Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
The major component (about 80%) of the PANCREAS composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. The acinar cells synthesize and secrete several digestive enzymes such as TRYPSINOGEN; LIPASE; AMYLASE; and RIBONUCLEASE. Secretion from the exocrine pancreas drains into the pancreatic ductal system and empties into the DUODENUM.
A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. Although initially discovered as a retinoblastoma binding protein it has an affinity for core HISTONES and is a subunit of chromatin assembly factor-1 and polycomb repressive complex 2.
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.
Accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary.
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.
A salivary gland on each side of the mouth below the TONGUE.
Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a HAIR FOLLICLE instead of directly onto the SKIN.
A pair of anal glands or sacs, located on either side of the ANUS, that produce and store a dark, foul-smelling fluid in carnivorous animals such as MEPHITIDAE and DOGS. The expelled fluid is used as a defensive repellent (in skunks) or a material to mark territory (in dogs).
A common and benign breast disease characterized by varying degree of fibrocystic changes in the breast tissue. There are three major patterns of morphological changes, including FIBROSIS, formation of CYSTS, and proliferation of glandular tissue (adenosis). The fibrocystic breast has a dense irregular, lumpy, bumpy consistency.
Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.

Expression of elongation factor 1 beta' in Escherichia coli and its interaction with elongation factor 1 alpha from silk gland. (1/396)

Silk gland elongation factor 1 (EF-1) consists of four subunits: alpha, beta, beta', and gamma. EF-1 beta beta' gamma catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP on EF-1 alpha and stimulates the binding of EF-1 alpha-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. The carboxy-terminal regions of the EF-1 beta subunits from various species are highly conserved. We examined the region of EF-1 beta' that binds to EF-1 alpha by in vitro binding assays, and examined the GDP/GTP exchange activity using deletion mutants of a GST-EF1 beta' fusion protein. We thereby suggested a pivotal amino acid region, residues 189-222, of EF-1 beta' for binding to EF-1 alpha.  (+info)

Estrogen deficiency accelerates autoimmune exocrinopathy in murine Sjogren's syndrome through fas-mediated apoptosis. (2/396)

Estrogenic action has been suggested to be responsible for the strong female preponderance of autoimmune diseases, but the role of estrogens in the female has not been well characterized. We evaluated the effects of estrogen deficiency in a murine model for autoimmune exocrinopathy of Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Severe destructive autoimmune lesions developed in the salivary and lacrimal glands in estrogen-deficient mice, and these lesions were recovered by estrogen administration. We detected an intense estrogen receptor in splenic CD8(+) T cells compared with that in CD4(+) T cells, and concanavalin-A-stimulated blastogenesis of splenic CD8(+) T cells with estrogens was much higher than that of CD4(+) T cells. We found a significant increase in serum autoantibody production against the organ-specific autoantigen alpha-fodrin. Moreover, an increased proportion of TUNEL+ apoptotic epithelial duct cells was observed in estrogen-deficient mice. It was demonstrated that Fas-mediated apoptosis in cultured salivary gland cells was clearly inhibited by estrogens in vitro. These results indicate that dysfunction of regulatory T cells by estrogen deficiency may play a crucial role on acceleration of organ-specific autoimmune lesions, and estrogenic action further influences target epithelial cells through Fas-mediated apoptosis in a murine model for SS.  (+info)

Induction of estrus in grouped female mice (Mus domesticus) by synthetic analogues of preputial gland constituents. (3/396)

Two major volatile constituents of the male mouse preputial gland, E,E-alpha-farnesene and E-beta-farnesene, were examined for their role in inducing estrous cycles in grouped female mice. The results indicated that the mixture of the farnesenes was as effective as the homogenate of the intact preputial gland, while the extract of the castrate preputial tissue did not show a pronounced response.  (+info)

Expression of amylase and glucose oxidase in the hypopharyngeal gland with an age-dependent role change of the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). (4/396)

Worker honeybees change their behaviour from the role of nurse to that of forager with age. We have isolated cDNA clones for two honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) genes, encoding alpha-amylase and glucose oxidase homologues, that are expressed in the hypopharyngeal gland of forager bees. The predicted amino acid sequence of the putative Apis amylase showed 60.5% identity with Drosophila melanogaster alpha-amylase, whereas that of Apis glucose oxidase showed 23.8% identity with Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. To determine whether the isolated cDNAs actually encode these enzymes, we purified amylase and glucose oxidase from homogenized forager-bee hypopharyngeal glands. We sequenced the N-terminal regions of the purified enzymes and found that they matched the corresponding cDNAs. mRNAs for both enzymes were detected by Northern blotting in the hypopharyngeal gland of the forager bee but not in the nurse-bee gland. These results clearly indicate that expression of the genes for these carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, which are needed to process nectar into honey, in the hypopharyngeal gland is associated with the age-dependent role change of the worker.  (+info)

Submucosal gland development in the airway is controlled by lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1). (5/396)

Previous studies have demonstrated that transcription of the lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (Lef1) gene is upregulated in submucosal gland progenitor cells just prior to gland bud formation in the developing ferret trachea. In the current report, several animal models were utilized to functionally investigate the role of LEF1 in initiating and supporting gland development in the airway. Studies on Lef1-deficient mice and antisense oligonucleotides in a ferret xenograft model demonstrate that LEF1 is functionally required for submucosal gland formation in the nasal and tracheal mucosa. To determine whether LEF1 expression was sufficient for the induction of airway submucosal glands, two additional model systems were utilized. In the first, recombinant adeno-associated virus was used to overexpress the human LEF1 gene in a human bronchial xenograft model of regenerative gland development in the adult airway. In a second model, the LEF1 gene was ectopically overexpressed under the direction of the proximal airway-specific CC10 promoter in transgenic mice. In both of these models, morphometric analyses revealed no increase in the number or size of airway submucosal glands, indicating that ectopic LEF1 expression alone is insufficient to induce submucosal gland development. In summary, these studies demonstrate that LEF1 expression is required, but in and of itself is insufficient, for the initiation and continued morphogenesis of submucosal glands in the airway.  (+info)

Xpitx-1: a homeobox gene expressed during pituitary and cement gland formation of Xenopus embryos. (6/396)

Pitx-1 is a member of the family of bicoid-related vertebrate homeobox genes; it was originally identified as a tissue-specific transcriptional regulator of the proopiomelacortin gene. Here we report on the embryonic expression of Xpitx-1, which is expressed in the anterior neural ridge and in the cement gland Anlage during late gastrulation/early neurulation. In tadpole stage embryos Xpitx-1 transcripts are primarily detected in the cement gland, stomodeal-hypophyseal Anlage, oral epithelia and lens placode. Therefore, Xpitx-1 may be part of the genetic network that controls the early development of these structures.  (+info)

Shewanella pealeana sp. nov., a member of the microbial community associated with the accessory nidamental gland of the squid Loligo pealei. (7/396)

A new, mesophillic, facultatively anaerobic, psychrotolerant bacterium, strain ANG-SQ1T (T = type strain), was isolated from a microbial community colonizing the accessory nidamental gland of the squid Loligo pealei. It was selected from the community on the basis of its ability to reduce elemental sulfur. The cells are motile, Gram-negative rods (2.0-3.0 microns long, 0.4-0.6 micron wide). ANG-SQ1T grows optimally over the temperature range of 25-30 degrees C and a pH range of 6.5-7.5 degrees C in media containing 0.5 M NaCl. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that this organism belongs to the gamma-3 subclass of the Proteobacteria. The closest relative of ANG-SQ1T is Shewanella gelidimarina, with a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 97.0%. Growth occurs with glucose, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, glutamate, citrate, succinate, Casamino acids, yeast extract or peptone as sole energy source under aerobic conditions. The isolate grows anaerobically by the reduction of iron, manganese, nitrate, fumarate, trimethylamine-N-oxide, thiosulfate or elemental sulfur as terminal electron acceptor with lactate. Growth of ANG-SQ1T was enhanced by the addition of choline chloride to growth media lacking Casamino acids. The addition of leucine or valine also enhanced growth in minimal growth media supplemented with choline. The results of both phenotypic and genetic characterization indicate that ANG-SQ1T is a Shewanella species. Thus it is proposed that this new isolate be assigned to the genus Shewanella and that it should be named Shewanella pealeana sp. nov., in recognition of its association with L. pealei.  (+info)

Coincidence of otx2 and BMP4 signaling correlates with Xenopus cement gland formation. (8/396)

We previously showed that otx2 activates ectopic formation of the Xenopus cement gland only in ventrolateral ectoderm, defining a region of the embryo permissive for cement gland formation. In this paper, we explore the molecular identity of this permissive area. One candidate permissive factor is BMP4, whose putative graded inhibition by factors such as noggin has been proposed to activate both cement gland and neural fates. Several lines of evidence are presented to suggest that BMP signaling and otx2 work together to activate cement gland formation. First, BMP4 is highly expressed in the cement gland primordium together with otx2. Second, cement gland formation in isolated ectoderm is always accompanied by coexpression of otx2 and BMP4 RNA, whether cement gland is induced by otx2 or by the BMP protein inhibitor noggin. Third, BMP signaling can modulate otx2 activity, such that increasing BMP signaling preferentially inhibits neural induction by otx2, while decreasing BMP signaling prevents cement gland formation. In addition, we show that a hormone-inducible otx2 activates both ectopic neural and cement gland formation within the cement gland permissive region, in a pattern reminiscent of that found in the embryo. We discuss this observation in view of a model that BMP4 and otx2 work together to promote cement gland formation.  (+info)

Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.

Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.

Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.

Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.

The Harderian gland is a specialized exocrine gland located in many vertebrate species, including birds and mammals. In humans, it is rudimentary and not fully developed. However, in other animals like rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and some reptiles, this gland plays a significant role.

The Harderian gland is primarily responsible for producing and secreting lipids, which help to lubricate the eye's surface and the nictitating membrane (third eyelid). This lubrication ensures that the eyes remain moist and protected from dryness and external irritants. Additionally, the secretions of the Harderian gland contain immunoglobulins, which contribute to the animal's immune defense system by providing protection against pathogens.

In some animals, the Harderian gland also has a role in pheromone production and communication. The study and understanding of this gland are particularly important in toxicological research, as it is often used as an indicator of environmental pollutant exposure and their effects on wildlife.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas refers to the part that releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, which is the first section of the small intestine. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food, enabling their absorption and utilization by the body.

The exocrine pancreas is made up of acinar cells that cluster together to form acini (singular: acinus), which are small sac-like structures. When stimulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin, these acinar cells release digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and trypsin into a network of ducts that ultimately merge into the main pancreatic duct. This duct then joins the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, before emptying into the duodenum.

It is important to note that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the islets of Langerhans, which release hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar levels.

Retinoblastoma-Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a scientific term related to molecular biology. RBP4 is a protein that belongs to the lipocalin family and is primarily known for its role in transporting retinol (vitamin A alcohol) from the liver storage sites to peripheral tissues.

RBP4 is produced mainly in the liver, but also in adipose tissue, and it plays a crucial role in regulating retinol homeostasis in the body. Retinol is essential for various physiological functions, including vision, immune response, cell growth, and differentiation.

In some medical contexts, RBP4 has been studied as a potential biomarker for insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome due to its association with these conditions. However, the clinical utility of RBP4 as a diagnostic or prognostic marker remains a subject of ongoing research and is not yet widely accepted.

The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

Propylbenzilylcholine mustard is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in research and development. It's a type of muscarinic receptor agonist, which means it binds to and activates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, a type of receptor found in the nervous system.

In a medical context, this compound may be used in research to study the functions of the muscarinic receptors or to develop new medications that target these receptors. However, it is not currently used as a medication in clinical practice.

It's important to note that Propylbenzilylcholine mustard is also known as a "receptor agonist" and has been used in research as a tool to stimulate muscarinic receptors. It's not a drug, but a compound used in laboratory settings for scientific studies.

Minor salivary glands are numerous small exocrine glands that produce saliva and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. They are classified as "minor" due to their smaller size compared to the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). The minor salivary glands are primarily mucous glands, although some contain serous cells. They are responsible for producing approximately 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. These glands help moisten the oral cavity, protect the mucosal lining, and facilitate speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.

In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.

Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.

Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.

Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid secreted by the exocrine component of the pancreas, primarily containing digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine during the digestion process. The bicarbonate ions present in pancreatic juice help neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach, creating an optimal environment for enzymatic activity.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Amylases are enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose. There are several types of amylases found in various organisms, including humans.

In humans, amylases are produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is released into the small intestine where it helps to digest dietary carbohydrates. Salivary amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is secreted into the mouth and begins breaking down starches in food during chewing.

Deficiency or absence of amylases can lead to difficulties in digesting carbohydrates and may cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood may indicate conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other disorders affecting the pancreas.

Sweat glands are specialized tubular structures in the skin that produce and secrete sweat, also known as perspiration. They are part of the body's thermoregulatory system, helping to maintain optimal body temperature by releasing water and heat through evaporation. There are two main types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.

1. Eccrine sweat glands: These are distributed throughout the body, with a higher concentration on areas like the palms, soles, and forehead. They are responsible for producing a watery, odorless sweat that primarily helps to cool down the body through evaporation.

2. Apocrine sweat glands: These are mainly found in the axillary (armpit) region and around the anogenital area. They become active during puberty and produce a thick, milky fluid that does not have a strong odor on its own but can mix with bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to body odor.

Sweat glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, meaning they function involuntarily in response to various stimuli such as emotions, physical activity, or changes in environmental temperature.

The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.

The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.

Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.

Pancreatic function tests are a group of medical tests that are used to assess the functionality and health of the pancreas. The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, which has two main functions: an exocrine function, where it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help break down food; and an endocrine function, where it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic function tests typically involve measuring the levels of digestive enzymes in the blood or stool, or assessing the body's ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients. Some common pancreatic function tests include:

1. Serum amylase and lipase tests: These tests measure the levels of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate pancreatitis or other conditions affecting the pancreas.
2. Fecal elastase test: This test measures the level of elastase, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, in a stool sample. Low levels of elastase may indicate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough digestive enzymes.
3. Secretin stimulation test: This test involves administering a medication called secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. The levels of these enzymes are then measured in the blood or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
4. Fat absorption tests: These tests involve measuring the amount of fat that is absorbed from a meal. High levels of fat in the stool may indicate EPI.
5. Glucose tolerance test: This test involves measuring blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. Low levels of insulin or high levels of glucose may indicate diabetes or other endocrine disorders affecting the pancreas.

Overall, pancreatic function tests are important tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, EPI, and diabetes.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands in the human body that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then carry the hormones to various tissues and organs in the body. These glands play a crucial role in regulating many of the body's functions, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Each of these glands produces specific hormones that have unique effects on various target tissues in the body.

The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate many bodily functions through a complex network of feedback mechanisms. Disorders of the endocrine system can result in a wide range of symptoms and health problems, including diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and sexual dysfunction.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) that develop in the endocrine glands. These glands are responsible for producing hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and processes in the body. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can occur in any of the endocrine glands, including:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it produces several hormones that regulate growth and development, as well as other bodily functions.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium balance.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located behind the stomach, it produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes that help break down food.
6. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
7. Gonads (ovaries and testicles): located in the pelvis (ovaries) and scrotum (testicles), they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on the type and location of the tumor. For example, a pituitary gland neoplasm may cause headaches, vision problems, or hormonal imbalances, while an adrenal gland neoplasm may cause high blood pressure, weight gain, or mood changes.

Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland found in mammals, including humans. They are most concentrated in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the axillae (armpits) and genital region. These glands release their secretions into the hair follicle, which then reaches the skin surface through the pores.

Apocrine glands become active during puberty and are associated with the production of odorous sweat. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is initially odorless but can acquire a smell when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface, which break down the organic compounds in the sweat. This can contribute to body odor.

It's important to note that while apocrine glands are often associated with body odor, they do not cause body odor directly. The odor is produced when the sweat from apocrine glands mixes with bacteria on the skin surface.

Anal sacs, also known as scent glands or scent sacs, are small paired sac-like structures located on either side of the anus in many mammals, including dogs and cats. These sacs produce a foul-smelling liquid that is used for marking territory and communication with other animals. In some cases, the ducts leading from the anal sacs can become blocked, causing discomfort or infection, which may require medical intervention.

Fibrocystic breast disease, also known as fibrocystic change or chronic cystic mastitis, is not actually a disease but a condition that affects many women at some point in their lives. It is characterized by the formation of benign (non-cancerous) lumps or cysts in the breasts, often accompanied by breast pain, tenderness, and swelling.

The condition is caused by hormonal fluctuations that affect the breast tissue, making it more prone to developing fibrous tissue and fluid-filled sacs called cysts. Fibrocystic breast changes are usually harmless and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. However, in some cases, they can make it harder to detect early signs of breast cancer through mammography or self-examination.

The symptoms of fibrocystic breast change may vary from woman to woman and can range from mild to severe. They tend to be more noticeable just before a woman's menstrual period and may improve after menopause. Treatment options for fibrocystic breast changes include pain relievers, hormonal medications, and lifestyle modifications such as reducing caffeine intake and wearing a well-supportive bra. In some cases, draining or removing the cysts may be necessary to alleviate symptoms.

Anal gland neoplasms, also known as anal sac tumors, are abnormal growths that develop from the cells lining the anal glands. These glands are located on either side of the anus in dogs and some other animals, and they produce a scent used for marking territory.

Anal gland neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more common and tend to grow quickly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis). Common symptoms of anal gland neoplasms include straining to defecate, bleeding from the rectum, and a firm mass that can be felt near the anus.

Treatment for anal gland neoplasms typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended. The prognosis for animals with anal gland neoplasms depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread to other parts of the body, and the overall health of the animal.

Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands ... Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which secrete their ... Exocrine sweat glands are part of the integumentary system; they have eccrine and apocrine types. Exocrine glands contain a ... The liver and pancreas are both exocrine and endocrine glands; they are exocrine glands because they secrete products-bile and ...
Costa-Leonardo, A.M.; Haifig, I. (2010). "Pheromones and exocrine glands in Isoptera". Vitamins and Hormones. 83: 521-549. doi: ... The thick, yellow fluid in the gland becomes very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are ... Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead that lead to a gland which exudes defensive secretions, are a feature of the clade ... The fontanelle connects to the frontal gland which evolved to excrete an array of defensive chemicals and secretions, and so is ...
... exocrine gland); mammary gland; placenta; kidneys; Recent evidence shows the involvement of TC in pathology. TC are ... Toluidine blue stained Semithin Epon sections of jejunum mucosa showing the bottom of Lieberkuhn glands in transverse section ... Figure 9. Human mammary gland stroma: TEM; original magnification 9,100x. A: Lymphocyte establishing a multicontact synapse (MS ... Nicolescu, Mihnea I.; Popescu, Laurentiu M. (August 2012). "Telocytes in the Interstitium of Human Exocrine Pancreas: ...
5-6 Billen, B. (17-21 November 2009). "Diversity and morphology of exocrine glands in ants". Proceedings, XIX Simpósio ... a position that would coincide with the position of the pygidial gland, which opens between abdominal tergites VI and VII. The ...
Cruz-Landim, C.; Reginato, R.G. (2001). "Exocrine Glands of Schwarziana quadripunctata (Hymenoptera, Apinae, Meliponini)". ... Glands are present on the head and thorax. The glands are larger in the heads of general worker bees and larger in the thorax ...
... are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other ... Apocrine sweat glands, such as in the armpits of humans Sebaceous glands, such as the cranial surface glands of the red-bellied ... These glands include the sudoriferous glands (located on the forehead, between the antlers and eyes), the preorbital glands ( ... with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no prescrotal glands. Anal glands are found in all ...
It is the main exocrine gland to secrete this. It breaks down amylose (straight chain starch) and amylopectin (branched starch ... The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of ... These are close to the main glands and consist of ectopic salivary gland tissue. Capsule of parotid gland Capsule of the ... Salivary gland involvement primarily involves both parotid glands, causing enlargement and swelling. Salivary gland biopsy with ...
Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, ... The ant has an enormously enlarged mandibular (jaw) gland, many times the size of a normal ant, which produces defense adhesive ... poison-filled mandibular glands run the entire length of the ant's body. When combat takes a turn for the worse, the worker ant ... which also bursts the mandibular glands, thereby spraying a sticky secretion in all directions from the anterior region of its ...
"Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human exocrine glands". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 20 (1): 54-60 ... Smegma was originally thought to be produced by sebaceous glands near the frenulum called Tyson's glands; however, subsequent ... Glands that are located around the clitoris, the labia minora, and the labia majora secrete sebum. If smegma is not removed ... Smegma clitoridis is defined as the secretion of the apocrine glands of the clitoris, in combination with desquamating ...
This causes atrophy of the exocrine glands and progressive fibrosis. Individuals with CF also have difficulties absorbing the ... and all other remaining exocrine glands in the body. The protein spans this membrane and acts as a channel connecting the inner ... Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency occurs in the majority (85-90%) of patients with CF.: 1253 It is mainly associated with " ... The presence of the same CFTR proteins in the pancreatic duct and sweat glands in the skin also cause symptoms in these systems ...
Grüneberg, H. (1971). "Exocrine glands and the Chievitz organ of some mouse mutants". Journal of Embryology and Experimental ...
Numerous exocrine glands across the bee body produce these pheromones. Melipona bicolor also communicates through sound, ... "The chemical composition of the mandibular gland secretion of Melipona bicolor Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, ...
Betz, Oliver (2010). "Adhesive Exocrine Glands in Insects: Morphology, Ultrastructure, and Adhesive Secretion". In von Byern, ... Some chemical constituents of the secretion from the temporal gland of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Jack Adams, ... m-Cresol is a component found in temporal glands secretions during musth in male African elephants (Loxodonta africana). m- ...
Landolt, Peter J. (1979). "Occurrence and location of exocrine glands in some social Vespidae (Hymenoptera)". Annals of the ... Male M. flavitarsis have larger sixth, seventh, and eighth sternal glands than other wasps, suggesting a role in secretion and ... Near the openings of the glands are sternal brushes, which assist in rubbing the secreted substance along the surface. Sternal ... Post, David C. (1982). "Sternal glands in three species of male social wasps of the genus Mischocyttarus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae ...
Kimoto H, Haga S, Sato K, Touhara K (October 2005). "Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal ... From the age of about 10 days, females have five pairs of mammary glands and nipples; males have no nipples. When sexually ... House mice also rely on pheromones for social communication, some of which are produced by the preputial glands of both sexes. ...
The sublingual gland (glandula sublingualis) is a seromucous polystomatic exocrine gland. Located underneath the oral diaphragm ... Sublingual gland Sublingual gland Sublingual gland Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and ... The gland receives its blood supply from the sublingual and submental arteries. Lymph from the sublingual salivary gland drains ... Salivary gland infections from Medline Plus Salivary gland cancer from American Cancer Society (Wikipedia articles needing ...
Go proteins are activated by nonvolatile proteins, such as the major urinary proteins in mice and exocrine gland-secreting ... Kimoto H, Haga S, Sato K, Touhara K (October 2005). "Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal ... At the dorsal and ventral aspect of the lumen are vomeronasal glands, which fill the vomeronasal lumen with fluid. Sitting next ...
Mucus, produced by the epithelial exocrine glands, covers the epithelial layer. The underlying connective tissue, called the ...
Exocrine gland pores are located on the sternum. These gland pores form unique depressions in most species, except for those ...
Sjögren syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease of the exocrine glands. Increased incidence of SS after childbirth ... Fetal cells in salivary glands suggest that they may be involved in the development of SS. Lichen planus (LP) is a T-cell- ... Studies showed the presence of Y-chromosome-positive fetal cells in minor salivary glands in 11 of 20 women with SS but in only ... There have been reports of fetal cells in the lining of the blood and thyroid glands of patients with autoimmune thyroid ...
"Coevolved crypts and exocrine glands support mutualistic bacteria in fungus-growing ants". Science. 311 (5757): 81-83. Bibcode: ... Early studies found the pheromones used to mark foraging trails come from poison gland sacs. Studies suggest there are two ...
... (/ˈæpəkrɪn/) glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are themselves a type of gland, i.e. a group of cells ... An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk. Apocrine glands are also found ... Exocrine glands secrete by one of three means: holocrine, merocrine and apocrine. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells ... Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than ...
Esophageal glands in humans are a part of a human digestive system. They are a small compound racemose exocrine glands of the ... mucous glands located in the submucosa. They are compound tubulo-alveolar glands. Some serous cells are present. These glands ... Oesophageal gland or oesophageal pouch is a part of the digestive system of some gastropods. Oesophageal gland or pouch is a ... The esophageal glands are glands that are part of the digestive system of various animals, including humans. ...
In fact, some species of ants have evolved exocrine glands that apparently nourish the antibiotic-producing bacteria inside ... Currie CR, Poulsen M, Mendenhall J, Boomsma JJ, Billen J (January 2006). "Coevolved crypts and exocrine glands support ... Secretions from leaf-cutter metapleural and labial glands are used by the ants for their fungistatic and bacteriostatic ...
System that comprises skin, hair, nails, and sweat and other exocrine glands. Defends the body against pathogens that may harm ...
... can refer to various racemose exocrine glands of the mucous type. These glands secrete mucus to facilitate ... the submucosal glands of the esophagus. For the intestine there are Brunner's glands, the submucosal glands of the duodenum. ... The glands themselves are quite complex. The mucus factory is at the bottom, in the submucosa, it is composed of many little ... The submucosal glands are a companion to goblet cells which also produce mucus, and are found lining the same tubes. In the ...
In addition, it plays an important role in the ducts of exocrine glands. It fulfills various tasks such as sealing orifices (e. ...
The main glands are all exocrine glands, secreting via ducts. All of these glands terminate in the mouth. The largest of these ... It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; ... There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the ... The serous fluid is produced by serous glands in these salivary glands which also produce lingual lipase. They produce about 70 ...
... and is often referred to simply as the gastric gland. The oxyntic gland is an exocrine gland and contains the parietal cells ... There are two types of gland in the stomach, the oxyntic gland, and the pyloric gland. The major type of gastric gland is the ... Gastric glands are mostly exocrine glands and are all located beneath the gastric pits within the gastric mucosa-the mucous ... The cells of the exocrine glands are foveolar (mucus), chief cells, and parietal cells. The other type of gastric gland is the ...
The most common subclass is HED, characterized by absence or significantly reduced exocrine glands. The mode of inheritance is ...
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands ... Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which secrete their ... Exocrine sweat glands are part of the integumentary system; they have eccrine and apocrine types. Exocrine glands contain a ... The liver and pancreas are both exocrine and endocrine glands; they are exocrine glands because they secrete products-bile and ...
... and we report new histological and scanning electron microscopic analyses of the exocrine glands and morphological adaptations ... Exocrine glands Is the Subject Area "Exocrine glands" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
"Exocrine Glands" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether "Exocrine Glands" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Exocrine Glands" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Exocrine Glands" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Exocrine Glands". ...
the substances of the Dufour gland enable the species to be distinguished chemically. Attempts to use Dufour gland substances ... The Dufour glands of workers and queens of the myrmicine ants Leptothorax acervorum and Messor minor and the formicine ant ... The Dufour glands of major and minor workers of C. aegyptlacus have quite different composition, the former contain acetates in ... A time study of the filling of the Dufour gland of Formica sanquinea from emergence of adults for several months has shown the ...
Brunners glands Forum. • Esophageal glands Forum. • Pyloric glands Forum. • Salivary glands Forum. • Parotid gland Forum. • ... Endocrine glands Forum. • Blood Forum. • Paracrine Forum. • Sweat gland Forum. • Salivary gland Forum. • Mammary gland Forum. ... Gland Forum. • Hormone Forum. • Duct (anatomy) Forum. • ... Sublingual gland Forum. • Anatomist Forum. • Prostate gland ...
... exocrine glands diagram, Exocrine glands effects on body, exocrine glands examples, exocrine glands function, exocrine glands ... exocrine glands vs endocrine glands, exocrine secretions, exocrine system, function of exocrine glands, list of exocrine glands ... difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, exocrine cells, exocrine function, ... list of exocrine glands and their hormones and function, list of exocrine glands and their hormones and functions pdf, ग्रंथि ...
Tag: secretion production in exocrine and endocrine glands. HEMP(Cannabis) A Miracle Plant.. Posted on December 24, 2017. by ... secretion production in exocrine and endocrine glands, shoes, soap, Steroid alcohols, sterols, sticky platelets, sulfur, ...
... then the gland is called a branched gland Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, ... abnormal duct gland physiology; abnormal ducted gland physiology; abnormal glandula exocrine physiology. ... any functional anomaly of any of the glands of the exocrine system that secrete their essential product by way of a duct to ...
title = "Contents of the exocrine glands of the ant subfamily Cerapachyinae",. abstract = "The chemistry of the exocrine glands ... Contents of the exocrine glands of the ant subfamily Cerapachyinae. En: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2008 ; Vol. 36, N. ... Exocrine secretion, Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Sternal gland, Venom gland", ... Contents of the exocrine glands of the ant subfamily Cerapachyinae. E. David Morgan, Harald Jungnickel, Johan Billen, Fuminori ...
Most exocrine glands are merocrine (or eccrine) glands. Here, the gland cells produce their secretions and release it into the ... Exocrine Glands. Exocrine glands can also be classified according to how they secrete their products. There are three ... Humans are not the only living beings that have exocrine glands. Exocrine glands in plant life produce water, sticky protective ... Exocrine glands in the testes produce seminal fluid, which transports and nourishes sperm. Exocrine gland secretions also aid ...
Trigger excretion of exocrine glands. *Trigger rapid neural and neuromuscular transmission. *Suppress rapid neural and ...
Apocrine gland. Apocrine (/ˈæpəkrɪn/)[1] glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are themselves a type of gland, i.e. a ... An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands, responsible for secreting breast milk.[2] Apocrine glands are also ... Exocrine glands secrete by one of three means: holocrine, merocrine and apocrine. In apocrine secretion, secretory cells ... Murphrey, Morgan B.; Safadi, Anthony O.; Vaidya, Tanvi (August 10, 2020). Histology, Apocrine Gland. StatPearls Publishing. ...
Secretory activity of exocrine glands. Calcium physiology during pregnancy and lactation. The fetus requires approximately 30 g ... In addition, infants of diabetic mothers have higher serum calcium in utero and this may also suppress the parathyroid gland. A ... Aplasia or hypoplasia of parathyroid gland -DiGeorge syndrome also known as velocardiofacial (Shprintzen) syndrome or 22q11 ...
endocrine/exocrine glands. growth/size/body. hearing/vestibular/ear. hematopoietic system. homeostasis/metabolism ...
endocrine/exocrine glands. growth/size/body. hearing/vestibular/ear. hematopoietic system. homeostasis/metabolism ...
exocrine glands. secrete chemical substances into ducts exo/crine. functional disorder. produces symptoms for which no ... endocrine glands. glands that do not have ducts-secrete hormones directly into blood endo/crine. ... abnormal hardening of a gland adeno/sclerosis. anaplasia. change in the structure of cells in thier orientation to each other ... forms a protective covering for all body surfaces, also forms glands. connective tissue. support and connect organs and other ...
glands that secrete substances through ducts. exocrine glands. frontal plane. real or imaginary cut that divides the body ... glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream. endocrine glands. ...
... how do our exocrine glands work? Christof Schwiening is here to give us the details... Human beings make a lot of strange ... Exocrine glands are very sensitive to the world around us. When sweat glands are working properly, they start producing sweat ... Exocrine glands are critically important for life - they take the simple watery bit of the blood and produce from it fluids ... The exocrine glands are exquisitely arranged with a mix of different cell types in specific structures. The eccrine sweat ...
endocrine system is a series of organs and glands in your body that secret chemical messengers called hormones in to your blood ... C. Exocrine glands Explanation. Exocrine glands are responsible for secreting substances outside the body, and their secretions ... C. Adrenal glands Explanation. Steroids are secreted by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small glands located on top ... Unlike exocrine glands that secrete substances through ducts onto body surfaces or into body cavities, endocrine glands release ...
Exocrine Glands. *Extrafloral Nectaries. *F. *Feeding. *Fire Ants (Solenopsis, in Part). *Food ...
... exocrine glands); Billen, 1993: 4 (exocrine glands); Hölldobler et al., 1996: 157 (metatibial gland); Schönitzer et al., 1996: ... synopsis of exocrine glands); Billen et al., 2021 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041 PDF: 1 (basitarsal sulcus gland); Wang et al., 2021 ... tergal and sternal glands); Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1985 PDF: 201 (metapleural gland); Billen, 1986b: 165 (Dufours gland); ... Formica head gland development); Emmert, 1969 PDF: 97 (Formica labial gland); Jeantet, 1969 PDF: 87 (Formica fat tissue ...
Some alternative medicine practitioners believe that decalcifying the pineal gland can help with certain medical conditions. ... Glands fall into two different categories: endocrine and exocrine. Both perform different functions. Endocrine glands release ... Your pineal gland is a small, soybean-sized gland located in the brain. This gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a ... Is your pineal gland affecting your sleep? Learn more about this gland and how it affects your melatonin, hormones, moods, and ...
... exocrine glands); Billen, 1993: 4 (exocrine glands); Hölldobler et al., 1996: 157 (metatibial gland); Schönitzer et al., 1996: ... synopsis of exocrine glands); Billen et al., 2021 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041 PDF: 1 (basitarsal sulcus gland); Wang et al., 2021 ... tergal and sternal glands); Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1985 PDF: 201 (metapleural gland); Billen, 1986b: 165 (Dufours gland); ... Formica head gland development); Emmert, 1969 PDF: 97 (Formica labial gland); Jeantet, 1969 PDF: 87 (Formica fat tissue ...
3.1.1.5.1. exocrine glands, fetal epidermis. 3.1.1.6. stratified columnar (rare) ...
abnormal gland physiology. 85. abnormal endocrine gland physiology +. 36. abnormal exocrine gland physiology +. 9. ... abnormal gland function; gland function abnormalities; glands: functional anomalies. narrow_synonym: abnormal endocrine gland ...
Categories: Exocrine Glands Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 24 ...
Kimoto, H., Haga, S., Sato, K., and Touhara, K. (2005). Sex-specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal ... or peptides excreted by exocrine glands (Kimoto et al., 2005; Taha et al., 2009) or related to MHC (Leinders-Zufall et al., ... In fact, the detection of dodecyl propionate, a pheromone produced by the rat pup preputial gland, is mediated by the VNO, thus ... Taha, M., McMillon, R., Napier, A., and Wekesa, K. S. (2009). Extracts from salivary glands stimulate aggression and inositol-1 ...
i) Sjögrens syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder of the exocrine glands. Involvement of the lacrimal and salivary glands is ... Involvement of the exocrine glands of the upper airways may result in persistent dry cough. ...
What is a gland called if it has an unbranched duct?. Simple Exocrine Glands (Unbranched Ducts) 1. In simple tubular glands, ...
  • Examples include the salivary glands: although the parotid gland (saliva secretion 25%) is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland (saliva secretion 5%) mainly mucous gland, and the submandibular gland (saliva secretion 70%) is a mixed, mainly serous gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Silk is a product of the silkworm's salivary gland secretion. (tomsk.ru)
  • Salivary glands were not examined. (inchem.org)
  • Some of the first noticeable symptoms are dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary glands being attacked and dry eyes (xerophthalmia) due to lacrimal glands being attacked. (ipl.org)
  • Dry mouth, drooling, swelling, and pain are essentially the only symptoms caused by dysfunction of the salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • The major salivary glands and their ducts are strategically situated on either side of the dental occlusal planes to irrigate and saturate a food bolus with saliva during chewing. (medscape.com)
  • Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and pharynx to assist the major glands in moistening, lubricating, and protecting the teeth and mucosa. (medscape.com)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Sialendoscopy with irrigation of the major salivary glands can enhance salivary flow and reduce xerostomia in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, according to a randomized trial. (medscape.com)
  • In our study it is suggested that patients with recent onset of Sjogren's syndrome and with residual salivary gland capacity could benefit from sialendoscopy," said Dr. Derk Hendrik Jan Jager from VU University Medical Center, in Amsterdam. (medscape.com)
  • Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease, which is often accompanied by more systemic symptoms and which commonly affects the exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands, in turn causing characteristic functional damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • mammary glands, etc. (wikipedia.org)
  • An example of apocrine exocrine glands are the apocrine glands in the mammary glands and the arm pits and groin. (tomsk.ru)
  • An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands , responsible for secreting breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
  • We conclude that surface epithelium is responsible for most HA and all KS present in secretions, whereas glands secrete most of CS/DS. (nih.gov)
  • These data suggest that, in diseases where the contribution to secretions of glands versus epithelial cells is altered, the relative concentration of individual GAGs, and therefore their biological activities, will also be affected. (nih.gov)
  • Holocrine glands accumulate their secretions in each cell's cytoplasm and release the whole cell into the duct. (tomsk.ru)
  • Here, the gland cells produce their secretions and release it into the duct, causing no damage to the cell. (tomsk.ru)
  • Exocrine gland secretions also aid in the defense against bacterial infection by carrying special enzymes, forming protective films, or by washing away microbes. (tomsk.ru)
  • Apocrine ( / ˈ æ p ə k r ɪ n / ) [1] glands are a type of exocrine gland , which are themselves a type of gland , i.e. a group of cells specialized for the release of secretions . (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike exocrine glands that release their secretions through ducts, endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream for widespread distribution. (proprofs.com)
  • Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, characterized by accumulation of thickened mucous secretions in exocrine glands. (hindawi.com)
  • A deficiency of the CFTR leads to chloride channel dysfunction at the epithelial cells lining the airway and exocrine glands, causing accumulation of thickened mucous secretions. (hindawi.com)
  • Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic glycoprotein synthetized by exocrine glands and is present in all human secretions. (frontiersin.org)
  • they are exocrine glands because they secrete products-bile and pancreatic juice-into the gastrointestinal tract through a series of ducts, and endocrine because they secrete other substances directly into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • Simple Exocrine Glands (Unbranched Ducts) 1. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Being an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine via ducts, valves, and chambers. (integrativepractitioner.com)
  • More than 95 percent of pancreatic cancers (tumors) form in the gland's exocrine cells, usually in the ducts. (cancercare.org)
  • Starts within the exocrine cells, which are in the ducts and exocrine glands of the pancreas. (uclahealth.org)
  • Adenocarcinoma usually starts in the exocrine ducts. (uclahealth.org)
  • A re-examination of the mandibular gland secretion of Tetramorlum caespitum has shown It contains chiefly 4-methyl-3-hexano1 not 3-octanone. (worktribe.com)
  • What are the three methods of secretion for an exocrine gland? (tomsk.ru)
  • Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion ( exocytosis ). (wikipedia.org)
  • It happens when white blood cells infiltrate saliva glands, tear glands, and other exocrine tissues, leading to decrease in tear and saliva production. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The mechanical squeezing and the parasympathetic nervous system, which analyzes a number of sensory inputs, cause the glands to inject an appropriate quantity and quality of saliva into the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
  • Sjogren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disorder affecting the exocrine glands, causes a gradual reduction in the quantity and quality of saliva. (medscape.com)
  • There are three categories of functional classification, holocrine glands, merocrine (or eccrine) glands, and apocrine glands. (tomsk.ru)
  • Most exocrine glands are merocrine (or eccrine) glands. (tomsk.ru)
  • The eccrine sweat glands are a nice example. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the human body, the other being endocrine glands, which secrete their products directly into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exocrine glands are glands that secrete substances on to an epithelial surface by way of a duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) and submucosal gland (SMG) cells were used to assess their differential contribution to GAGs in mucus. (nih.gov)
  • It is produced by the pineal gland in the brain and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. (proprofs.com)
  • Decalcifying Your Pineal Gland: Does It Work? (healthline.com)
  • The concept of decalcifying the pineal gland is an alternative practice. (healthline.com)
  • Practitioners believe by reducing calcifications on the pineal gland, you're less likely to have medical conditions, such as migraine or problems sleeping. (healthline.com)
  • While there's not a lot of research to support that decalcifying the pineal gland can improve your sleep or other medical concerns, keep reading to learn more about what researchers do know about the pineal gland and calcium deposits. (healthline.com)
  • What does the pineal gland do? (healthline.com)
  • Your pineal gland is a small, soybean-sized gland located in the brain. (healthline.com)
  • Light cues from the eye signal the pineal gland to produce melatonin or stop releasing melatonin. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers have identified that the pineal gland develops calcifications or calcium spots. (healthline.com)
  • The pineal gland isn't the only part of the body that can become calcified. (healthline.com)
  • Doctors don't exactly know why the pineal gland develops calcifications - but there are a few theories. (healthline.com)
  • Aging may contribute to pineal gland calcifications. (healthline.com)
  • However, doctors have found pineal gland calcifications in infants, which means aging isn't likely the only contributing factor. (healthline.com)
  • Another theory is that the more metabolically active the pineal gland is, the more likely it is to form calcium deposits. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers have conducted animal studies where gerbils who were exposed to less light than others had higher amounts of pineal gland calcifications. (healthline.com)
  • If the pineal gland has to produce less melatonin, it's possible fewer calcium deposits form. (healthline.com)
  • A final theory is that having certain chronic medical conditions increases the likelihood of pineal gland calcifications and vice versa . (healthline.com)
  • Medical conditions that may damage the brain or organs could potentially have an effect on the pineal gland. (healthline.com)
  • Research is mixed whether pineal gland calcification causes symptoms at all. (healthline.com)
  • Potential symptoms of a calcified pineal gland may include insomnia and migraine attacks. (healthline.com)
  • However, a study published in the Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology found that there wasn't a connection between the size of a person's pineal gland, which usually shrinks with age, and problems sleeping. (healthline.com)
  • Can you decalcify your pineal gland? (healthline.com)
  • Researchers have studied a potential connection between increased fluoride exposure and pineal gland calcifications. (healthline.com)
  • Fluoride is naturally attracted to calcium, and some researchers believe increased fluoridation leads to increased pineal gland calcifications. (healthline.com)
  • A 2019 animal study in rats found those who were placed on a fluoride-free diet for 4 to 8 weeks experienced a greater increase in the number of pineal gland cells compared with those who consumed fluoridated food and drinking water. (healthline.com)
  • People who try to decalcify the pineal gland will often stop consuming fluoridated water. (healthline.com)
  • While calcium consumed through natural foods shouldn't affect a person's pineal gland, excess calcium supplementation could be problematic. (healthline.com)
  • The pineal gland is a pea-sized gland that apparently responds to exposure to light and regulates activity levels over the course of the day. (medscape.com)
  • The exocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes. (barnesjewish.org)
  • The enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreas help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. (barnesjewish.org)
  • The exocrine glands secrete enzymes that help break down food in the intestines during the digestive process. (moffitt.org)
  • Depending on how their products are secreted, exocrine glands are categorized as merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Exocrine glands contain a glandular portion and a duct portion, the structures of which can be used to classify the gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is a gland called if it has an unbranched duct? (onteenstoday.com)
  • In ligation of the parotid duct, the duct can be ligated so as to cause atrophy of the gland and prevent ascending bacterial infections from entering the mouth. (medscape.com)
  • Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a lipid product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oil (sebum) from sebaceous glands keeps skin and hair conditioned and protected. (tomsk.ru)
  • Endocrine system is a series of organs and glands in your body that secret chemical messengers called hormones in to your blood stream. (proprofs.com)
  • The endocrine system-the other communication system in the body-is made up of endocrine glands that produce hormones, chemical substances released into the bloodstream to guide processes such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. (medscape.com)
  • The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands that produce and secrete hormones into the blood stream to reach and act on target cells of specific organs. (medscape.com)
  • They affect the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas and tend to grow more slowly than exocrine tumors. (cancercare.org)
  • The mandibular glands of Cerapachys jacobsoni contained acetophenone and skatole, but some individuals contained, in addition, 4-methyl-3-heptanone and 3-octanol. (pucv.cl)
  • The mandibular glands of the new species, presently known as Cerapachys sp. (pucv.cl)
  • 15 of FI and the mandibular glands of C. whymperi had no detectable volatile contents. (pucv.cl)
  • The parotid gland contacts the mandibular ramus and muscles of mastication, which massage the gland during chewing. (medscape.com)
  • [2] Apocrine glands are also found in the anogenital region and axillae . (wikipedia.org)
  • The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. (innerbody.com)
  • The exocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin's surface. (innerbody.com)
  • The endocrine gland, which consists of the islets of Langerhans, secretes hormones into the bloodstream. (barnesjewish.org)
  • Your pancreas produces hormones (endocrine gland, meaning stuff that goes into your blood) that go into the bloodstream that help turn food into energy. (iheartguts.com)
  • Originate in the pancreas' endocrine gland cells, which release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar. (uclahealth.org)
  • The anterior pituitary, often called the "master gland," responds to chemical messages from the bloodstream to produce numerous hormones that trigger the action of other endocrine glands. (medscape.com)
  • The parotid glands are small exocrine glands that rarely call attention to themselves. (medscape.com)
  • In tympanic neurectomy, the parasympathetic supply to the parotid gland is sectioned within the middle ear so as to cause gland atrophy. (medscape.com)
  • What gland secretes t3 and t4? (tomsk.ru)
  • The exocrine tissue also secretes a bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum. (barnesjewish.org)
  • The thyroid gland secretes thyroxin, a hormone that can reduce concentration and lead to irritability when the thyroid is overactive and cause drowsiness and a sluggish metabolism when the thyroid is underactive. (medscape.com)
  • In simple tubular glands, the secretory portion is a tubular structure. (onteenstoday.com)
  • Thyroxin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. (proprofs.com)
  • Calcitonin, on the other hand, is produced by the thyroid gland as well and helps regulate calcium levels in the blood. (proprofs.com)
  • The majority of pancreatic cancers arise in the exocrine cells. (moffitt.org)
  • The main hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon. (barnesjewish.org)
  • A time study of the filling of the Dufour gland of Formica sanquinea from emergence of adults for several months has shown the gland fills slowly and the composition changes with time. (worktribe.com)
  • The Dufour glands of workers and queens of the myrmicine ants Leptothorax acervorum and Messor minor and the formicine ant Camponotus aethlops have shown little differences between the castes. (worktribe.com)
  • Dufour glands of workers of the myrmicine species leptothorax nylanderi. (worktribe.com)
  • the substances of the Dufour gland enable the species to be distinguished chemically. (worktribe.com)
  • Attempts to use Dufour gland substances to distinguish between a group of uncertain Hyrmlca species was inconclusive. (worktribe.com)
  • The Dufour glands of major and minor workers of C. aegyptlacus have quite different composition, the former contain acetates in quantity. (worktribe.com)
  • The Dufour glands of C. jacobsoni contained a mixture of higher aldehydes, acetates and other esters, with a small amount of hydrocarbons, all in the range C 11 -C 20 . (pucv.cl)
  • The Dufour glands of Cylindromyrmex whymperi contained a mixture of long-chain epoxides, the second ant species to display them. (pucv.cl)
  • The Dufour glands of Cerapachys sp. (pucv.cl)
  • The pancreas also makes fluids that go directly into your digestive system (exocrine gland, meaning stuff that squirts directly into the body) to help break down food. (iheartguts.com)
  • Exocrine glands can also be classified according to how they secrete their products. (tomsk.ru)
  • How do we sweat, how do our exocrine glands work? (thenakedscientists.com)
  • When sweat glands are working properly, they start producing sweat when the brain detects a sufficiently large rise in brain temperature. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Equally, the sweat glands themselves can be trained. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • And the 'polygraph' or lie-detector test is based upon the idea that stress activates sweat glands - but stress can be caused by many things, one of which may, or may not, be lying! (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Exocrine glands in the testes produce seminal fluid, which transports and nourishes sperm. (tomsk.ru)
  • Most of what goes into semen comes from the seminal vesicle glands, seen here atop the prostate. (iheartguts.com)
  • But, dotted around the body, in numerous places, these cells form little structures that can secrete an array of different chemicals: we call these exocrine glands. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Neurons are nerve cells that transmit electrical signals, not chemical messengers released by endocrine glands. (proprofs.com)
  • Cancer can develop in the cells of two types of pancreatic glands: exocrine glands and endocrine glands. (moffitt.org)
  • Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease where an individual's own white blood cells attack their own body, specifically their moisture-secreting glands. (ipl.org)
  • The cause of Sjogren's is unknown, but an abnormal immune response occurs where the body's white blood cells mistakenly attack exocrine glands. (ipl.org)
  • Wax (cerumen) from ceruminous glands in the outer ear protects ears from foreign matter . (tomsk.ru)
  • Delight your urologist, doctor or prostate gland enthusiast with this prostate plushie pillow. (iheartguts.com)
  • These reproductive glands-the testes in males and the ovaries in females, and, to a lesser extent, the suprarenal (adrenal) glands -secrete androgens (including testosterone) and estrogens. (medscape.com)
  • For example, in response to a stressful situation, the pituitary gland may release beta endorphin and ACTH, which, in turn, prompt the suprarenal cortex to release hormones. (medscape.com)
  • It's the coolest organ/gland in your entire body! (iheartguts.com)
  • The patient CF is an inherited disorder affecting contraction and secondary hyperaldos- was discharged on sodium chloride and most organ,s especial y the exocrine teronism. (who.int)
  • Humans are not the only living beings that have exocrine glands. (tomsk.ru)
  • The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. (cancercare.org)
  • Your pancreas is a gland that sits behind your stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pituitary gland produces the largest number of different hormones and, therefore, has the widest range of effects on the body's functions. (medscape.com)
  • A stool elastase test is used check for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) when a person has belly pain and other digestive symptoms that don't have a known cause. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The chemistry of the exocrine glands of three species of the small and little-known ant subfamily Cerapachyinae has been examined for the first time. (pucv.cl)