An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564)
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)
Antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.
A biologic alkylating agent that exerts its cytotoxic effects by forming DNA ADDUCTS and DNA interstrand crosslinks, thereby inhibiting rapidly proliferating cells. The hydrochloride is an antineoplastic agent used to treat HODGKIN DISEASE and LYMPHOMA.
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Nitrosourea compounds are a class of alkylating agents used in cancer chemotherapy, which contain a nitro group (NO2) and a urea functional group (R-NH-CO-NH2), known for their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and damage DNA, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.
Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.
A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.
An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.
An enzyme that transfers methyl groups from O(6)-methylguanine, and other methylated moieties of DNA, to a cysteine residue in itself, thus repairing alkylated DNA in a single-step reaction. EC 2.1.1.63.
Period after successful treatment in which there is no appearance of the symptoms or effects of the disease.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
The sudden sensation of being cold. It may be accompanied by SHIVERING.
Organic salts and esters of benzenesulfonic acid.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
6-carbon straight-chain or branched ketones.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
One of the SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the ENDOMETRIUM.
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
Delivery of substances through VENIPUNCTURE into the VEINS.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Compounds that include the amino-N-phenylamide structure.
An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).
Positional isomer of CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They are responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern, on either adenine or cytosine residues, in a specific short base sequence in the host cell's own DNA. This methylated sequence will occur many times in the host-cell DNA and remain intact for the lifetime of the cell. Any DNA from another species which gains entry into a living cell and lacks the characteristic methylation pattern will be recognized by the restriction endonucleases of similar specificity and destroyed by cleavage. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
Experimentally induced tumor that produces MELANIN in animals to provide a model for studying human MELANOMA.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.
Guanine is a purine nucleobase, one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and RNA, involved in forming hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs in double-stranded DNA molecules.
Therapeutic act or process that initiates a response to a complete or partial remission level.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 14C-temozolomide following oral administration to patients with advanced cancer. (1/1313)

The purpose of this study is to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of carbon 14-labeled temozolomide (14C-TMZ) administered p.o. to adult patients with advanced solid malignancies. On day 1 of cycle 1, six patients received a single oral 200-mg dose of 14C-TMZ (70.2 microCi). Whole blood, plasma, urine, and feces were collected from days 1-8 and on day 14 of cycle 1. Total radioactivity was measured in all samples. TMZ, 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC), and 4-amino-5-imidazole-carboxamide (AIC) concentrations were determined in plasma, and urine and plasma samples were profiled for metabolite/degradation products. Maximum TMZ plasma concentrations were achieved between 0.33 to 2 h (mean, 1.2 h), and half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and oral clearance values averaged 1.9 h, 17 liters/m2, and 104 ml/min/m2, respectively. A first-order absorption, one-compartment linear model, which included first-order formation of MTIC from TMZ and elimination of MTIC via degradation to AIC, and a peripheral distribution compartment for AIC, adequately described the plasma TMZ, MTIC, and AIC concentrations. MTIC systemic clearance was estimated to be 5384 ml/min/m2, and the half-life was calculated to be 2.5 min. Metabolite profiles of plasma at 1 and 4 h after treatment showed that 14C-derived radioactivity was primarily associated with TMZ, and a smaller amount was attributed to AIC. Profiles of urine samples from 0-24 h revealed that 14C-TMZ-derived urinary radioactivity was primarily associated with unchanged drug (5.6%), AIC (12%), or 3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4-oxoimidazo[5,1-d]tetrazine-8-carboxyl ic acid (2.3%). The recovered radioactive dose (39%) was principally eliminated in the urine (38%), and a small amount (0.8%) was excreted in the feces. TMZ exhibits rapid oral absorption and high systemic availability. The primary elimination pathway for TMZ is by pH-dependent degradation to MTIC and further degradation to AIC. Incomplete recovery of radioactivity may be explained by the incorporation of AIC into nucleic acids.  (+info)

Interactive effects of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and DNA-dependent protein kinase on cellular responses to DNA damage. (2/1313)

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are activated by DNA strand breaks and participate in DNA repair. We investigated the interactive effects of inhibitors of these enzymes [wortmannin (WM), which inhibits DNA-PK, and 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinazolin-4-one (NU1025), a PARP inhibitor] on cell survival and DNA double-strand break (DSB) and single-strand break (SSB) rejoining in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) or temozolomide. WM (20 microM) or NU1025 (300 microM) potentiated the cytotoxicity of IR with dose enhancement factors at 10% survival (DEF10) values of 4.5 +/- 0.6 and 1.7 +/- 0.2, respectively. When used in combination, a DEF10 of 7.8 +/- 1.5 was obtained. WM or NU1025 potentiated the cytotoxicity of temozolomide, and an additive effect on the DEF10 value was obtained with the combined inhibitors. Using the same inhibitor concentrations, their single and combined effects on DSB and SSB levels following IR were assessed by neutral and alkaline elution. Cells exposed to IR were post-incubated for 30 min to allow repair to occur. WM or NU1025 increased net DSB levels relative to IR alone (DSB levels of 1.29 +/- 0.04 and 1.20 +/- 0.05, respectively, compared with 1.01 +/- 0.03 for IR alone) and the combination had an additive effect. WM had no effect on SSB levels, either alone or in combination with NU1025. SSB levels were increased to 1.27 +/- 0.05 with NU1025 compared with IR alone, 1.02 +/- 0.04. The dose-dependent effects of the inhibitors on DSB levels showed that they were near maximal by 20 microM WM and 300 microM NU1025. DSB repair kinetics were studied. Both inhibitors increased net DSB levels over a 3 h time period; when they were combined, net DSB levels at 3 h were identical to DSB levels immediately post-IR. The combined use of DNA repair inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.  (+info)

Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. (3/1313)

PURPOSE: The combination of chemotherapy with immunotherapeutic agents such as interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b has been reported to provide improved treatment results in patients with metastatic melanoma, compared with the use of chemotherapy alone. We have performed a prospective randomized trial in patients with metastatic melanoma, comparing treatment with chemotherapy to treatment with chemoimmunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred two patients with metastatic melanoma were prospectively randomized to receive chemotherapy composed of tamoxifen, cisplatin, and dacarbazine or this same chemotherapy followed by interferon alfa-2b and interleukin-2. Objective responses, survival, and toxicity in the two groups were evaluated at a median potential follow-up of 42 months. RESULTS: In 52 patients randomized to receive chemotherapy, there were 14 objective responses (27%), including four complete responses. In 50 patients randomized to receive chemoimmunotherapy, there were 22 objective responses (44%) (P2 = .071), including three complete responses. In both treatment groups, the duration of partial responses was often short, and there was a trend toward a survival advantage for patients receiving chemotherapy alone (P2 = .052; median survival of 15.8 months compared with 10.7 months). Treatment-related toxicities were greater in patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy. CONCLUSION: With the treatment regimens used in this study, the addition of immunotherapy to combination chemotherapy increased toxicity but did not increase survival. The use of combination chemoimmunotherapy regimens is not recommended in the absence of well-designed, prospective, randomized protocols showing the benefit of this treatment strategy.  (+info)

Combination of chemotherapy with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. (4/1313)

PURPOSE: The primary objective of this clinical study was to assess the feasibility of administering recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon alfa-2a before and after combination cytotoxic chemotherapy. After encouraging initial responses, the study was expanded to further evaluate the therapeutic potential, clarify the toxicities of this regimen, and explore any associated immunologic changes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients with metastatic melanoma, including patients with brain metastases, were treated on this 6-week protocol. Patients received combination cisplatin (25 mg/m2/d) and dacarbazine (220 mg/m2/d) on days 1 through 3 and 22 through 24 plus carmustine (150 mg/m2) on day 1. Interleukin 2 (13.5 million IU/m2/d) and interferon alfa (6 MU/m2/d) were administered on days 4 through 8 and 17 through 21. RESULTS: Among 83 patients assessable for response, 12 complete and 34 partial responses were documented (55% response rate). The median time to disease progression was 7 months, the median survival from study entry was 12.2 months, and the median survival from diagnosis of metastatic disease was 15.5 months. Although patients were hospitalized to receive treatment, intensive care unit support generally was not needed. Dose-limiting toxicities were related to elevations in serum bilirubin and serum creatinine levels. No patient developed a grade 4 clinical toxicity. Treatment produced a skin depigmentation, which was associated with prolonged survival. CONCLUSION: A plateau in both the survival and time to progression curves beyond 2 years (15% of the patients) and a greater than 10% disease-free survival beyond 4 years indicate that there may be a long-term benefit for some patients. The limited toxicity of this regimen should permit its use in most oncology settings. A randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy versus chemotherapy should be performed to establish the value of chemoimmunotherapy for melanoma.  (+info)

Msh2 status modulates both apoptosis and mutation frequency in the murine small intestine. (5/1313)

Deficiency in genes involved in DNA mismatch repair increases susceptibility to cancer, particularly of the colorectal epithelium. Using Msh2 null mice, we demonstrate that this genetic defect renders normal intestinal epithelial cells susceptible to mutation in vivo at the Dlb-1 locus. Compared with wild-type mice, Msh2-deficient animals had higher basal levels of mutation and were more sensitive to the mutagenic effects of temozolomide. Experiments using Msh2-deficient cells in vitro suggest that an element of this effect is attributable to increased clonogenicity. Indeed, we show that Msh2 plays a role in the in vivo initiation of apoptosis after treatment with temozolomide, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and cisplatin. This was not influenced by the in vivo depletion of O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase after administration of O6-benzylguanine. By analyzing mice mutant for both Msh2 and p53, we found that the Msh2-dependent apoptotic response was primarily mediated through a p53-dependent pathway. Msh2 also was required to signal delayed p53-independent death. Taken together, these studies characterize an in vivo Msh2-dependent apoptotic response to methylating agents and raise the possibility that Msh2 deficiency may predispose to malignancy not only through failed repair of mismatch DNA lesions but also through the failure to engage apoptosis.  (+info)

Treatment of neoplastic meningitis with intrathecal temozolomide. (6/1313)

Neoplastic meningitis (NM) results from leptomeningeal dissemination of cancers arising within the central nervous system or metastasizing to the leptomeninges from systemic neoplasms. The inability to produce therapeutic drug levels intrathecally (i.t.) with systemic administration and the minimal efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents currently available for direct i.t. use limit therapy. Temozolomide [8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4([3H])-one] is a novel methylating agent with proven activity against intraparenchymal malignant gliomas (MGs). Insolubility of the standard formulation prevents its efficacious use as an i.t. agent, however. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed a unique microcrystalline formulation of temozolomide with greatly enhanced solubility. Treatment of athymic rats bearing subarachnoid MER- human MG xenografts with four doses of i.t. microcrystalline temozolomide over a 2-week period produced a 142% increase in median survival at individual doses of 2.2 micromol (P = 0.0073) and a >367% increase in median survival at individual doses of 6.8 micromol (P = 0.0015). At the higher dose tested, three of eight rats treated developed no neurological symptoms and had no evidence of residual tumor on histological examination after treatment. Use of this microcrystalline formulation in athymic rats bearing subarachnoid MER+ human MG xenografts increased median survival >132% (P < 0.0058) at both dose levels tested. Toxicity directly attributable to the i.t. administration of microcrystalline temozolomide was exhibited in the highest dose groups only and was limited to small patchy areas of focal demyelination involving <5% of spinal cord long tracks.  (+info)

DNA repair methyltransferase (Mgmt) knockout mice are sensitive to the lethal effects of chemotherapeutic alkylating agents. (7/1313)

We have generated mice deficient in O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity encoded by the murine Mgmt gene using homologous recombination to delete the region encoding the Mgmt active site cysteine. Tissues from Mgmt null mice displayed very low O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity, suggesting that Mgmt constitutes the major, if not the only, O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase. Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts and bone marrow cells from Mgmt -/- mice were significantly more sensitive to the toxic effects of the chemotherapeutic alkylating agents 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, streptozotocin and temozolomide than those from Mgmt wild-type mice. As expected, Mgmt-deficient fibroblasts and bone marrow cells were not sensitive to UV light or to the crosslinking agent mitomycin C. In addition, the 50% lethal doses for Mgmt -/- mice were 2- to 10-fold lower than those for Mgmt +/+ mice for 1,3-bis(2chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and streptozotocin; similar 50% lethal doses were observed for mitomycin C. Necropsies of both wild-type and Mgmt -/mice following drug treatment revealed histological evidence of significant ablation of hematopoietic tissues, but such ablation occurred at much lower doses for the Mgmt -/- mice. These results demonstrate the critical importance of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase in protecting cells and animals against the toxic effects of alkylating agents used for cancer chemotherapy.  (+info)

A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of temozolomide and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid malignancies. (8/1313)

Temozolomide (TMZ) is an oral imidazotetrazinone that is spontaneously converted to 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC) at physiological pH. MTIC methylates DNA at the O6 position of guanine, although this lesion may be repaired by the enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGAT). In this study, TMZ was combined with cisplatin (CDDP), because both agents have single-agent activity against melanoma and other tumor types. Additionally, CDDP has been shown to inactivate AGAT, and subtherapeutic concentrations of CDDP have been shown to increase the sensitivity of leukemic blasts to TMZ. This Phase I study sought to determine the toxicities, recommended dose, and pharmacological profile of the TMZ/CDDP combination. Patients were treated with oral TMZ daily for 5 consecutive days together with CDDP on day 1 (4 h after TMZ) every 4 weeks at the following TMZ (mg/m2/day)/CDDP (mg/m2) dose levels: 100/75, 150/75, 200/75, and 200/100. Plasma samples were obtained on days 1 and 2 to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of TMZ alone and in combination with CDDP. Fifteen patients received a total of 44 courses of TMZ/CDDP. The principal toxicities of the regimen consisted of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and vomiting, which were intolerable in two of six new patients treated at the 200/100 mg/m2 dose level. Of five patients receiving 17 courses at the next lower dose level (200/75 mg/m2), none experienced dose-limiting toxicity. Antitumor activity was observed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, and leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Pharmacokinetic studies of TMZ revealed the following pertinent parameters (mean +/- SD): time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) = 1.1+/-0.6 h (day 1) and 1.7+/-0.9 h (day 2); elimination half-life (t1/2) = 1.74+/-0.22 h (day 1) and 2.35+/-0.70 h (day 2); and clearance (Cl(s)/F) = 115+/-27 ml/min/m2 (day 1) and 141+/-109 ml/min/m2 (day 2). TMZ drug exposure, described by the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCinfinity) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), was similar on days 1 and 2. On the basis of these results, the recommended doses for Phase II clinical trials are TMZ 200 mg/m2/day for 5 days with 75 mg/m2 CDDP on day 1, every 4 weeks. The addition of CDDP did not affect the tolerable dose of single-agent TMZ (200 mg/m2/day x 5 days), nor did it substantially alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of TMZ.  (+info)

Dacarbazine is a medical term that refers to a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is an alkylating agent, which means it works by modifying the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Dacarbazine is often used to treat malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and soft tissue sarcomas.

The drug is typically administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, and the dosage and schedule may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health and response to treatment. Common side effects of dacarbazine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakness or fatigue. More serious side effects, such as low white blood cell counts, anemia, and liver damage, may also occur.

It is important for patients receiving dacarbazine to follow their doctor's instructions carefully and report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly. Regular monitoring of blood counts and other laboratory tests may be necessary to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Melanoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It typically occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, including the eyes and internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, which can form malignant tumors that invade and destroy surrounding tissue.

Melanoma is often caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, but it can also occur in areas of the body not exposed to the sun. It is more likely to develop in people with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes, but it can affect anyone, regardless of their skin type.

Melanoma can be treated effectively if detected early, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. Treatment options for melanoma include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer. Regular skin examinations and self-checks are recommended to detect any changes or abnormalities in moles or other pigmented lesions that may indicate melanoma.

Vinblastine is an alkaloid derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus) and is primarily used in cancer chemotherapy. It is classified as a vinca alkaloid, along with vincristine, vinorelbine, and others.

Medically, vinblastine is an antimicrotubule agent that binds to tubulin, a protein involved in the formation of microtubules during cell division. By binding to tubulin, vinblastine prevents the assembly of microtubules, which are essential for mitosis (cell division). This leads to the inhibition of cell division and ultimately results in the death of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.

Vinblastine is used to treat various types of cancers, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, breast cancer, and others. It is often administered intravenously in a healthcare setting and may be given as part of a combination chemotherapy regimen with other anticancer drugs.

As with any medication, vinblastine can have side effects, including bone marrow suppression (leading to an increased risk of infection, anemia, and bleeding), neurotoxicity (resulting in peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and jaw pain), nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and mouth sores. Regular monitoring by a healthcare professional is necessary during vinblastine treatment to manage side effects and ensure the safe and effective use of this medication.

Bleomycin is a type of chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, and lymphomas. It works by causing DNA damage in rapidly dividing cells, which can inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.

Bleomycin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces verticillus and is often administered intravenously or intramuscularly. While it can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, it can also have serious side effects, including lung toxicity, which can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure. Therefore, bleomycin should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional who is experienced in administering chemotherapy drugs.

Mechlorethamine is an antineoplastic agent, which means it is used to treat cancer. It is a type of alkylating agent, which is a class of drugs that work by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Mechlorethamine is used in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as some other types of cancer. It can be administered intravenously or topically (as a cream) to treat skin lesions caused by certain types of cancer.

Mechlorethamine is a potent drug that can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection due to suppression of the immune system. It can also cause damage to the heart, lungs, and reproductive system with long-term use. As with all chemotherapy drugs, mechlorethamine should be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Hodgkin disease, also known as Hodgkin lymphoma, is a type of cancer that originates in the white blood cells called lymphocytes. It typically affects the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. The disease is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell, known as a Reed-Sternberg cell, within the affected lymph nodes.

The symptoms of Hodgkin disease may include painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin; fever; night sweats; weight loss; and fatigue. The exact cause of Hodgkin disease is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and infectious factors.

Hodgkin disease is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or immunotherapy, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis for Hodgkin disease is generally very good, with a high cure rate. However, long-term side effects of treatment may include an increased risk of secondary cancers and other health problems.

Antineoplastic agents, alkylating, are a class of chemotherapeutic drugs that work by alkylating (adding alkyl groups) to DNA, which can lead to the death or dysfunction of cancer cells. These agents can form cross-links between strands of DNA, preventing DNA replication and transcription, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Examples of alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and cisplatin. While these drugs are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells, they can also affect normal cells that divide quickly, such as those in the bone marrow and digestive tract, leading to side effects like anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and nausea/vomiting.

Procarbazine is an antineoplastic agent, specifically an alkylating agent, used in the treatment of certain types of cancer such as Hodgkin's lymphoma and brain tumors. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Procarbazine is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to increase its effectiveness.

It is important to note that procarbazine can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weakness. It can also suppress the immune system, increasing the risk of infection. Additionally, it can cause damage to cells outside of the cancerous tissue, which can result in side effects such as hair loss and mouth sores.

Procarbazine is a prescription medication that should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. It is important for patients to follow their doctor's instructions carefully when taking this medication and to report any side effects or concerns promptly.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

Doxorubicin is a type of chemotherapy medication known as an anthracycline. It works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and multiplying. Doxorubicin is used to treat a wide variety of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and many others. It may be given alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

Doxorubicin is usually administered through a vein (intravenously) and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, mouth sores, and increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure in some cases. For this reason, doctors may monitor patients' heart function closely while they are receiving doxorubicin treatment.

It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of doxorubicin therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Vincristine is an antineoplastic agent, specifically a vinca alkaloid. It is derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus). Vincristine binds to tubulin, a protein found in microtubules, and inhibits their polymerization, which results in disruption of mitotic spindles leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is used in the treatment of various types of cancer including leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. Common side effects include peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and alopecia.

Nitrosoureas are a class of chemical compounds that contain a nitroso (--NO) and urea (-NH-CO-NH-) functional group. In the field of medicine, nitrosoureas are primarily used as antineoplastic agents, or drugs designed to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

These compounds work by alkylating and crosslinking DNA, which ultimately leads to the disruption of DNA replication and transcription processes in cancer cells, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Nitrosoureas can also inhibit the activity of certain enzymes involved in DNA repair, further enhancing their cytotoxic effects.

Some common nitrosourea compounds used in clinical settings include:

1. Carmustine (BCNU)
2. Lomustine (CCNU)
3. Semustine (MeCCNU)
4. Fotemustine
5. Streptozocin

These drugs have been used to treat various types of cancer, such as brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. However, their use is often limited by significant side effects, including myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells), nausea, vomiting, and liver toxicity.

Nimustine is a medical term for a specific anti-cancer drug, also known as a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent. Its chemical name is nimustine hydrochloride and it belongs to the class of alkylating agents. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Nimustine is used in the treatment of various types of cancers, including brain tumors and Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The drug is administered intravenously under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. It is important for patients to be closely monitored during treatment with nimustine and to receive appropriate supportive care to manage these side effects.

It's worth noting that the use of nimustine should be based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's medical condition, the type and stage of cancer, and other factors. The decision to use this drug should be made by a qualified healthcare professional in consultation with the patient.

Carmustine is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors, multiple myeloma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It belongs to a class of drugs called alkylating agents, which work by damaging the DNA in cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing.

Carmustine is available as an injectable solution that is administered intravenously (into a vein) or as implantable wafers that are placed directly into the brain during surgery. The drug can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and low blood cell counts, among others. It may also increase the risk of certain infections and bleeding complications.

As with all chemotherapy drugs, carmustine can have serious and potentially life-threatening side effects, and it should only be administered under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. Patients receiving carmustine treatment should be closely monitored for signs of toxicity and other adverse reactions.

Mesna is a medication used in the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic cystitis (inflammation and bleeding of the bladder) caused by certain chemotherapy drugs, specifically ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. Mesna works by neutralizing the toxic metabolites of these chemotherapy agents, which can cause bladder irritation and damage.

Mesna is administered intravenously (into a vein) along with ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide, and it may also be given as a separate infusion after the chemotherapy treatment. The dosage and timing of Mesna administration are determined by the healthcare provider based on the patient's weight, kidney function, and the dose of chemotherapy received.

It is important to note that Mesna does not have any direct anticancer effects and is used solely to manage the side effects of chemotherapy.

Lomustine is a medical term for a specific antineoplastic agent, which is a type of medication used to treat cancer. It's a nitrosourea compound that is classified as an alkylating agent, meaning it works by preventing the reproduction of cancer cells. Lomustine is used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It's usually administered orally in the form of a capsule. As with any medication, it can have side effects, which can include nausea, vomiting, and lowered blood cell counts.

Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a type I interferon, which is a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune response against viral infections. IFN-α has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

IFN-α is produced naturally by various cell types, including leukocytes (white blood cells), fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, in response to viral or bacterial stimulation. It binds to specific receptors on the surface of nearby cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of genes involved in the antiviral response. This results in the production of proteins that inhibit viral replication and promote the presentation of viral antigens to the immune system, enhancing its ability to recognize and eliminate infected cells.

In addition to its role in the immune response, IFN-α has been used as a therapeutic agent for various medical conditions, including certain types of cancer, chronic hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis. However, its use is often limited by side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a type of corticosteroid hormone. It is primarily used to reduce inflammation in various conditions such as asthma, allergies, arthritis, and autoimmune disorders. Prednisone works by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by the adrenal glands, suppressing the immune system's response and reducing the release of substances that cause inflammation.

It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed to be taken at specific times during the day, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of prednisone include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and easy bruising. Long-term use or high doses can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Healthcare providers closely monitor patients taking prednisone for extended periods to minimize the risk of adverse effects. It is essential to follow the prescribed dosage regimen and not discontinue the medication abruptly without medical supervision, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a rebound of the underlying condition.

Disease-free survival (DFS) is a term used in medical research and clinical practice, particularly in the field of oncology. It refers to the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer during which no evidence of the disease can be found. This means that the patient shows no signs or symptoms of the cancer, and any imaging studies or other tests do not reveal any tumors or other indications of the disease.

DFS is often used as an important endpoint in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for cancer. By measuring the length of time until the cancer recurs or a new cancer develops, researchers can get a better sense of how well a particular treatment is working and whether it is improving patient outcomes.

It's important to note that DFS is not the same as overall survival (OS), which refers to the length of time from primary treatment until death from any cause. While DFS can provide valuable information about the effectiveness of cancer treatments, it does not necessarily reflect the impact of those treatments on patients' overall survival.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancers, including testicular, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, lung, and cervical cancers. It is an inorganic platinum compound that contains a central platinum atom surrounded by two chloride atoms and two ammonia molecules in a cis configuration.

Cisplatin works by forming crosslinks between DNA strands, which disrupts the structure of DNA and prevents cancer cells from replicating. This ultimately leads to cell death and slows down or stops the growth of tumors. However, cisplatin can also cause damage to normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and kidney damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor patients closely during treatment and manage any adverse effects promptly.

"Chills" is a medical term that refers to the sensation of shivering or feeling cold despite being in a warm environment. It is often accompanied by goosebumps on the skin and can be a symptom of various medical conditions, such as infections, hypothermia, or certain medications. During chills, the muscles involuntarily contract and relax rapidly to produce heat, causing the body temperature to rise in an attempt to fight off infection or illness. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing persistent or severe chills, especially when accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, cough, or chest pain.

Benzenesulfonates are organic compounds that contain a benzene ring substituted with a sulfonate group. In chemistry, a sulfonate group is a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom connected to three oxygen atoms (-SO3). Benzenesulfonates are often used as detergents, emulsifiers, and phase transfer catalysts in various chemical reactions. They can also be found in some pharmaceuticals and dyes.

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis of time to event data. It is used to estimate the time it takes for a certain event of interest to occur, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure. The event of interest is called the "failure" event, and survival analysis estimates the probability of not experiencing the failure event until a certain point in time, also known as the "survival" probability.

Survival analysis can provide important information about the effectiveness of treatments, the prognosis of patients, and the identification of risk factors associated with the event of interest. It can handle censored data, which is common in medical research where some participants may drop out or be lost to follow-up before the event of interest occurs.

Survival analysis typically involves estimating the survival function, which describes the probability of surviving beyond a certain time point, as well as hazard functions, which describe the instantaneous rate of failure at a given time point. Other important concepts in survival analysis include median survival times, restricted mean survival times, and various statistical tests to compare survival curves between groups.

Hexanone is not a medical term, but a chemical one. It refers to a class of organic compounds known as ketones, which contain a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) and six carbon atoms (hence "hexa-").

In the context of medical toxicology, hexanone exposure can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Hexanones are found in some industrial solvents, cleaning agents, and glues. Exposure to high levels of hexanones can cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, neurological damage.

However, it's important to note that specific medical conditions or diseases are not associated with 'hexanones'. If you have any concerns about exposure to this chemical or any other potential toxins, please consult a healthcare professional for advice.

Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.

Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.

It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.

Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) medication that is primarily used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. It works by blocking the action of estrogen in the body, particularly in breast tissue. This can help to stop or slow the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors.

Tamoxifen has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in both men and women. It is often used as a part of adjuvant therapy, which is treatment given after surgery to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Tamoxifen may also be used to treat metastatic breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

Common side effects of tamoxifen include hot flashes, vaginal discharge, and changes in mood or vision. Less commonly, tamoxifen can increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, and endometrial cancer (cancer of the lining of the uterus). However, for many women with breast cancer, the benefits of taking tamoxifen outweigh the risks.

It's important to note that while tamoxifen can be an effective treatment option for some types of breast cancer, it is not appropriate for all patients. A healthcare professional will consider a variety of factors when determining whether tamoxifen is the right choice for an individual patient.

Neoplasm metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary site (where the original or primary tumor formed) to other places in the body. This happens when cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The cancer cells can then travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors, called secondary tumors or metastases.

Metastasis is a key feature of malignant neoplasms (cancers), and it is one of the main ways that cancer can cause harm in the body. The metastatic tumors may continue to grow and may cause damage to the organs and tissues where they are located. They can also release additional cancer cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to further spread of the cancer.

The metastatic tumors are named based on the location where they are found, as well as the type of primary cancer. For example, if a patient has a primary lung cancer that has metastasized to the liver, the metastatic tumor would be called a liver metastasis from lung cancer.

It is important to note that the presence of metastases can significantly affect a person's prognosis and treatment options. In general, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat than cancer that has not spread beyond its original site. However, there are many factors that can influence a person's prognosis and response to treatment, so it is important for each individual to discuss their specific situation with their healthcare team.

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from certain types of connective tissue (such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or nerves) found throughout the body. It can occur in any part of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen.

Sarcomas are classified into two main groups: bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Bone sarcomas develop in the bones, while soft tissue sarcomas develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

Sarcomas can be further classified into many subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the type of tissue they originate from, their genetic makeup, and their appearance under a microscope. The different subtypes of sarcoma have varying symptoms, prognoses, and treatment options.

Overall, sarcomas are relatively rare cancers, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. However, they can be aggressive and may require intensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Intravenous (IV) administration is a medical procedure where medication or fluids are delivered directly into a vein. This method allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the substance throughout the body. It is commonly used to provide immediate treatment in emergency situations, administer medications that cannot be given by other routes, or deliver fluids and electrolytes when someone is dehydrated.

To perform an IV administration, a healthcare professional first prepares the necessary equipment, including a sterile needle or catheter, syringe, and the medication or fluid to be administered. The site of insertion is typically on the back of the hand, inner elbow, or forearm, where veins are more visible and accessible. After cleaning and disinfecting the skin, the healthcare professional inserts the needle or catheter into the vein, securing it in place with tape or a dressing. The medication or fluid is then slowly injected or infused through the IV line.

Possible risks associated with IV administration include infection, infiltration (when the fluid leaks into surrounding tissue instead of the vein), extravasation (when the medication leaks out of the vein and causes tissue damage), and phlebitis (inflammation of the vein). Proper technique and monitoring during and after IV administration can help minimize these risks.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. This helps to stop the spread of cancer in the body. Cyclophosphamide is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer. It can be given orally as a tablet or intravenously as an injection.

Cyclophosphamide can also have immunosuppressive effects, which means it can suppress the activity of the immune system. This makes it useful in treating certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. However, this immunosuppression can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects.

Like all chemotherapy medications, cyclophosphamide can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. It is important for patients receiving cyclophosphamide to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage these side effects and ensure the medication is working effectively.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Phenylurea compounds are a class of chemical compounds that contain a phenyl group (a functional group consisting of a six-membered aromatic ring with a hydrogen atom and a single bond to a carbon atom or other group) linked to a urea moiety. Urea is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl functional group connected to two amine groups.

Phenylurea compounds are commonly used as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides in agriculture due to their ability to inhibit certain enzymes and disrupt plant growth processes. Some examples of phenylurea compounds include chlorotoluron, diuron, linuron, and monuron.

It is important to note that some phenylurea compounds have been found to be toxic to non-target organisms, including mammals, birds, and fish, and can pose environmental risks if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow the recommended guidelines for their use and disposal to minimize potential health and ecological impacts.

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 (niacin). It is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in energy production and DNA repair in the body. Niacinamide can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, and cereal grains.

As a medical definition, niacinamide is a nutritional supplement and medication used to prevent or treat pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. It can also be used to improve skin conditions such as acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation, and has been studied for its potential benefits in treating diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.

Niacinamide works by acting as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme involved in many cellular processes such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, and gene expression. Niacinamide has anti-inflammatory properties and can help regulate the immune system, making it useful for treating inflammatory skin conditions.

It is important to note that niacinamide should not be confused with niacin (also known as nicotinic acid), which is another form of vitamin B3 that has different effects on the body. Niacin can cause flushing and other side effects at higher doses, while niacinamide does not have these effects.

Etoposide is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer, testicular cancer, and certain types of leukemia. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which is involved in DNA replication and transcription. By doing so, etoposide can interfere with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells.

Etoposide is often administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, although it may also be given orally in some cases. The medication can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It can also have more serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, bleeding, and a weakened immune system.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, etoposide is not without risks and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with their doctor before starting treatment.

Vindesine is a type of chemotherapy medication known as a vinca alkaloid. It is derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant and works by interfering with the formation of microtubules, which are necessary for cell division. This causes the cancer cells to stop growing and dividing, ultimately leading to their death.

Vindesine is used to treat several types of cancer, including lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and certain types of leukemia. It may be given alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. The medication is typically administered intravenously (through an IV) in a healthcare setting.

Like all chemotherapy drugs, vindesine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and increased risk of infection. It may also cause peripheral neuropathy, which is damage to the nerves that can result in numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet. Vindesine can also affect blood cell production, leading to anemia, bleeding, or bruising.

It's important for patients receiving vindesine to be closely monitored by their healthcare team to manage any side effects and adjust the dosage as needed.

Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent, which is a type of chemotherapy medication. It works by interfering with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Ifosfamide is used to treat various types of cancers, such as testicular cancer, small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and certain types of sarcomas.

The medical definition of Ifosfamide is:

Ifosfamide is a synthetic antineoplastic agent, an oxazaphosphorine derivative, with the chemical formula C6H15Cl2N2O2P. It is used in the treatment of various malignancies, including germ cell tumors, sarcomas, lymphomas, and testicular cancer. The drug is administered intravenously and exerts its cytotoxic effects through the alkylation and cross-linking of DNA, leading to the inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. Ifosfamide can cause significant myelosuppression and has been associated with urotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and secondary malignancies. Therefore, it is essential to monitor patients closely during treatment and manage any adverse effects promptly.

DNA modification methylases are a type of enzyme that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups (-CH3) to specific nucleotides in DNA, usually cytosine or adenine residues. This process is known as DNA methylation and is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression, genome stability, and other cellular processes.

There are several types of DNA modification methylases, including:

1. Cytosine-5 methyltransferases (CNMTs or DNMTs): These enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon atom of cytosine residues in DNA, forming 5-methylcytosine (5mC). This is the most common type of DNA methylation and plays a crucial role in gene silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and genomic imprinting.
2. N6-adenine methyltransferases (MTases): These enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to the sixth nitrogen atom of adenine residues in DNA, forming N6-methyladenine (6mA). This type of DNA methylation is less common than 5mC but has been found to be involved in various cellular processes, such as transcriptional regulation and DNA repair.
3. GpC methyltransferases: These enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to the second carbon atom of guanine residues in DNA, forming N4-methylcytosine (4mC). This type of DNA methylation is relatively rare and has been found mainly in prokaryotic genomes.

Dysregulation of DNA modification methylases has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunological diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Medical survival rate is a statistical measure used to determine the percentage of patients who are still alive for a specific period of time after their diagnosis or treatment for a certain condition or disease. It is often expressed as a five-year survival rate, which refers to the proportion of people who are alive five years after their diagnosis. Survival rates can be affected by many factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age and overall health, the effectiveness of treatment, and other health conditions that the patient may have. It is important to note that survival rates are statistical estimates and do not necessarily predict an individual patient's prognosis.

I cannot provide a specific medical definition for "Melanoma, Experimental," as it is not a standardized medical term. However, I can give you information about melanoma and experimental treatments related to this disease.

Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes. It usually occurs in the skin but can rarely occur in other parts of the body, such as the eyes or internal organs. Melanoma is characterized by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of melanocytes, forming malignant tumors.

Experimental treatments for melanoma refer to novel therapeutic strategies that are currently being researched and tested in clinical trials. These experimental treatments may include:

1. Targeted therapies: Drugs that target specific genetic mutations or molecular pathways involved in melanoma growth and progression. Examples include BRAF and MEK inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and trametinib.
2. Immunotherapies: Treatments designed to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. These may include checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab), adoptive cell therapies (e.g., CAR T-cell therapy), and therapeutic vaccines.
3. Oncolytic viruses: Genetically modified viruses that can selectively infect and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an example of an oncolytic virus approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma.
4. Combination therapies: The use of multiple experimental treatments in combination to improve efficacy and reduce the risk of resistance. For instance, combining targeted therapies with immunotherapies or different types of immunotherapies.
5. Personalized medicine approaches: Using genetic testing and biomarker analysis to identify the most effective treatment for an individual patient based on their specific tumor characteristics.

It is essential to consult with healthcare professionals and refer to clinical trial databases, such as ClinicalTrials.gov, for up-to-date information on experimental treatments for melanoma.

The Kaplan-Meier estimate is a statistical method used to calculate the survival probability over time in a population. It is commonly used in medical research to analyze time-to-event data, such as the time until a patient experiences a specific event like disease progression or death. The Kaplan-Meier estimate takes into account censored data, which occurs when some individuals are lost to follow-up before experiencing the event of interest.

The method involves constructing a survival curve that shows the proportion of subjects still surviving at different time points. At each time point, the survival probability is calculated as the product of the conditional probabilities of surviving from one time point to the next. The Kaplan-Meier estimate provides an unbiased and consistent estimator of the survival function, even when censoring is present.

In summary, the Kaplan-Meier estimate is a crucial tool in medical research for analyzing time-to-event data and estimating survival probabilities over time while accounting for censored observations.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a type of cytokine, which are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Specifically, IL-2 is a growth factor for T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune response. It is primarily produced by CD4+ T cells (also known as T helper cells) and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of activated T cells, including effector T cells and regulatory T cells. IL-2 also has roles in the activation and function of other immune cells, such as B cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Dysregulation of IL-2 production or signaling can contribute to various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and cancer.

Guanine is not a medical term per se, but it is a biological molecule that plays a crucial role in the body. Guanine is one of the four nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, along with adenine, cytosine, and thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA). Specifically, guanine pairs with cytosine via hydrogen bonds to form a base pair.

Guanine is a purine derivative, which means it has a double-ring structure. It is formed through the synthesis of simpler molecules in the body and is an essential component of genetic material. Guanine's chemical formula is C5H5N5O.

While guanine itself is not a medical term, abnormalities or mutations in genes that contain guanine nucleotides can lead to various medical conditions, including genetic disorders and cancer.

Remission induction is a treatment approach in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology and hematology. It refers to the initial phase of therapy aimed at reducing or eliminating the signs and symptoms of active disease, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. The primary goal of remission induction is to achieve a complete response (disappearance of all detectable signs of the disease) or a partial response (a decrease in the measurable extent of the disease). This phase of treatment is often intensive and may involve the use of multiple drugs or therapies, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. After remission induction, patients may receive additional treatments to maintain the remission and prevent relapse, known as consolidation or maintenance therapy.

Disease progression is the worsening or advancement of a medical condition over time. It refers to the natural course of a disease, including its development, the severity of symptoms and complications, and the impact on the patient's overall health and quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for developing appropriate treatment plans, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting outcomes.

The rate of disease progression can vary widely depending on the type of medical condition, individual patient factors, and the effectiveness of treatment. Some diseases may progress rapidly over a short period of time, while others may progress more slowly over many years. In some cases, disease progression may be slowed or even halted with appropriate medical interventions, while in other cases, the progression may be inevitable and irreversible.

In clinical practice, healthcare providers closely monitor disease progression through regular assessments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. This information is used to guide treatment decisions and adjust care plans as needed to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare type of tumor that develops in the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. These tumors produce excessive amounts of hormones called catecholamines, including adrenaline and noradrenaline. This can lead to a variety of symptoms such as high blood pressure, sweating, headaches, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety.

Pheochromocytomas are typically slow-growing and can be benign or malignant (cancerous). While the exact cause of these tumors is not always known, some genetic factors have been identified that may increase a person's risk. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with medications to manage symptoms and control blood pressure before and after surgery.

... is in the alkylating agent and purine analog families of medication. Dacarbazine was approved for medical use in ... It reacts with dimethylamine to give dacarbazine. In 1959, dacarbazine was first synthesized at Southern Research in Alabama. ... "Comparison of the efficacy of two different dosage dacarbazine-based regimens and two regimens without dacarbazine in ... Dacarbazine gained FDA approval in May 1975 as DTIC-Dome. The drug was initially marketed by Bayer. There are generic versions ...
"Dacarbazine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 8 ...
... plus dacarbazine or cisplatin; cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, plus dacarbazine; high dose methotrexate; or etoposide, ...
Tetrazines include dacarbazine, mitozolomide and temozolomide. Aziridines include thiotepa, mytomycin and diaziquone (AZQ). ...
"Trabectedin Superior to Dacarbazine for Leiomyosarcoma, Liposarcoma". Cancer Network. 21 September 2015. Archived from the ... after a phase III study comparing trabectedin with dacarbazine), the US FDA approved trabectedin (Yondelis) for the treatment ...
Bleomycin Vinblastine Dacarbazine (similar to procarbazine, designated as P in MOPP and in COPP) As of 2007, ABVD is widely ... dacarbazine regimen?". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22 (8): 1532-3. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.99.010. PMID 15084636. van Leeuwen FE ... vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in the adult human ovary". Human Reproduction. 32 (1): 165-174. doi:10.1093/ ... ". "56-Advanced stage ABVD (DOXOrubicin bleomycin vinBLASTine dacarbazine) , eviQ". DeVita VT, Simon RM, Hubbard SM, Young RC, ...
Chemotherapy drugs such as Dacarbazine have been the backbone of metastatic melanoma treatment since FDA approval in 1975; ... In June 2011, a clinical trial of ipilimumab plus dacarbazine combined this immune system booster with the standard ... June 2011). "Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. ...
... dacarbazine, mitozolomide, temozolomide) from the nonclassical category. However, other sources list dacarbazine as ...
October 2008). "Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine: ... and dacarbazine, collectively known as CVD. Response to therapy is measured by a reduction in total tumor volume as well as ... and dacarbazine". Annals of Internal Medicine. 109 (4): 267-73. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-4-267. PMID 3395037. Huang H, Abraham ... and dacarbazine chemotherapy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 94 (8): 2850-6. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2697. ...
Medications such as dacarbazine, pregnancy, trauma or recent abdominal surgery are other causes. People who have paroxysmal ...
... a Novel Drug with Potential as an Alternative to Dacarbazine". Cancer Research. 47 (22): 5846-5852. PMID 3664486. Hickman, John ...
Gershanovich ML, Akimov MA (2004). "[Chemoimmunotherapy with dacarbazine and aranose combined with interferon-alpha in ... together with dacarbazine and interferon-alpha in combination chemotherapy. During preclinical trials it also shown some ...
A study has shown that fotemustine produces improved response rates and but does not increase survival (over dacarbazine in the ... "Fotemustine Compared With Dacarbazine in Patients With Disseminated Malignant Melanoma: A Phase III Study". Journal of Clinical ...
... is contraindicated in people with hypersensitivity to it or to the similar drug dacarbazine. The most common side ... MTIC, the active metabolite AIC (part of the naturally occurring AICA ribonucleotide) The related drug dacarbazine for ...
Dacarbazine, temozolomide, and cisplatin all have a reproducible 10-20% response rate in metastatic melanoma.[citation needed ...
... dacarbazine, methotrexate, amiodarone, etc.) Viral hepatitis Fatty liver disease Veno-occlusive disease Posthepatic causes ...
... dacarbazine) with or without Genasense. The initial size of this trial was expanded to enable a direct comparison of safety and ... Plus Dacarbazine in Patients With Advanced Melanoma: The Oblimersen Melanoma Study Group". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (29 ...
Study Comparing the Efficacy of MEK162 Versus Dacarbazine in Unresectable or Metastatic NRAS Mutation-positive Melanoma ...
... works, in part, as an alkylating agent and methylates guanine at the O-6 position (much like dacarbazine also does ...
... which compared tebentafusp with investigator's choice of either dacarbazine, pembrolizumab or ipilimumab. Patients lived a ...
A phase III trial (vs dacarbazine) in patients with previously untreated metastatic melanoma showed an improved rates of ...
... or dacarbazine [DTIC]) in patients with advanced melanoma". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (15_suppl): LBA9011. doi:10.1200/ ...
In female human cancer patients that were treated with ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) led to an ...
... and/or dacarbazine. Nonetheless, studies suggest that radiotherapy should only be administered in cases where surgery is ...
April 2013). "Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a ...
"Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II ...
In the 152-patient trial, a combination of selumetinib and dacarbazine failed to improve progression-free survival compared ...
"Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II ...
"Study Comparing the Efficacy of MEK162 Versus Dacarbazine in Unresectable or Metastatic NRAS Mutation-positive Melanoma" at ... binimetinib had a median progression-free survival of 2.8 months versus 1.5 months for those on the standard dacarbazine ...
Treatment is by chemotherapy with streptozocin, dacarbazine, doxorubicin or by 'watchful waiting' and surgical debulking via ...
Dacarbazine is in the alkylating agent and purine analog families of medication. Dacarbazine was approved for medical use in ... It reacts with dimethylamine to give dacarbazine. In 1959, dacarbazine was first synthesized at Southern Research in Alabama. ... "Comparison of the efficacy of two different dosage dacarbazine-based regimens and two regimens without dacarbazine in ... Dacarbazine gained FDA approval in May 1975 as DTIC-Dome. The drug was initially marketed by Bayer. There are generic versions ...
Dacarb information about active ingredients, pharmaceutical forms and doses by Eurofarma Laboratorios, Dacarb indications, usages and related health products lists
... dacarbazine), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation schedules, ... dacarbazine intravenous DACARBAZINE - INJECTION (duh-KAR-buh-zeen) COMMON BRAND NAME(S): DTIC-Dome WARNING: This medication may ... encoded search term (dacarbazine (DTIC Dome)) and dacarbazine (DTIC Dome) What to Read Next on Medscape ... USES: Dacarbazine is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as skin cancer and Hodgkins disease. It is a cancer ...
Medical information for Dacarbazine on Pediatric Oncall including Mechanism, Indication, Contraindications, Dosing, Adverse ... Dacarbazine. Synonym : DIC. Mechanism : Dacarbazine is an anti-cancer agent, which acts by different mechanisms i.e. inhibition ... Phenytoin, Phenobarbitone: May induce dacarbazine metabolism.. Renal Dose : Dose in Renal Impairment GFR (mL/min). 45-60. 80% ... Dacarbazine is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated a hypersensitivity to it in the past and in patients with ...
The process has also been applied to prepare the antineoplastic agents mitozolomide and dacarbazine. We also report isolation ... Protected diazonium salts: A continuous-flow preparation of triazenes including the anticancer compounds dacarbazine and ... A continuous-flow preparation of triazenes including the anticancer compounds dacarbazine and mitozolomide. Journal of Flow ...
Dacarbazine-Doxorubicin therapy ameliorated an extremely aggressive mesenteric desmoid tumor associated with familial ... Dacarbazine-Doxorubicin therapy ameliorated an extremely aggressive mesenteric desmoid tumor associated with familial ...
... when compared with dacarbazine in women with advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma, according to a subgroup analysis of the phase III ... Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to 1.5 mg/m2 of trabectedin (n = 345) or 1.0 g/m2 of dacarbazine (n = 173) once every 3 ... Trabectedin was administered through a catheter as an IV infusion over 24 hours and patients received dacarbazine as a 20- to ... Patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma who received trabectedin had a median PFS of 4.0 months versus 1.5 months with dacarbazine ...
dacarbazine answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... "Dacarbazine." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Nursing Central, nursing.unboundmedicine.com/ ... nursingcentral/view/Tabers-Dictionary/770618/all/dacarbazine. Dacarbazine. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. ... Dacarbazine [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 November 28]. ...
Indlægssedler for Dacarbazine "Lipomed". Dacarbazine "Lipomed" Lipomed GmbH pulver til infusionsvæske, opløsning 500 mg ...
Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 30. 364(26):2517-26. [QxMD ... Interferon and the chemotherapy agents dacarbazine, cisplatin, and vinblastine are approved by the US Food and Drug ... Although the mechanism of action for dacarbazine is unknown, possible actions include alkylating agent, purine metabolite, or ... Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant ...
Dacarbazine 500mg is used in the treatment of cancers of the lymphatic system and malignant melanoma (a type of skin cancer). ... How Dacarbazine 500mg is Used?. Dacarbazine 500mg is given as an injection into a vein by the healthcare professional, but ... What is Dacarbazine 500mg?. Dacarbazine 500mg is used in the treatment of cancers of the lymphatic system and malignant ...
All dacarbazine plane appropriate regional reperfusion well-tolerated. ... Re: All dacarbazine plane appropriate regional reperfusion well-tolerated. « Reply #1 on: 10 October 2023, 03:05:26 » ... All dacarbazine plane appropriate regional reperfusion well-tolerated. « on: 01 December 2022, 01:32:49 » ... Author Topic: All dacarbazine plane appropriate regional reperfusion well-tolerated. (Read 6 times) ...
Get More Detail For DACARBAZINE 500MG INJECTION based in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. ... Manufacturer wide range of Pharmaceutical Products like DACARBAZINE 500MG INJECTION with reasonable price offered by OCEAN ... USES: DACARBAZINE 500MG INJECTION is used to treat melanoma (a type of skin cancer) that has spread to other parts of your body ...
Find Dacarex : Dacarbazine 500 mg Injection mrp, uses, side-effects, precautions, reviews, substitutes @Drugssquare, Speciality ... Dacarbazine 500 mg Injection online and generic alternatives at lowest price from India. ... Dacarex : Dacarbazine 500 mg Injection $123.00. $90.00. Brand Name : Dacarex. Composition : Dacarbazine Manufactured by : Alkem ... Be the first to review "Dacarex : Dacarbazine 500 mg Injection" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. ...
... decarbazine) chemotherapy works, side effects, interactions and precautions. Get free tools to track your health. ... Dacarbazine is used to treat melanoma (a type of skin cancer) that has spread to other parts of your body. Dacarbazine is also ... When dacarbazine is used to treat melanoma, it may be injected once a day for 10 days in a row every 4 weeks or it may be ... When dacarbazine is used to treat Hodgkins lymphoma is may be injected once a day for 5 days in a row every 4 weeks or it may ...
chemotherapy drugs for treating melanoma are dacarbazine and temozolomide. Doctors may use these drugs on their own or combined ...
Phase 3 trial of eribulin versus dacarbazine in leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. 10th July 2015 Oncology ... versus dacarbazine for the treatment of patients with advanced liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma. ...
Dacarbazine. Neither mentioned nor prohibited. Mitomycin. Neither mentioned nor prohibited. Carmustine. Not prohibited; IV drip ...
Nivolumab Associated With Better QoL Than Dacarbazine for Patients with Advanced Melanoma Jonathan Goodman, MPhil ... Nivolumab improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with advanced melanoma, in contrast to dacarbazine, ... The authors concluded that HRQoL of patients with advanced melanoma is superior when nivolumab, rather than dacarbazine, is ... Close more info about Nivolumab Associated With Better QoL Than Dacarbazine for Patients with Advanced Melanoma ...
dacarbazine. *ifosfamide. *doxorubicin In each group you have all the chemotherapy as a drip into a vein through a central line ...
Halaven group (range 221-222) and dacarbazine group (range 214-215).. † Laboratory results were graded per NCI CTCAE v4.03.. ... Patients were randomized to HALAVEN 1.4 mg/m2 administered intravenously on Days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle or to dacarbazine at ... A total of 446 patients were randomized, 225 to the HALAVEN arm and 221 to the dacarbazine arm. The median age was 56 years ( ... A total of 223 patients received HALAVEN and 221 patients received dacarbazine. Patients were required to have received at ...
... plus dacarbazine (850 mg/m2) or placebo plus dacarbazine (850 mg/m2) at weeks 1, 4, 7, and 10 followed by dacarbazine alone ... Dacarbazine. Dacarbazine was approved in 1970 on the basis of overall response rates. Phase III trials indicated an overall ... A randomized trial compared IV dacarbazine with temozolomide, an oral agent; OS was 6.4 months for dacarbazine versus 7.7 ... and a dacarbazine-matched placebo (every 3 weeks) or dacarbazine (1,000 mg/m2 every 3 weeks with a nivolumab-matched placebo ...
Dacarbazine / analogs & derivatives* * Dacarbazine / therapeutic use * Disease Progression * Female * Follow-Up Studies ...
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above. ...
Detailed drug Information for Bacillus of calmette and guerin vaccine, live (Intradermal). Includes common brand names, drug descriptions, warnings, side effects and dosing information.
Dacarbazine / administration & dosage * Dacarbazine / analogs & derivatives* * Drug Administration Schedule * Female * Follow- ...
Eribulin superior to dacarbazine in advanced liposarcoma Author:. Roxanne Nelson Publish date: September 15, 2017 ... Overall survival with eribulin was 15.6 versus 8.4 months with dacarbazine in a phase 3 randomized trial of 452 patients with ...
METHODS: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model was used in this study to evaluate the outcome of dacarbazine (DTIC) ... Weight control interventions improve therapeutic efficacy of dacarbazine in melanoma by reversing obesity-induced drug ...
buy Brand DTIC-DOME / Generic DACARBAZINE 100 mg , 200 mg , 500 mg , 1000 mg Injection Vials online @ AFFORDABLE LOWEST COST ... Tags : dacarbazine brand name, dtic chemotherapy, dacarbazine price, dacarbazine chemotherapy, dacarbazine cost , ... dacarbazine brand name - dtic chemotherapy - dacarbazine price - dacarbazine chemotherapy - dacarbazine cost This ... HOW TO TAKE - Dacarbazine Dtic-Dome Pills Uses What are the Brand Dtic-Dome / Generic Dacarbazine drug / pills uses? It is ...
  • Dacarbazine, also known as imidazole carboxamide and sold under the brand name DTIC-Dome, is a chemotherapy medication used in the treatment of melanoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of mid-2006, dacarbazine is commonly used as a single agent in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and as part of the ABVD chemotherapy regimen to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, and in the MAID regimen for sarcoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like many chemotherapy drugs, dacarbazine may have numerous serious side effects, because it interferes with normal cell growth as well as cancer cell growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The open-label, multicenter, phase III SAR-3007 trial compared trabectedin with dacarbazine in 518 patients with advanced liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma who previously received an anthracycline-containing regimen followed by at least one additional line of chemotherapy. (targetedonc.com)
  • Efficacy and safety of trabectedin or dacarbazine for the treatment of patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma after prior chemotherapy: a subgroup analysis of the randomized phase 3 SAR-3007 study. (targetedonc.com)
  • Interferon and the chemotherapy agents dacarbazine, cisplatin, and vinblastine are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as adjuvant therapy in melanoma. (medscape.com)
  • Dacarbazine injection must be given in a hospital or medical facility under the supervision of a doctor who is experienced in giving chemotherapy medications for cancer. (navigatingcare.com)
  • Liver damage may occur more often in people that are receiving other cancer chemotherapy drugs along with dacarbazine treatment. (navigatingcare.com)
  • The approval was based on recently published clinical efficacy and safety data from the Phase 3, randomized, open-label, controlled study (ET743-SAR-3007), which evaluated YONDELIS versus the chemotherapy agent dacarbazine, in patients with unresectable or metastatic LPS or LMS previously treated with an anthracycline and at least one additional chemotherapy regimen. (prnewswire.com)
  • Our previous research demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of sulindac against melanoma cells is comparable to dacarbazine, the drug used in chemotherapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dacarbazine 500mg is used in the treatment of cancers of the lymphatic system and malignant melanoma (a type of skin cancer). (mcareexports.com)
  • DACARBAZINE 500MG INJECTION is used to treat melanoma (a type of skin cancer) that has spread to other parts of your body. (oceanpharmaproducts.com)
  • Dacarbazine is used to treat melanoma (a type of skin cancer) that has spread to other parts of your body. (navigatingcare.com)
  • When dacarbazine is used to treat melanoma, it may be injected once a day for 10 days in a row every 4 weeks or it may be injected once a day for 5 days in a row every 3 weeks. (navigatingcare.com)
  • Nivolumab improves HRQoL of patients with advanced melanoma, in contrast to dacarbazine. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Nivolumab improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with advanced melanoma , in contrast to dacarbazine, according to a study published in the Annals of Oncology . (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • The authors evaluated the HRQoL of patients enrolled to CheckMate 066, a phase 3 study that contrasted the efficacy of nivolumab with that of dacarbazine, for patients with untreated, unresectable, or metastatic melanoma. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • The authors concluded that HRQoL of patients with advanced melanoma is superior when nivolumab, rather than dacarbazine, is administered. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Weight control interventions improve therapeutic efficacy of dacarbazine in melanoma by reversing obesity-induced drug resistance. (sciencecentral.in)
  • METHODS: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model was used in this study to evaluate the outcome of dacarbazine (DTIC) therapy in melanoma. (sciencecentral.in)
  • Dacarbazine-Doxorubicin therapy ameliorated an extremely aggressive mesenteric desmoid tumor associated with familial adenomatous polyposis: report of a case. (dtrf.org)
  • What is Dacarbazine 500mg? (mcareexports.com)
  • How Dacarbazine 500mg is Used? (mcareexports.com)
  • Dacarbazine 500mg is given as an injection into a vein by the healthcare professional, but better if injected at the same time every day. (mcareexports.com)
  • Dacarbazine was proven to be just as efficacious as procarbazine, another drug with similar chemistry, in the German trial for paediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma, without the teratogenic effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dacarbazine is in the alkylating agent and purine analog families of medication. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dacarbazine is an anti-cancer agent, which acts by different mechanisms i.e. inhibition of DNA synthesis by acting as a purine analog, action as an alkylating agent and interaction with SH groups. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • The process has also been applied to prepare the antineoplastic agents mitozolomide and dacarbazine. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • Generic DACARBAZINE / Brand DTIC-DOME 100 mg Injection Vial is used to treat Blood Cancer / Leukemia. (911globalmeds.com)
  • Patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma who received trabectedin had a median PFS of 4.0 months versus 1.5 months with dacarbazine, almost identical to previously reported results in the overall study population of patients with leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. (targetedonc.com)
  • Overall survival with eribulin was 15.6 versus 8.4 months with dacarbazine in a phase 3 randomized trial of 452 patients with advanced liposarcoma. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Dacarbazine injection has caused birth defects in animals. (navigatingcare.com)
  • This medication has not been studied in pregnant women, but it is possible that it may also cause birth defects in babies whose mothers received dacarbazine injection during pregnancy. (navigatingcare.com)
  • You should not use dacarbazine injection while you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant unless your doctor decides that this is the best treatment for your condition. (navigatingcare.com)
  • Talk to your doctor about the risks of using dacarbazine injection. (navigatingcare.com)
  • Dacarbazine injection comes as a powder to be mixed with liquid to be injected intravenously (into a vein) over 1 minute or infused intravenously over 15 to 30 minutes by a doctor or nurse in a medical facility. (navigatingcare.com)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dacarbazine, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in dacarbazine injection. (navigatingcare.com)
  • Dacarbazine is activated by liver microsomal enzymes to monomethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (MTIC), which is an alkylating compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Trabectedin (Yondelis) improved progression-free survival (PFS) when compared with dacarbazine in women with advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma, according to a subgroup analysis of the phase III SAR-3007 trial. (targetedonc.com)
  • Dacarbazine gained FDA approval in May 1975 as DTIC-Dome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Throughout study treatment, 65% of patients receiving dacarbazine and 70% of patients receiving nivolumab completed quality of life questionnaires. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • HRQoL of patients in the nivolumab group deteriorated later than HRQoL of those who received dacarbazine. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to 1.5 mg/m2 of trabectedin (n = 345) or 1.0 g/m2 of dacarbazine (n = 173) once every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. (targetedonc.com)
  • Trabectedin was administered through a catheter as an IV infusion over 24 hours and patients received dacarbazine as a 20- to 120-minute infusion. (targetedonc.com)
  • Median time to response was similar, 3.22 months with trabectedin and 2.79 months with dacarbazine. (targetedonc.com)
  • However, the differences did not translate into less treatment, as 39% of patients in the trabectedin group completed 6 cycles of therapy as compared with 18% of patients in the dacarbazine arm. (targetedonc.com)
  • Dacarbazine is considered to be highly emetogenic, and most patients will be pre-medicated with dexamethasone and antiemetic drugs like 5-HT3 antagonist (e.g., ondansetron) and/or NK1 receptor antagonist (e.g., aprepitant). (wikipedia.org)
  • palifermin increases toxicity of dacarbazine by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
  • Although the mechanism of action for dacarbazine is unknown, possible actions include alkylating agent, purine metabolite, or interaction with sulfhydryl groups. (medscape.com)
  • Dacarbazine is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated a hypersensitivity to it in the past and in patients with hepatic and/or renal insufficiency. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • givosiran will increase the level or effect of dacarbazine by affecting hepatic enzyme CYP1A2 metabolism. (medscape.com)
  • Phenytoin, Phenobarbitone: May induce dacarbazine metabolism. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate Dacarbazine (5-(3, 3-dimethyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)- 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide implants using hydrophilic polymers. (ijisrt.com)
  • The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has sent out a black box warning and suggests avoiding dacarbazine due to liver problems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dacarbazine may cause serious or life-threatening liver damage. (navigatingcare.com)
  • dacarbazine decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, adjuvanted by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • Live vaccines: As dacarbazine may impair the immunological responses, administration of live vaccine may lead to the development of a generalized vaccinia. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • There are generic versions of dacarbazine available from APP, Bedford, Mayne Pharma (Hospira) and Teva. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similar results were observed for dacarbazine. (bvsalud.org)