• An elevated blood level of the amino acid homocysteine has been identified as a risk factor for some of these diseases. (encyclopedia.com)
  • One group of these disorders is amino acid metabolism disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • a nonessential amino acid, C 4 H 7 NO 4 , produced by the hydrolysis of asparagine and proteins, found chiefly in young sugarcane and sugar-beet molasses, and used in the preparation of culture media and as a dietary supplement. (dictionary.com)
  • A nonessential amino acid. (dictionary.com)
  • Amino acid substitution frequencies are shown in % calculated from the data of KinMutBase. (lu.se)
  • Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid , CH 3 COOH, is the simplest carboxylic acid (Figure 1). (daviddarling.info)
  • Our hypothesis is that certain polyhydroxylated carboxylic acids, that may serve as an alternative carbohydrate source and at the same time lower the pH, function as an indicator of a nutrient-rich environment for C. albicans, which favors planktonic cells over hyphae, and thus diminish the formation of biofilm. (lu.se)
  • Hydrofluoric (HF) acid, one of the strongest inorganic acids, is used mainly for industrial purposes (eg, glass etching, metal cleaning, electronics manufacturing). (medscape.com)
  • Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Acid rain is the broad term used to describe several ways that a weak solution of inorganic acids, such as nitric and sulfuric acid, falls out of the atmosphere as rain, snow, mist and fog. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods for amplifying DNA and RNA, may facilitate rapid detection of microorganisms. (cdc.gov)
  • This article is about the computational prediction of nucleic acid structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • For experimental methods, see Nucleic acid structure determination . (wikipedia.org)
  • Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine secondary and tertiary nucleic acid structure from its sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary structure can be predicted from one or several nucleic acid sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • many molecules have several possible three-dimensional structures, so predicting these structures remains out of reach unless obvious sequence and functional similarity to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or microRNA (miRNA), is observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is partly because the extra oxygen in RNA increases the propensity for hydrogen bonding in the nucleic acid backbone. (wikipedia.org)
  • A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule given only a nucleic acid sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is also used to form the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Locked Nucleic Acid is a novel type of nucleic acid analog that contains a 2'-O, 4'-C methylene bridge ( Figure 1 ). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Structure of Locked Nucleic Acid and native-state DNA monomers. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Locked Nucleic Acid in PCR primers, qPCR probes, and other types of oligonucleotides is soluble in water and standard buffers as well as follows Watson-Crick base-pairing rules. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Incorporating Locked Nucleic Acid into oligonucleotides increases thermal duplex stability 2 and improves the specificity of oligonucleotide hybridization to target sequences. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In addition, the improved hybridization of the PCR primer or qPCR probe to its target may increase the melting temperature (T m ) by up to 8 °C per Locked Nucleic Acid monomer substitution in medium salt conditions compared to native-state DNA oligonucleotides 4 ( Table 1 ). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Table 1 Increasing the number of Locked Nucleic Acid bases in an oligonucleotide increases the T m . (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The bold letters in the sequences denote Locked Nucleic Acid bases. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The ability of oligonucleotides to discriminate between alleles via SNPs is greatly enhanced by the incorporation of Locked Nucleic Acid bases 6-8 ( Figure 2 ). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The presence of a single base mismatch has a greater destabilizing effect on the duplex formation between an Locked Nucleic Acid oligonucleotide and its target than with a native-state DNA oligonucleotide. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Shorter oligonucleotides incorporating Locked Nucleic Acid bases can be used at the same temperatures as longer native-state DNA oligonucleotides. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Locked Nucleic Acid Dual-Labeled Probes discriminate better than DNA Dual-Labeled Probes in SNP genotyping analysis9. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Pink) mutant DNA analysis with Locked Nucleic Acid mutant probe (16mer with 3 Locked Nucleic Acid bases). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Purple) wild-type DNA with Locked Nucleic Acid mutant Probe (16mer with 3 Locked Nucleic Acid bases). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Due to Locked Nucleic Acid's improved hybridization characteristics with accompanied increase in T m , Locked Nucleic Acid oligonucleotides can be synthesized to be shorter, which overcomes certain design limitations that occur with native-state DNA oligonucleotides. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Specifically, Locked Nucleic Acid oligonucleotides can be designed to address traditionally problematic target sequences, such as AT- or GC-rich regions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • With Locked Nucleic Acid oligonucleotides, the selective placement of Locked Nucleic Acid bases facilitates the optimal design of highly-specific, shorter oligonucleotides that perform well, even at lengths of only 13 to 20 bases. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Also, the design of oligonucleotides for targeting difficult SNPs, such as the relatively stable G:T mismatch, is greatly facilitated by Locked Nucleic Acid. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Locked Nucleic Acid PCR primers and qPCR probes are compatible with all real-time thermocyclers and end-point analytical detection instruments. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Acid attackers targetted victims including an 11-year-old child and a 72-year-old pensioner in the first few months of 2018 in Cambridgeshire, hitherto more famous for its university colleges and cathedrals than violent crime. (breitbart.com)
  • Huo Y, Qin X, Wang J, Sun N, Zeng Q, Xu X. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: new insight from a meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • A free weekly iron-folic acid supplementation and regular deworming program is associated with improved hemoglobin and iron status indicators in Vietnamese women. (medscape.com)
  • An acetate, also known as an ethanoate , is a compound in which the acid hydrogen atom in acetic acid is replaced either by a metal (forming a soluble acetate salt containing the ion (CH 3 COO - ) or by an organic radical, giving a covalent ester such as ethyl acetate (CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 ) (Figure 2). (daviddarling.info)
  • for labelling purposes a value of 8 kJ (2 kcal)/g is used for all organic acids. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The exudation of organic acids into the rhizosphere by plant roots has been hypothesized to be one potential mechanism by which plants can enhance the mobilization of poorly soluble nutrients in the soil. (lu.se)
  • The experiments undertaken in this study were aimed at determining whether the organic acids, citrate and oxalate, could enhance the uptake of P-33 from a calcareous soil with a high P fixation capacity (Typic rendoll). (lu.se)
  • After passage of the root through the P-33-labelled soil, organic acids or distilled water (control) were added to the patch at concentrations of 1 and 10 mM over a subsequent 4-day period. (lu.se)
  • We hypothesize that the observed differences in shoot P-33 accumulation by the two organic acids were due primarily to the differences in their biodegradation rate and P mobilization reactions. (lu.se)
  • This study demonstrates that in vivo, organic acids can cause a significant enhancement of plant P uptake, however, the magnitude of the P mobilization response is likely to be highly context dependent. (lu.se)
  • Among women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause, 12 weeks of treatment with vaginal suppositories containing hyaluronic acid (HLA) reduces vulvovaginal symptoms, according to trial results presented at the 2023 Menopause Meeting. (medscape.com)
  • Hyaluronic Acid Suppository Improves Menopause Symptoms - Medscape - Sep 29, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • This summary information comes from Fass and Pamidronatdinatrium Pfizer (pamidronic acid) (2023-08-25). (janusinfo.se)
  • Acid attacks in London are on the rise again, Breitbart News can reveal, with 88 "noxious and corrosive attacks" logged from January to November 2022, compared to 65 in all of 2021. (breitbart.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid also may be found in home rust removers. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid burns are a unique clinical entity. (medscape.com)
  • Severe burns occur after exposure of concentrated (ie, 50% or stronger solution) hydrofluoric acid to 1% or more body surface area (BSA), exposure to hydrofluoric acid of any concentration to 5% or more BSA, or inhalation of hydrofluoric acid fumes from a 60% or stronger solution. (medscape.com)
  • A unique feature of hydrofluoric acid exposure is its ability to cause significant systemic toxicity due to fluoride poisoning . (medscape.com)
  • More than 1000 cases of hydrofluoric acid exposure are reported annually. (medscape.com)
  • Males are affected more commonly by hydrofluoric acid burns, which reflects occupational patterns. (medscape.com)
  • The majority of hydrofluoric acid exposures occurs in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Local effects of hydrofluoric acid burns include tissue destruction and necrosis. (medscape.com)
  • Survival after hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia and cardiac arrest following mild hydrofluoric acid burn. (medscape.com)
  • Potentially fatal electrolyte imbalance caused by severe hydrofluoric acid burns combined with inhalation injury: A case report. (medscape.com)
  • Hydrofluoric acid burns: a 15-year experience. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical significance of urinary fluoride levels in patients with hydrofluoric acid burns. (medscape.com)
  • Hoffmann S, Parikh P, Bohnenberger K. Dermal Hydrofluoric Acid Toxicity Case Review: Looks Can Be Deceiving. (medscape.com)
  • McKee D, Thoma A, Bailey K, Fish J. A review of hydrofluoric acid burn management. (medscape.com)
  • Detection of hydrofluoric acid in environmental samples, as determined by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for hydrofluoric acid exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Seamens CM, Seger DL, Meredith T. Hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • When hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in water, it may be called hydrofluoric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Ball-and-stick model of the acetic acid molecule. (daviddarling.info)
  • Pure ("glacial") acetic acid solidifies to ice-like crystals and is corrosive. (daviddarling.info)
  • Acetic acid is produced industrially by the liquid-phase oxidation of acetaldehyde (ethanal) at 60°C by oxygen or air under pressure in the presence of manganese (II) ethanoate (the latter preventing the formation of perethanoic acid). (daviddarling.info)
  • Acetic acid has the usual properties of acids, such as reacting with bases to form salts. (daviddarling.info)
  • Although there are four hydrogen atoms in a molecule of acetic acid, only the one in the carboxyl (-COOH) group can be replaced by a metal. (daviddarling.info)
  • The salts of acetic acid are called acetates (or ethanoates), thus sodium acetate is obtained when acetic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide. (daviddarling.info)
  • Acetic acid also reacts with alcohols to form a class of compounds called esters . (daviddarling.info)
  • Acetic acid is a raw material for the manufacture on an industrial scale of a great variety of materials. (daviddarling.info)
  • Acetic acid is also used in the manufacture of drugs (e.g. aspirin ) and of white lead of paint. (daviddarling.info)
  • Citric Acid is a mild, odorless, powdered acid. (dickblick.com)
  • aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate decreases levels of folic acid by inhibition of GI absorption. (medscape.com)
  • It is also called sulphine acid, battery acid, and hydrogen sulfate. (cdc.gov)
  • This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions about sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • SO 3 forms sulfuric acid when it comes in contact with water. (cdc.gov)
  • What are sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid? (cdc.gov)
  • It can react with water to form sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • It is used in the production of sulfuric acid and other chemicals, and explosives. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfuric acid is a clear, colorless, oily liquid that is very corrosive. (cdc.gov)
  • What happens to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid when they enter the environment? (cdc.gov)
  • Much of the sulfuric acid in the air is formed from sulfur dioxide released when coal, oil, and gas are burned. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfuric acid dissolves in the water in air and can remain suspended in air for varying periods of time. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfuric acid is removed from the air in rain. (cdc.gov)
  • Sulfuric acid contributes to the formation of acid rain. (cdc.gov)
  • How might I be exposed to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid? (cdc.gov)
  • How can sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid affect my health? (cdc.gov)
  • Touching sulfuric acid will burn your skin, and breathing sulfuric acid can result in tooth erosion and respiratory tract irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • If you get sulfuric acid in your eyes, it will cause your eyes to water and will burn. (cdc.gov)
  • How likely are sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
  • People who have breathed large quantities of sulfuric acid at work have shown an increase in cancers of the larynx. (cdc.gov)
  • The ability of sulfuric acid to cause cancer in laboratory animals has not been studied. (cdc.gov)
  • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid is carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • IARC has not classified pure sulfuric acid for its carcinogenic effects. (cdc.gov)
  • How does sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid affect children? (cdc.gov)
  • Teenagers may have jobs (such as car repair) in which they have contact with sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • Children may have increased sensitivity to sulfuric acid in air, due to their smaller airway diameters and the fact that they breathe more air per kilogram of body weight than adults. (cdc.gov)
  • How can families reduce the risk of exposure to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid? (cdc.gov)
  • Keep household products like drain and toilet bowl cleaners containing sulfuric acid out of the reach of children. (cdc.gov)
  • Wear protective gloves when using products that contain sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • sulfuric acid when it comes in contact with water. (cdc.gov)
  • 3 is used in the production of sulfuric acid and other chemicals, How might I be exposed to sulfur trioxide and and explosives. (cdc.gov)
  • How can sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid affect breathe more air per kilogram of body weight than adults. (cdc.gov)
  • If you get sulfuric acid in ers containing sulfuric acid out of the reach of children. (cdc.gov)
  • There is no medical test to determine whether you have ever, most of the people were also smokers who were exposed been exposed to sulfur trioxide or sulfuric acid. (cdc.gov)
  • acids, including sulfuric acid, will increase the acidity of your saliva. (cdc.gov)
  • The ability of sulfuric acid to cause cancer in laboratory you have been exposed to acid but cannot tell which acid. (cdc.gov)
  • A common laboratory process used for many years, ascribed to a German chemist, Johann Rudolf Glauber (1648), consisted of heating potassium nitrate with concentrated sulfuric acid . (britannica.com)
  • The resulting acid-in-water solution (about 50-70 percent by weight acid) can be dehydrated by distillation with sulfuric acid. (britannica.com)
  • What is nitric acid? (britannica.com)
  • Nitric acid is a colourless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. (britannica.com)
  • Is nitric acid a strong or weak acid? (britannica.com)
  • Nitric acid is a strong acid, completely ionized into hydronium (H 3 O+) and nitrate (N O 3 -) ions in an aqueous solution, and a powerful oxidizing agent. (britannica.com)
  • Nitric acid (HNO 3 ) is a highly corrosive liquid that is toxic and can cause severe burns. (britannica.com)
  • Nitric acid is used for the production of ammonium nitrate, a major component of fertilizers. (britannica.com)
  • nitric acid , (HNO 3 ), colourless, fuming, and highly corrosive liquid (freezing point −42 °C [−44 °F], boiling point 83 °C [181 °F]) that is a common laboratory reagent and an important industrial chemical for the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives . (britannica.com)
  • The preparation and use of nitric acid were known to the early alchemists . (britannica.com)
  • The principal method of manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic oxidation of ammonia . (britannica.com)
  • The nitrogen dioxide is absorbed in water to form nitric acid. (britannica.com)
  • Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are a group of acids that occur naturally in fruits, sugar cane, and milk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • AHAs are a group of acids that naturally occur in certain foods. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • They knew that naturally occurring bacteria in the gut can sometimes cause local inflammation and hypothesized that they might contribute to the development of retinoic acid deficiency and colorectal cancer. (eurekalert.org)
  • Naturally present in many vegetable oils and butters, stearic acid benefits the hair and skin as well as product formulation. (lush.com)
  • It is, by the way, one of the reasons we use so much cocoa and shea butter - both naturally contain a lot of stearic acids. (lush.com)
  • In addition, the journal features articles on the nutritional and dietary aspects of amino acids, such as their dietary intake, supplementation, and metabolism, and how these factors influence human health and disease. (springer.com)
  • Folic acid is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you are taking folic acid to treat a deficiency, you probably will feel better quickly, often within 24 hours. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A deficiency of folic acid may lead to anemia, in which there is decreased production of red blood cells. (encyclopedia.com)
  • During pregnancy, a folic acid deficiency may lead to preeclampsia, premature birth, and increased bleeding after birth. (encyclopedia.com)
  • To correct a folic acid deficiency, supplements are taken in addition to food. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Using large amounts of folic acid (e.g., over 5,000 mcg per day) can mask a vitamin B 12 deficiency and thereby risk of irreversible nerve damage. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Chang JY, Wang YP, Wu YC, Cheng SJ, Chen HM, Sun A. Hematinic deficiencies and anemia statuses in oral mucosal disease patients with folic acid deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Many medications interfere with the body's absorption and use of folic acid. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Your digestive system breaks the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body's fuel. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The journal also aims to provide a platform for researchers to publish their findings on the therapeutic applications of amino acids and their derivatives in the treatment of various diseases, such as metabolic and neurological disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. (springer.com)
  • Amino acids are "building blocks" that join together to form proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bohemic acid is a mixture of chemical compounds which is obtained through fermentation by actinobacteria species in the genus Actinosporangium (Actinoplanaceae). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Stanford researchers collaborated with colleagues at the University of California-Berkeley, who devised a way to use a technique called quantitative mass spectrometry to measure the retinoic acid in intestinal tissues of mice treated with one or both of two chemicals: a chemical that causes intestinal inflammation, and a chemical that stimulates the development of colorectal cancer. (eurekalert.org)
  • The Spa at Lakes Dermatology gives us the 101 on glycolic acid. (spafinder.com)
  • Folic acid, together with vitamins B 6 and B 12 , helps break down homocysteine, and may help reverse the problems associated with elevated levels. (encyclopedia.com)
  • For use as a nutritional supplement of vitamins, amino acids and electrolytes for cattle, swine, sheep and horses. (nih.gov)
  • Lack of periconceptional vitamins or supplements that contain folic acid and diabetes mellitus-associated birth defects. (medscape.com)
  • The journal aims to cover a broad range of topics related to amino acids, including their biosynthesis, catabolism, metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in the body. (springer.com)
  • Depleting these bacteria by treating mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics dramatically reduced tumor formation in several colorectal cancer models and prevented the alteration in retinoic acid metabolism that was seen in mice with colorectal cancer and in the human intestinal tissue. (eurekalert.org)
  • glucarpidase will decrease the level or effect of folic acid by increasing metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens decreases levels of folic acid by altering metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Retinoic acid, a compound derived in the body from vitamin A, plays a critical role in suppressing colorectal cancer in mice and humans, according to researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine. (eurekalert.org)
  • A Br o nsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Amino Acids is an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research related to the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of amino acids and related compounds. (springer.com)
  • [ 5 ] Deaths have been reported from concentrated acid burns to as little as 2.5% BSA. (medscape.com)
  • This is why sufficient daily intake of folic acid is necessary. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) required food manufacturers to add folic acid to enriched bread and grain products to boost intake and to help prevent neural tube defects (NTD). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Adequate intake of folic acid is vital for the prevention of several types of birth defects , particularly NTDs. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Total folate and folic acid intake from foods and dietary supplements in the United States: 2003-2006. (medscape.com)
  • Comment: Concomitant consumption of green tea with folic acid is not recommended in pregnant women, megaloblastic anemia, or when a reduction in folic acid may have clinical consequences. (medscape.com)
  • Folic acid and risk of prostate cancer: results from a randomized clinical trial. (medscape.com)
  • Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial. (medscape.com)
  • Folic acid works together with vitamin B 12 and vitamin C to metabolize protein in the body. (encyclopedia.com)
  • and 'Have you heard or read that taking a vitamin called folic acid can help prevent some birth defects? (cdc.gov)
  • Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12. (medscape.com)
  • Biochemical indicators of B vitamin status in the US population after folic acid fortification: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000. (medscape.com)
  • Further investigation showed the intestinal tissue of the animals with cancer made less of a protein that synthesizes retinoic acid and about four times more of a protein that degrades retinoic acid, leading to a rapid net decrease in levels of the metabolite. (eurekalert.org)
  • citation needed] The following examples further illustrate the ACID properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • The solution in water is a weak acid. (ilo.org)
  • It increases the appetite and stimulates the production of stomach acid for digestion and it aids in maintaining a healthy liver. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Acid reflux is when stomach acid flows back up through your esophagus toward your throat. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) GERD (acid reflux) is a disease caused by your stomach contents and stomach acid flowing back up your esophagus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ofcom has announced that it will not probe further into comedienne Jo Brand suggesting people throw battery acid at politicians during a radio programme. (breitbart.com)
  • A suspect who allegedly threw battery acid into another man's face in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on Friday has been arrested. (breitbart.com)
  • The Metropolitan Police Service has confirmed that it will not be taking any further action over comments made by comedian Jo Brand when she joked about throwing battery acid at politicians. (breitbart.com)
  • This report summarizes the survey findings regarding knowledge and use of folic acid, which indicate that only 20% of Georgia women aged 15-44 years consumed a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid per day, and 71% did not know that folic acid can prevent some birth defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Of those who had heard folic acid can help prevent some birth defects, 30% (95% CI=27%-32%) reported consuming a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid per day, and 6% (95% CI=5%-8%) reported consuming a multivitamin containing greater than or equal to 400 ug of folic acid several times a week. (cdc.gov)
  • Lush uses a vegetable-based stearic acid, derived from palm oil . (lush.com)