• Genetic control of mammalian germ cell differentiation. (columbia.edu)
  • We showed that the BET family member BRDT is essential for proper chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation during meiotic prophase and also during spermiogenesis and that BRD2 is essential for embryonic survival and neural differentiation and function, in particular in the etiology of seizure susceptibility. (columbia.edu)
  • Abstract Early mouse development is characterized by structural and epigenetic changes at the chromatin level while cells progress towards differentiation. (sciencegate.app)
  • Hedgehog signaling activates a mammalian heterochronic gene regulatory network controlling differentiation timing across lineages. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • TUG1 was significantly downregulated, and the TUG1 downregulation correlated with sex ( p = 0.006), smoking status ( p = 0.016), and tumor differentiation grade ( p = 0.001). (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2019. Extreme heterogeneity in sex chromosome differentiation and dosage compensation in livebearers. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • Here we use nucleosome occupancy and methylation sequencing method to analyze both the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and DNA methylome at a series of crucial time points during fetal germ cell development in both human and mouse. (nature.com)
  • Although the genome-wide histone modification landscapes of mouse in vivo germ cells and in vitro PGCLCs have been profiled and several germline-specific properties of epigenetic reprogramming have been revealed, the study of genome-scale chromatin states in human FGCs is still challenging, due to the scarcity of materials and technical difficulties. (nature.com)
  • The genome of some vole rodents exhibit large blocks of heterochromatin coupled to their sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data reveal that histone acetylation level affects DNA replication dynamics of the sex chromosomes' heterochromatin and leads to a global reduction in replication fork rate genome wide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In higher eukaryotes, the nuclear genome is compartmentalized into distinct chromatin territories to facilitate the regulation of complex processes such as DNA repair, transcription and replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The reconstruction shows that the mammal ancestor had 19 autosomal chromosomes, which control the inheritance of an organism's characteristics outside of those controlled by sex-linked chromosomes, (these are paired in most cells, making 38 in total) plus two sex chromosomes, said Joana Damas, first author on the study and a postdoctoral scientist at the UC Davis Genome Center. (bionity.com)
  • The organisation of the mammalian genome in three-dimensional space is non-random and hierarchically organised [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Abdalla H., Yoshizawa Y., Hochi S., Active demethylation of paternal genome in mammalian zygotes. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
  • The human genome is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes, with autosomes (22 pairs) comprising the majority. (biologyonline.com)
  • Despite their fundamental significance for chromosome transmission and genome stability, little is known about the levels and patterns of genetic diversity across centromeres and the PAR, or the biological impacts of this variation. (jax.org)
  • These short RNAs participate in a diverse array of cellular processes including gene regulation, chromatin dynamics and genome defense. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As part of the genome sequencing initiative for the tammar, we have explored the evolution of each of the major classes of mammalian small RNAs in an Australian marsupial for the first time, including the first genome-scale analysis of the newest class of small RNAs, centromere repeat associated short interacting RNAs (crasiRNAs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We used circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) coupled with next-generation sequencing to explore the genome regions that interact with TUG1 and the TUG1 -mediated regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Principles of 3D chromosome folding and evolutionary genome reshuffling in mammals. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • 3D chromatin remodelling in the germ line modulates genome evolutionary plasticiy. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • A Near Chromosome Assembly of the Dromedary Camel Genome. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • 2019. An integrated chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Masai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • A near-chromosome-scale genome assembly of the gemsbok (Oryx gazella): an iconic antelope of the Kalahari desert. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • We find that the rapid evolution of the testis was driven by accelerated fixation rates of gene expression changes, amino acid substitutions and new genes in late spermatogenic stages, probably facilitated by reduced pleiotropic constraints, haploid selection and transcriptionally permissive chromatin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genes predominantly expressed in spermatogonia (germ cells fuelling spermatogenesis) and Sertoli (somatic support) cells accumulated on X chromosomes during evolution, presumably owing to male-beneficial selective forces. (bvsalud.org)
  • The team identified 1,215 blocks of genes that consistently occur on the same chromosome in the same order across all 32 genomes. (bionity.com)
  • The scientists found nine whole chromosomes, or chromosome fragments in the mammal ancestor whose order of genes is the same in modern birds' chromosomes. (bionity.com)
  • This remarkable finding shows the evolutionary stability of the order and orientation of genes on chromosomes over an extended evolutionary timeframe of more than 320 million years," Lewin says. (bionity.com)
  • This has led to the speculation that genes which are required for similar processes may fall within the same TADs, allowing them to share regulatory programs and efficiently switch between chromatin compartments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
  • Two similar Xlr superfamily genes, SLX and SLY, whose absence causes near sterility and litter gender bias, have been shown to control gene expression emanating from the sex chromosomes specifically during meiosis. (uconn.edu)
  • One of the FSHD genes has been localized to chromosome band 4q35, but the gene or genes that are affected in FSHD are still unknown. (medscape.com)
  • Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sex steroid hormones exert a wide variety of biological actions through the transcriptional control of a particular set of target genes. (bioxorio.com)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure 2: SOX9 gene on the autosome 17 (long arm) plays an integral role in gonadal sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
  • Mary Frances Lyon FRS (15 May 1925 - 25 December 2014) was an English geneticist best known for her discovery of X-chromosome inactivation, an important biological phenomenon. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was while working on radiation hazards in 1961 that she discovered X-chromosome inactivation, for which she is best known, and the phenomenon is sometimes known as Lyonization in her honour. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1994 she won the Mauro Baschirotto Award in Human Genetics, in 1997 the Wolf Prize for Medicine, for her hypothesis concerning the random inactivation of X-chromosomes in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further work identified transcriptomal differences between X- and Y-bearing spermatids and uncovered that meiotic sex-chromosome inactivation (MSCI) also occurs in monotremes and hence is common to mammalian sex-chromosome systems. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to showing the immunolocalization of the XLR3 protein at the condensed X and Y chromosomes throughout Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation (MSCI), preliminary experiments behind the mechanism controlling expression of the imprinted Xlr3b/4b/4c copies reveals a differentially methylated region (DMR) in the adjacent single copy Factor 8 associated gene A (F8a) consistent with differential binding of the master regulator of chromatin conformation factor CTCF. (uconn.edu)
  • Cheng X., Blumenthal R.M., Coordinated chromatin control: structural and functional linkage of DNA and histone methylation. (biologie-journal.org)
  • The most common modification of mammalian DNA is cytosine methylation that is necessary for many regulatory processes. (medscape.com)
  • Methylation of histone H3-K4 triggers activation of the chromatin state into the euchromatin state, while histone H3-K9 methylation evokes a transition of the chromatin state from euchromatin into inactive chromatin (7, 24). (bioxorio.com)
  • During chromatin silencing induced by H3-K9 methylation, HP1 is usually recruited as a component to establish heterochromatin (14, 25). (bioxorio.com)
  • My research aims to understand the causes and consequences of variation in the mechanisms that govern DNA inheritance: chromosome segregation, recombination, and de novo mutation. (jax.org)
  • Uncovering the function of these rapidly evolving superfamily proteins in the transmission of the sex chromosomes will add to the growing evidence for a mammalian sex chromosome conflict model of inheritance involving additional layers of gene regulation. (uconn.edu)
  • Finally, higher-order 3D chromosome folding is also thought to modulate gene expression and might contribute to inheritance 15 . (nature.com)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Gonadal development is a complex process that involves sex determination followed by divergent maturation into either testes or ovaries1. (bvsalud.org)
  • An important point to note here is that certain autosomes do play a role in phenotypic sex determination! (biologyonline.com)
  • The common belief is that they don't have any role to play in sex determination. (biologyonline.com)
  • So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
  • Is Thermal Responsiveness Affected by Maternal Estrogens in Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination? (ooir.org)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lastly, the autosomal disorders, the abnormalities of sex development, and types of virus-induced chromosome alterations are explained to elucidate the pathology of chromosome. (elsevier.com)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recombination and separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in pachytene spermatocytes during meiosis I and results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes. (jci.org)
  • The Synaptonemal Complex Protein 3 (SYCP3), a key component of the synaptonemal complex in mammalian meiosis, has many closely related X-linked homologs on the X chromosome of which the functions are unclear. (uconn.edu)
  • Additionally, this work also aims to provide the groundwork for deletion of XLR3 from meiosis to assess its significance in meiotic drive theory, sex chromosome conflict, and infertility. (uconn.edu)
  • Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intergenerational DNA transmission is shaped by the fundamental processes of chromosome segregation, recombination, and de novo mutation. (jax.org)
  • Centromeres and pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) are highly specialized chromatin domains that are indispensable for proper chromosome segregation. (jax.org)
  • Centromeres provide chromosomal points of attachment to the cellular segregation machinery, linking chromosomes to the proteins that pull them to the cell poles during both somatic and germline cell divisions. (jax.org)
  • The PAR is a region of conserved sequence identity between the X and Y chromosomes over which the meiotic program of pairing, synapsis, and recombination unfolds to ensure correct sex chromosome segregation. (jax.org)
  • Mutations that disrupt centromere integrity or reduce homology between X- and Y-linked PARs can lead to chromosome segregation errors and constitute important genetic mechanisms for cancer, cellular senescence, and infertility. (jax.org)
  • [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Giraldo A.M., Hylan D.A., Ballard C.B., Purpera M.N., Vaught T.D., Lynn J.W., Godke R.A., Bondioli K.R., Effect of epigenetic modifications of donor somatic cells on the subsequent chromatin remodeling of cloned bovine embryos. (biologie-journal.org)
  • These chromosomes exist in pairs in the somatic cells in contrast to their solo presence in germinal or sex cells , i.e. gametes . (biologyonline.com)
  • In the C. elegans germline, reprograming germ cells into somatic cells requires chromatin perturbation. (scite.ai)
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using pulse-chase replication labeling and time-lapse microscopy, we found that the heterochromatic block enriched for macroH2A/H3K27me3 of the X chromosome is replicated during mid-S-phase, prior to the heterochromatic block enriched for H3K9me3/HP1 beta, which is replicated during late S-phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To test whether histone acetylation level regulates its replication dynamics, we induced either global hyperacetylation by pharmacological inhibition or by targeting a histone acetyltransferase to the heterochromatic region of the X chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, we mapped major epigenetic modifications controlling the structure of the sex chromosome-associated heterochromatin and demonstrated the occurrence of differences in the molecular mechanisms controlling the replication timing of the heterochromatic blocks at the sex chromosomes in female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we highlighted a conserved role of histone acetylation level on replication dynamics across mammalian species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Adenot P.G., Mercier Y., Renard J.P., Thompson E.M., Differential H4 acetylation of paternal, maternal chromatin precedes DNA replication, and differential transcriptional activity in pronuclei of 1-cell mouse embryos. (biologie-journal.org)
  • This volume particularly discusses the mammalian chromosomes, the staining techniques, the kinetics of DNA replication in chromosomes, and the difference of meiotic chromosomes from mitotic chromosomes. (elsevier.com)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In mammals, constitutive heterochromatin is mostly arranged at pericentromeric regions of the chromosomes, whereas vole rodents (subfamily Arvicolinae ) are a remarkable exception. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some vole species, a bulk of constitutive heterochromatin is coupled to both sex chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we report evolutionary analyses of single-nucleus transcriptome data for testes from 11 species that cover the three main mammalian lineages (eutherians, marsupials and monotremes) and birds (the evolutionary outgroup), and include seven primates. (bvsalud.org)
  • In both species, we define the somatic cell states present at the time of sex specification, including the bipotent early supporting population that, in males, upregulates the testis-determining factor SRY and sPAX8s, a gonadal lineage located at the gonadal-mesonephric interface. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2019. Comparative Chromosome Mapping of Musk Ox and the X Chromosome among Some Bovidae Species. (farre-evogenomicslab.com)
  • Vertebrate chromosomes are mosaic structures containing large conserved segments that can reside in different linkage groups in different species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the mechanism of meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin, which underlies MSCI, is an ancestral mammalian feature. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, histone variants and histone modifications can influence local chromatin structure, either directly or indirectly. (nature.com)
  • The two major functions of NR coregulators/coregulator complexes are chromatin remodeling (3, 30, 35) and histone modifications (15). (bioxorio.com)
  • Histone modifications define the state of chromatin (32). (bioxorio.com)
  • Nucleosome arrays are rearranged through ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling in response to histone modifications. (bioxorio.com)
  • The roles of each of the histone-modifying enzymes in chromatin remodeling and how the numerous chromatin states impact histone modifications are not Slc2a4 completely understood. (bioxorio.com)
  • Analysis of virus induced structures and cytoskeletal modifications in mammalian host and insect vector using high-resolution live cell imaging and electron microscopy. (psu.edu)
  • Our work offers a comprehensive and high-resolution roadmap for dissecting chromatin state transition dynamics during the epigenomic reprogramming of human and mouse FGCs. (nature.com)
  • Adenot P.G., Szollosi M.S., Geze M., Renard J.P., Debey P., Dynamics of paternal chromatin changes in live one-cell mouse embryo after natural fertilization. (biologie-journal.org)
  • Although the global and thorough DNA demethylation patterns of human FGCs have been revealed, the accompanying chromatin states in human germline remains unexplored. (nature.com)
  • Genetic, epigenetic, and genomic regulation of expression on the mammalian X chromosome. (psu.edu)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • Her subsequent research helped elucidate the genetic control mechanisms of the X chromosome and helped explain why female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders can display mild symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the X chromosomes are hypoacetylated and cytosine hypomethylated, they are either enriched for macroH2A and H3K27me3 typical for facultative heterochromatin or for H3K9me3 and HP1 beta typical for constitutive heterochromatin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the pericentric heterochromatin area or a euchromatic area of chromosome. (bioxorio.com)
  • [9] The term was coined by the German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer , [10] referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . (wikipedia.org)
  • [11] [12] For example, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both ascribe color to a non-colored state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Walter Flemming was at that time the one to introduce the designations "chromatin" and "mitosis" ( Flemming, 1879 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A ) The mammalian testis is composed of seminiferous tubules intertwined so that the "start" and "end" of these tubules are both connected to the rete testis. (jci.org)
  • The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1888, Heinrich W. Waldeyer introduced the name "stained body" as "chromosome" ( Waldeyer, 1888 ) for what Gregor Mendel already postulated as "Kopplungsgruppen", which refers to "linked up groups" in German ( Mendel, 1866 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Chromatin remodeling is important for the epigenetic reprogramming of human primordial germ cells. (nature.com)
  • However, the comprehensive chromatin state has not yet been analyzed for human fetal germ cells (FGCs). (nature.com)
  • Here, we show prominent epigenetic marks of the heterochromatic blocks in the giant sex chromosomes of female Microtus cabrerae cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • Such a CBP corepressor function for AR was observed in the transcriptionally silent promoter of an AR target gene in cultured mammalian cells. (bioxorio.com)
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • To study the function of histone-modifying coregulators in modulation of sex hormone receptor transactivation during the chromatin state transition, we have developed a altered position effect variegation (PEV) experimental system connected with an androgen-dependent reporter transgene (flies by usage of a hereditary approach. (bioxorio.com)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome arms are anchored to the nuclear membrane via discontinuous association with LEM-2. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Comparisons between the genomes of the closely related nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae reveal high rates of rearrangement, with a bias towards within-chromosome events. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diagnostic difficulties arise as these fragments also may come from chromosome 10, as already described. (medscape.com)
  • Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These chromosomes play a pivotal role in various aspects of human development, including metabolic pathways, cellular homeostasis , and genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)