An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.
A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.
Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.
Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.
Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.
A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2.
A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
Pyrazines are heterocyclic organic compounds containing a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions, often responsible for the characteristic flavors and aromas found in various foods, beverages, and some biological systems, but they do not have a direct medical definition as they are not a drug, treatment, or a significant component of human physiology or pathology.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.
Protein of the annexin family exhibiting lipid interaction and steroid-inducibility.
Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-TYROSINE and 2-oxoglutarate to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and L-GLUTAMATE. It is a pyridoxal-phosphate protein. L-PHENYLALANINE is hydroxylated to L-tyrosine. The mitochondrial enzyme may be identical with ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASES (EC 2.6.1.1.). Deficiency of this enzyme may cause type II Tyrosinemia (see TYROSINEMIAS). EC 2.6.1.5.
Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Specific receptors for glucocorticoid in the cytoplasm of the liver of AH 130 tumor-bearing rats. (1/8350)

Specific receptors for dexamethasone (11beta, 17alpha, 21-trihydroxy-9alpha-fluoro-16alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione) in the cytoplasm of the liver from AH 130 (solid type) tumor-bearing rats markedly increased in the advanced stage of tumor growth. The cytoplasmic receptors of the livers of normal and tumor-bearing rats differed in their affinities for dexamethasone, and their apparent equilibrium (dissociation) constants (K) for dexamethasone were 4.0 and 2.6 X 10(-9) M, respectively. The rates of dissociation of dexamethasone-receptor complexes and the heat denaturations of the receptors in the livers of normal and tumor-bearing rats were similar. The glucocorticoid receptors of tumor-bearing rat liver had slightly higher affinities than did those of normal liver for all the steroids tested. Only a trace amount of receptors for dexamethasone could be detected in the cytoplasm of AH 130 ascites cells.  (+info)

The effects of glucocorticoids and progesterone on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. (2/8350)

Glucocorticoids, at physiological concentration, inhibit cell division and thymidine incorporation in three lines of human breast cancer maintained in long-term tissue culture. At steroid concentrations sufficient to inhibit thymidine incorporation 50%, little or no effect is seen on protein synthesis 48 hr after hormone addition. All three of these lines are shown to have glucocorticoid receptors demonstrable by competitive protein binding assays. Receptors are extensively characterized in one line by sucrose density gradient analysis and binding specificity studies. Good correlation between receptor-binding specificity and biological activity is found except for progesterone, which binds to glucocorticoid receptor but is noninhibitory. Cross-competition and quantification studies demonstrate a separate receptor for progesterone. This receptor has limited binding specificities restricted largely to progestational agents, whereas the glucocorticoid receptor bound both glucocorticoids and progesterone. Two other human breast cancer lines neither contain glucocorticoid receptor nor are inhibited by glucocorticoids. It is concluded that in some cases glucocorticoids can directly limit growth in human breast cancer in vitro without requiring alterations in other trophic hormones.  (+info)

Effect of hepatocarcinogens on the binding of glucocorticoid-receptor complex in rat liver nuclei. (3/8350)

The effects of a number of carcinogens and hepatotoxins on the binding kinetics of the interactions of glucocorticoidcytosol receptor complex with nuclear acceptor sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent sites in rat liver were investigated. Both the apparent concentration of nuclear binding sites and the Kd were significantly diminished following treatment of rats with sublethal doses of the carcinogens aflatoxin B1, diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, thioacetamide, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and 3-methylcholanthrene. Treatment with actinomycin D resulted in a slight reduction in the apparent concentration of nuclear acceptor sites but had no effect on the nuclear binding Kd. The hepatotoxic but noncarcinogenic analgesic, acetaminophen, as well as the weakly toxic aflatoxin B1 cognate, aflatoxin B2, were without effect on the kinetics or binding capacity of glucocorticoid-nuclear acceptor site interaction. These experiments suggest that chemically induced alteration of functional glucocorticoid binding sites on chromatin may be involved in the biochemical effects produced in liver by carcinogens of several chemical types. This experimental model may provide a useful approach for further elucidation of early events in carcinogenesis.  (+info)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (4/8350)

BACKGROUND: The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its function seems to depend on the cell type and inducing signal. In T cells, JNK has been implicated in both antigen-induced activation and apoptosis. RESULTS: We generated mice lacking the JNK2 isozymes. The mutant mice were healthy and fertile but defective in peripheral T-cell activation induced by antibody to the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex - proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were reduced. The proliferation defect was restored by exogenous IL-2. B-cell activation was normal in the absence of JNK2. Activation-induced peripheral T-cell apoptosis was comparable between mutant and wild-type mice, but immature (CD4(+) CD8(+)) thymocytes lacking JNK2 were resistant to apoptosis induced by administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. The lack of JNK2 also resulted in partial resistance of thymocytes to anti-CD3 antibody in vitro, but had little or no effect on apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, dexamethasone or ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. CONCLUSIONS: JNK2 is essential for efficient activation of peripheral T cells but not B cells. Peripheral T-cell activation is probably required indirectly for induction of thymocyte apoptosis resulting from administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. JNK2 functions in a cell-type-specific and stimulus-dependent manner, being required for apoptosis of immature thymocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody but not for apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, UVC or dexamethasone. JNK2 is not required for activation-induced cell death of mature T cells.  (+info)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (5/8350)

The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids.  (+info)

Production of prostaglandin f2alpha and its metabolite by endometrium and yolk sac placenta in late gestation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus Eugenii. (6/8350)

In this study, we investigated production of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha and its metabolite, PGFM, by uterine tissues from tammar wallabies in late pregnancy. Endometrial explants were prepared from gravid and nongravid uteri of tammars between Day 18 of gestation (primitive streak) and Day 26.5 (term) and were incubated in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with glutamine and antibiotics for 20 h. PGF2alpha and PGFM in the medium were assayed by specific, validated RIAs. Control tissues (leg muscle) did not produce detectable amounts of either PG. Both gravid and nongravid endometria secreted PGF2alpha, and production increased significantly in both gravid and nongravid uteri towards term. PGFM was produced in small amounts by both gravid and nongravid uteri, and the rate of production did not increase. Neither oxytocin nor dexamethasone stimulated PG production in vitro in any tissue at any stage. Thus, the surge in peripheral plasma PGFM levels seen at parturition may arise from increased uterine PG production, but further study is needed to define what triggers this release.  (+info)

Glucocorticoid down-regulation of fascin protein expression is required for the steroid-induced formation of tight junctions and cell-cell interactions in rat mammary epithelial tumor cells. (7/8350)

Glucocorticoid hormones, which are physiological regulators of mammary epithelium development, induce the formation of tight junctions in rat Con8 mammary epithelial tumor cells. We have discovered that, as part of this process, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone strongly and reversibly down-regulated the expression of fascin, an actin-bundling protein that also interacts with the adherens junction component beta-catenin. Ectopic constitutive expression of full-length mouse fascin containing a Myc epitope tag (Myc-fascin) in Con8 cells inhibited the dexamethasone stimulation of transepithelial electrical resistance, disrupted the induced localization of the tight junction protein occludin and the adherens junction protein beta-catenin to the cell periphery, and prevented the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Ectopic expression of either the carboxyl-terminal 213 amino acids of fascin, which includes the actin and beta-catenin-binding sites, or the amino-terminal 313 amino acids of fascin failed to disrupt the glucocorticoid induction of tight junction formation. Mammary tumor cells expressing the full-length Myc-fascin remained generally glucocorticoid responsive and displayed no changes in the levels or protein-protein interactions of junctional proteins or the amount of cytoskeletal associated actin filaments. However, a cell aggregation assay demonstrated that the expression of Myc-fascin abrogated the dexamethasone induction of cell-cell adhesion. Our results implicate the down-regulation of fascin as a key intermediate step that directly links glucocorticoid receptor signaling to the coordinate control of junctional complex formation and cell-cell interactions in mammary tumor epithelial cells.  (+info)

Role of dexamethasone dosage in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists for prophylaxis of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. (8/8350)

Dexamethasone (20 mg) or its equivalent in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists appears to be the gold-standard dose for antiemetic prophylaxis. Additional to concerns about the use of corticosteroids with respect to enhanced tumour growth or impaired killing of the tumour cells, there is evidence that high-dosage dexamethasone impairs the control of delayed nausea and emesis, whereas lower doses appear more beneficial. To come closer to the most adequate dose, we started a prospective, single-blind, randomized trial investigating additional dosage of 8 or 20 mg dexamethasone to tropisetron (Navoban), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in cis-platinum-containing chemotherapy. After an interim analysis of 121 courses of chemotherapy in 69 patients, we have been unable to detect major differences between both treatment alternatives. High-dose dexamethasone (20 mg) had no advantage over medium-dose dexamethasone with respect to objective and subjective parameters of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting. In relation to concerns about the use of corticosteroids in non-haematological cancer chemotherapy, we suggest that 8 mg or its equivalent should be used in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists until further research proves otherwise.  (+info)

Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication, which is a synthetic version of a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system in a variety of medical conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain skin conditions.

Dexamethasone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, which triggers a range of anti-inflammatory effects. These include reducing the production of chemicals that cause inflammation, suppressing the activity of immune cells, and stabilizing cell membranes.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, dexamethasone can also be used to treat other medical conditions, such as certain types of cancer, brain swelling, and adrenal insufficiency. It is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, liquids, creams, and injectable solutions.

Like all medications, dexamethasone can have side effects, particularly if used for long periods of time or at high doses. These may include mood changes, increased appetite, weight gain, acne, thinning skin, easy bruising, and an increased risk of infections. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking dexamethasone to minimize the risk of side effects.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal gland, or can be synthetically manufactured. They play an essential role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and have significant anti-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids suppress immune responses and inflammation by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from various cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. They are frequently used in medical treatment for a wide range of conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders, and certain cancers. Prolonged use or high doses of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, such as weight gain, mood changes, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Anti-inflammatory agents are a class of drugs or substances that reduce inflammation in the body. They work by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are released during an immune response and contribute to symptoms like pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.

There are two main types of anti-inflammatory agents: steroidal and nonsteroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) include corticosteroids, which mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a larger group that includes both prescription and over-the-counter medications, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While both types of anti-inflammatory agents can be effective in reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms, they differ in their mechanisms of action, side effects, and potential risks. Long-term use of NSAIDs, for example, can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney damage, and cardiovascular events. Corticosteroids can have significant side effects as well, particularly with long-term use, including weight gain, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections.

It's important to use anti-inflammatory agents only as directed by a healthcare provider, and to be aware of potential risks and interactions with other medications or health conditions.

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are a type of nuclear receptor proteins found inside cells that bind to glucocorticoids, a class of steroid hormones. These receptors play an essential role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response.

When a glucocorticoid hormone such as cortisol binds to the GR, it undergoes a conformational change that allows it to translocate into the nucleus of the cell. Once inside the nucleus, the GR acts as a transcription factor, binding to specific DNA sequences called glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) located in the promoter regions of target genes. The binding of the GR to the GRE can either activate or repress gene transcription, depending on the context and the presence of co-regulatory proteins.

Glucocorticoids have diverse effects on the body, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. They are commonly used in clinical settings to treat a variety of conditions such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, long-term use of glucocorticoids can lead to several side effects, including osteoporosis, weight gain, and increased risk of infections, due to the widespread effects of these hormones on multiple organ systems.

Antiemetics are a class of medications that are used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking or reducing the activity of dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters in the brain that can trigger these symptoms. Antiemetics can be prescribed for a variety of conditions, including motion sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pregnancy-related morning sickness. Some common examples of antiemetic medications include ondansetron (Zofran), promethazine (Phenergan), and metoclopramide (Reglan).

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used in the medical termination of pregnancy (also known as medication abortion or RU-486). It works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Mifepristone is often used in combination with misoprostol to cause uterine contractions and expel the products of conception from the uterus.

It's also known as an antiprogestin or progesterone receptor modulator, which means it can bind to progesterone receptors in the body and block their activity. In addition to its use in pregnancy termination, mifepristone has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-dependent cancers.

It is important to note that Mifepristone should be administered under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional and it is not available over the counter. Also, it has some contraindications and potential side effects, so it's essential to have a consultation with a doctor before taking this medication.

Vomiting is defined in medical terms as the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a violent, involuntary act that is usually accompanied by strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and retching. The body's vomiting reflex is typically triggered when the brain receives signals from the digestive system that something is amiss.

There are many potential causes of vomiting, including gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and certain medications or medical conditions. In some cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain injury, concussion, or chemical imbalance in the body.

Vomiting is generally not considered a serious medical emergency on its own, but it can lead to dehydration and other complications if left untreated. If vomiting persists for an extended period of time, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

Thalidomide is a pharmaceutical drug that was initially developed and marketed as a sedative and treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. However, it was later found to cause severe birth defects when given during pregnancy, particularly damage to the limbs, ears, and eyes of the developing fetus. As a result, thalidomide was banned in many countries in the 1960s.

In recent years, thalidomide has been reintroduced as a treatment for certain medical conditions, including multiple myeloma (a type of cancer that affects plasma cells) and leprosy. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.

Thalidomide works by suppressing the immune system and inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). However, its use is tightly regulated due to its teratogenic effects, meaning it can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should not take thalidomide, and healthcare providers must follow strict guidelines when prescribing the drug to ensure that it is used safely and effectively.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Ondansetron is a medication that is primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It is a selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors, which are found in the brain and gut and play a role in triggering the vomiting reflex. By blocking these receptors, ondansetron helps to reduce the frequency and severity of nausea and vomiting.

The drug is available in various forms, including tablets, oral solution, and injection, and is typically administered 30 minutes before chemotherapy or surgery, and then every 8 to 12 hours as needed. Common side effects of ondansetron include headache, constipation, and diarrhea.

It's important to note that ondansetron should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and its use may be contraindicated in certain individuals, such as those with a history of allergic reactions to the drug or who have certain heart conditions.

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells help your body fight infection by producing antibodies. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than producing useful antibodies, the cancer cells produce abnormal proteins that can cause complications such as kidney damage, bone pain and fractures.

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer called a plasma cell neoplasm. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which there is an overproduction of a single clone of plasma cells. In multiple myeloma, this results in the crowding out of normal plasma cells, red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to many of the complications associated with the disease.

The abnormal proteins produced by the cancer cells can also cause damage to organs and tissues in the body. These abnormal proteins can be detected in the blood or urine and are often used to monitor the progression of multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer, but it is the second most common blood cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It typically occurs in people over the age of 65, and men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women. While there is no cure for multiple myeloma, treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation can help manage the disease and its symptoms, and improve quality of life.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Adrenalectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both adrenal glands are removed. The adrenal glands are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline (epinephrine).

There are several reasons why an adrenalectomy may be necessary. For example, the procedure may be performed to treat tumors or growths on the adrenal glands, such as pheochromocytomas, which can cause high blood pressure and other symptoms. Adrenalectomy may also be recommended for patients with Cushing's syndrome, a condition in which the body is exposed to too much cortisol, or for those with adrenal cancer.

During an adrenalectomy, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen or back and removes the affected gland or glands. In some cases, laparoscopic surgery may be used, which involves making several small incisions and using specialized instruments to remove the gland. After the procedure, patients may need to take hormone replacement therapy to compensate for the loss of adrenal gland function.

Granisetron is a medication that is primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs known as serotonin antagonists, which work by blocking the action of serotonin, a chemical in the brain that can trigger nausea and vomiting.

Granisetron is available in several forms, including oral tablets, oral solution, and injectable solutions. It is usually taken or administered about an hour before chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or shortly before surgery. The medication may also be given as needed to manage nausea and vomiting that occur after these treatments.

Common side effects of granisetron include headache, constipation, dizziness, and tiredness. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as irregular heartbeat, seizures, or allergic reactions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and inform your healthcare provider if you experience any unusual symptoms while taking granisetron.

Nausea is a subjective, unpleasant sensation of discomfort in the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract that may precede vomiting. It's often described as a feeling of queasiness or the need to vomit. Nausea can be caused by various factors, including motion sickness, pregnancy, gastrointestinal disorders, infections, certain medications, and emotional stress. While nausea is not a disease itself, it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition that requires attention and treatment.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's stress response and has significant effects on various physiological processes.

The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex, where it binds to specific receptors and initiates a series of biochemical reactions leading to the production and release of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).

Cortisol is involved in various metabolic processes, such as regulating blood sugar levels, modulating the immune response, and helping the body respond to stress. Aldosterone plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

ACTH release is controlled by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain, which produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, which in turn triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This complex feedback system helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that appropriate amounts of cortisol are released in response to various physiological and psychological stressors.

Disorders related to ACTH can lead to hormonal imbalances, resulting in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (excessive cortisol production) or Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol production). Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve assessing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and addressing any underlying issues affecting ACTH secretion.

Boronic acids are organic compounds that contain a boron atom bonded to two carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a boronic acid is RB(OH)2, where R represents a organic group. Boronic acids are important reagents in organic synthesis and have been used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. They can also form stable complexes with many diols and phenols, which is the basis for their use in the detection and quantification of sugars, as well as in the design of boronic acid-based drugs that target diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.

The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)

Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pyrazines" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Pyrazines are actually a class of organic compounds that contain a ring made up of two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are found in various foods and contribute to their flavors. If you have any questions about organic chemistry or food science, I'd be happy to try to help!

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Enzyme induction is a process by which the activity or expression of an enzyme is increased in response to some stimulus, such as a drug, hormone, or other environmental factor. This can occur through several mechanisms, including increasing the transcription of the enzyme's gene, stabilizing the mRNA that encodes the enzyme, or increasing the translation of the mRNA into protein.

In some cases, enzyme induction can be a beneficial process, such as when it helps the body to metabolize and clear drugs more quickly. However, in other cases, enzyme induction can have negative consequences, such as when it leads to the increased metabolism of important endogenous compounds or the activation of harmful procarcinogens.

Enzyme induction is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology, as it can affect the efficacy and safety of drugs and other xenobiotics. It is also relevant to the study of drug interactions, as the induction of one enzyme by a drug can lead to altered metabolism and effects of another drug that is metabolized by the same enzyme.

Annexin A1 is a protein that belongs to the annexin family, which are calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. This protein is found in various tissues, including the human body, and has multiple functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and pro-resolving activities. It plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes like apoptosis (programmed cell death), membrane organization, and signal transduction.

Annexin A1 is also known to interact with other proteins and receptors, such as the formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), which contributes to its immunomodulatory functions. In addition, it has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases.

Modulating Annexin A1 levels or activity may provide therapeutic benefits for various medical conditions; however, further research is required to fully understand its potential as a drug target.

Cycloheximide is an antibiotic that is primarily used in laboratory settings to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It is derived from the actinobacteria species Streptomyces griseus. In medical terms, it is not used as a therapeutic drug in humans due to its significant side effects, including liver toxicity and potential neurotoxicity. However, it remains a valuable tool in research for studying protein function and cellular processes.

The antibiotic works by binding to the 60S subunit of the ribosome, thereby preventing the transfer RNA (tRNA) from delivering amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation. This inhibition of protein synthesis can be lethal to cells, making cycloheximide a useful tool in studying cellular responses to protein depletion or misregulation.

In summary, while cycloheximide has significant research applications due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, it is not used as a therapeutic drug in humans because of its toxic side effects.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications following surgical procedures. It is defined as nausea, vomiting, or both that occurs within the first 24 hours after surgery. PONV can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, wound dehiscence, and impaired patient satisfaction. Risk factors for PONV include female gender, non-smoking status, history of motion sickness or PONV, use of opioids, and longer duration of surgery. Preventive measures and treatments include antiemetic medications, fluid therapy, and acupuncture or acupressure.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. This can happen due to various reasons such as taking high doses of corticosteroid medications or tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

The symptoms of Cushing syndrome may include:

* Obesity, particularly around the trunk and upper body
* Thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and purple or red stretch marks on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and arms
* Weakened bones, leading to fractures
* High blood pressure
* High blood sugar
* Mental changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability
* Increased fatigue and weakness
* Menstrual irregularities in women
* Decreased fertility in men

Cushing syndrome can be diagnosed through various tests, including urine and blood tests to measure cortisol levels, saliva tests, and imaging tests to locate any tumors. Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or adjusting medication dosages.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Hormone antagonists are substances or drugs that block the action of hormones by binding to their receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the hormones from exerting their effects. They can be classified into two types: receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Receptor antagonists bind directly to hormone receptors and prevent the hormone from binding, while enzyme inhibitors block the production or breakdown of hormones by inhibiting specific enzymes involved in their metabolism. Hormone antagonists are used in the treatment of various medical conditions, such as cancer, hormonal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.

The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).

It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Steroid receptors are a type of nuclear receptor protein that are activated by the binding of steroid hormones or related molecules. These receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including development, homeostasis, and metabolism. Steroid receptors function as transcription factors, regulating gene expression when activated by their respective ligands.

There are several subtypes of steroid receptors, classified based on the specific steroid hormones they bind to:

1. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR): Binds to glucocorticoids, which regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR): Binds to mineralocorticoids, which regulate electrolyte and fluid balance.
3. Androgen receptor (AR): Binds to androgens, which are male sex hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics.
4. Estrogen receptor (ER): Binds to estrogens, which are female sex hormones that play a role in the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics.
5. Progesterone receptor (PR): Binds to progesterone, which is a female sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
6. Vitamin D receptor (VDR): Binds to vitamin D, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism.

Upon ligand binding, steroid receptors undergo conformational changes that allow them to dimerize, interact with co-regulatory proteins, and bind to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HREs) in the promoter regions of target genes. This interaction leads to the recruitment of transcriptional machinery, ultimately resulting in the modulation of gene expression. Dysregulation of steroid receptor signaling has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and inflammatory conditions.

Tyrosine transaminase, also known as tyrosine aminotransferase or TAT, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from tyrosine to a ketoacid, such as alpha-ketoglutarate, resulting in the formation of a new amino acid, glutamate, and a ketone derivative of tyrosine.

Tyrosine transaminase is primarily found in the liver and its activity can be used as a biomarker for liver function. Increased levels of this enzyme in the blood may indicate liver damage or disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. Therefore, measuring tyrosine transaminase activity is often part of routine liver function tests.

Croup is a common respiratory condition that mainly affects young children. It is characterized by a harsh, barking cough and difficulty breathing, which can sometimes be accompanied by stridor (a high-pitched, wheezing sound that occurs when breathing in). Croup is typically caused by a viral infection that leads to inflammation of the upper airway, including the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe).

The medical definition of croup is:

* Acute laryngotracheitis or laryngotracheobronchitis
* Inflammation of the larynx and trachea, often with involvement of the bronchi
* Characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and hoarseness
* Most commonly caused by viral infections, such as parainfluenza virus
* Typically affects children between 6 months and 3 years of age.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

Corticosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland in many animals, including humans. It is a type of glucocorticoid steroid hormone that plays an important role in the body's response to stress, immune function, metabolism, and regulation of inflammation. Corticosterone helps to regulate the balance of sodium and potassium in the body and also plays a role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. It is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in rodents, while cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid hormone in humans and other primates.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a type of cytokine, which are proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling. Specifically, IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the body. It is produced by various cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, in response to infection or injury.

IL-1 exists in two forms, IL-1α and IL-1β, which have similar biological activities but are encoded by different genes. Both forms of IL-1 bind to the same receptor, IL-1R, and activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the production of other cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory mediators.

IL-1 has a wide range of biological effects, including fever induction, activation of immune cells, regulation of hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells), and modulation of bone metabolism. Dysregulation of IL-1 production or activity has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, IL-1 is an important target for the development of therapies aimed at modulating the immune response and reducing inflammation.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Betamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication that is used to treat various medical conditions. It works by reducing inflammation and suppressing the activity of the immune system. Betamethasone is available in several forms, including creams, ointments, lotions, gels, solutions, tablets, and injectable preparations.

The medical definition of betamethasone is:

A synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and vasoconstrictive properties. It is used to treat a variety of conditions such as skin disorders, allergies, asthma, arthritis, and autoimmune diseases. Betamethasone is available in various formulations including topical (creams, ointments, lotions, gels), oral (tablets), and injectable preparations. It acts by binding to specific receptors in cells, which leads to the inhibition of the production of inflammatory mediators and the suppression of immune responses.

It is important to note that betamethasone should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have significant side effects if not used properly.

Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.

The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.

The effects of dexamethasone are frequently seen within a day and last for about three days. The long-term use of dexamethasone ... Dexamethasone suppression test "Dexamethasone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. ... "Dexamethasone". 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020. "Dexamethasone in COVID-19 ... Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone was first synthesized in 1957 by Philip ...
... is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester. Morton IK, Hall JM (1999). " ... "Dexamethasone acefurate". Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents : Properties and Synonyms. Dordrecht: Springer ...
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"Dexamethasone". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013. Caldato MC, Fernandes VT, Kater ... Compared to hydrocortisone, prednisolone is about 4 times as potent and dexamethasone about 40 times as potent in terms of anti ...
... or dexamethasone. Rapid injection of one of these drugs may stop a severe allergic reaction. Multiple sclerosis patients may ...
... and that dexamethasone and ondansetron (a commonly used combination) are two of the most effective anti-emetics for PONV. The ... Medications include dexamethasone. Butyrophenones are typically administered as a single injection at the end of surgery. ... ondansetron or dexamethasone) or other drugs including tropisetron, dolasetron, cyclizine, and granisetron. Droperidol may ...
Clobetasol propionate Dexamethasone "Desoximetasone Topical". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Topicort general ...
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"Dexamethasone Uses, Dosage & Side Effects". "Ampicillin Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Munoz, P.; Sainz, J.; Rodriguez- ... Earlier studies suggest that dexamethasone improved the outcome of adults with pneumococcal meningitis. In a specific case ... study, a patient who had symptoms of a fever and headache was treated with cefotaxime, ampicillin, and dexamethasone and had to ...
"Tobradex- tobramycin and dexamethasone ointment". DailyMed. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020. "Tobradex- tobramycin ... Eye drops and ointments (tobramycin only, Tobrex, or combined with dexamethasone, sold as Tobradex) and nebulised formulations ... and dexamethasone suspension/ drops". DailyMed. 9 September 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2020. "Tobramycin- tobramycin sulfate ...
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Dexamethasone is the corticosteroid of choice. Although neurological symptoms may improve within 24 to 72 hours of starting ...
The Japanese Health Ministry approved the use of dexamethasone to treat moderate or advanced cases of COVID-19, after trials ... Wong, Jacqueline (22 July 2020). "Japan approves dexamethasone as coronavirus treatment". Reuters. Archived from the original ...
GILZ can be induced by Dexamethasone. It prevents Raf-1 activation, which inhibits phosphorylation and activation of ERK. Many ...
In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal ... "Trichlormethiazide and Dexamethasone for veterinary use". Wedgewood Pharmacy. Retrieved 2008-01-24. GB 949373, "Benzthiadiazine ...
September 1997). "Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials ... de Gans J, van de Beek D (November 2002). "Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis". The New England Journal of ... Additional treatment with corticosteroids (usually dexamethasone) has shown some benefits, such as a reduction of hearing loss ... Professional guidelines therefore recommend the commencement of dexamethasone or a similar corticosteroid just before the first ...
Dreger, A; Feder, E.K.; Tamar-Mattis, A (Jul 2012). "Prenatal Dexamethasone for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: An Ethics ... ". "Medical Ethics: Prenatal Dexamethasone Use Questioned". Time. 18 June 2010. Slate "If Your Baby Girl Might Be Born With a ...
De Kloet ER (October 1997). "Why Dexamethasone Poorly Penetrates in Brain". Stress. 2 (1): 13-20. doi:10.3109/10253899709014734 ... and dexamethasone, among others. α-Methylserotonin - a serotonin receptor agonist Alvimopan - a μ-opioid receptor antagonist ... a non-sedating antihistamine Dexamethasone - a glucocorticoid with some peripheral selectivity Digoxin - a cardiac glycoside ...
"Q&A: Dexamethasone and COVID-19". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 ... As of November 2020 use of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone had been strongly recommended in those severe cases treated in ... As of February 2021, in the European Union, the use of dexamethasone and remdesivir were authorized. Despite being ... As of November 2022, there was moderate-certainty evidence suggesting that dexamethasone, and systemic corticosteroids in ...
Intravitreal injection of Dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex; 700,350 μg) is being studied, its effect may last for 180 days. The ... December 2011). "Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein ...
Common corticosteroids include dexamethasone and betamethasone. Dexamethasone is often recommend over the latter due to its ... Liggins found that dexamethasone caused pregnant sheep to deliver their fetuses prematurely, however, despite the fact that the ... December 2020). "Antenatal Dexamethasone for Early Preterm Birth in Low-Resource Countries". The New England Journal of ... "Dexamethasone versus betamethasone as an antenatal corticosteroid (ACS)" (PDF). UN Commission / Born Too Soon Care Antenatal ...
"Welcoming early results on use of dexamethasone in sickest COVID-19 patients, WHO warns it's 'no cure-all'". UN News. 17 June ... The World Health Organization welcomed early results on use of dexamethasone in sickest COVID-19 patients, while warning it's ' ... Mukherjee, Promit (23 June 2020). "S. Africa's Aspen says it has capacity to meet demand for dexamethasone". Reuters. Archived ... Roberts, Michelle (16 June 2020). "Coronavirus: Dexamethasone proves first life-saving drug". BBC. Archived from the original ...
In November 2016, the FDA approved daratumumab in combination with lenalidomide or bortezomib and dexamethasone for the ... August 2016). "Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (8): ... October 2016). "Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 ( ... as well as with bortezomib and dexamethasone.[needs update] In November 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ...
Anías-Calderón, José; Verdugo-Díaz, Leticia; Drucker-Colín, René (2004). "Adrenalectomy and dexamethasone replacement on ...
"Dokter Reisa: Dexamethasone Bukan Penangkal COVID-19". Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management and COVID-19 Response ...
Pullulan-dexamethasone bioconjugates have been created which also exhibit self-assembling nanoparticles that have an ... Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on this bioconjugate system and revealed that dexamethasone was released in the vitreous ... The study synthesized self-assembling pullulan nanoparticles with dexamethasone attached through hydrazone bonds. This study ... Further studies have investigated the creation and efficacy of pullulan-dexamethasone bioconjugates for intravitreal injections ...
Symonds, C. P.; Harris, PW; Lessof, MH; Lyne, C (1943). "Singledose dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing's Syndrome". BMJ ...
The effects of dexamethasone are frequently seen within a day and last for about three days. The long-term use of dexamethasone ... Dexamethasone suppression test "Dexamethasone Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. ... "Dexamethasone". 17 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020. "Dexamethasone in COVID-19 ... Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. Dexamethasone was first synthesized in 1957 by Philip ...
Dexamethasone: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking dexamethasone,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dexamethasone, aspirin, tartrazine (a ... Dexamethasone may cause an upset stomach. Take dexamethasone with food or milk. ... If you take dexamethasone once a day, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the ...
Dexamethasone Ophthalmic: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before using dexamethasone eyedrops or eye ointment,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dexamethasone, ... Dexamethasone may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: *changes in ... Use dexamethasone exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor. ...
Issues: dexamethasone. Trump Misleads on Reasons for Falling COVID-19 Fatality Rate. ...
... considerations around diabetic ketoacidosis in the setting of COVID-19 also speaks to the findings this week that dexamethasone ... What About Dexamethasone for Severe COVID-19 in Diabetes? The new article briefly touches on the fact that upward adjustments ... Another major concern, she said, is "patients trying to get dexamethasone when they start to get sick," because this is not the ... But it was written prior to the June 16 announcement of the "RECOVERY" trial results with dexamethasone. The UK National Health ...
GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on dexamethasone . ... Dexamethasone. * What we have learned about treating COVID-19 ... From dexamethasone, remdesivir to monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma, we look at the various coronavirus therapies ... A new study has found that dexamethasone might help reduce deaths among COVID-19 patients who develop serious breathing ...
Dexamethasone in the management of covid -19 BMJ 2020; 370 :m2648 doi:10.1136/bmj.m2648 ... Dexamethasone in the management of covid -19. BMJ 2020; 370 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2648 (Published 03 July 2020) ...
Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for the Treatment of Macular Edema and Uveitis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. *Kishore K ... Kishore, K., Bhat, P. V., Venkatesh, P., & Canizela, C. C. (2022). Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for the Treatment of ...
Dexamethasone injections have been shown to reduce back pain but not without side effects to consider. Lets look deeper. ... Dexamethasone can be used for back pain thats caused by inflammation. A 1975 study. of people, who were given dexamethasone to ... How long does it take for dexamethasone to work for back pain?. It can take 10-30 minutes for dexamethasone to start working ... Chronic back pain may require long-term use of dexamethasone injections. Over time dexamethasone use may cause. weight gain, ...
Dexamethasone is used to treat inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis and ... Dexamethasone pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings (more detail). How should I take dexamethasone?. Take dexamethasone exactly ... Dexamethasone. Generic name: dexamethasone (oral) [ dex-a-METH-a-sone ]. Brand names: Decadron, DexPak 6 DayTaperpak, Hemady. ... Dexamethasone side effects. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction to dexamethasone: hives; ...
dexamethasone. Sorry, no results found.. We tried our best, but we couldnt find any articles relating to . ... A meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials concludes that dexamethasone and other corticosteroids reduce 28-day ... A meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials concludes that dexamethasone and other corticosteroids reduce 28-day ... A meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials concludes that dexamethasone and other corticosteroids reduce 28-day ...
Find patient medical information for dexamethasone ophthalmic (eye) on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, ... Dexamethasone Drops, Suspension - Uses, Side Effects, and More Common Brand(S): maxidex. Generic Name(S): dexamethasone. ... Before using dexamethasone, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This ... How to use Dexamethasone Drops, Suspension. EYE: Unless otherwise directed by your doctor, do not wear contact lenses while you ...
Easy-to-read patient leaflet for Dexamethasone Oral Drops. Includes indications, proper use, special instructions, precautions ... Dexamethasone side effects (more detail). What are some other side effects of Dexamethasone Oral Drops?. All drugs may cause ... What are some things I need to know or do while I take Dexamethasone Oral Drops?. For all uses of this medicine (dexamethasone ... What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Dexamethasone Oral Drops?. *If you are allergic to this medicine (dexamethasone ...
Dexamethasone is a steroid. . Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic (for the ear) is a combination medicine used to treat ... ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic. Pronunciation: SIP roe FLOX a sin and DEX a METH a ... How should I use ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? How should I use ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic?. Follow all ... What is ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? What is ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic?. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic. ...
Dexamethasone given daily from age 4 to 13 days irreversibly prevents septation. We now asked if dexamethasone (0.1 micrograms ... Dexamethasone given daily from age 4 to 13 days irreversibly prevents septation. We now asked if dexamethasone (0.1 micrograms ... We conclude dexamethasone accelerates alveolar wall thinning and suggest dexamethasone diminishes replication of fibroblasts ... Dexamethasone accelerates postnatal alveolar wall thinning and alters wall composition Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):R218- ...
Dexamethasone a steroid used significantly to reduce COVID-19 mortality, may be less effective in patients with diabetes. ... This changes the way albumin binds with dexamethasone and hence, reduces the drug efficacy, shows a study published in the ... Dexamethasone Use for COVID-19 Treatment. The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has released an updated clinical ... Benefits of Dexamethasone may Differ Among COVID-19 Patients Personalised Printable Document (PDF). Please complete this form ...
1 ML dexamethasone phosphate 10 MG/ML Prefilled Syringe. SCD. 3. 2099700. dexamethasone phosphate 10 MG (as dexamethasone ... DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE (UNII: AI9376Y64P) (DEXAMETHASONE - UNII:7S5I7G3JQL) DEXAMETHASONE PHOSPHATE. 10 mg in 1 mL. ... Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injection, USP (Preservative Free) equivalent to 10 mg dexamethasone phosphate, is supplied as: ... PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY - Dexamethasone 1 mL Syringe Label 1 mL Single-Dose. For IM or IV use. Rx only Dexamethasone ...
WHO chief on Monday urged for an increase in production of steroid dexamethasone to treat the critically-ill Covid-19 patients ... An ampoule of Dexamethasone is seen during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in this picture illustration taken June ... WHO calls to ramp up dexamethasone production for Covid-19 patients. Geneva , ByAgence France-Presse , Posted by Anubha Rohatgi ... News / Lifestyle / Health / WHO calls to ramp up dexamethasone production for Covid-19 patients ...
CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, similar to the natural glucocorticoid hydrocortisone. REPROGRAMMING · Promotes ... Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, similar to the natural glucocorticoid hydrocortisone. Dexamethasone has an ...
NEOMYCIN SULFATE, POLYMYXIN B SULFATE AND DEXAMETHASONE (neomycin, polymyxin b and dexamethasone) suspension. NDC Code(s): ... NEOMYCIN AND POLYMYXIN B SULFATES AND DEXAMETHASONE (neomycin sulfate, polymyxin b sulfate, and dexamethasone) ointment. NDC ... NEOMYCIN AND POLYMYXIN B SULFATES AND DEXAMETHASONE (neomycin sulfate, polymyxin b sulfate, and dexamethasone) ointment. NDC ... NEOMYCIN AND POLYMYXIN B SULFATES AND DEXAMETHASONE (neomycin sulfate, polymyxin b sulfate, and dexamethasone) ointment. NDC ...
Directions to Hospitals Treating Dexamethasone suppression test Risk calculators and risk factors for Dexamethasone suppression ... Dexamethasone suppression test. Revision as of 16:46, 4 September 2012 by WikiBot. (talk , contribs) (Robot: Automated text ... but inhibition of cortisol on high-dose dexamethasone. If the cortisol levels are unchanged by low and high-dose dexamethasone ... The dexamethasone suppression test is designed to diagnose and differentiate among the various types of Cushings syndrome and ...
Continuous lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd)-based regimens are among the standards of care in transplant-ineligible newly ... After 18 cycles, dexamethasone was discontinued and treatment was continued using reduced-dose ixazomib (3 mg) and lenalidomide ... Continuous lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd)-based regimens are among the standards of care in transplant-ineligible newly ... Oral ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma Blood. ...
New brand of dexamethasone 4mg ampoules, Hameln, contains propylene glycol. ... Home Safety & Advocacy Safety alerts Dexamethasone brand change contains propylene glycol Dexamethasone brand change contains ... At present there is a 5% DV limit applied to the Hameln brand dexamethasone which allows for other brands to be purchased in ... In December 2022 the brand of dexamethasone 4mg per ml ampoules were changed from PanPharma to Hameln with the latter brand of ...
Dexamethasone, Decadron, Hidex 6-day, Dexamethasone 6-day Therapy Pack, Dexamethasone 6-day Dose Pack, Taperdex 6-day. Generic ... Hemady, Dxevo 11-day, Dexamethasone 10-day Dose Pack, Dexamethasone 13-day Dose Pack, Dexabliss, Taperdex 7-day, Dexamethasone ... Dexamethasone prices and discounts , AARP Prescription Discounts ...
CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.
Dexamethasone 4 mg tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) by Krka UK Ltd ... Effects of dexamethasone on other medicinal products Dexamethasone is a moderate inducer of CYP3A4. The administration of ... Dexamethasone is metabolized via the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). The administration of dexamethasone with inducers of CYP3A4 ... Aminoglutethimide can accelerate the reduction of dexamethasone and reduce its efficacy. If necessary, the dexamethasone dosage ...
The Japanese health ministry has authorized the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone to treat severe cases of COVID-19 after ... A pharmacist holds an ampule of dexamethasone at a hospital in Belgium. © Reuters JUNTARO ARAI, Nikkei staff writer. July 22, ... Japan greenlights dexamethasone as second coronavirus treatment. Cheap anti-inflammatory wins fast-track approval after ... The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare revised a handbook Friday to list dexamethasone as an option, following up on Japans ...
S01CA01 - Dexamethasone and antiinfectives*S02CA06 - Dexamethasone and antiinfectives*S03CA01 - Dexamethasone and ... Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate*Nystatin*Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride*Polymyxin B Sulfate. Available forms, composition and ... Drops; Otic; Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate 10 mg; Nystatin 1,000,000 IU; Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride 90,000 IU; Polymyxin B ...
Year: 1983 Source: Annual Meeting of the American Association of Suicidology, (16th: 1983: Dallas), p.62-63 SIEC No: 19841300 ...
  • The intravitreal implant form of dexamethasone is used to treat macular edema, which involves fluid and protein deposits on the eye, and non-infectious uveitis, which is an inflammation of part of the eye. (rxwiki.com)
  • Common side effects of the dexamethasone intravitreal implant include increased pressure in the eye and bleeding around the eye. (rxwiki.com)
  • Continuous lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd)-based regimens are among the standards of care in transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. (nih.gov)
  • On March 31, 2021, the FDA approved isatuximab-irfc (brand name Sarclisa) in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone, for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who have received one to three prior lines of therapy. (fda.gov)
  • The efficacy and safety of isatuximab in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone was evaluated in IKEMA, a multicenter, multinational, randomized, open-label, two-arm, phase 3 trial in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma who had received one to three prior lines of therapy. (fda.gov)
  • The phase 2 HORIZON study indicated that melflufen plus dexamethasone (Ozurdex) demonstrated clinically meaningful efficacy as well as a manageable safety profile in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Results from the phase 2 HORIZON study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology indicated that melflufen plus dexamethasone (Ozurdex) demonstrated clinically meaningful efficacy as well as a manageable safety profile in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, including those with triple-class refractory and extramedullary disease. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Importantly, the phase 2 data are the basis for the ongoing priority review of the new drug application to the FDA for accelerated approval of melflufen in combination with dexamethasone in patients with triple-class refractory multiple myeloma who are refractory to at least 1 proteasome inhibitor, 1 immunomodulatory drug, and 1 anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The pivotal, single-arm, multicenter study enrolled patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who were refractory to pomalidomide (Pomalyst) and/or an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody to receive melflufen at a 40 mg dose intravenously on day 1 of each 28-day cycle plus once weekly oral dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg or 20 mg for patients older than 75 years. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Melflufen and Dexamethasone in Heavily Pretreated Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The FDA approved isatuximab-irfc (Sarclisa), in combination with carfilzomib and dexamethasone, to treat relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in adults who have received one to three previous lines of therapy. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • On July 24, 2015, carfilzomib (Kyprolis) was approved for use in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid) and dexamethasone in the treatment of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who have received one to three prior lines of therapy. (ascopost.com)
  • The new approval was based on improved progression-free survival in a phase III open-label trial in which 792 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after one to three lines of prior therapy were randomly assigned to receive lenalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone with (n = 396) or without carfilzomib (n = 396) for 18 cycles. (ascopost.com)
  • Design and Methods Oral cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone was compared with infusional cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. (haematologica.org)
  • The effects of dexamethasone are frequently seen within a day and last for about three days. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the potential clinical implications of these observations, studies are needed to determine the effects of dexamethasone on haematopoiesis in preterm infants. (bmj.com)
  • Dexamethasone intravitreal steroid implants have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat ocular conditions such as diabetic macular edema, central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chickenpox and measles can be very bad or even deadly in some people taking steroid drugs like this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops). (drugs.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a steroid. (cigna.com)
  • WHO chief on Monday urged for an increase in production of steroid dexamethasone to treat the critically-ill Covid-19 patients. (hindustantimes.com)
  • The World Health Organization called Monday for a rapid increase in production of the steroid dexamethasone, after British clinical trials found it had life-saving potential for critically-ill coronavirus patients. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Although the data are still preliminary, the recent finding that the steroid dexamethasone has life-saving potential for critically ill COVID-19 patients gave us a much-needed reason to celebrate," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told a virtual news conference in Geneva. (hindustantimes.com)
  • A low-dose steroid, dexamethasone has been on the market for over 60 years and usually serves to reduce inflammation. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Dexamethasone is an exogenous steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary to suppress the secretion of ACTH . (wikidoc.org)
  • Thus, the purpose of the COVID STEROID 2 trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a higher dose of dexamethasone in hospitalised adult patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxia. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a steroid used to relieve swelling, redness, and pain associated with inflammation. (rxwiki.com)
  • Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, is similar to a natural hormone produced by your adrenal glands. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Corresponding author Marie E. McDonnell, MD, director of the diabetes program at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, discussed the recommendations with Medscape Medical News and also spoke about the news this week that the corticosteroid dexamethasone reduced death rates in severely ill patients with COVID-19. (medscape.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a generic prescription drug and part of the corticosteroid family of steroids that's used to help manage a number of conditions, from autoimmune conditions to some cancers. (healthline.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation. (drugs.com)
  • Dexamethasone phosphate (DP) is a synthetic corticosteroid that is commonly administered to premature infants for the prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). (bmj.com)
  • patients who are receiving dexamethasone or another corticosteroid for other indications should continue therapy for their underlying conditions as directed by their healthcare providers. (cdc.gov)
  • Take dexamethasone exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • if you have a fungal infection (other than on your skin), do not take dexamethasone without talking to your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Take dexamethasone with food or milk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When you start to take dexamethasone, ask your doctor what to do if you forget a dose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you take dexamethasone once a day, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some people take dexamethasone to help manage back pain, but how effective is it, and how much does it cost? (healthline.com)
  • How should I take dexamethasone? (drugs.com)
  • Take dexamethasone exactly as prescribed by your doctor. (drugs.com)
  • What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Dexamethasone Oral Drops? (drugs.com)
  • What are some things I need to know or do while I take Dexamethasone Oral Drops? (drugs.com)
  • The long-term use of dexamethasone may result in thrush, bone loss, cataracts, easy bruising, or muscle weakness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chronic back pain may require long-term use of dexamethasone injections. (healthline.com)
  • In the double-blind, placebo-controlled TOURMALINE-MM2 trial, transplant-ineligible NDMM patients were randomized to ixazomib 4 mg (n = 351) or placebo (n = 354) plus Rd. After 18 cycles, dexamethasone was discontinued and treatment was continued using reduced-dose ixazomib (3 mg) and lenalidomide (10 mg) until progression/toxicity. (nih.gov)
  • These findings build substantially on previously reported results but in a population that is more aligned with current treatment practice in the relapsed and refractory as well as highly resistant disease setting (ie, patients refractory to an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody and/or pomalidomide, as well as exposed and refractory to prior lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and proteasome inhibitors)," the study authors wrote. (cancernetwork.com)
  • This marks the second FDA approval for isatuximab - the CD38-directed cytolytic antibody was originally approved in March 2020 in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone to treat adult MM patients who had received at least two prior lines of therapy, including lenalidomide and a proteasome inhibitor. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • 3 Lenalidomide and dexamethasone were continued thereafter until disease progression. (ascopost.com)
  • Oral lenalidomide is given at 25 mg on days 1 to 21, and oral or intravenous dexamethasone at 40 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of each cycle. (ascopost.com)
  • medical citation needed] Dexamethasone is commonly given as a treatment for croup in children, as a single dose can reduce the swelling of the airway to improve breathing and reduce discomfort. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you are using the suspension form of dexamethasone eyedrops (Maxidex), shake the bottle well before each dose. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Call your doctor for instructions if you miss a dose of dexamethasone. (drugs.com)
  • [2] A normal result is decrease in cortisol levels upon administration of low-dose dexamethasone. (wikidoc.org)
  • Results indicative of Cushing's disease involve no change in cortisol on low-dose dexamethasone, but inhibition of cortisol on high-dose dexamethasone. (wikidoc.org)
  • If the cortisol levels are unchanged by low and high-dose dexamethasone then a cortisol secreting adrenocortical tumor is suspected or an ectopic ACTH syndrome. (wikidoc.org)
  • Doubling the dose of dexamethasone dose in COVID-19 patients hospitalised with severe hypoxia had no effect on 28-day mortality. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Increasing the dexamethasone dose from 6 mg to 12 mg/day in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and severe hypoxia, has no effect on overall mortality. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Guidance from the World Health Organisation also recommends a dexamethasone dose of 6 mg/daily either orally or intravenously. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Whether a higher dexamethasone dose would be more beneficial to those with severe COVID-19 is uncertain. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • The researcher's working hypothesis was that a higher dexamethasone dose would increase the number of days alive without life support. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • After 28 days, the median number of days alive without life support was 22 days in those with a dexamethasone dose of 12 mg and 20.5 days in the dexamethasone 6 mg group (adjusted mean difference, aMD = 1.3 days, p = 0.07). (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • The authors concluded that doubling the dexamethasone dose did not improve the number of days alive but suggested that they trial might have been underpowered to identify a significant difference. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Patients should be premedicated with dexamethasone at the recommended dose prior to all cycle 1 doses and if infusion reactions occur or recur. (ascopost.com)
  • The 2 types of dexamethasone suppression tests are high-dose suppression test and low-dose suppression test. (medscape.com)
  • Other protocols suggest starting dexamethasone 0.5 mg orally every 6 hours starting at noon for 48 hours and checking cortisol level 2 hours (8 am) after the last dose. (medscape.com)
  • in group 2 (GT2), oral dose of dexamethasone 12 mg one hour beforesurgery, and oral dose of 15 mg of meloxicamimmediatelypostoperative oral, at 24, 48 e 72h following surgery. (bvsalud.org)
  • The test is given at low and high doses of Dexamethasone and the levels of cortisol are measured to obtain the results. (wikidoc.org)
  • Dexamethasone is given in usual doses of 0.5 to 10 mg daily, depending on the disease being treated. (medicines.org.uk)
  • However, some evidence suggests that in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (which can be induced by infection with the virus) initial dexamethasone doses of 20 mg for five days, could reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and overall mortality. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Do not stop taking dexamethasone without talking to your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are many brands and forms of dexamethasone available. (drugs.com)
  • Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injection, USP, is a water-soluble inorganic ester of dexamethasone which produces a rapid response even when injected intramuscularly. (nih.gov)
  • Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, similar to the natural glucocorticoid hydrocortisone. (stemcell.com)
  • Dexamethasone has an increased affinity for glucocorticoid receptors when compared to the natural hydrocortisone ligand (Kd = 5 nM vs 17 nM). (stemcell.com)
  • Additionally, studies of melflufen plus dexamethasone in combination with bortezomib (Velcade) or daratumumab (Darzalex) are also ongoing, with promising results reported to date. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Metoclopramide plus dexamethasone combination significantly decreased nausea and vomiting both in the recovery room and 24 hours afterwards and is recommended for high-risk groups, especially in outpatient surgeries. (who.int)
  • Intravenous dexamethasone along with caudal block improves analgesic efficacy following day-case inguinal hernia repair in children: A randomized controlled trial. (iasp-pain.org)
  • To assess the effectiveness of intravenous dexamethasone along with caudal block in improving analgesia following inguinal hernia repair in children. (iasp-pain.org)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dexamethasone, aspirin, tartrazine (a yellow dye in some processed foods and drugs), or any other drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to dexamethasone, sulfites, or any other drugs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • You may also want to tell a doctor if you've ever had an allergic reaction to dexamethasone or another medication, a mental health condition, tuberculosis , or if you've been in contact with somebody who's recently had chickenpox , measles , or shingles . (healthline.com)
  • Dexamethasone is used to treat many different inflammatory conditions such as allergic disorders and skin conditions. (drugs.com)
  • We conclude dexamethasone accelerates alveolar wall thinning and suggest dexamethasone diminishes replication of fibroblasts more rapidly than it diminishes division of type II, impairs conversion of type II to I, and does not decrease replication of endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • Dexamethasone eye drops may be used to reduce redness, burning, and swelling or inflammation in the ear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dexamethasone can be used for back pain that's caused by inflammation. (healthline.com)
  • It can take 10-30 minutes for dexamethasone to start working properly, but it could take a couple of days for the medication to really control your inflammation and pain. (healthline.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a prescription medication used to relieve inflammation and treat a variety of conditions that involve swelling, heat, redness, and pain in many body systems. (rxwiki.com)
  • A total of 302 patients were randomized in a 3:2 ratio to receive isatuximab with carfilzomib and dexamethasone or carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone. (fda.gov)
  • Median progression-free survival was not reached in the isatuximab with carfilzomib and dexamethasone arm and was 20.27 months in the carfilzomib and dexamethasone arm. (fda.gov)
  • This represented a 45% reduction in the risk of disease progression or death in patients treated with isatuximab with carfilzomib and dexamethasone compared to those treated with carfilzomib and dexamethasone alone. (fda.gov)
  • P =0.0032) compared with standard-of-care carfilzomib/dexamethasone alone, the manufacturer explained. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The complete response rate and very good partial response rate were 39.7% and 33%, respectively, with the triple therapy versus 27.6% and 28.5%, respectively, with carfilzomib/dexamethasone. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • In order to study the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis on the levels of endogenous digitalis-like substances (EDLS) in plasma and urine, eight healthy subjects (25-40 years old) were given dexamethasone 1 mg orally and tetracosactide (an ACTH analog) 0.25 mg i.v., on separate occasions. (lu.se)
  • Talk to your doctor about stopping to breast-feed if you use dexamethasone eye drops. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This is not a list of all health problems that this medicine ( dexamethasone oral drops) may be used for. (drugs.com)
  • This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops). (drugs.com)
  • You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) with all of your drugs and health problems. (drugs.com)
  • Tell all of your health care providers and lab workers that you take this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops). (drugs.com)
  • High blood pressure has happened with this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops). (drugs.com)
  • Use of some vaccines with this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) may either raise the chance of an infection or make the vaccine not work as well. (drugs.com)
  • If you are 65 or older, use this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) with care. (drugs.com)
  • If you used this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) when you were pregnant, tell your baby's doctor. (drugs.com)
  • Patients with cancer who take this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) may be at a greater risk of getting a severe health problem called tumor lysis syndrome ( TLS ).This may lead to death. (drugs.com)
  • How is this medicine (Dexamethasone Oral Drops) best taken? (drugs.com)
  • Use this medicine (dexamethasone oral drops) as ordered by your doctor. (drugs.com)
  • 2-3 week study with 4 clinic visits to Evaluate the Clinical Equivalence of Ciprofloxacin 0.3%/Dexamethasone 0.1% Sterile Suspension (Par) Compared to CIPRODEX (ciprofloxacin 0.3%/dexamethasone 0.1%) Sterile Otic Suspension (Alcon) ear drops for male and female children ages 6 months - 12 years. (centerwatch.com)
  • Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid medication used to treat rheumatic problems, a number of skin diseases, severe allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, croup, brain swelling, eye pain following eye surgery, superior vena cava syndrome (a complication of some forms of cancer), and along with antibiotics in tuberculosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. (cigna.com)
  • Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone on diabetic ketoacidosis complicated with acute pancreatitis: A randomized controlled study. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aimed to provide a clinical basis for the therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) complicated with acute pancreatitis (AP) through exploring the clinical efficacy of dexamethasone . (bvsalud.org)
  • Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic (for the ear) is a combination medicine used to treat infections inside the ear (also called otitis media), and infections of the ear canal (also called otitis externa). (cigna.com)
  • The results from the HORIZON study demonstrate that melflufen in combination with dexamethasone, has a potential to provide a therapeutic option for patients who are difficult to treat and have a poor prognosis, including patients with triple class refractory myeloma and patients with extramedullary disease," Klaas Bakker, MD, PhD, chief medical officer at Oncopeptides AB, said in a press release. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Combination vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD) is considered a standard infusional induction therapy for younger MM patients prior to HDT and ASCT. (haematologica.org)
  • The incidence of nausea in the recovery room was 44% with placebo, 20% with metoclopramide, 16% with dexamethasone and 8% with the combination. (who.int)
  • Dexamethasone comes as eyedrops and eye ointment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Analysis of the ointment revealed the presence of dexamethasone. (bmj.com)
  • Dexamethasone is an effective glucocorticoid, a hormone related to cortisone. (petcarerx.com)
  • 2 , 16 Having developed an oral induction regimen comprising cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD), 17 , 18 we compared its efficacy and safety to that of cyclophosphamide plus VAD (CVAD) in a large randomized trial setting whereby, apart from the difference in the mode of administration, thalidomide was in effect an alternative to vincristine plus doxorubicin. (haematologica.org)
  • Overnight suppression test: Administer 1 mg oral dexamethasone between 11 pm and midnight. (medscape.com)
  • Standard 2-day dexamethasone suppression test: Administer 0.5 mg oral dexamethasone every 6 hours for 48 hours (9 am, 3 pm, 9 pm, and 3 am). (medscape.com)
  • What is the most important information I should know about ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? (cigna.com)
  • What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before using ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? (cigna.com)
  • How should I use ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? (cigna.com)
  • What should I avoid while using ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic? (cigna.com)
  • Prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) exposure, postnatal high-fat (HF) intake, and oxidative stress are closely related to the development of hypertension. (hindawi.com)
  • More recently, research published in 2022 has disputed the long-term success of using drugs, including dexamethasone and diclofenac, to treat back pain. (healthline.com)
  • Dexamethasone belongs to a group of drugs called corticosteroids. (rxwiki.com)
  • This double-blind clinical trial assessed the incidence of nausea and vomiting after cataract surgery with intravenous anaesthesia in 100 patients randomly assigned to preinduction placebo (saline), metoclopramide (10 mg), dexamethasone (8 mg) or the 2 drugs combined. (who.int)
  • If, once the data are reviewed and appropriate dexamethasone becomes an established treatment for severe COVID-19, hyperglycemia would be a concern among all patients, not just those with previously diagnosed diabetes, she noted. (medscape.com)
  • Dexamethasone is indicated in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adult and adolescent patients (aged 12 years and older with body weight at least 40 kg) who require supplemental oxygen therapy. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Dexamethasone is used in the treatment of myositis, arthritis, dermatitis, allergies and supportive therapy in all animals. (petcarerx.com)
  • Dexamethasone can also be used in the treatment of certain types of cancers. (rxwiki.com)
  • treatment was initiated with intravenous ceftriaxone and dexamethasone. (cdc.gov)
  • See the "Dexamethasone Precautions" section. (rxwiki.com)
  • What Is Dexamethasone Elixir Used For? (petcarerx.com)
  • Dexamethasone Elixir is one of the best medicines that is found in the current pharmaceutical market. (petcarerx.com)
  • The drug Dexamethasone Elixir generally comes in a liquid form. (petcarerx.com)
  • Researchers led by a team from the University of Oxford administered dexamethasone to more than 2,000 severely ill patients hospitalised with the new coronavirus. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dexamethasone is used to treat many inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and bronchospasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dexamethasone is used in transvenous screw-in cardiac pacing leads to minimize the inflammatory response of the myocardium. (wikipedia.org)
  • An ampoule of Dexamethasone is seen during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in this picture illustration taken June 17, 2020. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Participants were randomised 1:1 to receive either 6 or 12 mg of dexamethasone daily as a bolus injection for up to 10 days after randomisation. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • A previous study of ours showed that prenatal dexamethasone (DEX) exposure induces hypertension in adult offspring, which is driven by renal programming [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • What About Dexamethasone for Severe COVID-19 in Diabetes? (medscape.com)
  • It is unclear whether dexamethasone in this condition is significantly better than other glucocorticoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • A meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials concludes that dexamethasone and other corticosteroids reduce 28-day mortality in seriously ill patients. (the-scientist.com)
  • The value of dexamethasone in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 was shown in an open-label trial published in February 2021, which found that dexamethasone 6mg/daily for 10 days, resulted in a lower 28-day mortality among those who were receiving either invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen. (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • The 28-day mortality was 27.1% and 32.3% (dexamethasone 12 mg vs 6 mg). (hospitalhealthcare.com)
  • Acheter dexamethasone 1mg en Pharmacie. (bsdmag.org)
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  • The dexamethasone suppression test is designed to diagnose and differentiate among the various types of Cushing's syndrome and other hypercortisol states. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cette étude clinique en double aveugle évaluait l'incidence des nausées et des vomissements après une chirurgie de la cataracte avec anesthésie par voie intraveineuse chez 100 patients auxquels un placebo (eau saline), du métoclopramide (10 mg), de la dexaméthasone (8 mg) ou les deux médicaments associés avaient été administrés de manière randomisée avant l'opération. (who.int)
  • L'incidence des nausées en salle de réveil était de 44 % avec le placebo, 20 % avec le métoclopramide, 16 % avec la dexaméthasone et 8 % avec l'association des deux médicaments. (who.int)
  • The study group patients were given dexamethasone , while the placebo group patients were treated using placebos . (bvsalud.org)
  • People with cancer undergoing chemotherapy are often given dexamethasone to counteract certain side effects of their antitumor treatments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dexamethasone may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the side effects of using dexamethasone for back pain? (healthline.com)
  • Dexamethasone can come with some side effects. (healthline.com)
  • Overall, it's best to speak with a doctor and discuss if the benefits outweigh the immediate and long-term side effects related to dexamethasone. (healthline.com)
  • Serious side effects have been reported with dexamethasone. (rxwiki.com)
  • This is not a complete list of dexamethasone side effects. (rxwiki.com)
  • Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone should not be used on a child younger than 6 months old. (cigna.com)