West Nile Fever
West Nile virus
Disease Outbreaks
West Nile Virus Vaccines
Bird Diseases
Culex
Culicidae
West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. (1/1137)
West Nile virus causes sporadic cases and outbreaks of human and equine disease in Europe (western Mediterranean and southern Russia in 1962-64, Belarus and Ukraine in the 1970s and 1980s, Romania in 1996-97, Czechland in 1997, and Italy in 1998). Environmental factors, including human activities, that enhance population densities of vector mosquitoes (heavy rains followed by floods, irrigation, higher than usual temperature, or formation of ecologic niches that enable mass breeding of mosquitoes) could increase the incidence of West Nile fever. (+info)Entomologic and avian investigations of an epidemic of West Nile fever in Romania in 1996, with serologic and molecular characterization of a virus isolate from mosquitoes. (2/1137)
Between July and October 1996, a West Nile (WN) fever epidemic occurred in the southern plain and Danube Valley of Romania and in the capital city of Bucharest, resulting in hundreds of neurologic cases and 17 fatalities. In early October 1996, entomologic and avian investigations of the epidemic were conducted in the city of Bucharest and nearby rural areas. Thirty (41%) of 73 domestic fowl sampled had neutralizing antibody to WN virus, including 5 of 13 ducks (38%), 1 of 1 goose, 19 of 52 chickens (37%), 1 of 1 peahen, and 4 of 6 turkeys (67%). Seroprevalence in domestic fowl (27%, or 7 of 26) from the urban Bucharest site was not significantly different (P = 0.08, by Fisher's exact test) than rates at three rural sites (50%, or 23 of 46). Serum collected from one of 12 Passeriformes, an Erithacus rubecula, was positive for neutralizing antibody to WN virus. A total of 5,577 mosquitoes representing seven taxa were collected. Culex pipiens pipiens accounted for 96% of the mosquitoes collected. A single virus isolate, RO97-50, was obtained from a pool of 30 Cx. p. pipiens females aspirated from the walls and ceiling of a blockhouse located near the center of Bucharest, resulting in a minimum infection rate of 0.19 per 1,000. Antisera prepared against RO97-50 failed to distinguish among RO97-50, WN virus strain Eg101, and Kunjin (KUN) virus strain MRM16. A 2,323-basepair DNA fragment of the envelope (E) glycoprotein gene from RO97-50 and a Romanian WN virus strain obtained from a human cerebrospinal fluid sample, RO96-1030, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of 23 WN virus strains and one KUN virus strain using the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for a small portion of the E gene suggest the existence of two large lineages of viruses. Bootstrap analysis of the nucleotide alignment indicated strong support (95%) for a lineage composed of WN virus strains from northern Africa, including isolates from Egypt and Algeria, and west, central, and east Africa, all of the European isolates, those from France and Romania, an Israeli isolate, and an isolate of KUN virus from Australia. The nucleotide sequence of RO97-50 was identical to the sequence of a WN virus isolate obtained from Cx. neavei mosquitoes from Senegal and Cx. univittatus mosquitoes from Kenya. The phylogenetic analyses were compatible with the introduction of virus into Romania by birds migrating from sub-Saharan Africa, to northern Africa, and into southern Europe. (+info)Update: West Nile-like viral encephalitis--New York, 1999. (3/1137)
The outbreak of human arboviral encephalitis attributable to a mosquito-transmitted West Nile-like virus (WNLV) continues to wane in the Northeast. As of October 5, the number of laboratory-positive cases had increased to 50 (27 confirmed and 23 probable), including five deaths. The increase in cases is mainly a result of completed retesting with West Nile virus antigen of specimens previously tested with the related St. Louis encephalitis virus antigen and to intensive retrospective case finding in the ongoing epidemiologic investigations. (+info)Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis--New York, 1999. (4/1137)
An outbreak of arboviral encephalitis was first recognized in New York City in late August and has since been identified in neighboring counties in New York state. Although initially attributed to St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus based on positive serologic findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples using a virus-specific IgM-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the cause of the outbreak has been confirmed as a West Nile-like virus based on the identification of virus in human, avian, and mosquito samples. (+info)Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. (5/1137)
West Nile (WN) virus, a mosquito-transmitted virus native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, was isolated from two species of mosquitoes, Culex pipiens and Aedes vexans, and from brain tissues of 28 American crows, Corvus brachyrhynchos, and one Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii, in Connecticut. A portion of the genome of virus isolates from four different hosts was sequenced and analyzed by comparative phylogenetic analysis. Our isolates from Connecticut were similar to one another and most closely related to two WN isolates from Romania (2.8 and 3.6 percent difference). If established in North America, WN virus will likely have severe effects on human health and on the health of populations of birds. (+info)Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. (6/1137)
In late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998. (+info)Continued transmission of West Nile virus to humans in southeastern Romania, 1997-1998. (7/1137)
After an epidemic of West Nile (WN) virus neurologic infections in southeastern Romania in 1996, human and animal surveillance were established to monitor continued transmission of the virus. During 1997 and 1998, neurologic infections were diagnosed serologically as WN encephalitis in 12 of 322 patients in 19 southeastern districts and in 1 of 75 Bucharest patients. In addition, amid a countrywide epidemic of measles, the etiology of the febrile exanthem in 2 of 180 investigated cases was determined serologically to be WN fever; 1 case was complicated by hepatitis. Sentinel chickens placed in Bucharest seroconverted to WN virus during the summer months, indicating their potential value in monitoring transmission. The continued occurrence of sporadic WN infections in southeastern Romania in consecutive years after the 1996 epidemic is consistent with local enzootic transmission of the virus. (+info)An outbreak of West Nile fever among migrants in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. (8/1137)
In February 1998, an outbreak of acute febrile illness was reported from the Kapalata military camp in Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of Congo. The illness was characterized by an acute onset of fever associated with severe headache, arthralgia, backache, neurologic signs, abdominal pain, and coughing. In 1 individual, hemorrhagic manifestations were observed. The neurologic signs included an altered level of consciousness, convulsions, and coma. Malaria was initially suspected, but the patients showed negative blood films and failed to respond to antimicrobial drugs. A total of 35 sera collected from the military patients in the acute phase were tested for the presence of IgM against vector-borne agents. Serum IgM antibodies against West Nile fever virus were found in 23 patients (66%), against Chikungunya virus in 12 patients (34%), against dengue virus in 1 patient (3%), and against Rickettsia typhi in 1 patient (3%). All sera were negative for IgM antibody against Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and Sindbis virus. These data suggest that infections with West Nile fever virus have been the main cause of the outbreak. (+info)West Nile Fever is defined as a viral infection primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus responsible for this febrile illness, known as West Nile Virus (WNV), is maintained in nature between mosquito vectors and avian hosts. Although most individuals infected with WNV are asymptomatic, some may develop a mild, flu-like illness characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. A minority of infected individuals, particularly the elderly and immunocompromised, may progress to severe neurological symptoms such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or acute flaccid paralysis (sudden weakness in the limbs). The diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory tests, such as serological assays or nucleic acid amplification techniques. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, as there are no specific antiviral therapies available for West Nile Fever. Preventive measures include personal protection against mosquito bites and vector control strategies to reduce mosquito populations.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an Flavivirus, which is a type of virus that is spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the West Nile district of Uganda in 1937 and has since been found in many countries throughout the world. WNV can cause a mild to severe illness known as West Nile fever.
Most people who become infected with WNV do not develop any symptoms, but some may experience fever, headache, body aches, joint pain, vomiting, diarrhea, or a rash. In rare cases, the virus can cause serious neurological illnesses such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). These severe forms of the disease can be fatal, especially in older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, but it can also be spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. There is no specific treatment for WNV, and most people recover on their own with rest and supportive care. However, hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Prevention measures include avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and staying indoors during peak mosquito activity hours.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
West Nile Virus (WNV) vaccines are immunizations that are designed to protect against the West Nile virus, which is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Flaviviridae. The virus is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly those of the Culex species.
There are currently no licensed WNV vaccines available for human use in the United States or Europe. However, there are several veterinary vaccines that have been developed and approved for use in horses and other animals, such as birds and geese. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the virus, which can help prevent infection and reduce the severity of symptoms in animals that do become infected.
Human WNV vaccine candidates are in various stages of development and testing. Some of these vaccines use inactivated or weakened forms of the virus, while others use only a portion of the viral protein to stimulate an immune response. While these vaccines have shown promise in clinical trials, further research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness in larger populations before they can be approved for widespread use.
'Bird diseases' is a broad term that refers to the various medical conditions and infections that can affect avian species. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxic substances and can affect pet birds, wild birds, and poultry. Some common bird diseases include:
1. Avian influenza (bird flu) - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, decreased appetite, and sudden death in birds.
2. Psittacosis (parrot fever) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, fever, and lethargy in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
3. Aspergillosis - a fungal infection that can cause respiratory symptoms and weight loss in birds.
4. Candidiasis (thrush) - a fungal infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and other parts of the digestive system in birds.
5. Newcastle disease - a viral infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, neurological signs, and decreased egg production in birds.
6. Salmonellosis - a bacterial infection that can cause diarrhea, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
7. Trichomoniasis - a parasitic infection that can affect the mouth, crop, and digestive system in birds.
8. Chlamydiosis (psittacosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause respiratory symptoms, lethargy, and decreased appetite in birds and humans who come into contact with them.
9. Coccidiosis - a parasitic infection that can affect the digestive system in birds.
10. Mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis) - a bacterial infection that can cause chronic weight loss, respiratory symptoms, and skin lesions in birds.
It is important to note that some bird diseases can be transmitted to humans and other animals, so it is essential to practice good hygiene when handling birds or their droppings. If you suspect your bird may be sick, it is best to consult with a veterinarian who specializes in avian medicine.
Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.
Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:
* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)
It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.
While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.
'Culex' is a genus of mosquitoes that includes many species that are vectors for various diseases, such as West Nile virus, filariasis, and avian malaria. They are often referred to as "house mosquitoes" because they are commonly found in urban environments. These mosquitoes typically lay their eggs in standing water and have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all continents except Antarctica. The life cycle of Culex mosquitoes includes four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Both male and female adults feed on nectar, but only females require blood meals to lay eggs.
'Culicidae' is the biological family that includes all species of mosquitoes. It consists of three subfamilies: Anophelinae, Culicinae, and Toxorhynchitinae. Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that are known for their ability to transmit various diseases to humans and other animals, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The medical importance of Culicidae comes from the fact that only female mosquitoes require blood meals to lay eggs, and during this process, they can transmit pathogens between hosts.
I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.
Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':
Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
Flavivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. They are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted by arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. Many flaviviruses cause significant disease in humans, including dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, and Zika fever. The name "flavivirus" is derived from the Latin word for "yellow," referring to the yellow fever virus, which was one of the first members of this genus to be discovered.
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West Nile fever - Wikipedia
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Zika14
- Simultaneous detection of Zika, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses by a two-tube multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay. (bvsalud.org)
- A two-tube multiplex real- time reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous detection of Zika virus ( ZIKV ), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was developed and optimized with high specificity and sensitivity . (bvsalud.org)
- Spraying for Zika will decrease the mosquito population and that will also help with other viruses, such as West Nile. (cdc.gov)
- Infected mosquitoes can spread West Nile virus, Zika virus, and the viruses that cause malaria, yellow fever and some types of brain infection. (mayoclinic.org)
- Zika and dengue fever viruses alter the scent of mice and humans they infect, researchers report in the 30 June issue of Cell . (scienceblog.com)
- This doesn't augur well for city dwellers, who are already feeling the brunt of mosquito-borne tropical diseases such as chikungunya, dengue fever, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. (akdart.com)
- The analysis, conducted by researchers from Rutgers, the University of California, Davis and the University of California, Santa Cruz, flies in the face of statements by environmental groups linking warmer temperatures to mosquito-borne ailments like the West Nile and Zika viruses. (akdart.com)
- Zika virus is related to dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. (getjar.com)
- There's Dengue fever in California and reports of Zika , Dengue , and Chikungunya cases in Florida. (gideononline.com)
- The Aedes aegypti mosquito can transmit Dengue, Yellow fever , Zika, Chikungunya, West Nile Virus , and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus . (gideononline.com)
- This is the case of Zika, yellow fever, Dengue or West Nile viruses. (petfoodindustry.com)
- Zika virus is a kind of flavivirus, and other flavivirus family members include dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever virus. (news-medical.net)
- They found that the Zika antibodies also tightly stick to and defend against dengue type 1, and weakly stick to West Nile and dengue types 2 and 4. (news-medical.net)
- They also determined structures showing how two antibodies recognize Zika and West Nile envelope domain III. (news-medical.net)
Mosquitoes24
- West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes. (wikipedia.org)
- West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which often carry the disease. (wikipedia.org)
- I understand that some communities are spraying insecticides against mosquitoes bearing the West Nile virus. (drweil.com)
- You're at greatest risk of a severe case of West Nile Fever if you're over 50, and at an increased risk of exposure if you spend a lot of time outdoors in areas where mosquitoes are active. (drweil.com)
- I recently read an article in the July 9, 2012 issue of the New Yorker about genetic modifications of the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that spread dengue fever and yellow fever, both of which have killed millions of people. (drweil.com)
- West Nile fever is a zoonosis caused by certain strains of West Nile virus (WNV) and is transmitted by mosquitoes. (euroweeklynews.com)
- Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus spread by mosquitoes and is related to same genus as yellow fever, dengue and West Nile Viruses. (byjus.com)
- While the Health Department's surveillance efforts are able to confirm evidence of West Nile virus in mosquitoes in the above mentioned areas, given the widespread presence of the virus, it should be protected against in all areas of New York City where the virus is just as likely to be detected. (nyc.gov)
- Residents of New York City can help reduce the risk of West Nile virus by eliminating areas of standing water and by taking precautions against mosquitoes. (nyc.gov)
- The best way to protect yourself from West Nile virus is to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
- West Nile is a disease spread by mosquitoes that most often spreads to people during the summer and early fall when the mosquitoes that carry the virus are most active. (kget.com)
- Mosquitoes have tested positive for the West Nile virus. (wibc.com)
- West Nile fever is transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. (india.com)
- Mosquitoes can carry the viruses that cause certain diseases, such as West Nile virus and the viruses that cause malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever. (mayoclinic.org)
- For example, during the yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793, the coming of the fall frosts killed the local mosquitoes, and the outbreak ended. (scienceblog.com)
- We are pleased to announce the results of our most recent research data in the matter of West Nile Fever, a disease that is carried by mosquitoes and is found throughout the USA, South America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. (wellnesspartners.com)
- Humans contract West Nile when they are bitten by mosquitoes infected with the virus. (la.gov)
- HANCOCK COUNTY - The threat of West Nile virus persists as another sample of mosquitoes in the county tests positive for the infection. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- Adams noted mosquitoes with West Nile virus bite birds, infecting them with the virus, and that birds are small enough that the virus can build up in their bloodstreams enough to infect other mosquitoes that bite them. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- One part of monitoring West Nile virus among mosquito samples is minimum infection rate, which is measured on a per-1,000-mosquitoes basis. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- West Nile Virus is solely a mosquito-borne illness, meaning that it is only transmitted by mosquitoes and will not spread from human to human. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- We want to make sure people understand where mosquitoes breed and how to protect themselves from getting West Nile virus," he said. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- While there is no cure for West Nile virus, people can take steps to protect themselves from mosquitoes carrying the virus when outside by wearing insect repellent, long sleeves, pants and closed-toe shoes if possible. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- This plush representation of West Nile Virus provides a memorable hands-on-way to learn about this illness and protection against infected mosquitoes. (giantmicrobes.com)
Chikungunya1
- Increased spread of Aedes -borne viruses such as yellow fever, Chikungunya, or West Nile might soon follow. (the-scientist.com)
Headache12
- Headache can be a prominent symptom of WNV fever, meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and it may or may not be present in poliomyelitis-like syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- West Nile meningitis (WNM) usually involves fever, headache, stiff neck and pleocytosis, an increase of white blood cells in cerebrospinal fluid. (wikipedia.org)
- The paralysis can occur in the absence of fever, headache, or other common symptoms associated with WNV infection. (wikipedia.org)
- In the other 20 percent, symptoms typically occur within three to 14 days after the bite and can include fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes swollen lymph glands, or a rash on the chest, stomach and back. (drweil.com)
- The main symptoms of West Nile fever are headache, vomiting, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash or tiredness according to the NHS . (euroweeklynews.com)
- Symptoms of West Nile include fever, headache, neck stiffness and confusion. (kget.com)
- These might include a high fever, severe headache, body aches and signs of infection. (mayoclinic.org)
- Common symptoms of West Nile virus infection include fever, headache, body aches and fatigue, according to the Mayo Clinic. (livescience.com)
- The resultant fever causes headache muscle soreness, general aches and pains and in the worse cases, results in death. (wellnesspartners.com)
- Symptoms of West Nile virus include fever, headache, muscle and body aches and loss of appetite. (greenfieldreporter.com)
- Mild infections can cause fever and headache, this type of infection is referred to as West Nile fever. (giantmicrobes.com)
- Some people with yellow fever have no or mild symptoms, but others have more severe symptoms such as yellow skin (jaundice), fever, headache, muscle aches, and bleeding. (msdmanuals.com)
Malaria5
- Some of these are malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus. (medlineplus.gov)
- It spreads malaria , Yellow Fever, and West Nile Virus. (answers.com)
- Malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and West Nile virus are growing around the world. (crosswalk.com)
- Other diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, are far more common in tropical areas of the world. (mayoclinic.org)
- If you or your kids contract malaria or yellow fever as a result of an encounter with mosquitos, or if there is a West Nile Virus outbreak in your neighborhood, I predict you will no longer care how Canada's bald eagle and peregrine falcon populations might be affected by DDT. (akdart.com)
Viruses2
- West Nile virus disease, St. Louis encephalitis virus disease,and disease caused by encephalitic California serogroup viruses, which all three affect inhabitants of temperate zones (but not limited to). (journalcra.com)
- Since West Nile virus was first detected in the Western Hemisphere in 1999, it has become the leading cause in the U.S. of neuroinvasive disease among viruses transmitted by mosquito and tick bites, the report said. (livescience.com)
Infection8
- West Nile poliomyelitis (WNP), an acute flaccid paralysis syndrome associated with WNV infection, is less common than WNM or WNE. (wikipedia.org)
- Cases of West Nile Encephalitis or Meningitis , or Acute Flaccid Paralysis (severe muscle weakness associated with West Nile virus infection). (nyc.gov)
- Rodrigo Hasbun] Well, we found that only approximately one third of patients with a brain infection get tested for West Nile virus. (cdc.gov)
- Studies have shown that for every case of neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection, there are about 140 people infected with the virus. (livescience.com)
- Signs of severe infection include high fever, stiff neck, disorientation and sudden weakness in the arms, legs or breathing muscles. (livescience.com)
- The milder viral infection is West Nile fever, in which people experience flu-like symptoms. (la.gov)
- Doctors suspect yellow fever when people living in an area where the infection is common have typical symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Exclusion criteria: 1.Fever or any acute infection at time of immunization(Temporary exclusion criteria). (who.int)
Typhoid fever1
- Valley fever, multidrug-resistant typhoid fever and West Nile fever. (who.int)
Symptoms of West Nile1
- Symptoms of West Nile can include fever and nausea. (cbsnews.com)
Outbreak2
- Peak season in Texas is under way, and there are already 336 cases of West Nile illnesses, including 14 deaths reported as of August 13, making this the largest outbreak of West Nile virus in Texas since 2003. (cdc.gov)
- While West Nile virus can infect many animals (its impact on horses is commonly cited), it most frequently afflicts birds - and the presence of dead birds in a community can be a harbinger of a West Nile virus outbreak. (giantmicrobes.com)
Endemic4
- Rodrigo Hasbun] Well, West Nile virus has become endemic in the United States since 1999 and there's annual epidemics. (cdc.gov)
- And we hope this study would bring awareness so we can increase testing for West Nile in the endemic season and decrease testing in the nonendemic season. (cdc.gov)
- Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne disease that is endemic to tropical South America and Sub-Saharan Africa (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- A vaccine is available for use by people residing in endemic countries and for travelers to areas where yellow fever is common, but avoiding mosquito bites is also important. (msdmanuals.com)
Viral7
- WNE presents with similar symptoms to other viral encephalitis with fever, headaches, and altered mental status. (wikipedia.org)
- The major goal of this initiative is capacity building for the control of emerging viral vector-borne zoonotic diseases, with a clear focus on West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. (wur.nl)
- I contracted West Nile back in August of 2003 and was hospitalized with viral menangitis. (cdc.gov)
- Its presentation can range from asymptomatic illness to acute-onset viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever. (medscape.com)
- Yellow fever is one of many causes of viral hemorrhagic fever . (medscape.com)
- Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that occurs mainly in the tropics. (msdmanuals.com)
- Yellow fever is one of the most easily recognized and historically important viral infections. (msdmanuals.com)
Disease12
- West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), which occurs in less than 1 percent of cases, is when the virus infects the central nervous system resulting in meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis or a poliomyelitis-like syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- West Nile fever is a mild form of disease caused by the West Nile virus. (stclair.org)
- The rare, serious disease caused by the West Nile virus requires hospital care. (stclair.org)
- The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002-2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999-2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (mdpi.com)
- Others who get the virus and become ill may develop the more severe form of West Nile virus disease, called West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND). (cdc.gov)
- Cases of the severe form of West Nile virus rose in 2010, says a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (livescience.com)
- There were 1,021 cases of West Nile infections reported in the U.S. last year, and 629 of these were neuroinvasive, meaning the infected person developed the severe form of the disease. (livescience.com)
- The number of severe West Nile virus infections increased in 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said. (livescience.com)
- The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has reported a case of West Nile virus (WNV) in La Spezia, north west Italy in the week before 8 July 2021. (fitfortravel.nhs.uk)
- West Nile neuroinvasive disease is the most serious type, infecting the brain and spinal cord. (la.gov)
- Last year, Louisiana saw 34 cases of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease in the state, which was down from 2002's high of 204 cases of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. (la.gov)
- however, these insects can carry serious diseases including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (rxlist.com)
Rash1
- In mid-January, immediately after returning to the United States from a 10-day trip to the Caribbean, a man developed illness with fever, arthralgia, bilateral conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular, pruritic rash. (medscape.com)
High fever1
- Some people then recover, but others develop a high fever, nausea, vomiting, and severe generalized pain a few hours or days after the initial symptoms subside. (msdmanuals.com)
Types of encephalitis1
- West Nile, dengue fever and some types of encephalitis occur in the United States. (mayoclinic.org)
Infections4
- In Europe, surveillance indicates that the 2018 West Nile fever transmission season started earlier than in previous years and with a steeper increase of locally-acquired human infections. (eurosurveillance.org)
- Treatment is supportive for patients with neuro-invasive West Nile virus, often involving hospitalization, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary infections. (nammakpsc.com)
- Texas is on track to have the worst year ever for West Nile virus infections," Clements said. (cdc.gov)
- Overall, 718 people were hospitalized for West Nile infections, and 57 died, including 54 who had neuroinvasive infections, the report said. (livescience.com)
Meningitis6
- Symptoms may range from mild, such as fever, to severe, such as paralysis and meningitis. (wikipedia.org)
- West Nile meningoencephalitis is inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis). (wikipedia.org)
- Sarah Gregory] I'm talking today with Dr. Rodrigo Hasbun about his study on West Nile virus testing in meningitis and encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
- In the U.S. though, the most common arbovirus causing meningitis and encephalitis is West Nile virus. (cdc.gov)
- Rodrigo Hasbun] There are other arboviruses that cause meningitis and encephalitis in the United States besides West Nile. (cdc.gov)
- However, in certain cases (less than 1%), West Nile virus penetrates the tissue in or around the brain and spinal cord, causing encephalitis and meningitis. (giantmicrobes.com)
Illness2
- In 15%-25% of individuals with yellow fever, symptoms recur during the period of intoxication and can progress to fatal illness. (medscape.com)
- FACTS: West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne illness primarily found in Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East. (giantmicrobes.com)
Dengue fever and yellow fever1
- The A aegypti mosquito is a known transmitter of dengue fever and yellow fever. (medscape.com)
Nausea1
- Symptoms of a brown recluse bug bite include severe pain at the site of the bite that develops about four hours after the bite, followed by severe itching, nausea, vomiting, fever, and muscle pain. (rxlist.com)
Neuroinvasive1
- West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE) is the most common neuroinvasive manifestation of WNND. (wikipedia.org)
Humans4
- External Data Spec West Nile fever maps The implementation of blood safety measures in the event of outbreaks of West Nile fever in humans is an important issue for the national competent authorities. (europa.eu)
- According to the Commission Directive 2014/110/EU , efforts should be made to defer all blood donations from areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus (WNV) to humans to prevent its onward spread. (europa.eu)
- The objective of this project is to inform the competent authorities responsible for blood safety of areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans in order to support their implementation of blood safety legislation. (europa.eu)
- ECDC is providing, for the current transmission season, weekly updates on the reported cases of West Nile fever in humans in the EU Member States and neighbouring countries (i.e. those included in WHO European region and/or bordering the Mediterranean Sea). (europa.eu)
Neck1
- Very rarely, the West Nile virus causes a fever with neck stiffness, shaking, confusion or other serious symptoms. (stclair.org)
Cases11
- West Nile fever (WNF), which occurs in 20 percent of cases, is a febrile syndrome that causes flu-like symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Spatial distribution of West Nile virus-infected horse herds (gray dots), virus-negative horse herds (white dots), and human cases (black dots) in Andalusia (southern Spain) at the end of 2010. (cdc.gov)
- The updates are based on information obtained from the countries' health authorities and refer to human autochthonous cases of West Nile fever only. (europa.eu)
- And more recently, all the cases, the majority of cases have been described in the West coast where more people are probably more susceptible to the virus. (cdc.gov)
- Rome, Aug 18 (Prensa Latina) The number of cases of West Nile Fever in Italy has increased to 94, according to the Superior Institute of Health (ISS), an increase of 58,5% compared to the 55 reported in the previous report. (plenglish.com)
- Since the start of the West Nile virus trasmission season in 2014, a total of 42 cases of West Nile fever have been reported in the EU, as of 18 September. (fitfortravel.nhs.uk)
- So far this year there have been nearly 90 human cases of West Nile reported across the state. (cbsnews.com)
- Statewide, there were 197 human cases of West Nile reported across 24 counties through Jan. 4, the majority of which came from Los Angeles County, according to the department. (kget.com)
- West Nile cases are on the rise in the US, with two recent deaths reported in Arizona and Los Angeles. (gideononline.com)
- This week's cases can be found in the weekly West Nile virus Surveillance report by clicking here . (la.gov)
- About 90 percent of all cases are asymptomatic, while about 10 percent will develop West Nile fever. (la.gov)
20221
- It followed the detection of the county's first West Nile virus-positive mosquito pool of 2022 last month also in the town. (greenfieldreporter.com)
Outbreaks1
- But while West Nile outbreaks regularly attract a flood of media attention, about 80% of infected people experience no symptoms at all. (giantmicrobes.com)
Antibodies2
- Rodrigo Hasbun] Because again the virus has been spreading from the East to the West coast and patients that have exposed to the virus develop West Nile antibodies that make them resistant to get West Nile again and because the virus was introduced in the East coast, more patients in the East coast have been exposed than those in the West coast. (cdc.gov)
- Doctors diagnose yellow fever by growing (culturing) the virus, by doing blood tests to detect antibodies to the virus, or by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques to help identify the virus's genetic material. (msdmanuals.com)
Africa1
- Yellow fever occurs only in the tropical areas of Central Africa, southern Panama, and South America. (msdmanuals.com)
Experience flu-like symptoms1
- Most of the rest experience flu-like symptoms, or West Nile fever, often accompanied by skin rashes on the chest and back. (giantmicrobes.com)
Strains1
- Casals [10] has shown 3 strains of Congo virus (Congo 3010, Uganda K2/61, Pakistan JD 206) to be atnigenically indistinguishable from each other and from the Drosdov strain of Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF) by CF tests. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiology1
- Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. (eurosurveillance.org)
Include1
- Flaviviruses include West Nile virus and the virus that causes yellow fever, as well as Dengue virus. (news-medical.net)
Rabies1
- There are a number of vaccines - against tetanus, rabies, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE/WEE), and West Nile virus (WNV) - that are strongly recommended for all horses (with the rarely occurring exception of horses that have experienced serious adverse reactions to vaccinations in the past). (horsejournals.com)
Diseases1
- Regions with ecological systems supporting large mosquito populations, for example, will automatically place horses at greater risk for mosquito-borne diseases - namely WEE, EEE, and West Nile virus. (horsejournals.com)
Yellow fever vaccine3
- The currently available yellow fever vaccine confers near lifelong immunity in 95% of patients. (medscape.com)
- An Open-Label, Randomized, Active Controlled, Phase I Clinical Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of SII Yellow Fever Vaccine in Healthy Adults. (who.int)
- Live attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine. (who.int)
Deaths2
- We have to balance the public health benefits - including preventing deaths from West Nile fever - against the relatively low risks of exposure to the pesticide. (drweil.com)
- In the past, major epidemics of yellow fever caused tens of thousands of deaths. (msdmanuals.com)
20021
- In Texas, West Nile was first introduced in 2002 and every year we have epidemics. (cdc.gov)
Spinal1
- Blood and spinal fluid specimens are tested for West Nile virus by the New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene. (nyc.gov)
Blood donors2
- A total of 124 presumptive West Nile viremic blood donors (PVDs) have been reported to ArboNET in 2004. (cdc.gov)
- Blood donors are people who had no symptoms at the time of donating blood (people with symptoms are deferred from donating) through a blood collection agency, but whose blood tested positive when screened for the presence of West Nile virus. (nyc.gov)
Show no symptoms2
- About 80% of those infected with West Nile virus (WNV) show no symptoms and go unreported. (wikipedia.org)
- The majority of people who contract West Nile will be asymptomatic, which means they show no symptoms. (la.gov)
Occurs1
- West Nile occurs in most states within the U.S. (giantmicrobes.com)
Horses1
- So, especially on farms that have a history of Potomac horse fever, we recommend that horses be vaccinated. (horsejournals.com)
Spread2
- Zeller HG , Schuffenecker I . West Nile virus: an overview of its spread in Europe and the Mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the Americas. (eurosurveillance.org)
- It has really spread from the East to the West coast. (cdc.gov)
Threat2
- News coverage has been dominated by concern for Eboa, but it is so important to remember that West Nile virus is a very present threat in Louisiana, especially for our loved ones who may have weak immune systems because of an existing medical condition or because of age," said LDH State Epidemiologist Dr. Raoult Ratard. (la.gov)
- Reporting dead birds to public officials can help contain the threat posed by West Nile virus. (giantmicrobes.com)
Hemorrhagic2
People4
- Sarah Gregory] Why are people more susceptible in the West coast? (cdc.gov)
- Not every mosquito carries the virus, and about 80% of people who are infected with West Nile virus will not show any symptoms at all. (cdc.gov)
- When people are infected with West Nile, the virus will affect them one of three ways. (la.gov)
- 30 to 60% of people with severe bleeding and fever die. (msdmanuals.com)