The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Fractures of the femur.
The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.
The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors, benign or malignant, located in the femur bone or its surrounding soft tissues within the thigh region.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
The shaft of long bones.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Aseptic or avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The major types are idiopathic (primary), as a complication of fractures or dislocations, and LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Replacement for a hip joint.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
The head of a long bone that is separated from the shaft by the epiphyseal plate until bone growth stops. At that time, the plate disappears and the head and shaft are united.
A condition in which one of a pair of legs fails to grow as long as the other, which could result from injury or surgery.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Replacement of the hip joint.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Increase in the longest dimension of a bone to correct anatomical deficiencies, congenital, traumatic, or as a result of disease. The lengthening is not restricted to long bones. The usual surgical methods are internal fixation and distraction.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the bones' structure and strength, caused by disturbances in the normal metabolic processes involved in bone formation, resorption, or mineralization, including conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and renal osteodystrophy.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
A dead body, usually a human body.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.
Breaks in bones.
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
Developmental bone diseases are a category of skeletal disorders that arise from disturbances in the normal growth and development of bones, including abnormalities in size, shape, structure, or composition, which can lead to various musculoskeletal impairments and deformities.
One of a pair of irregularly shaped quadrilateral bones situated between the FRONTAL BONE and OCCIPITAL BONE, which together form the sides of the CRANIUM.
Fractures in which the break in bone is not accompanied by an external wound.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
The bones of the free part of the lower extremity in humans and of any of the four extremities in animals. It includes the FEMUR; PATELLA; TIBIA; and FIBULA.
A bone fixation technique using an external fixator (FIXATORS, EXTERNAL) for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthroses and other deformities, and assisting the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis. The method was devised by the Russian orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921-1992). (From Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1992 Summer;52(1):1)
The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001)
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.
Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
The middle third of a human PREGNANCY, from the beginning of the 15th through the 28th completed week (99 to 196 days) of gestation.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The area between the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS within which bone growth occurs.
Diseases of BONES.

Determination of Hounsfield value for CT-based design of custom femoral stems. (1/3521)

Ct and advanced computer-aided design techniques offer the means for designing customised femoral stems. Our aim was to determine the Hounsfield (HU) value of the bone at the corticocancellous interface, as part of the criteria for the design algorithm. We obtained transverse CT images from eight human cadaver femora. The proximal femoral canal was rasped until contact with dense cortical bone was achieved. The femora were cut into several sections corresponding to the slice positions of the CT images. After obtaining a computerised image of the anatomical sections using a scanner, the inner cortical contour was outlined and transferred to the corresponding CT image. The pixels beneath this contour represent the CT density of the bone remaining after surgical rasping. Contours were generated automatically at nine HU levels from 300 to 1100 and the mean distance between the transferred contour and each of the HU-generated contours was computed. The contour generated along the 600-HU pixels was closest to the inner cortical contour of the rasped femur and therefore 600 HU seem to be the CT density of the corticocancellous interface in the proximal part of cadaver femora. Generally, femoral bone with a CT density beyond 600 HU is not removable by conventional reamers. Thus, we recommend the 600 HU threshold as one of several criteria for the design of custom femoral implants from CT data.  (+info)

Hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stems. Histology and histomorphometry around five components retrieved at post mortem. (2/3521)

We performed a histological and histomorphometric examination in five cadaver specimens of the femoral and acetabular components and the associated tissue which had been recovered between 3.3 and 6.2 years after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) using a proximal hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium alloy implant. All had functioned well during the patients' life. All the stems were fixed in the femur and showed osseointegration of both the proximal and distal parts. The amount of residual HA was greatest in the distal metaphyseal sections, indicating that the rate of bone remodelling may be the main factor causing loss of HA. The level of activity of the patient was the only clinical factor which correlated with loss of coating. The percentage of bone-implant osseointegration was almost constant, regardless of the amount of HA residue, periprosthetic bone density or the time of implantation. HA debris was seldom observed and if present did not cause any adverse or inflammatory reaction. Partial debonding did occur in one case as a result of a polyethylene-induced inflammatory reaction.  (+info)

The inadequacy of standard radiographs in detecting flaws in the cement mantle. (3/3521)

Radiological assessment of the cement mantle is used routinely to determine the outcome of total hip replacement. We performed a simulated replacement arthroplasty on cadaver femora and took standard postoperative radiographs. The femora were then sectioned into 7 mm slices starting at the calcar, and high-resolution faxitron radiographs were taken of these sections. Analysis of the faxitron images showed that defects in the cement mantle were observed up to 100 times more frequently than on the standard films. We therefore encourage the search for a better technique in assessing the cement mantle.  (+info)

Level of amputation following failed arterial reconstruction compared to primary amputation--a meta-analysis. (4/3521)

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the level of amputation after failed vascular reconstruction was comparable to the level of amputation after primary amputation. DESIGN AND METHODS: Medline literature search (1975-1996), meta-analysis. RESULTS: The odds ratio of transtibial to transfemoral (TT/TF) amputations was 927/657 = 1.41 (95% confidence limits: 1.278-1.561) in postrevascularisation amputation (PRVA) and 1590/1162 = 1.37 (95% confidence limits: 1.269-1.477) in primary amputation (PA) (p = 0.65). The pooled data show that the number of conversions from transtibial (TT) to transfemoral (TF) amputations due to amputation stump complications were 85/369 (23%) in PRVA against 93/752 (12.4%) in PA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We could not detect any difference in TT/TF ratio between PRVA and PA. However, the risk of conversion i.e. reamputation to a higher level is higher after PRVA compared to PA. The chance of having a successful transtibial amputation is approximately 58% for postrevascularisation amputation as well as for primary amputations. An aggressive approach towards vascular reconstruction seems justified.  (+info)

Can transvaginal fetal biometry be considered a useful tool for early detection of skeletal dysplasias in high-risk patients? (5/3521)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of an early diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias in high-risk patients. METHODS: A total of 149 consecutive, uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 9-13 weeks' amenorrhea, with certain menstrual history and regular cycles, were investigated with transvaginal ultrasound to establish the relationship between femur length and menstrual age, biparietal diameter and crown-rump length, using a polynomial regression model. A further eight patients with previous skeletal dysplasias in a total of 13 pregnancies were evaluated with serial examinations every 2 weeks from 10-11 weeks. RESULTS: A significant correlation between femur length and crown-rump length and biparietal diameter was found, whereas none was observed between femur length and menstrual age. Of the five cases with skeletal dysplasias, only two (one with recurrent osteogenesis imperfecta and one with recurrent achondrogenesis) were diagnosed in the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS: An early evaluation of fetal morphology in conjunction with the use of biometric charts of femur length against crown-rump length and femur length against biparietal diameter may be crucial for early diagnosis of severe skeletal dysplasias. By contrast, in less severe cases, biometric evaluation appears to be of no value for diagnosis.  (+info)

Diacerhein treatment reduces the severity of osteoarthritis in the canine cruciate-deficiency model of osteoarthritis. (6/3521)

OBJECTIVE: To determine if diacerhein protects against the early stages of joint damage in a canine model of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: OA was induced in 20 adult mongrel dogs by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the left knee. Beginning the day after surgery, dogs in the active treatment group were dosed twice a day with capsules of diacerhein, providing a total daily dose of 40 mg/kg, for 32 weeks. Dogs in the control group received placebo capsules on the same schedule. Pathology in the unstable knee was assessed arthroscopically 16 weeks after surgery and by direct observation when the dogs were killed 32 weeks after surgery. The severity of gross joint pathology was recorded, and samples of the medial femoral condyle cartilage and the synovial tissue adjacent to the central portion of the medial meniscus were collected for histologic evaluation. Water content and uronic acid concentration of the articular cartilage from the femoral condyle were determined, and collagenolytic activity in extracts of cartilage pooled from the medial and lateral tibial plateaus was assayed against 14C-labeled collagen fibers. RESULTS: Diacerhein treatment slowed the progression of OA, as measured by grading of gross changes in the unstable knee at arthroscopy 16 weeks after cruciate ligament transection (P = 0.04) and at the time the animals were killed, 32 weeks after surgery (P = 0.05). However, 32 weeks after ACL transection, the mean proteoglycan concentration and water content of the OA cartilage and the level of collagenolytic activity in extracts of the cartilage were not significantly different in the diacerhein treatment group than in the placebo treatment group. CONCLUSION: Diacerhein treatment significantly reduced the severity of morphologic changes of OA compared with placebo. These findings support the view that diacerhein may be a disease-modifying drug for OA.  (+info)

Nocardia osteomyelitis in a pachymeningitis patient: an example of a difficult case to treat with antimicrobial agents. (7/3521)

Antimicrobial agents played a miraculous role in the treatment of bacterial infections until resistant bacteria became widespread. Besides antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, many factors can influence the cure of infection. Nocardia infection may be a good example which is difficult to cure with antimicrobial agents alone. A 66-year-old man developed soft tissue infection of the right buttock and thigh. He was given prednisolone and azathioprine for pachymeningitis 3 months prior to admission. Despite surgical and antimicrobial treatment (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim), the infection spread to the femur and osteomyelitis developed. The case showed that treatment of bacterial infection is not always as successful as was once thought because recent isolates of bacteria are more often resistant to various antimicrobial agents, intracellular parasites are difficult to eliminate even with the active drug in vitro, and infections in some sites such as bone are refractory to treatment especially when the patient is in a compromised state. In conclusion, for the treatment of infections, clinicians need to rely on laboratory tests more than before and have to consider the influence of various host factors.  (+info)

Quantitative histology of the human growth plate. (8/3521)

This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man.  (+info)

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

The "femur neck" is the narrow, upper part of the femur (thigh bone) where it connects to the pelvis. It is the region through which the femoral head articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint. The femur neck is a common site for fractures, especially in older adults with osteoporosis.

The femoral head is the rounded, ball-like top portion of the femur (thigh bone) that fits into the hip socket (acetabulum) to form the hip joint. It has a smooth, articular cartilage surface that allows for smooth and stable articulation with the pelvis. The femoral head is connected to the femoral neck, which is a narrower section of bone that angles downward and leads into the shaft of the femur. Together, the femoral head and neck provide stability and range of motion to the hip joint.

Femoral neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the femur, which is the long thigh bone in the human body. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign femoral neoplasms are slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs, as well as metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

There are various types of femoral neoplasms, including osteochondromas, enchondromas, chondrosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and Ewing sarcomas, among others. The specific type of neoplasm is determined by the cell type from which it arises and its behavior.

Symptoms of femoral neoplasms may include pain, swelling, stiffness, or weakness in the thigh, as well as a palpable mass or limited mobility. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, as well as biopsy to determine the type and grade of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

The diaphysis refers to the shaft or middle portion of a long bone in the body. It is the part that is typically cylindrical in shape and contains the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow. The diaphysis is primarily composed of compact bone tissue, which provides strength and support for weight-bearing and movement.

In contrast to the diaphysis, the ends of long bones are called epiphyses, and they are covered with articular cartilage and contain spongy bone tissue filled with red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. The area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis is known as the metaphysis, and it contains growth plates that are responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Femoral head necrosis, also known as avascular necrosis of the femoral head, is a medical condition that results from the interruption of blood flow to the femoral head, which is the rounded end of the thigh bone that fits into the hip joint. This lack of blood supply can cause the bone tissue to die, leading to the collapse of the femoral head and eventually resulting in hip joint damage or arthritis.

The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, alcohol abuse, corticosteroid use, radiation therapy, and certain medical conditions such as sickle cell disease and lupus. Symptoms may include pain in the hip or groin, limited range of motion, and difficulty walking. Treatment options depend on the severity and progression of the necrosis and may include medication, physical therapy, or surgical intervention.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) to the elbow joint. It articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the shoulder joint and with the radius and ulna bones at the elbow joint. The proximal end of the humerus has a rounded head that provides for movement in multiple planes, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body. The greater and lesser tubercles are bony prominences on the humeral head that serve as attachment sites for muscles that move the shoulder and arm. The narrow shaft of the humerus provides stability and strength for weight-bearing activities, while the distal end forms two articulations: one with the ulna (trochlea) and one with the radius (capitulum). Together, these structures allow for a wide range of motion in the shoulder and elbow joints.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

A hip prosthesis, also known as a total hip replacement, is a surgical implant designed to replace the damaged or diseased components of the human hip joint. The procedure involves replacing the femoral head (the ball at the top of the thigh bone) and the acetabulum (the socket in the pelvis) with artificial parts, typically made from materials such as metal, ceramic, or plastic.

The goal of a hip prosthesis is to relieve pain, improve joint mobility, and restore function, allowing patients to return to their normal activities and enjoy an improved quality of life. The procedure is most commonly performed in individuals with advanced osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or other degenerative conditions that have caused significant damage to the hip joint.

There are several different types of hip prostheses available, each with its own unique design and set of benefits and risks. The choice of prosthesis will depend on a variety of factors, including the patient's age, activity level, overall health, and specific medical needs. In general, however, all hip prostheses are designed to provide a durable, long-lasting solution for patients suffering from debilitating joint pain and stiffness.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures that occur in close proximity to a prosthetic joint, such as those found in total hip or knee replacements. These types of fractures typically occur as a result of low-energy trauma, and can be caused by a variety of factors including osteoporosis, bone weakness, or loosening of the prosthetic implant.

Periprosthetic fractures are classified based on the location of the fracture in relation to the prosthesis, as well as the stability of the implant. Treatment options for periprosthetic fractures may include non-surgical management, such as immobilization with a brace or cast, or surgical intervention, such as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or revision arthroplasty.

The management of periprosthetic fractures can be complex and requires careful consideration of various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, bone quality, and functional needs. As such, these types of fractures are typically managed by orthopedic surgeons with experience in joint replacement surgery and fracture care.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, and disruption of bone architecture, leading to increased risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, wrist, and hip. It mainly affects older people, especially postmenopausal women, due to hormonal changes that reduce bone density. Osteoporosis can also be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, and a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet. The diagnosis is often made using bone mineral density testing, and treatment may include medication to slow bone loss, promote bone formation, and prevent fractures.

The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.

The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.

The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

The epiphyses are the rounded ends of long bones in the body, which articulate with other bones to form joints. They are separated from the main shaft of the bone (diaphysis) by a growth plate called the physis or epiphyseal plate. The epiphyses are made up of spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage, which allows for smooth movement between bones. During growth, the epiphyseal plates produce new bone cells that cause the bone to lengthen until they eventually fuse during adulthood, at which point growth stops.

'Leg length inequality' (LLIS) is a condition where there is a discrepancy in the lengths of an individual's lower extremities, specifically the bones of the thigh (femur) and/or the leg (tibia/fibula). This discrepancy can be congenital or acquired due to various causes such as fractures, infections, or surgical procedures. The inequality can lead to functional scoliosis, lower back pain, and other musculoskeletal issues. It is typically diagnosed through physical examination and imaging studies like X-rays, and may be treated with various methods including orthotics, shoe lifts, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Photon Absorptiometry is a medical technique used to measure the absorption of photons (light particles) by tissues or materials. In clinical practice, it is often used as a non-invasive method for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). This technique uses a low-energy X-ray beam or gamma ray to penetrate the tissue and then measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bone. The amount of absorption is related to the density and thickness of the bone, allowing for an assessment of BMD. It can be used to diagnose osteoporosis and monitor treatment response in patients with bone diseases. There are two types of photon absorptiometry: single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA). SPA uses one energy level, while DPA uses two different energy levels to measure BMD, providing more precise measurements.

The hip joint, also known as the coxal joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis. The "ball" is the head of the femur, while the "socket" is the acetabulum, a concave surface on the pelvic bone.

The hip joint is surrounded by a strong fibrous capsule and is reinforced by several ligaments, including the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction movements, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body.

The hip joint is also supported by various muscles, including the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, iliopsoas, and other hip flexors and extensors. These muscles provide stability and strength to the joint, allowing for weight-bearing activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.

There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.

During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.

Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.

Hip arthroplasty, also known as hip replacement surgery, is a medical procedure where the damaged or diseased joint surfaces of the hip are removed and replaced with artificial components. These components typically include a metal or ceramic ball that replaces the head of the femur (thigh bone), and a polyethylene or ceramic socket that replaces the acetabulum (hip socket) in the pelvis.

The goal of hip arthroplasty is to relieve pain, improve joint mobility, and restore function to the hip joint. This procedure is commonly performed in patients with advanced osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hip fractures, or other conditions that cause significant damage to the hip joint.

There are several types of hip replacement surgeries, including traditional total hip arthroplasty, partial (hemi) hip arthroplasty, and resurfacing hip arthroplasty. The choice of procedure depends on various factors, such as the patient's age, activity level, overall health, and the extent of joint damage.

After surgery, patients typically require rehabilitation to regain strength, mobility, and function in the affected hip. With proper care and follow-up, most patients can expect significant pain relief and improved quality of life following hip arthroplasty.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Bone lengthening is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and then gradually stretching the bone apart, allowing new bone to grow in its place. This process is also known as distraction osteogenesis. The goal of bone lengthening is to increase the length of a bone, either to improve function or to correct a deformity.

The procedure typically involves making an incision in the skin over the bone and using specialized tools to cut through the bone. Once the bone is cut, a device called an external fixator is attached to the bone on either side of the cut. The external fixator is then gradually adjusted over time to slowly stretch the bone apart, creating a gap between the two ends of the bone. As the bone is stretched, new bone tissue begins to grow in the space between the two ends, eventually filling in the gap and lengthening the bone.

Bone lengthening can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including limb length discrepancies, congenital deformities, and injuries that result in bone loss. It is typically performed by an orthopedic surgeon and may require several months of follow-up care to ensure proper healing and growth of the new bone tissue.

Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.

Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.

Bony callus is a medical term that refers to the specialized tissue that forms in response to a bone fracture. It is a crucial part of the natural healing process, as it helps to stabilize and protect the broken bone while it mends.

When a bone is fractured, the body responds by initiating an inflammatory response, which triggers the production of various cells and signaling molecules that promote healing. As part of this process, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to produce new bone tissue at the site of the fracture. This tissue is initially soft and pliable, allowing it to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone.

Over time, this soft callus gradually hardens and calcifies, forming a bony callus that helps to stabilize the fracture and provide additional support as the bone heals. The bony callus is typically composed of a mixture of woven bone (which is less organized than normal bone) and more structured lamellar bone (which is similar in structure to normal bone).

As the bone continues to heal, the bony callus may be gradually remodeled and reshaped by osteoclasts, which are specialized cells that break down and remove excess or unwanted bone tissue. This process helps to restore the bone's original shape and strength, allowing it to function normally again.

It is worth noting that excessive bony callus formation can sometimes lead to complications, such as stiffness, pain, or decreased range of motion in the affected limb. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or reduce the size of the bony callus and promote proper healing.

A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.

Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.

Bone cements are medical-grade materials used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to fill gaps between bone surfaces and implants, such as artificial joints or screws. They serve to mechanically stabilize the implant and provide a smooth, load-bearing surface. The two most common types of bone cement are:

1. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of powdered PMMA and liquid methyl methacrylate monomer. When mixed together, they form a dough-like consistency that hardens upon exposure to air. PMMA cement has been widely used for decades in joint replacement surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements.
2. Calcium phosphate (CP) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of a powdered CP compound and an aqueous solution. When mixed together, they form a paste that hardens through a chemical reaction at body temperature. CP cement has lower mechanical strength compared to PMMA but demonstrates better biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to resorb over time.

Both types of bone cements have advantages and disadvantages, and their use depends on the specific surgical indication and patient factors.

X-ray microtomography, often referred to as micro-CT, is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize and analyze the internal structure of objects with high spatial resolution. It is based on the principles of computed tomography (CT), where multiple X-ray images are acquired at different angles and then reconstructed into cross-sectional slices using specialized software. These slices can be further processed to create 3D visualizations, allowing researchers and clinicians to examine the internal structure and composition of samples in great detail. Micro-CT is widely used in materials science, biology, medicine, and engineering for various applications such as material characterization, bone analysis, and defect inspection.

Traction, in medical terms, refers to the application of a pulling force to distract or align parts of the body, particularly bones, joints, or muscles, with the aim of immobilizing, reducing displacement, or realigning them. This is often achieved through the use of various devices such as tongs, pulleys, weights, or specialized traction tables. Traction may be applied manually or mechanically and can be continuous or intermittent, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. Common indications for traction include fractures, dislocations, spinal cord injuries, and certain neurological conditions.

Ununited fracture is a medical term used to describe a fractured bone that has failed to heal properly. This condition is also known as a nonunion fracture. In a normal healing process, the broken ends of the bone will grow together, or "unite," over time as new bone tissue forms. However, in some cases, the bones may not reconnect due to various reasons such as infection, poor blood supply, excessive motion at the fracture site, or inadequate stabilization of the fracture.

Ununited fractures can cause significant pain, swelling, and deformity in the affected area. They may also lead to a decreased range of motion, weakness, and instability in the joint near the fracture. Treatment for ununited fractures typically involves surgical intervention to promote bone healing, such as bone grafting or internal fixation with screws or plates. In some cases, electrical stimulation or ultrasound therapy may also be used to help promote bone growth and healing.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:

1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone

The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Compressive strength is a measure of the maximum compressive load that a material or structure can withstand before failure or deformation. It is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa). Compressive strength is an important property in the design and analysis of structures and materials, as it helps to ensure their safety and durability under compressive loads.

In medical terminology, compressive strength may refer to the ability of biological tissues, such as bone or cartilage, to withstand compressive forces without deforming or failing. For example, osteoporosis is a condition characterized by reduced bone density and compressive strength, which can increase the risk of fractures in affected individuals. Similarly, degenerative changes in articular cartilage can lead to decreased compressive strength and joint pain or stiffness.

An external fixator is a type of orthopedic device used in the treatment of severe fractures or deformities of bones. It consists of an external frame that is attached to the bone with pins or wires that pass through the skin and into the bone. This provides stability to the injured area while allowing for alignment and adjustment of the bone during the healing process.

External fixators are typically used in cases where traditional casting or internal fixation methods are not feasible, such as when there is extensive soft tissue damage, infection, or when a limb needs to be gradually stretched or shortened. They can also be used in reconstructive surgery for bone defects or deformities.

The external frame of the fixator is made up of bars and clamps that are adjustable, allowing for precise positioning and alignment of the bones. The pins or wires that attach to the bone are carefully inserted through small incisions in the skin, and are held in place by the clamps on the frame.

External fixators can be used for a period of several weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's healing process. During this time, the patient may require regular adjustments and monitoring by an orthopedic surgeon or other medical professional. Once the bone has healed sufficiently, the external fixator can be removed in a follow-up procedure.

Prosthesis design is a specialized field in medical device technology that involves creating and developing artificial substitutes to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or internal organ. The design process typically includes several stages: assessment of the patient's needs, selection of appropriate materials, creation of a prototype, testing and refinement, and final fabrication and fitting of the prosthesis.

The goal of prosthesis design is to create a device that functions as closely as possible to the natural body part it replaces, while also being comfortable, durable, and aesthetically pleasing for the patient. The design process may involve collaboration between medical professionals, engineers, and designers, and may take into account factors such as the patient's age, lifestyle, occupation, and overall health.

Prosthesis design can be highly complex, particularly for advanced devices such as robotic limbs or implantable organs. These devices often require sophisticated sensors, actuators, and control systems to mimic the natural functions of the body part they replace. As a result, prosthesis design is an active area of research and development in the medical field, with ongoing efforts to improve the functionality, comfort, and affordability of these devices for patients.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.

Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.

It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

In medical terms, the hip is a ball-and-socket joint where the rounded head of the femur (thigh bone) fits into the cup-shaped socket, also known as the acetabulum, of the pelvis. This joint allows for a wide range of movement in the lower extremities and supports the weight of the upper body during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The hip joint is surrounded by strong ligaments, muscles, and tendons that provide stability and enable proper functioning.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

Prosthesis failure is a term used to describe a situation where a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint or limb, has stopped functioning or failed to meet its intended purpose. This can be due to various reasons, including mechanical failure, infection, loosening of the device, or a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis.

Mechanical failure can occur due to wear and tear, manufacturing defects, or improper use of the prosthetic device. Infection can also lead to prosthesis failure, particularly in cases where the prosthesis is implanted inside the body. The immune system may react to the presence of the foreign material, leading to inflammation and infection.

Loosening of the prosthesis can also cause it to fail over time, as the device becomes less stable and eventually stops working properly. Additionally, some people may have a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, leading to tissue damage or other complications that can result in prosthesis failure.

In general, prosthesis failure can lead to decreased mobility, pain, and the need for additional surgeries or treatments to correct the problem. It is important for individuals with prosthetic devices to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of prosthesis failure and ensure that the device continues to function properly over time.

Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation or development. It involves the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed mainly of type I collagen. This organic matrix later mineralizes to form the inorganic crystalline component of bone, primarily hydroxyapatite.

There are two primary types of osteogenesis: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous osteogenesis occurs directly within connective tissue, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bone tissue without an intervening cartilage template. This process is responsible for the formation of flat bones like the skull and clavicles.

Endochondral osteogenesis, on the other hand, involves the initial development of a cartilaginous model or template, which is later replaced by bone tissue. This process forms long bones, such as those in the limbs, and occurs through several stages involving chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and calcification, followed by invasion of blood vessels and osteoblasts to replace the cartilage with bone tissue.

Abnormalities in osteogenesis can lead to various skeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysplasia (a disorder affecting skull and collarbone development).

Osseointegration is a direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of an implant. It's a process where the bone grows in and around the implant, which is typically made of titanium or another biocompatible material. This process provides a solid foundation for dental prosthetics, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures, or for orthopedic devices like artificial limbs. The success of osseointegration depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the quality and quantity of available bone, and the surgical technique used for implant placement.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Bone density conservation agents, also known as anti-resorptive agents or bone-sparing drugs, are a class of medications that help to prevent the loss of bone mass and reduce the risk of fractures. They work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue during the natural remodeling process.

Examples of bone density conservation agents include:

1. Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid) - These are the most commonly prescribed class of bone density conservation agents. They bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue and inhibit osteoclast activity, thereby reducing bone resorption.
2. Denosumab (Prolia) - This is a monoclonal antibody that targets RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand), a key signaling molecule involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation. By inhibiting RANKL, denosumab reduces osteoclast activity and bone resorption.
3. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene) - These medications act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues. In bone tissue, SERMs mimic the bone-preserving effects of estrogen by inhibiting osteoclast activity and reducing bone resorption.
4. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - Estrogen hormone replacement therapy has been shown to preserve bone density in postmenopausal women; however, its use is limited due to increased risks of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events.
5. Calcitonin - This hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland, inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption. However, it has largely been replaced by other more effective bone density conservation agents.

These medications are often prescribed for individuals at high risk of fractures due to conditions such as osteoporosis or metabolic disorders that affect bone health. It is essential to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to maximize their benefits while minimizing potential side effects. Regular monitoring of bone density, blood calcium levels, and other relevant parameters is also necessary during treatment with these medications.

Mechanical torsion in a medical context refers to the twisting or rotational deformation of a body or structure due to an applied torque or force. This can occur in various biological structures, such as blood vessels, intestines, or muscles, leading to impaired function, pain, or even tissue necrosis if severe or prolonged.

For example, in the case of the gastrointestinal tract, torsion can cause a segment of the bowel to twist around its own axis, cutting off blood flow and causing ischemia or necrosis. This is a surgical emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent further complications. Similarly, in the eye, torsion can refer to the rotation of the eyeball within the orbit, which can cause double vision or other visual disturbances.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

In the medical field, cementation refers to the process of using a type of dental cement or bonding agent to attach a dental restoration (such as a crown, bridge, or false tooth) to a natural tooth or implant. The cement helps to create a strong and secure attachment, while also helping to seal the restoration and prevent the entry of bacteria and saliva.

Dental cement can be made from various materials, including glass ionomers, resin-modified glass ionomers, zinc phosphate, and polycarboxylate cements. The choice of cement depends on several factors, such as the type of restoration being attached, the location in the mouth, and the patient's individual needs and preferences.

Cementation is an important step in many dental procedures, as it helps to ensure the longevity and success of the restoration. Proper technique and material selection are crucial for achieving a successful cementation that will last for years to come.

Alendronate is a medication that falls under the class of bisphosphonates. It is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men, as well as in the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone.

Alendronate works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down and reabsorbing bone tissue. By reducing the activity of osteoclasts, alendronate helps to slow down bone loss and increase bone density, thereby reducing the risk of fractures.

The medication is available in several forms, including tablets and oral solutions, and is typically taken once a week for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. It is important to follow the dosing instructions carefully, as improper administration can reduce the drug's effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects. Common side effects of alendronate include gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, stomach pain, and nausea.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Developmental bone diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the growth and development of bones. These diseases are present at birth or develop during childhood and adolescence, when bones are growing rapidly. They can result from genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or environmental factors such as poor nutrition.

Some examples of developmental bone diseases include:

1. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI): Also known as brittle bone disease, OI is a genetic disorder that affects the body's production of collagen, a protein necessary for healthy bones. People with OI have fragile bones that break easily and may also experience other symptoms such as blue sclerae (whites of the eyes), hearing loss, and joint laxity.
2. Achondroplasia: This is the most common form of dwarfism, caused by a genetic mutation that affects bone growth. People with achondroplasia have short limbs and a large head relative to their body size.
3. Rickets: A condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or an inability to absorb or use vitamin D properly. This leads to weak, soft bones that can bow or bend easily, particularly in children.
4. Fibrous dysplasia: A rare bone disorder where normal bone is replaced with fibrous tissue, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
5. Scoliosis: An abnormal curvature of the spine that can develop during childhood or adolescence. While not strictly a developmental bone disease, scoliosis can be caused by various underlying conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida.

Treatment for developmental bone diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment may include medication, physical therapy, bracing, or surgery to correct deformities and improve function. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor growth, manage symptoms, and prevent complications.

The parietal bone is one of the four flat bones that form the skull's cranial vault, which protects the brain. There are two parietal bones in the skull, one on each side, located posterior to the frontal bone and temporal bone, and anterior to the occipital bone. Each parietal bone has a squamous part, which forms the roof and sides of the skull, and a smaller, wing-like portion called the mastoid process. The parietal bones contribute to the formation of the coronal and lambdoid sutures, which are fibrous joints that connect the bones in the skull.

A closed fracture, also known as a simple fracture, is a type of bone break where the skin remains intact and there is no open wound. The bone may be broken in such a way that it does not pierce the skin, but still requires medical attention for proper diagnosis, treatment, and healing. Closed fractures can range from hairline cracks to complete breaks and can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. It is important to seek immediate medical care if a closed fracture is suspected, as improper healing can lead to long-term complications such as decreased mobility, chronic pain, or deformity.

Ovariectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. It is also known as "ovary removal" or "oophorectomy." This procedure is often performed as a treatment for various medical conditions, including ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic pain. Ovariectomy can also be part of a larger surgical procedure called an hysterectomy, in which the uterus is also removed.

In some cases, an ovariectomy may be performed as a preventative measure for individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is known as a prophylactic ovariectomy. After an ovariectomy, a person will no longer have menstrual periods and will be unable to become pregnant naturally. Hormone replacement therapy may be recommended in some cases to help manage symptoms associated with the loss of hormones produced by the ovaries.

'Leg bones' is a general term that refers to the bones in the leg portion of the lower extremity. In humans, this would specifically include:

1. Femur: This is the thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee.

2. Patella: This is the kneecap, a small triangular bone located at the front of the knee joint.

3. Tibia and Fibula: These are the bones of the lower leg. The tibia, or shin bone, is the larger of the two and bears most of the body's weight. It connects the knee to the ankle. The fibula, a slender bone, runs parallel to the tibia on its outside.

Please note that in medical terminology, 'leg bones' doesn't include the bones of the foot (tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges), which are often collectively referred to as the 'foot bones'.

The Ilizarov technique is a surgical method used for limb lengthening and reconstruction. It involves the use of an external fixation device, which consists of rings connected by adjustable rods and wires that are attached to the bone. This apparatus allows for gradual distraction (slow, steady stretching) of the bone, allowing new bone tissue to grow in the gap created by the distraction. The Ilizarov technique can be used to treat various conditions such as limb length discrepancies, bone deformities, and nonunions (failed healing of a fracture). It is named after its developer, Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov, a Soviet orthopedic surgeon.

Tensile strength is a material property that measures the maximum amount of tensile (pulling) stress that a material can withstand before failure, such as breaking or fracturing. It is usually measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). In the context of medical devices or biomaterials, tensile strength may be used to describe the mechanical properties of materials used in implants, surgical tools, or other medical equipment. High tensile strength is often desirable in these applications to ensure that the material can withstand the stresses and forces it will encounter during use.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Bone malalignment is a term used to describe the abnormal alignment or positioning of bones in relation to each other. This condition can occur as a result of injury, deformity, surgery, or disease processes that affect the bones and joints. Bone malalignment can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and an increased risk of further injury. In some cases, bone malalignment may require treatment such as bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the alignment and improve function.

Prostheses: Artificial substitutes or replacements for missing body parts, such as limbs, eyes, or teeth. They are designed to restore the function, appearance, or mobility of the lost part. Prosthetic devices can be categorized into several types, including:

1. External prostheses: Devices that are attached to the outside of the body, like artificial arms, legs, hands, and feet. These may be further classified into:
a. Cosmetic or aesthetic prostheses: Primarily designed to improve the appearance of the affected area.
b. Functional prostheses: Designed to help restore the functionality and mobility of the lost limb.
2. Internal prostheses: Implanted artificial parts that replace missing internal organs, bones, or tissues, such as heart valves, hip joints, or intraocular lenses.

Implants: Medical devices or substances that are intentionally placed inside the body to replace or support a missing or damaged biological structure, deliver medication, monitor physiological functions, or enhance bodily functions. Examples of implants include:

1. Orthopedic implants: Devices used to replace or reinforce damaged bones, joints, or cartilage, such as knee or hip replacements.
2. Cardiovascular implants: Devices that help support or regulate heart function, like pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial heart valves.
3. Dental implants: Artificial tooth roots that are placed into the jawbone to support dental prostheses, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures.
4. Neurological implants: Devices used to stimulate nerves, brain structures, or spinal cord tissues to treat various neurological conditions, like deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants for hearing loss.
5. Ophthalmic implants: Artificial lenses that are placed inside the eye to replace a damaged or removed natural lens, such as intraocular lenses used in cataract surgery.

The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.

During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.

Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Biometry, also known as biometrics, is the scientific study of measurements and statistical analysis of living organisms. In a medical context, biometry is often used to refer to the measurement and analysis of physical characteristics or features of the human body, such as height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and other physiological variables. These measurements can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnosis, treatment planning, monitoring disease progression, and research.

In addition to physical measurements, biometry may also refer to the use of statistical methods to analyze biological data, such as genetic information or medical images. This type of analysis can help researchers and clinicians identify patterns and trends in large datasets, and make predictions about health outcomes or treatment responses.

Overall, biometry is an important tool in modern medicine, as it allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions based on data and evidence.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A growth plate, also known as an epiphyseal plate or physis, is a layer of cartilaginous tissue found near the ends of long bones in children and adolescents. This region is responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones during development. The growth plate contains actively dividing cells that differentiate into chondrocytes, which produce and deposit new matrix, leading to bone elongation. Once growth is complete, usually in late adolescence or early adulthood, the growth plates ossify (harden) and are replaced by solid bone, transforming into the epiphyseal line.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

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In human anatomy, the body of femur (or shaft of femur) is the almost cylindrical, long part of the femur. It is a little ... The borders of the femur are the linea aspera, a medial border, and a lateral border. The linea aspera is a prominent ... The other two borders of the femur are only slightly marked: the lateral border extends from the antero-inferior angle of the ...
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... trochlear groove of femur, trochlear sulcus of femur, trochlear surface of femur, or trochlea of femur. On a lateral radiograph ... The intercondylar fossa of femur (intercondyloid fossa of femur, intercondylar notch of femur) is a deep notch between the rear ... two protrusions on the distal end of the femur (thigh bone) that joins the knee. On the front of the femur, the condyles are ... The intercondylar fossa of femur and/or the patellar surface may also be referred to as the patellar groove, patellar sulcus, ...
The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of the femur. The other one is the medial condyle. The ...
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The adductor tubercle is a tubercle on the lower extremity of the femur. It is formed where the medial lips of the linea aspera ... Femur, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs). ...
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Femur-fibula-ulna syndrome (FFU syndrome) is a very rare syndrome characterized by abnormalities of the femur (thigh bone), ... Proximal femoral focal deficiency Van De Berghe Dequeker syndrome "Orphanet: Femur fibula ulna complex". Orpha.net. Retrieved ...
The upper extremity, proximal extremity or superior epiphysis of the femur is the part of the femur closest to the pelvic bone ... The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum. The neck is 4-5 cm. long and the diameter is ... Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated. In skinny ... The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the ...
Right femur. Anterior surface. Right femur. Posterior surface. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page ... The lower extremity of femur (or distal extremity) is the lower end of the femur (thigh bone) in human and other animals, ... when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural ... It is larger than the upper extremity of femur, is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its ...
A human femur head with some synovium attached at the bottom and the ligament of the head of the femur attached at the top. A ... The ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur, foveal ligament, or Fillmore's ligament) is a weak ligament ... ISBN 978-0-7020-3553-1. Tan CK, Wong WC (August 1990). "Absence of the ligament of head of femur in the human hip joint". ... Crelin ES (1988). "Ligament of the head of the femur in the orangutan and Indian elephant". Yale J Biol Med. 61 (5): 383-8. PMC ...
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The medial epicondyle of the femur is an epicondyle, a bony protrusion, located on the medial side of the femur at its distal ... Lateral epicondyle of the femur Medial epicondyle of the humerus Platzer (2004), p 192 Thieme Atlas of Anatomy (2006), p 426 ... ISBN 1-58890-419-9. Right femur (anterior - distal end) [dead link] - BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System Anatomy photo:17 ... Femur, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs). ...
Clasmodosaurus spatula - Teeth - (sauropod indet) "Loncosaurus argentinus" (ornithopod indet.) - Femur. This genus may have ...
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The femoral neck (femur neck or neck of the femur) is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with ... Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 ... In the female, in consequence of the increased width of the pelvis, the neck of the femur forms more nearly a right angle with ... "Proximal femur". AO Foundation. Retrieved 2017-04-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Area of ...
Bonita Femur (voiced by Geeg Friedman) is a hybrid monster: her father is a mothman, and her mother is a skeleton. She has ... "Bonita Femur". Monster High. Mattel. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016. "Monster High's ... "Monster High Freaky Fusion Bonita Femur Doll". Amazon. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November ...
Right femur. Anterior surface. Right femur. Posterior surface. Right hip-joint from the front. Capsule of hip-joint (distended ... The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is ...
Among the remains were vertebrae from the neck, back, and tail; a shoulder blade; a humerus; a partial pelvis; a femur; a tibia ... The small head of Massospondylus was approximately half the length of the femur. Numerous openings, or fenestrae, in the skull ... but a model based on the circumferences of the humerus and femur supported bipedality throughout ontogeny. Many saurischian ...
Femur darker. Opisthosoma male: with dark brown scuticula. Body length male: 4.5-6 mm Body length female: 6.6-9.4 mm In Britain ...
Right femur. Posterior surface. Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions. The femoral artery. Vastus medialis Vastus ... The vastus medialis muscle originates from a continuous line of attachment on the femur, which begins on the front and middle ... The vastus medialis arises medially along the entire length of the femur, and attaches with the other muscles of the quadriceps ... lip of the linea aspera and onto the medial supracondylar line of the femur. The fibers converge onto the inner (medial) part ...
The gemelli muscles belong to the lateral rotator group of six muscles of the hip that rotate the femur in the hip joint. The ... Right femur. Anterior surface. Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (November 2011). Physiotherapy Essentials : Anatomy and Human ... and are prolonged onto the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur. The superior and inferior gemelli are ...
Right femur. Anterior surface. The arteries of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions. Nerves of the right lower extremity ... Their primary function is abduction of the femur, while internal rotation and flexion can occur depending on the position of ... the femur. Additionally, with the hip flexed, the gluteus minimus internally rotates the thigh. With the hip extended, gluteus ...
... such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. Right femur. Posterior surface. (Quadratus ... The quadrate tubercle is a small tubercle found upon the upper part of the femur. It serves as a point of insertion of the ... femoris and Quadrate tubercle labeled.) Sunderland S (January 1938). "The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur". J. Anat. 72 (Pt 2): ... Femur, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs). ...
Femur epicondyle may refer to: Lateral epicondyle of the femur Medial epicondyle of the femur This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Femur epicondyle. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
Its when both femurs (thigh bone) are broken. They can either be closed or open. (The bone breaks through the skin or stays ... Why fracture in femur is dangerous?. The femoral artery runs right along the femur. A fracture in the femur might damage the ... Why fracture in femur is dangerous?. The femoral artery runs right along the femur. A fracture in the femur might damage the ... Blood lose in a bilateral femur fracture?. Bilateral means both sides. Femur is your hip. Someone with bilateral femur fracture ...
... in the femur in your leg. It is also called the thigh bone. You may have needed surgery to repair the bone. You may have had ... in the femur in your leg. It is also called the thigh bone. You may have needed surgery to repair the bone. You may have had ... You had a fracture (break) in the femur in your leg. It is also called the thigh bone. You may have needed surgery to repair ... In the most common surgery to repair a femur fracture, the surgeon inserts a rod or large nail into the center of the bone. ...
Help Elena Maijo to fight Femur Osteosarcoma on Indiegogo. ...
... or the distal femur. In the treatment of these injuries, it is important to keep in mind that pediatric femoral fractures ... Pediatric femoral fractures may involve the proximal femur, the femoral shaft, ... Distal femur. The epiphyseal ossification center of the distal femur is usually present at birth in a full-term infant. This ... Proximal femur. The proximal femur has two growth centers: the proximal femoral epiphysis and the trochanteric apophysis. The ...
A femur cross-section, along with other living bones, consists of three layers: the periosteum, or outside skin of the bone; ... If we were to cut the femur bone in half, we would see that it contains various layers. First is a layer of thin, whitish skin ... The femur is the thigh bone, the longest bone in the body. ... Femur Cross-Section. * Anatomy Explorer. *Capillary in ...
"Simon says use your right finger to touch your femur." (The activity includes some sample directions from Simon.) ...
Build a statistical femur model and use it to complete partial shapes. ... Fit the femur model you created in the first step of the project to each of the downloaded femurs. To do so, you can use the ... Femur project: final steps Last steps in your own shape modelling project. Build a statistical femur model and use it to ... Important: the provided femurs might strongly differ in size, making it difficult for the ICP method to obtain a good fit. ...
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Zometa and Aredia allege femur fractures, jaw bone death and more. Have you been injured? ... Fosamax femur fracture lawsuits. Most of the femur fracture lawsuits have consolidated in New Jersey state court in front of ... Osteoporosis Femur Fractures. Litigation on osteoporosis femur fractures continues - especially after an ABC news program ... Home » Legal » Personal Injury » Dangerous Drugs » Fosamax » Osteoporosis Lawsuits Allege Femur Fractures, Jaw Bone Death & ...
1 = Femur scan completed 2 = Femur scan completed, but all data are invalid 3 = Femur not scanned, pregnancy 4 = Femur not ... DXXOFA - Total femur area. Variable Name: DXXOFA. SAS Label: Total femur area. English Text: Total femur area (cm^2). Target: ... DXAFMRST - Femur scan status. Variable Name: DXAFMRST. SAS Label: Femur scan status. English Text: Femur scan status. Target: ... DXXOFBMD - Total femur BMD. Variable Name: DXXOFBMD. SAS Label: Total femur BMD. English Text: Total femur bone mineral density ...
The femur is a large leg bone that connects the knee to the thigh, and its design and structure are very important for the ... In this new paper in the Journal of Human Evolution, visual data from photographs provide a detailed look at the fossil femur.2 ... Now, a new study has presented a very chimp-like fossil femur that supposedly belongs to the creature and indicates that it ... A New Scientist report also describes the research and claims that "the shape of the femur from Sahelanthropus tchadensis is ...
Decrease quantity for Beef Patella Femur Bone - Avg. 2 lbs − Product Quantity. Increase quantity for Beef Patella Femur Bone - ... Decrease quantity for Beef Patella Femur Bone - Avg. 2 lbs − Product Quantity. Increase quantity for Beef Patella Femur Bone - ... Each package contains 1 or 2 femur patella bones. Average weight of 2 lbs. All of US Wellness Meats beef products are 100% ... US Wellness Beef Patella Joint Femur Bones are ideal bones for making great gelatin and bone broth recipes. ...
Shop Pet Treat Bar Pork Femur approx. 100g and other great products online or in-store at Coles. ... These 100% Australian pork femur bones have no added preservatives, just a great taste dogs love! ...
The newborn sustained a fracture of the right femur. A simple immobilization of the limb in extension led to a complete healing ... Cesarean Section and Right Femur Fracture: A Rare but Possible Complication for Breech Presentation. Giampiero Capobianco. ,1 ... A. D. Barnes and T. A. Van Geem, "Fractured femur of the newborn at cesarean section. A case report," Journal of Reproductive ... R. Vasa and M. R. Kim, "Fracture of the femur at cesarean section: case report and review of literature," American Journal of ...
He is set to have a total femur replacement (knee, femur, hip) in August. ... knee,femur,hip replacement. I had cancer in my femur. 2 rods were put in my femur , after the second one failed I had this ... knee,femur,hip replacement. I had cancer in my femur. 2 rods were put in my femur , after the second one failed I had this ... knee,femur,hip replacement. I had cancer in my femur. 2 rods were put in my femur , after the second one failed I had this ...
Fixation of periprosthetic femur fractures around total hip implants without cerclage cables or stru ... Fixation of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around Total Hip Implants Without the Use of Cables or Struts. White, Raymond R. MD ... Fixation of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around Total Hip Implants Without the Use of Cables or Struts : Techniques in ... Fixation of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around Total Hip Implants Without the Use of Cables or Struts ...
Anybody have an idea how to code this? No prosthetic replacement was used.
Decrease Quantity of Axis Scientific Femur Bone Increase Quantity of Axis Scientific Femur Bone ... Your femur is the longest and strongest bone in your body and Axis Scientific designed this model with students, patients and ... This anatomically perfect model of a human femur is made out of a durable PVC like material. It depicts the natural texture of ... Axis Scientific Life-Size Flexible Human Spine with Removable Femur Heads Model and Full Color Study Booklet The Axis ...
Femur Heads and other high quality Skeleton & Spine Models ... Youre reviewing:Didactic Spine W/ Femur Heads. Your Rating. ... Didactic Spine with Femur Heads. This superb new didactically painted spinal column has the same anatomical features as the A58 ...
A short femur length is defined as either a measurement below the 2.5th percentile for gestational age or a measurement that is ... The femur should be measured with the bone perpendicular to the ultrasound beam and with epiphyseal cartilages visible but not ... Short fetal thigh bone length; Short foetal femur length; Short foetal thigh bone length. ...
1 femur, 1 spine and 1 tibia pen. And if you are inclined to fall a part you can now really pick yourself up. Sold as a three ...
Anatomie humaine concernant Femur : axis and angles ... Femur : axis and angles. Illustrations. Femur : axis and angles ...
Join a global network of diverse experts all working to improve lives through forensic science. Learn, collaborate, and grow with us!. Learn More ...
Male Orangutan Femur. From the male Orangutan Skeleton, SC-002-A. Restricted to a small area on the island of Sumatra, ... Male Orangutan Femur. SC-002-F $100.00 From the male Orangutan Skeleton, SC-002. Restricted to a small area on the island of ...
Excision Procedures on the Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint - Codif ... Surgical Procedures on the Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint, ... CPT® 27326, Under Excision Procedures on the Femur (Thigh ... Excision Procedures on the Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint. ...
Suk Muay Femur: Rangsit Stadium. July the 10th is set to be a memorable date in the muaythai calendar as the Muaythai Femur ... A Muay Femur is a fighter that relies on skill and technical ability rather than brute strength or aggression to win a fight. ...
Lower extremity.right,Femur. Scale. Doc. Method. US. Additional Names. Short Name. US Femur-R. Associated Observations. 81220-6 ... Femur-R;. Femur-R;. Upper leg;. Femoral;. Narrative;. Report;. Ultrasound;. ULS;. Sonogram;. Sonography;. Sonograph;. ... US Femur - right Active Fully-Specified Name. Component. Multisection. Property. Find. Time. Pt. System. ... The scale has been changed from Nar to Doc to fit with the CDA model.; Updated System from Femur.right per LOINC/RadLex ...
  • Users of the 2007-2008 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry femur bone data (DXXFEM_E) are encouraged to read the documentation before accessing the data file. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2005-2010, BMD at the femur neck and lumbar spine was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). (cdc.gov)
  • BMD of the lumbar spine, L2-L4, and the neck of the left femur were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. (who.int)
  • Parker Waichman LLP, a national law firm dedicated to protecting the rights of victims injured by defective drugs, has filed a lawsuit alleging that Fosamax caused a left femur fracture and other subsequent complications in a Mississippi woman. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Quality control procedures for osteoporosis of the lumbar spinal of fracture) during menopause than were followed in accordance with the and the neck of the left femur. (who.int)
  • Gross examination revealed a hemorrhage in the bone marrow of the distal third of the left femur. (cdc.gov)
  • Pediatric femoral fractures are injuries that may involve the proximal femur, the femoral shaft, or the distal femur. (medscape.com)
  • Beginning in 2005, DXA scans of the proximal femur have been administered in the NHANES mobile examination center (MEC). (cdc.gov)
  • Protein repletion after hip fracture was associated with increased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, attenuation of proximal femur bone loss, and shorter stay in rehabilitation hospitals. (acpjournals.org)
  • And the head of the femur connects to the cotyloid cavity in the pelvic bone that forms the hip joint. (a-z-animals.com)
  • The capital femoral epiphysis is the head of the femur (the ball in the ball-and-socket of the hip joint). (msdmanuals.com)
  • A short femur length is defined as either a measurement below the 2.5th percentile for gestational age or a measurement that is less than 0.9 of that predicted by the measured biparietal diameter. (mcw.edu)
  • A case of compound C3 distal femur fracture with 12 cm bone defect. (scirp.org)
  • A 21 year old male presented to us after a vehicular accident with a type C3 compound right distal femur fracture with bone defect of about 12 cm. (scirp.org)
  • For the distal femur fracture the lateral approach was used and the fracture site was exposed. (scirp.org)
  • Conclusions: There were no differences in functional outcome, adverse events, or ROM between immediate FWB and PWB following plate fixation for a distal femur fracture in elderly patients. (lu.se)
  • A distal femur fracture has a negative effect on the functional status of elderly patients that persists at least up to 1 year following injury. (lu.se)
  • In October 2010, the FDA updated the label on 'Fosamax', Fosamax Plus D and other bisphosphonates, warning about the risk of atypical femur fractures. (yourlawyer.com)
  • In addition to atypical femur fractures, bisphosphonates have also been linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and esophageal cancer. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Another recent study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that 82 percent of patients with atypical femur fractures had been taking bisphosphonates. (yourlawyer.com)
  • In 2010, the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Femoral Fracture Task Force recommended that US health regulators rewrite the warning labels for bisphosphonates because of their possible association with atypical femur fractures. (yourlawyer.com)
  • In conducting the study, the task force looked at 310 cases of atypical femur fractures and found that in the majority of cases (291), the patients had been taking bisphosphonates. (yourlawyer.com)
  • If you saw the ABC World News report this week showing the frightening femur fractures that some women who have been using the bisphosphonate drug Fosamax (alendronate) to fight osteoporosis are now suffering, you won't soon forget it. (pissd.com)
  • Educational e-Learning Tool to Improve Fascia Iliac Block Uptake for Neck of Femur Fracture Patients: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. (iasp-pain.org)
  • There are 75,000 neck of femur (NOF) fractures that occur each year in England and Wales. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Exclusion criteria were: ipsilateral fracture of the lower limb, neck and supracondylar femur fractures, pathological, periprosthetic and incomplete fractures. (scielo.org.za)
  • Methods We used an improvement methodology strategy to devise a bundle of care for patients with a fractured neck of femur. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusion Although fractures of the neck of femur do not necessarily result in the physiological derangement associated with sepsis, it is evident that the use of a bundle of care will ensure that hip fracture patients are managed in a timely, person-centred and safe fashion as recommended in SIGN 111. (bmj.com)
  • A new NCHS Health E-Stat provides information on the percentage of U.S. adults aged 65 and over with osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine, using data from the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2005-2010, 16.2% of adults aged 65 and over had osteoporosis at the lumbar spine or femur neck. (cdc.gov)
  • Intraoperative assessment for associated femoral neck fractures and postoperative clinical examination of the hip and knee are imperative to the successful management of diaphyseal femur fractures. (medscape.com)
  • Recent estimates of the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass at the femur neck or lumbar spine in U.S. adults focused on adults aged 50 and over ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Observations for persons missing a femur neck or lumbar spine measurement were not included in the data analysis. (cdc.gov)
  • Descrip- common genetic and environmental femur (neck) on the left side using a tive statistics were done for numerical factors [2]. (who.int)
  • Its when both femurs (thigh bone) are broken. (answers.com)
  • The femur is the thigh bone, the longest bone in the body. (innerbody.com)
  • The femur is a large leg bone that connects the knee to the thigh, and its design and structure are very important for the purposes of posture and locomotion. (icr.org)
  • The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT ® ) code 27326 as maintained by American Medical Association, is a medical procedural code under the range - Excision Procedures on the Femur (Thigh Region) and Knee Joint. (aapc.com)
  • The traction splint for a femur shaft fracture is an orthopaedic device made of a metallic frame that extends from the proximal thigh to an area distal to the heel ( Figure 1 ). (scielo.org.za)
  • The femur is the thigh bone in vertebrate animals. (a-z-animals.com)
  • The femur is the thigh bone and it is the largest and strongest bone in the human body. (targetwoman.com)
  • Since the inside of the thigh is a place of major blood vessels, broken femur means break in the artery. (targetwoman.com)
  • Buy Pet Treat Bar Pork Femur approx. (coles.com.au)
  • These 100% Australian pork femur bones have no added preservatives, just a great taste dogs love! (coles.com.au)
  • He is set to have a total femur replacement (knee, femur, hip) in August. (cancer.org)
  • I need to know about total femur replacements. (cancer.org)
  • i have just had a total femur replacement. (cancer.org)
  • hi: My son just had a total femur, knee and partial tibial replacement. (cancer.org)
  • In December of 2003 I got a total femur replacement (femur, knee, hip) I was the second or third perosn in the U.S. to get the total femur replacement with a specific prosethesis. (cancer.org)
  • The newborn sustained a fracture of the right femur. (hindawi.com)
  • We present a case of right femur fracture that occurred in the course of cesarean section performed because of breech presentation. (hindawi.com)
  • The examination revealed a fracture of the right femur in which the proximal segment displaced anteriorly compared to the middle and distal segment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Rx showing right femur fracture. (hindawi.com)
  • Use this model to reconstruct a set of partial femur shapes. (futurelearn.com)
  • Follow this link and download the partial femur shapes. (futurelearn.com)
  • I had partial femur replacement and chemo 3 years ago with success - no sign of recurrance since then. (cancer.org)
  • My fiance' who's 33 had a partial femur and complete knee replacement a little over a year ago. (cancer.org)
  • I also had a partial femur replaced 20 months ago and walking fine. (cancer.org)
  • Patients who sustain supracondylar femur fracture are at high risk of developing knee arthritis later. (targetwoman.com)
  • Supracondylar femur fracture is common in patients with severe osteoporosis. (targetwoman.com)
  • Treatment for supracondylar femur fracture is highly variable. (targetwoman.com)
  • In July 2010, she suffered from a left subtrochanteric femur fracture. (yourlawyer.com)
  • The previous March, the FDA announced it was reviewing bisphosphonates for a possible link to atypical subtrochanteric femur fractures in some patients who had been on the drugs for several years. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Fixation of Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around Total Hip. (lww.com)
  • Immediate Full Weight-Bearing Versus Partial Weight-Bearing After Plate Fixation of Distal Femur Fractures in Elderly Patients. (lu.se)
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the functional outcome between immediate full weight-bearing (FWB) as tolerated and partial weight-bearing (PWB) during the first 8 weeks following plate fixation of distal femur fractures in elderly patients. (lu.se)
  • Internal fixation was achieved with an anatomical lateral distal femur plate applied as a strictly bridge-plating construct. (lu.se)
  • [ 4-6 ] A series of decisions must be made before proceeding with definitive diaphyseal femur fracture fixation, including patient positioning, surgical approach, and implant type. (medscape.com)
  • Femur fracture is also called femoral shaft fracture , femur injury , femur stress fracture , fractured femur , femur trauma and femoral diaphyseal fracture . (targetwoman.com)
  • Femur epicondyle may refer to: Lateral epicondyle of the femur Medial epicondyle of the femur This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Femur epicondyle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cage was inserted through the fracture site and punched all the way medially so that it filled up the medium column defect .Then the lateral column was anatomically reduced with the condyles and distal femur locking plate was applied ( Figure 3 ). (scirp.org)
  • Based on the common principles of the AO classification, type A fractures include extra-articular fractures and type B fractures are partial articular fractures, meaning parts of the articular surface remains in contact with the diaphysis of the femur Type C fractures include complete articular fractures with both condyles being detached from the diaphysis. (scirp.org)
  • US Wellness Beef Patella Joint Femur Bones are ideal bones for making great gelatin and bone broth recipes. (grasslandbeef.com)
  • Each package contains 1 or 2 femur patella bones. (grasslandbeef.com)
  • i was dx'd 5/1996 and have been cancer free for almost 8 yrs. i had my patella and part of femur replaced and a TKR. (cancer.org)
  • The other end of the femur (distal) connects to the shinbone (tibia) and kneecap (patella). (a-z-animals.com)
  • Dehydrated Beef Femurs are a healthier alternative to smoked bones or rawhide. (truecarnivores.com)
  • We may not give the femur bones much thought, but they are the reason we can move, stand, and hold weight. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Femur bones of giant rabbit Nuralagus rex, and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). (a-z-animals.com)
  • Femur bones come in many different sizes depending on the species. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Femur bones are found in tetrapod vertebrates or those with a skeletal system and four limbs. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Bones weakened by osteoporosis , tumor or infection leading to a condition called pathologic femur fracture. (targetwoman.com)
  • In addition to subtrochateric femur fractures, long-term exposure to bisphosphonate drugs also increases the probability of developing osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ - also known as avascular necrosis, aseptic necrosis, ischemic necrosis or jaw bone death. (freeadvice.com)
  • The radiation exposure from DXA for both the femur or spine scan is extremely low at less than 20 uSv. (cdc.gov)
  • Axis Scientific Life-Size Flexible Human Spine with Removable Femur Heads Model and Full Color Study Booklet The Axis Scientific Life-Size Flexible Human Spine with Removable Femur Heads Model is an. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • To fully prepare for successful surgical management of diaphyseal femur fractures, surgeons must consider appropriate patient positioning and necessary tools, including surgical tables, traction devices, and instruments. (medscape.com)
  • Reduction of diaphyseal femur fractures should be attained in the least invasive manner, via percutaneous reduction techniques, if possible, to preserve fracture biology and promote successful fracture healing. (medscape.com)
  • Other reference modalities and clinical examinations are required in patients with bilateral diaphyseal femur fractures. (medscape.com)
  • Diaphyseal femur fractures, which commonly result from a high-energy mechanism of injury, may be isolated or associated with multisystem trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Given that 1.1 to 2.9 million diaphyseal femur fractures occur each year, an emphasis has been placed on the efficient and effective management of diaphyseal femur fractures to maximize good patient outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • To measure the compliance of our prehospital service and trauma unit with international guidelines relating to the early application of the Thomas splint in patients with a femur shaft fracture on clinical examination. (scielo.org.za)
  • We included all patients with femur shaft fractures independently of their mechanism of injury. (scielo.org.za)
  • Only 37.5% of patients presenting to our trauma unit with a femur shaft fracture have a Thomas splint applied before radiological examinations are performed. (scielo.org.za)
  • The force applied is not sufficient to reduce the fracture but enough to maintain an alignment and decrease the complications associated with femur shaft fracture. (scielo.org.za)
  • The femur is a long cylindrical shaft with rounded heads. (a-z-animals.com)
  • The Body, or shaft, comprises the large, thick cylindrical middle section of the femur. (a-z-animals.com)
  • Patients who use bisphosphonate drugs such as Fosamax , Actonel, Boniva, Zometa, and Aredia and have been on these drugs for prolonged periods of time - between three and five years - are suffering low energy femur fractures. (freeadvice.com)
  • Your femur is the longest and strongest bone in your body and Axis Scientific designed this model with students, patients and educators in mind. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Introduction: After surgery for distal femur fractures in elderly patients, weight-bearing is commonly restricted. (lu.se)
  • Methods: Patients aged 65 years or older with distal femur fractures of AO/OTA types 33 A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were included. (lu.se)
  • Femur fracture patients should be careful not to put weight on the leg as this can delay the healing process. (targetwoman.com)
  • This set of five pieces includes the innominate, sacrum and femur (in 3 parts). (boneclones.com)
  • Why and Obese person is prone to a fracture to the femur and tibia? (answers.com)
  • Intra articular sepsis, arthritis and knee stiffness are some of the permanent complications that can occur among persons who have undergone femur fracture and treatment. (targetwoman.com)
  • The femur bone is the strongest bone in the human body and typically doesn't fracture unless there's significant injury or trauma. (freeadvice.com)
  • Osteoporosis lawsuits regarding Fosamax, Actonel , Boniva, Zometa and Aredia allege femur fractures, jaw bone death and more. (freeadvice.com)
  • Histological Age Estimation of the Femur Using Random Forest Regression. (aafs.org)
  • Objective: to perform a histological analysis of nylon, carbon, and polypropylene fiber-enriched calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for use as bone substitute in the femur or rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Litigation on osteoporosis femur fractures continues - especially after an ABC news program revealed the serious risks associated with these osteoporosis drugs known as subtrochateric femur fractures. (freeadvice.com)
  • The NHANES DXA femur bone measurements component provides nationally representative data on 1) femur bone mineral content, bone area, and bone mineral density and 2) estimates of the prevalence of osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Participants were excluded from the femur scan if they had fractured both hips, had replacements of both hips, or had pins in both hips. (cdc.gov)
  • Use of a traction splint in the presence of other ipsilateral fractures in the leg will cause the weaker fracture site to pull apart and not the targeted femur fracture. (scielo.org.za)
  • Fosamax injury lawyers say that published information suggests that once these drugs were approved, the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration) required manufacturers to conduct long term studies to determine the risks of suffering from a femur fracture. (freeadvice.com)
  • If you or a loved experienced an atypical femur fracture and you believe 'Fosamax' is to blame, please contact their office by visiting the firm's Fosamax website . (yourlawyer.com)
  • Treatment for fractures of femur depends upon various factors such as the patient's age, type of fracture, location of the break, bone stability in the injured, mechanism of injury, direction of the blow, factors of twisting, existence of internal bleeding and extent of soft tissue damage. (targetwoman.com)
  • This anatomically perfect model of a human femur is made out of a durable PVC like material. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • In the treatment of these injuries, it is important to keep in mind that pediatric femur fractures differ from adult femur fractures in several key respects (see below), and these differences affect management. (medscape.com)
  • Important: the provided femurs might strongly differ in size, making it difficult for the ICP method to obtain a good fit. (futurelearn.com)
  • The femur should be measured with the bone perpendicular to the ultrasound beam and with epiphyseal cartilages visible but not included in the measurement (PMID:16100637). (mcw.edu)
  • Build a statistical femur model and use it to complete partial shapes. (futurelearn.com)
  • Build a statistical femur model based on the data downloaded from the Sicas Medical Image Repository (SMIR). (futurelearn.com)
  • Fit the femur model you created in the first step of the project to each of the downloaded femurs. (futurelearn.com)
  • Once you have the model instance fitting as well as possible each provided femur mesh, use all fits to build a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model of the femur. (futurelearn.com)
  • Proton and Carbon Ion Irradiation Changes the Process of Endochondral Ossification in an Ex Vivo Femur Organotypic Culture Model. (bvsalud.org)
  • To investigate the influence of PT on growing bone , we exposed an organotypic rat ex vivo femur culture model to PT. (bvsalud.org)
  • nificance of individual coefficients in the en, bone mineral status is much more Daily routine calibration was done model was assessed by the Hosmer- closely associated with total body fat using the standard phantom supplied Lemeshow test for goodness of fit and [4] and in a multivariate model total fat by the manufacturer. (who.int)