent this sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus.  (+info)

Changes in vitreous concentrations of human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: implications for intraocular hHGF production. (4/92)

We measured human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) concentrations in the original vitreous and in the artificial vitreous after vitrectomy in 13 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) undergoing repeated pars plana vitrectomy, in order to investigate whether the vitreous hHGF concentration is related to the recurrence of PDR after vitrectomy as well as to the original occurrence of PDR. We also examined the relationship between vitreous concentrations of hHGF and transforming growth factor-beta(2) (TGF-beta(2)), the predominant TGF-beta isoform in the vitreous, in 14 patients with PDR. For the original vitreous, mean hHGF concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in that from patients with severe PDR (vitreous haemorrhage, fibrovascular proliferation and tractional retinal detachment) than in that from patients with vitreous haemorrhage alone. In the artificial vitreous, mean vitreous hHGF concentrations were higher (P<0.05) in that from patients with severe PDR than in that from patients with vitreous haemorrhage alone or with vitreous haemorrhage plus fibrovascular proliferation. No correlation was found between the hHGF concentration in the artificial vitreous and time between vitrectomies. Vitreous hHGF concentrations were directly proportional to vitreous concentrations of latent TGF-beta(2) (r=0. 831; P=0.0002), but inversely proportional to vitreous concentrations of active TGF-beta(2) (r=0.495; P=0.072), which inhibits hHGF production. A decreased conversion of latent into active TGF-beta(2) in ocular disorders such as PDR is likely to result in an increased concentration of hHGF in the vitreous. Thus intraocular hHGF may be involved in pathological mechanisms causing not only the occurrence, but also the recurrence, of PDR.  (+info)

Air bags and ocular injuries. (5/92)

PURPOSE: This investigation retrospectively examined ocular injuries associated with air bag deployment to gain a better appreciation of potential risk factors in motor vehicle accidents. National statistics regarding the efficacy of air bags were reviewed. METHODS: Review of the literature from 1991 to 1998 identified 44 articles describing 97 patients with air-bag-induced ocular injuries. Variables extracted from each case were age, sex, height, position in the car, eye wear, vehicle impact speed, visual acuity, and specific ocular injuries. RESULTS: Corneal abrasions occurred in 49% of occupants, hyphemas in 43%, vitreous or retinal hemorrhages in 25%, and retinal tears or detachments in 15%. The globe was ruptured in 10 patients. Patients involved in higher-speed accidents (over 30 mph) sustained a greater percentage of vitreous or retinal hemorrhages and traumatic cataracts, while those at slower speeds were more prone to retinal tears or detachments. In a subset of 14 patients with serious ocular injuries, the impact speed of 11 patients was recorded at 30 mph or less. Slower speed may be a risk factor for some ocular injuries. Occupant height was not a significant factor. National statistics confirm that air bags reduce fatalities in motor vehicle accidents. However, children sitting in the front seat without a seat belt and infants in passenger-side rear-facing car seats are at risk for fatal injury. CONCLUSION: Air bags combined with seat belts are an effective means of reducing injury and death in adults during motor vehicle accidents. However, this study has documented a wide variety of ocular injuries associated with air bag deployment. It is hoped that researchers can develop modifications that continue to save lives while minimizing additional harm.  (+info)

Congenital retinal arterial loops and spontaneous vitreous haemorrhage: a case report. (6/92)

This report describes a case of unilateral spontaneous vitreous haemorrhage associated with congenital retinal arterial loops.  (+info)

Fibrovascular ingrowth and recurrent haemorrhage following diabetic vitrectomy. (7/92)

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and the outcome of management of fibrovascular ingrowth (FVI) in eyes undergoing vitreous cavity washout (VCWO) following vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. METHOD: FVI was searched for at VCWO for in 19 consecutive eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitreous surgery for recurrent vitreous cavity haemorrhage over an 18 month period; the findings were correlated with the presence or absence of associated sclerotomy vessels externally. Eyes with richly vascularised ingrowths from the pars plana entry sites, as well as eyes with less extensive ingrowths but extensive retinal ablation applied at previous surgery for recurrent haemorrhage, underwent lensectomy and ciliary membrane dissection in addition to extensive retinopexy (n=6). Less severe cases received peripheral laser and cryotherapy only. The outcome of repeat surgery was studied prospectively in the 11 eyes with FVI. RESULTS: 11 of the 19 eyes had a definite FVI from one or more of the original pars plana sclerotomies. In six of 11 eyes with FVI a large external episcleral vessel was present entering the original sclerotomy sites at which ingrowth was found peroperatively, but such sclerotomy vessels were also present in three of eight eyes with no FVI detected on the internal aspect of the sclerotomy. Two patients were lost to follow up and the remaining nine patients with FVI had no further vitreous cavity haemorrhage during initial follow up of 2-5 months. CONCLUSIONS: FVI has until now been considered an infrequent occurrence following vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. These findings would suggest that it is not uncommon and careful examination of the sclerotomy sites should be undertaken in all cases with recurrent haemorrhage and if FVI is found this should be treated appropriately.  (+info)

Inadvertent topical exposure to isocyanates caused damage to the entire eyeball. (8/92)

Isocyanates are part of a group of important chemicals necessary in the production of adhesives, synthetic rubbers, and a variety of plastics. They are known to have minimal toxic effects when administered locally. However, we experienced a case of damage involving the entire eyeball in a person who accidentally exposed his eye to isocyanates. The patient presented with inflamed conjunctiva, and shrunken cornea and sclera, with focal atrophic changes in the iris. The lens and vitreous were opacified. After removal of the lens and vitreous, there were large areas of atrophic retina and areas of retinal necrosis with holes. We found that locally absorbed isocyanates can cause damage to the entire eyeball. Therefore, we recommend that if there is any evidence of isocyanate penetration, early vitrectomy should be performed to help in determining the extent of retina damage and to decrease the amount of toxic substance in the vitreous.  (+info)

A Vitreous Hemorrhage is a medical condition where there is bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye. The vitreous cavity is the space in the eye that is filled with a clear, gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This substance helps to maintain the shape of the eye and transmit light to the retina.

When a vitreous hemorrhage occurs, blood cells from the bleeding mix with the vitreous humor, causing it to become cloudy or hazy. As a result, vision can become significantly impaired, ranging from mildly blurry to complete loss of vision depending on the severity of the bleed.

Vitreous hemorrhages can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, retinal tears or detachments, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other eye conditions that affect the blood vessels in the eye. Treatment for vitreous hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, laser surgery, or vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous humor and stop the bleeding).

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

A retinal hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the blood vessels of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can result from various underlying causes, including diabetes, high blood pressure, age-related macular degeneration, or trauma to the eye. Retinal hemorrhages can be categorized into different types based on their location and appearance, such as dot and blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, or subhyaloid hemorrhages. Depending on the severity and cause of the hemorrhage, treatment options may vary from monitoring to laser therapy, medication, or even surgery. It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation and management plan if you suspect a retinal hemorrhage.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for processing light and sending visual signals to the brain, pulls away from its normal position. This can lead to significant vision loss or even blindness if not promptly treated. Retinal detachment can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, eye disease, or an inflammatory condition. Symptoms of retinal detachment may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, a shadow in the peripheral vision, or a curtain-like covering over part of the visual field. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

"Light coagulation," also known as "laser coagulation," is a medical term that refers to the use of laser technology to cauterize (seal or close) tissue. This procedure uses heat generated by a laser to cut, coagulate, or destroy tissue. In light coagulation, the laser beam is focused on the blood vessels in question, causing the blood within them to clot and the vessels to seal. This can be used for various medical purposes, such as stopping bleeding during surgery, destroying abnormal tissues (like tumors), or treating eye conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.

It's important to note that this is a general definition, and the specific use of light coagulation may vary depending on the medical specialty and the individual patient's needs. As always, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for more detailed information about any medical procedure or treatment.

Hyphema is defined as the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. This condition usually results from trauma or injury to the eye, but it can also occur due to various medical conditions such as severe eye inflammation, retinal surgery, or blood disorders that affect clotting.

The blood in the anterior chamber can vary in amount, ranging from a few drops to a complete fill, which is called an "eight-ball hyphema." Hyphema can be painful and cause sensitivity to light (photophobia), blurred vision, or even loss of vision if not treated promptly.

Immediate medical attention is necessary for hyphema to prevent complications such as increased intraocular pressure, corneal blood staining, glaucoma, or cataracts. Treatment options may include bed rest, eye drops to reduce inflammation and control intraocular pressure, and sometimes surgery to remove the blood from the anterior chamber.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects the eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness. The condition usually affects both eyes.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

1. Early diabetic retinopathy. This is when the blood vessels in the eye start to leak fluid or bleed. You might not notice any changes in your vision at this stage, but it's still important to get treatment because it can prevent the condition from getting worse.
2. Advanced diabetic retinopathy. This is when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and cause severe vision problems, including blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser surgery, injections of medication into the eye, or a vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). It's important to get regular eye exams to detect diabetic retinopathy early and get treatment before it causes serious vision problems.

A subarachnoid hemorrhage is a type of stroke that results from bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, specifically within the subarachnoid space which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This space is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, two of the three layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.

The bleeding typically originates from a ruptured aneurysm, a weakened area in the wall of a cerebral artery, or less commonly from arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or head trauma. The sudden influx of blood into the CSF-filled space can cause increased intracranial pressure, irritation to the brain, and vasospasms, leading to further ischemia and potential additional neurological damage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache (often described as "the worst headache of my life"), neck stiffness, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and focal neurological deficits. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and improve the chances of recovery.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Neovascular glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the iris (the colored part of the eye) and/or over the drainage channels (trabecular meshwork) in the corner of the eye. These new blood vessels can interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, leading to an increase in eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively.

Neovascular glaucoma is often associated with other underlying conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, or ocular ischemic syndrome. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as controlling the IOP with medications, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further vision loss.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Penetrating eye injuries are a type of ocular trauma where a foreign object or substance pierces the outer layers of the eye and damages the internal structures. This can result in serious harm to various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, or retina, and may potentially cause vision loss or blindness if not promptly treated.

The severity of a penetrating eye injury depends on several factors, including the type and size of the object that caused the injury, the location of the wound, and the extent of damage to the internal structures. Common causes of penetrating eye injuries include sharp objects, such as metal shards or glass fragments, projectiles, such as pellets or bullets, and explosive materials.

Symptoms of a penetrating eye injury may include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, floaters, or the presence of a foreign body in the eye. If you suspect that you have sustained a penetrating eye injury, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional with experience in treating eye trauma.

Treatment for penetrating eye injuries may include removing any foreign objects or substances from the eye, repairing damaged tissues, and administering medications to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the injury and restore vision. Preventing eye injuries is crucial, and appropriate protective eyewear should be worn when engaging in activities that pose a risk of eye trauma.

Retinoschisis is a medical term that refers to a specific eye condition where there is a separation (schisis) of the retinal layers, particularly the neurosensory retina. This condition often affects the peripheral retina and can be classified as congenital or acquired. Congenital retinoschisis is usually present at birth or develops during early childhood, while acquired retinoschisis occurs later in life due to various reasons such as trauma, inflammation, or degenerative changes.

In retinoschisis, the inner layers of the retina split apart, creating a cavity filled with fluid. This separation can lead to visual symptoms like blurred vision, shadows, or blind spots in the affected area of the visual field. However, it is important to note that many cases of retinoschisis do not cause significant visual impairment and may only require monitoring by an eye care professional.

Retinoschisis can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a dilated fundus exam, which allows the eye care professional to examine the retina thoroughly. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) or fluorescein angiography may be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of the condition.

Treatment for retinoschisis depends on the severity and location of the separation. Mild cases may not require any treatment, while more severe cases may need surgical intervention to prevent complications such as retinal detachment or bleeding in the eye. Regular follow-up appointments with an eye care professional are essential to monitor the condition and ensure appropriate management.

Choroiditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid, a layer of blood vessels in the eye located between the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye) and the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye). The choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina.

Choroiditis is characterized by spots or patches of inflammation in the choroid, which can lead to damage and scarring of the tissue. This can result in vision loss if it affects the macula (the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision). Symptoms of choroiditis may include blurred vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, and decreased color perception.

There are several types of choroiditis, including:

1. Multifocal choroiditis: This type is characterized by multiple, small areas of inflammation in the choroid, often accompanied by scarring. It can affect both eyes and may cause vision loss if it involves the macula.
2. Serpiginous choroiditis: This is a chronic, relapsing form of choroiditis that affects the outer layers of the retina and the choroid. It typically causes well-defined, wavy or serpentine-shaped lesions in the posterior pole (the back part) of the eye.
3. Birdshot chorioretinopathy: This is a rare form of choroiditis that primarily affects the peripheral retina and choroid. It is characterized by multiple, cream-colored or yellowish spots throughout the fundus (the interior surface of the eye).
4. Sympathetic ophthalmia: This is a rare condition that occurs when one eye is injured, leading to inflammation in both eyes. The choroid and other structures in the uninjured eye become inflamed due to an autoimmune response.
5. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease: This is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder that affects the eyes, skin, hair, and inner ear. In the eye, it causes choroiditis, retinal inflammation, and sometimes optic nerve swelling.

Treatment for choroiditis depends on the underlying cause and may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or biologic agents to control inflammation. In some cases, laser therapy or surgery might be necessary to address complications such as retinal detachment or cataracts.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a sight-threatening complication that can occur after open-globe eye injuries or retinal reattachment surgery. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and contraction of fibrous tissue on the surface of the retina and/or inside the vitreous cavity, which can cause distortion or detachment of the retina. This process can lead to visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated.

The term "proliferative" refers to the abnormal growth of cells (specifically, fibrous and inflammatory cells) on the retinal surface and within the vitreous cavity. These cells form membranes that can contract and cause traction on the retina, leading to distortion or detachment.

PVR is classified into three stages (A, B, and C) based on the extent of fibrous tissue formation and retinal changes. Stage A is characterized by the presence of cellular proliferation without any visible membranes or retinal changes. In stage B, fibrous membranes are present, but there is no retinal detachment. Finally, stage C involves the development of tractional retinal detachment due to the contraction of fibrous membranes.

Treatment for PVR typically involves additional surgical intervention to remove or release the fibrous tissue and reattach the retina. The prognosis for visual recovery depends on the severity and extent of the PVR, as well as the timing and success of treatment.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain or its surrounding tissues. It's a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. The bleeding can occur in various locations:

1. Epidural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the brain) and the skull. This is often caused by trauma, such as a head injury.
2. Subdural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain's surface, which can also be caused by trauma.
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding in the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounds the brain. This type of ICH is commonly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain tissue itself, which can be caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), amyloid angiopathy, or trauma.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage: Bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, which contains CSF and communicates with the subarachnoid space. This type of ICH is often seen in premature infants but can also be caused by head trauma or aneurysm rupture in adults.

Symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, confusion, seizures, weakness, numbness, or paralysis on one side of the body, vision changes, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further brain damage and potential long-term disabilities or death.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of various materials, including biological samples. In the context of medical diagnostics and research, acoustic microscopy can be used to examine tissues, cells, and cellular components with high resolution, providing valuable information about their mechanical and physical properties.

In acoustic microscopy, high-frequency sound waves are focused onto a sample using a transducer. The interaction between the sound waves and the sample generates echoes, which contain information about the sample's internal structure and properties. These echoes are then recorded and processed to create an image of the sample.

Acoustic microscopy offers several advantages over other imaging techniques, such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy. For example, it does not require staining or labeling of samples, which can be time-consuming and potentially damaging. Additionally, acoustic microscopy can provide high-resolution images of samples in their native state, allowing researchers to study the effects of various treatments or interventions on living cells and tissues.

In summary, acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of biological samples with high resolution, providing valuable information for medical diagnostics and research.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Laser coagulation, also known as laser photocoagulation, is a medical procedure that uses a laser to seal or destroy abnormal blood vessels or tissue. The laser produces a concentrated beam of light that can be precisely focused on the target area. When the laser energy is absorbed by the tissue, it causes the temperature to rise, which leads to coagulation (the formation of a clot) or destruction of the tissue.

In ophthalmology, laser coagulation is commonly used to treat conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal tears or holes. The procedure can help to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce fluid leakage, and prevent further vision loss. It is usually performed as an outpatient procedure and may be repeated if necessary.

In other medical specialties, laser coagulation may be used to control bleeding, destroy tumors, or remove unwanted tissue. The specific technique and parameters of the laser treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the condition being treated.

Lens subluxation, also known as lens dislocation or ectopia lentis, is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes partially or completely displaced from its normal position. The lens is held in place by tiny fibers called zonules, which can become weakened or broken due to various reasons such as genetic disorders (like Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, and Weill-Marchesani syndrome), trauma, inflammation, or cataract surgery complications. This displacement can lead to symptoms like blurry vision, double vision, sensitivity to light, or the appearance of a shadow in the peripheral vision. In some cases, lens subluxation may not cause any noticeable symptoms and can be discovered during routine eye examinations. Treatment options depend on the severity and underlying cause of the subluxation and may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgical intervention to remove and replace the displaced lens with an intraocular lens (IOL).

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

Retinal neovascularization is a medical condition characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition typically occurs in response to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the retina, often due to damage or disease, such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

The new blood vessels that form during neovascularization are fragile and prone to leakage, which can cause fluid and protein to accumulate in the retina, leading to distorted vision, hemorrhages, and potentially blindness if left untreated. Retinal neovascularization is a serious eye condition that requires prompt medical attention and management to prevent further vision loss.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially sight-threatening proliferative retinal vascular disorder that primarily affects prematurely born infants, particularly those with low birth weight and/or young gestational age. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and development of retinal blood vessels due to disturbances in the oxygen supply and metabolic demands during critical phases of fetal development.

The condition can be classified into various stages (1-5) based on its severity, with stages 4 and 5 being more severe forms that may lead to retinal detachment and blindness if left untreated. The pathogenesis of ROP involves an initial phase of vessel loss and regression in the central retina, followed by a secondary phase of abnormal neovascularization, which can cause fibrosis, traction, and ultimately, retinal detachment.

ROP is typically managed with a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neonatologists, and pediatricians. Treatment options include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, or even surgical interventions to prevent retinal detachment and preserve vision. Regular screening examinations are crucial for early detection and timely management of ROP in at-risk infants.

Pharmaceutical preservatives are substances that are added to medications, pharmaceutical products, or biological specimens to prevent degradation, contamination, or spoilage caused by microbial growth, chemical reactions, or environmental factors. These preservatives help extend the shelf life and ensure the stability, safety, and efficacy of the pharmaceutical formulation during storage and use.

Commonly used pharmaceutical preservatives include:

1. Antimicrobials: These are further classified into antifungals (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, thimerosal), antibacterials (e.g., parabens, phenol, benzyl alcohol), and antivirals (e.g., phenolic compounds). They work by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
2. Antioxidants: These substances prevent or slow down oxidation reactions that can degrade pharmaceutical products. Examples include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols (vitamin E), sulfites, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
3. Chelating agents: These bind to metal ions that can catalyze degradation reactions in pharmaceutical products. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an example of a chelating agent used in pharmaceuticals.

The choice of preservative depends on the type of formulation, route of administration, and desired shelf life. The concentration of the preservative should be optimized to maintain product stability while minimizing potential toxicity or adverse effects. It is essential to conduct thorough safety and compatibility studies before incorporating any preservative into a pharmaceutical formulation.

Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to treat retinal detachment, a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss. In this procedure, the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye) is "buckled" or indented with a piece of silicone rubber or sponge material. This brings the detached retina into contact with the wall of the eye, allowing the retina to reattach and heal. The buckle is usually left in place permanently. Scleral buckling has been a standard treatment for retinal detachment for many years and is often combined with vitrectomy or cryotherapy to improve outcomes.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

Retinal vessels refer to the blood vessels that are located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina contains two types of blood vessels: arteries and veins.

The central retinal artery supplies oxygenated blood to the inner layers of the retina, while the central retinal vein drains deoxygenated blood from the retina. These vessels can be visualized during a routine eye examination using an ophthalmoscope, which allows healthcare professionals to assess their health and any potential abnormalities.

Retinal vessels are essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, and any damage or changes to these vessels can affect vision and lead to various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and hypertensive retinopathy.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Triamcinolone Acetonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used in the form of topical creams, ointments, and sprays to reduce skin inflammation, itching, and allergies. It can also be administered through injection for the treatment of various conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendonitis. Triamcinolone Acetonide works by suppressing the immune system's response, reducing inflammation, and blocking the production of substances that cause allergies.

It is important to note that prolonged use or overuse of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to side effects such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significant obstetrical complication defined as the loss of more than 500 milliliters of blood within the first 24 hours after childbirth, whether it occurs vaginally or through cesarean section. It can also be defined as a blood loss of more than 1000 mL in relation to the amount of blood lost during the procedure and the patient's baseline hematocrit level.

Postpartum hemorrhage is classified into two types: primary (early) PPH, which occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery, and secondary (late) PPH, which happens between 24 hours and 12 weeks postpartum. The most common causes of PPH are uterine atony, trauma to the genital tract, retained placental tissue, and coagulopathy.

Uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract effectively after delivery, leading to excessive bleeding. Trauma to the genital tract can occur during childbirth, causing lacerations or tears that may result in bleeding. Retained placental tissue refers to the remnants of the placenta left inside the uterus, which can cause infection and heavy bleeding. Coagulopathy is a condition where the blood has difficulty clotting, leading to uncontrolled bleeding.

Symptoms of PPH include excessive vaginal bleeding, low blood pressure, increased heart rate, decreased urine output, and signs of shock such as confusion, rapid breathing, and pale skin. Treatment for PPH includes uterotonics, manual removal of retained placental tissue, repair of genital tract lacerations, blood transfusions, and surgery if necessary.

Preventing PPH involves proper antenatal care, monitoring high-risk pregnancies, active management of the third stage of labor, and prompt recognition and treatment of any bleeding complications during or after delivery.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Posterior vitreous detachment accounts for 3.7-11.7% of vitreous hemorrhage cases. Less common causes of vitreous hemorrhage ... In cases of vitreous hemorrhage due to detached retina, long-standing vitreous hemorrhage with a duration of more than 2-3 ... while dense vitreous hemorrhage can significantly inhibit vision. There are many factors known to cause vitreous hemorrhage. ... Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye. The ...
Indications include longstanding vitreous haemorrhage, vitreous haemorrhage in both eyes, vitreous haemorrhage in patients with ... Stage of vitreous hemorrhage. Peripheral neovascular tufts bleed and cause vitreous hemorrhage. Stage of vitreoretinal traction ... It can likely progress to loss of vision in late stages due to vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment. Sickle cell disease ... The resulting hemorrhages are initially bright red and oval shaped. As the hemorrhage ages over a period of days to weeks, the ...
"Vitreous Hemorrhage: Diagnosis and Treatment". American Academy of Ophthalmology. March 2007. Retrieved 2023-03-13. West R ( ... More advanced retinal hemorrhage may limit visual acuity and fields and may lead to the formation of a blind spot. Vision is ... Treatments of retinal hemorrhage include cryotherapy and laser therapy. Methamphetamine is a highly addictive stimulant that ... Cocaine use is also associated with retinal hemorrhage due to the general increase in blood pressure and blood vessel occlusion ...
"Vitreous Hemorrhage: Diagnosis and Treatment".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (CS1 maint: multiple ...
Vitreous hemorrhage (into the vitreous) Subretinal hemorrhage (under the retina) Submacular hemorrhage (under the macula) ... A vitreous hemorrhage is bleeding into the vitreous gel: the thick, clear fluid in the center of the eye that allows light to ... Vitreous hemorrhage can be caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy, vitreous detachment with or without retinal breaks, ... Occasionally, a hemorrhage does not resolve on its own, and vitrectomy surgery-which removes the vitreous and replaces it with ...
... with subsequent subretinal hemorrhage and retinal scarring. Even more rarely, vitreous hemorrhage may develop. In most patients ...
... vitreous and subretinal hemorrhage may often be observed. On CT, the globe appears hyperdense compared to normal vitreous due ... Mild to moderate linear enhancement may be seen between the exudate and the remaining vitreous. The exudate shows a large peak ... In moderate to severe Coats' disease, massive retinal detachment and hemorrhage from the abnormal vessels may be seen. Imaging ... Coats' disease and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous: role of MR imaging and CT. Radiol Clin North Am 1998; 36(6): 1119- ...
"Pathogenesis of the Vitreous Cloud Emanating from Subretinal Hemorrhage". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (1): 91-6. doi:10.1001 ... "Pulse-Encoded Ultrasound Imaging of the Vitreous with an Annular Array". Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging. 43 (1): 82-6. ...
The ghost cells develop within the vitreous cavity, 1-3 weeks after vitreous hemorrhage. They obstruct the trabecular meshwork ... Ghost cell glaucoma (GCG) is a type of secondary glaucoma occurs due to long standing vitreous hemorrhage. The rigid and less ... The condition usually resolves once the vitreous hemorrhage has cleared. But, depending on the seriousness of the increased ...
One of the main complications of valsalva retinopathy is vitreous hemorrhage. As of 2022, there is currently no specific age, ... Valsalva retinopathy is a form of sub-retinal, sub-hyaloid or sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage occur due to rupture of ... leading to premacular hemorrhage of varying intensity. The main symptom of valsalva retinopathy is painless sudden loss of ...
Finally, vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, or both associated with a PVD also may stimulate ERM formation. Both sexes appear ... Benson WE, Brown GC, Tasman W, McNamara JA (1988). "Complications of vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage in ... cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). PVD can create ... since it appears this is a natural response to aging changes in the vitreous. It has been estimated that Posterior vitreous ...
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a rare complication. Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome has an incidence of around 0.5% to 2.0%. ... Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may occur but does not directly threaten vision. Some people develop a posterior capsular ... This provides a barrier between the front and back chambers of the eye, and prevents the vitreous from moving forwards. It also ... It is usually associated with inflammation, especially when small fragments or chunks of the nucleus access the vitreous cavity ...
These are not normally recognized until the inflammation results in vitreous hemorrhage. This disease has been found to affect ... If active TB is present - treat with ATT •otherwise manage the vitreous hemorrhage - Partial h'ge - postural management with ... Symptoms of Eales disease include: mild reduction in vision due to vitreous hemorrhages, headaches, dyspepsia, constipation, ... 3. Vitreoretinal surgery is required for nonresolving vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. • ...
... treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage". Retina. 26 (3): 275-8. doi:10.1097/ ... Retinal hemorrhage (UK English: retinal haemorrhage) is a disorder of the eye in which bleeding occurs in the retina, the light ... In infants, retinal hemorrhages (RH) are highly associated with child abuse. The incidence of RH in abusive head trauma is ... Retinal hemorrhage is strongly associated with child abuse in infants and young children and often leaves such abused infants ...
... injuries commonly observed in this region are vitreous hemorrhage, traumatic macular holes, retinal detachment, and optic nerve ... Collectively, patients who experienced choroidal hemorrhage, perforated or penetrated globes, retinal detachment, traumatic ... Zone III: this zone contains the vitreous cavity, retina, and optic nerve; ... conjunctival hemorrhage, serous retinitis, and orbital fracture. However, ocular trauma most commonly falls under the realm of ...
Vitreous hemorrhage of the eye can also occur in association with intracranial hemorrhage and elevated intracranial pressure ( ... Terson syndrome or Terson's syndrome is the occurrence of a vitreous hemorrhage of the human eye in association with ... or intra-vitreal hemorrhage. Its likely cause is a rapid increase in ICP. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, 13% of patients have ... Medele RJ, Stummer W, Mueller AJ, Steiger HJ, Reulen HJ (1998). "Terson's syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage and severe brain ...
Litten is remembered for being the first physician to describe vitreous bleeding in correlation with subarachnoid hemorrhage ( ...
Common adverse effects of the eye formulation include conjunctival hemorrhage, eye pain, cataract, vitreous detachment, ...
Vitreous hemorrhage - bleeding in the eye from injuries, retinal tears, subarachnoid hemorrhages (as Terson syndrome), or ... Benson WE, Brown GC, Tasman W, McNamara JA (December 1988). "Complications of vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage ... Vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small ... For instance, Dutch surgeon Anton Nuck (1650-1692) claimed to have removed vitreous by suction in a young man with an inflamed ...
Neovascularization is more likely to occur if more than five disc diameters of nonperfusion are present and vitreous hemorrhage ... Surgery is employed occasionally for longstanding vitreous hemorrhage and other serious complications such as epiretinal ... With time the dramatic picture of an acute branch retinal vein occlusion becomes more subtle, hemorrhages fade so that the ... Preservative-free, nondispersive Triamcinolone acetonide in 1 or 4 mg dosage may be injected into the vitreous to treat macular ...
"Effects of Aspirin on Vitreous/Preretinal Hemorrhage in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy ...
... and vitreous' communication with the anterior chamber (due to posterior capsule rupture). The risk of vitreous infection is at ... Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a rare complication of intraocular surgery, which occurs when damaged ciliary arteries bleed into ... Management includes vitreous humour tap and injection of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Outcomes can be severe even with treatment ... Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) does not directly threaten vision, but its cases are monitored with increasing interest, ...
Other less common causes of visual loss include retinal detachment, glaucoma, band keratopathy, cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, ... Intermediate uveitis is a form of uveitis localized to the vitreous and peripheral retina. Primary sites of inflammation ... over the pars plana or by aggregates of inflammatory cells in the vitreous (snowballs) in the absence of an infectious or a ... include the vitreous of which other such entities as pars planitis, posterior cyclitis, and hyalitis are encompassed. ...
... and vitreous hemorrhage. Foot damage. Diabetes mellitus can lead to poor vascular blood flow to the extremities. Injury of the ...
An adverse effect of this is retinal detachment (and vitreous hemorrhage), also there is no systemic beneficial effect for ... Also intravitreal injections, an injection of medicine into the vitreous near the retina, of foscarnet in concomitance with ...
... vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. The complications risk is high with retinal tears, penetrating injuries and severe ... Intraocular foreign bodies do not cause pain because of the lack of nerve endings in the vitreous humour and retina that can ... They include orbital fractures and subconjunctival hemorrhages. The first line of management for chemical injuries is usually ...
The most common side effects in clinical trials were conjunctival haemorrhage, eye pain, vitreous floaters, increased ...
These blood vessels grow in abnormal ways and can invade into the vitreous humor, where they can hemorrhage or cause retinal ...
... "vitreous hemorrhage") or between the vitreous membrane and retina ("preretinal hemorrhage"). The same guidelines separately ... In cases with vitreous hemorrhage, however, anti-VEGF injections proved to be less effective in restoring visual acuity than ... A vitrectomy is performed when there is a lot of blood in the vitreous. It involves removing the cloudy vitreous and replacing ... Next, a small instrument is placed into the eye to remove the vitreous and insert the saline solution into the eye. Patients ...
In May 2010, Kulongoski suffered a vitreous hemorrhage in the eye due to fragile, abnormal blood vessels that have grown in the ... to surgically remove the vitreous gel from the middle of the eye so full vision can be restored. After leaving the governor's ...
Posterior vitreous detachment accounts for 3.7-11.7% of vitreous hemorrhage cases. Less common causes of vitreous hemorrhage ... In cases of vitreous hemorrhage due to detached retina, long-standing vitreous hemorrhage with a duration of more than 2-3 ... while dense vitreous hemorrhage can significantly inhibit vision. There are many factors known to cause vitreous hemorrhage. ... Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye. The ...
... hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood into one of the several potential spaces formed within and around the vitreous body. ... Rare causes of vitreous hemorrhage account for about 6.4-18% of vitreous hemorrhage. In several studies, 2-7.6% of the ... The vitreous is avascular and inelastic. Pathological mechanisms of vitreous hemorrhage can include hemorrhage from diseased ... encoded search term (Vitreous Hemorrhage) and Vitreous Hemorrhage What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Siepser Vitreous Hemorrhage Demonstrator from Gulden. This realistic model demonstrates the effects of vitreous hemorrhage and ... Siepser Vitreous Hemorrhage Demonstrator. This model contains simulated, suspended "blood particles" that float in the vitreous ... The demonstrator also provides the professional with the opportunity to explain and demonstrate how vitreous hemorrhaging can ... Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD) Model. Guldens Posterior Vitreous Detachment Model. This realistic model of the human eye ...
... hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood into one of the several potential spaces formed within and around the vitreous body. ... encoded search term (Vitreous Hemorrhage) and Vitreous Hemorrhage What to Read Next on Medscape ... Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with intracranial hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1990 Dec. 29(12 ... Vitreous Hemorrhage Differential Diagnoses. Updated: May 04, 2015 * Author: Brian A Phillpotts, MD, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton ...
Vitreous hemorrhage secondary to vitamin K deficiency bleeding.. Vitreous hemorrhage secondary to vitamin K deficiency bleeding ... Vitreous hemorrhage associated with persistent hyaloid artery. Apropos of a case].. [Vitreous hemorrhage associated with ... Vitreous haemorrhage associated with persistent hyaloid artery].. [Vitreous haemorrhage associated with persistent hyaloid ... Vitreous haemorrhage associated with persistent hyaloid artery]. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia, 86(10), 331- ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage. The vitreous is normally a clear, jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of the eye. Various disease ... Vitreous hemorrhage, or bleed, results in a sudden change in vision as it blocks light moving through the vitreous to the ... This hemorrhage specifically occurs in front of the retina in the posterior section of the eye. The vitreous hemorrhage may be ... Someone experiencing a vitreous hemorrhage may experience one or more of the following symptoms:. • sudden onset of blurry ...
Vitreous hemorrhage is an eye condition capable of causing damage to eyesight. Medical animation can help prove its proximate ... vitreous hemorrhage is the presence of blood in the vitreous humor. Why is Vitreous Hemorrhage Damaging?. The eye is a delicate ... Vitreous Hemorrhage and Trauma. It is essential to note that vitreous hemorrhage is not caused by only medical malpractice. It ... The double perforation of the eyeball led to a vitreous hemorrhage.. Due to the hemorrhage, the plaintiff became legally blind ...
Vitreous hemorrhage. By adminIn CardiacPosted May 21, 2020. 0 Comment(s) ...
Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the vitreous humour inside the eye. The blood most commonly comes from blood ... If there is retinal detachment or blood due to vitreous hemorrhage in vitreous gel that does not clear on its own, vitrectomy ... Cases such as posterior vitreous detachment may compromise a blood vessel, leading to vitreous hemorrhage. ... Ultrasounds can detect many causes of vitreous hemorrhage, including posterior vitreous detachment, retinal tears and ...
... diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of vitreous hemorrhage, 31.5-54% in the United States, 6% in London, and ... ... Answer: In adults, diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of vitreous hemorrhage, 31.5-54% in the United States, 6% in ...
Rhegmatogenous/Tractional Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Hemorrhage Associated With Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion in a ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage. *Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration. *Abscess or Cyst Drainage or Aspiration ...
The study found low rates of the following complications across the same time intervals: vitreous hemorrhage (from 0.1% to 0.15 ...
Vitreous hemorrhage. Congenital defects. 3. Listing 2.10 Hearing loss not treated with cochlear implantation ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage. 4 ( 2%). 0. Iridocyclitis. 3 ( 1%). 7 ( 7%). Eye Inflammation. 3 ( 1%). 2 ( 2%). ... YUTIQ is preloaded into a single-dose applicator to facilitate injection of the implant directly into the vitreous. The drug ... Recurrence of uveitis was defined as either deterioration in visual acuity, vitreous haze attributable to non-infectious ...
Papilledema detected by ultrasound in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage. Zhao, Michael Y; ... Papilledema detected by ultrasound in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hem ...
Eye disorders: Vitreous floaters, conjunctival hemorrhage Ear and labyrinth: Labyrinthitis Cardiac disorders: Angina unstable, ...
... vitreous (base) (posterior) 75 63 00 Blood, vitreous (old) 75 63 00 Hemorrhage, vitreous 75 64 00 Floater (vitreous) 75 64 00 ... Vitreous 75. VITREOUS 75 .. .. Separation, vitreous (posterior)--See Detachment, vitreous 75 00 00 Disease, vitreous NOS 75 00 ... vitreous 75 44 .. Rupture, hyaloid face, vitreous--See Prolapse, vitreous 75 44 .. Vitreous touch--See Vitreous adherent to or ... vitreous 75 00 40 Trauma, vitreous NEC or NOS 75 00 97 *Surgery, vitreous NOS 75 00 98 Postoperative state, vitreous NOS 75 10 ...
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for prevention of postoperative vitreous cavity haemorrhage after vitrectomy ...
or leakage of blood vessels in the retina (vitreous hemorrhage). These eye abnormalities can further impair vision or cause ...
F) The corresponding ultrasound shows a uniform increase in vitreous echoes suggestive of vitreous hemorrhage. (G) A week later ... F) The corresponding ultrasound shows a uniform increase in vitreous echoes suggestive of vitreous hemorrhage. (G) A week later ... F) The corresponding ultrasound shows a uniform increase in vitreous echoes suggestive of vitreous hemorrhage. (G) A week later ... F) The corresponding ultrasound shows a uniform increase in vitreous echoes suggestive of vitreous hemorrhage. (G) A week later ...
Severe visual loss can occur due to vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. Note fine network of new blood vessels on the ... Vitreous hemorrhage • Retinal traction, tears, and detachment • Diabetes Macular Edema must also be evaluated ... Severe non-proliferative retinopathy • Any of the following: • 20+ intraretinal hemorrhages in each 4 quadrants • Venous ... Vitrectomy if bleeding into vitreous • If macular edema present: focal photocoagulation, fluorescein angiography ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage...131 • Horner Syndrome...132 • Multiple Sclerosis...133 • Thyroid Ophthalmopathy...134 • Lens Effectivity ...
... and there are several intraretinal hemorrhages and retinal edema. Retinal vein occlusions are usually painless, sudden, and ... vitreous hemorrhage. *macular edema. *floaters. *painful, red eye. *visual acuity. *relative afferent pupillary defect ...
Vitreous Hemorrhage. *Macular Holes. *Other Vitreo-Retinal Diseases. *LASIK (Click here for LASIK information) ...
The authors compared the costs of surgery versus aflibercept injections for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. However, financial ... Network Protocol AB demonstrated equivalence in mean visual acuity outcomes for the treatment of diabetic vitreous hemorrhage ... of healthcare by driving more practices towards intravitreal injections rather than surgery for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. ...
  • In cases of vitreous hemorrhage due to detached retina, long-standing vitreous hemorrhage with a duration of more than 2-3 months, or cases associated with rubeosis iridis or glaucoma, a vitrectomy may be necessary to remove the standing blood in the vitreous. (wikipedia.org)
  • On April 20, 1970, the first pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage was performed by Machemer. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Prior to pars plana vitrectomy, the removal of nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage was attempted by excising vitreous gel through the pupillary aperture using cellulose sponges and scissors via a corneoscleral incision, which was coined "open-sky" vitrectomy by Kasner. (medscape.com)
  • Sato T, Morita S, Bando H, Sato S, Ikeda T, Emi K. Early vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy with preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for prevention of postoperative vitreous cavity haemorrhage after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • For more severe and debilitating vitreous hemorrhage, a vitrectomy may be performed. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the vitreous gel and the blood from inside the eye. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • Undiluted vitreous samples were obtained from 22 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 28 patients without diabetes who underwent pars plana vitrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • Results of vitrectomy and the significance of vitreous hemorrhage in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. (cns.org)
  • It is used for the removal of core vitrectomy, membrane cutting, and hyaloid and vitreous bases. (thebusinessresearchcompany.com)
  • Posterior vitreous detachment accounts for 3.7-11.7% of vitreous hemorrhage cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • This zone becomes progressively weakened with increasing age, and it becomes easily separated with posterior vitreous detachment. (medscape.com)
  • This is known as a posterior vitreous detachment. (com.vn)
  • Cases such as posterior vitreous detachment may compromise a blood vessel, leading to vitreous hemorrhage. (com.vn)
  • Benign conditions of the vitreous (ie, posterior vitreous detachment) or peripheral retina (ie, paving stone degeneration, lattice degeneration, etc.) are permitted. (who.int)
  • A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Common symptoms of vitreous hemorrhage include: Blurred vision Floaters - faint cobweb-like apparitions floating through the field of vision Reddish tint to vision Photopsia - brief flashes of light in the peripheral vision Small vitreous hemorrhage often manifests itself as "floaters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitreous degeneration results in floaters. (com.vn)
  • In addition to syringe-related SODs, gas bubbles and vitreous hemorrhage have also been linked to floaters following IVI of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Less common causes of vitreous hemorrhage make up 6.4-18% of cases, and include: Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy Macroaneurysms Age-related macular degeneration Terson syndrome Retinal neovascularization as a result of branch or central retinal vein occlusion Other Vitreous hemorrhage is diagnosed by identifying symptoms, examining the eye, and performing tests to identify the cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bleeding from neovascular and fragile vessels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative sickle cell retinopathy, ischemic retinopathy secondary to retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity are among the most common pathological causes of vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • Papilledema detected by ultrasound in proliferative diabetic retinopathy with vitreous hemorrhage. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whereas retinal haemorrhage and uveitis are known adverse reactions to angiogenesis inhibitors, the reported cases of blindness and death should heighten awareness of potential safety issues associated with VEGF inhibitors for the treatment of proliferative eye disorders. (smw.ch)
  • This clinical trial was an opportunity to compare two commonly used treatments for vitreous hemorrhage from proliferative diabetic retinopathy head-to-head. (nih.gov)
  • Diabetic retinopathy progresses from mild nonproliferative abnormalities, characterized by increased vascular permeability, to moderate and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), characterized by vascular closure, to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by the growth of new blood vessels on the retina and posterior surface of the vitreous. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The DRCR Network Protocol AB demonstrated equivalence in mean visual acuity outcomes for the treatment of diabetic vitreous hemorrhage with PPV and laser versus serial aflibercept injections. (aao.org)
  • The authors compared the costs of surgery versus aflibercept injections for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. (aao.org)
  • These pressures may paradoxically increase the overall cost of healthcare by driving more practices towards intravitreal injections rather than surgery for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. (aao.org)
  • The most common cause of vitreous degeneration is advancing age. (com.vn)
  • What is the most common cause of vitreous hemorrhage in adults? (optometrycase.com)
  • Bleeding from retinal macro-aneurysms, tumors, and choroidal neovascularization can all extend through the internal limiting membrane and into the vitreous humor. (com.vn)
  • Diabetic retinopathy accounts for 31.5-54% of all cases of vitreous hemorrhage in adults in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • In adults, diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of vitreous hemorrhage, 31.5-54% in the United States, 6% in London, and 19.1% in Sweden. (optometrycase.com)
  • A rare cause of vitreous hemorrhage due to the rupture of normal vessels is Terson's syndrome, caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage. (com.vn)
  • Bedside Optical Coherence Tomography for Terson's Syndrome screening in Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A pilot study. (cns.org)
  • Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility and potential role of bedside optical coherence tomography (OCT) in Terson's Syndrome (TS) in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its potential role in blindness prevention. (cns.org)
  • Ocular ultrasound as an easy applicable tool for detection of Terson's syndrome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (cns.org)
  • 7. Garfinkle AM, Danys IR, Nicolle DA, Colohan AR, Brem S. Terson's syndrome: a reversible cause of blindness following subarachnoid hemorrhage. (cns.org)
  • The double perforation of the eyeball led to a vitreous hemorrhage. (fox-ae.com)
  • When you were younger, the vitreous gel filled the eyeball like Jell-O. The vitreous also contains fibers that attach to the surface of the retina (see image on the right). (com.vn)
  • We previously reported that preoperative IVR treatment in patients with severe PDR contributes to a decreased risk of postoperative neovascular glaucoma ( 11 ), and found further changes in vitreous protein profiles of PDR patients treated with and without IVR ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • H ) The corresponding ultrasound shows exudates and vitreous hemorrhage. (ajtmh.org)
  • Lesions within a radius of ≤1 disc diameter of the centre of the fovea, any blot haemorrhages and/or any hard exudates. (bmj.com)
  • Trauma is the leading cause of vitreous hemorrhage in young people, and accounts for 12-18.8% of cases in adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, bleeding from abnormal new vessels or rupture of normal retinal vessels from direct or indirect trauma frequently is associated with vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • The vitreous hemorrhage may be the result of an aneurysm of a blood vessel in the eye, trauma to the eye, a retinal tear, a retinal detachment, a new blood vessel (neo-vascularization) or as a result of another underlying disease state. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology , blunt and perforating trauma is the leading cause of vitreous hemorrhage in persons below 40 years. (fox-ae.com)
  • PDR is the worst stage of DR, it may lead to devastating complications, such as vitreous hemorrhage or tractional retinal detachment. (frontiersin.org)
  • High intraocular pressure: may caused by filtration failure, papillary block, malignant glaucoma or suprachoroidal hemorrhage. (mrcophth.com)
  • On examination, clinicians noted that the patient's visual acuity was stable, intraocular pressure was normal, and there was no evidence of anterior segment or vitreous inflammation. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation of blood into one of the several potential spaces formed within and around the vitreous body. (medscape.com)
  • B ) Ultrasound shows clear vitreous cavity. (ajtmh.org)
  • E ) Ultrasound at this visit shows very low-grade vitreous echoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • G ) Ultrasound at this visit shows only a very few vitreous echoes. (ajtmh.org)
  • B ) The corresponding ultrasound shows a clear vitreous cavity and a detached, thickened choroid. (ajtmh.org)
  • F ) The corresponding ultrasound shows a uniform increase in vitreous echoes suggestive of vitreous hemorrhage. (ajtmh.org)
  • J ) Ultrasound shows persistent vitreous hemorrhage. (ajtmh.org)
  • They performed a B-scan ultrasound examination which revealed "multiple hyperechogenic areas within a detached vitreous in the left eye," they said. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Organized fibroglial bands with traction retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage may occur, along with potential complications such as glaucoma or permanent vision loss. (medscape.com)
  • The evolution of salmon-patch hemorrhages in sickle cell retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • The effects of inflammation on experimentally induced vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • What are the symptoms of disorders of vitreous body? (com.vn)
  • In addition, the new blood vessels may bleed, adding the further complication of preretinal or vitreous hemorrhage. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • On-the-spot fundus photography the preretinal haemorrhage. (who.int)
  • A second shot of 1.2 mJ seemed to produce some tissue reaction and minimal change in the embolus with a minute preretinal haemorrhage. (who.int)
  • The vitreous body is bounded posterolaterally by the internal limiting membrane of the retina, anterolaterally by the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, and anteriorly by the lens zonular fibers and posterior lens capsule. (medscape.com)
  • The same is true for bleeding into the retrohyaloid or subhyaloid spaces and for sub-internal limiting membrane hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • Traction at the vitreous base usually is transmitted to the adjacent peripheral retina. (medscape.com)
  • These blood vessels are prone to bleeding into the gel-like vitreous that fills the eye, causing vision loss. (nih.gov)
  • Characteristically, in the retina proximal to the occlusion, the affected venous system is tortuous and dilated, and there are several intraretinal hemorrhages and retinal edema. (bmj.com)
  • Four or more blot haemorrhages in both inferior and superior hemifields, or venous beading or intraretinal microvascular abnormalities. (bmj.com)
  • Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • 8. Sung W, Arnaldo B, Sergio C, Juliana S, Michel F. Terson's syndrome as a prognostic factor for mortality of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. (cns.org)
  • This realistic model of the human eye can be used to illustrate vitreous detachment and increase your patient's understanding. (guldenophthalmics.com)
  • They observed multiple SODs in the anterior vitreous in the patient's left eye. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Pathological mechanisms of vitreous hemorrhage can include hemorrhage from diseased retina, traumatic insult, and/or spread of hemorrhage into the retina and vitreous from any other intraocular sources. (medscape.com)
  • The aqueous-filled space anterior to the formed vitreous is called the canal of Hannover. (medscape.com)
  • The strongest attachment straddles the most anterior area of the retina (ora serrata) where a 4-mm circular band forms the vitreous base. (medscape.com)
  • Hyphema (hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye) can be caused by several mechanisms and can easily be detected in routine ophthalmic or necroscopic examination as discolored red eye(s). (scielo.br)
  • is defined as hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye ( Miller 2008 Miller P.E.2008. (scielo.br)
  • However, the team noted that SODs continued to be visible in the anterior vitreous. (medpagetoday.com)
  • To examine the relative levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the vitreous of nondiabetic and diabetic patients. (nih.gov)
  • To compare the differences of vitreous protein profiles in PDR patients before and after a complete anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) loading dose with ranibizumab treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • This latest DRCR Retina Network study lets us understand how outcomes in the modern era of retinal surgery compare to treatment with intraocular anti-VEGF injections for vitreous hemorrhage from PDR. (nih.gov)
  • Forrester JV, Lee WR, Williamson J. The pathology of vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • The next strong attachment of the vitreous is at the circular zone around the optic nerve head. (medscape.com)
  • The treatment method used depends on the cause of the hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
  • The goal of the treatment is to fix the cause of the hemorrhage as quickly as possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even after treatment, it can take months for the body to clear all of the blood from the vitreous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Twelve vitreous humor (VH) samples were collected from six PDR patients before (set as pre group) and after (set as post group) intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • While there have been no reports on the changes in vitreous humor (VH) protein profile before and after IVR treatment in the same patient. (frontiersin.org)
  • In patients who received PRP, we included eyes showing regression of NVE or NVD and no recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after the treatment. (hindawi.com)
  • The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vitreous humor is located between the lens and the retina. (fox-ae.com)
  • Vitreous is the gel-like substance that fills the inside of the eye behind the lens. (com.vn)
  • These new blood vessels are weaker and prone to breaking and causing hemorrhage. (wikipedia.org)
  • When this occurs, blood from the retinal blood vessels can bleed into the vitreous. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Cloquet canal and the bursa premacularis are fluid-filled spaces within the formed vitreous into which blood can enter during vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • This model contains simulated, suspended "blood particles" that float in the vitreous humor. (guldenophthalmics.com)
  • Hence, vitreous hemorrhage is the presence of blood in the vitreous humor. (fox-ae.com)
  • However, when there is blood involved, especially in the vitreous humor, it may spell trouble. (fox-ae.com)
  • If the blood in the vitreous humor is a tiny amount, there is a chance that visibility will begin to blur. (fox-ae.com)
  • Vitreous haemorrhage occurs when blood leaks into the vitreous humour inside the eye. (com.vn)
  • If the vitreous humour is clouded or filled with blood, vision will be impaired. (com.vn)
  • or leakage of blood vessels in the retina (vitreous hemorrhage). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hemoglobin concentrations in the blood and vitreous were determined using spectrophotometry. (nih.gov)
  • These drug treatments decrease the growth of blood vessels in the eye and prevent rebleeds while the blood in the vitreous is being absorbed. (nih.gov)
  • The vitreous is normally a clear, jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of the eye. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • This hemorrhage specifically occurs in front of the retina in the posterior section of the eye. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • Vitreous hemorrhage occurs more frequently in patients over 50 but can occur at any age. (newviewlasereye.com)
  • The final stage of vitreous degeneration occurs when the vitreous completely separates from the retina. (com.vn)
  • A moderate case will often result in dark streaks in the vision, while dense vitreous hemorrhage can significantly inhibit vision. (wikipedia.org)
  • The level of GABA in the vitreous of patients with PDR, 29.4 +/- 7.8 mumol/L, was significantly higher than in controls (18.4 +/- 5.5 mumol/L) (P = .004). (nih.gov)
  • Correcting for possible introduction of these molecules by vitreous hemorrhage did not significantly alter these findings. (nih.gov)