A systemic infection of various salmonid and a few nonsalmonid fishes caused by Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (see NOVIRHABDOVIRUS),
A genus in the family RHABDOVIRIDAE, infecting numerous species of fish with broad geographic distribution. The type species is INFECTIOUS HEMATOPOIETIC NECROSIS VIRUS.
Any of several bacterial diseases, usually caused by PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA, marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs. The diseases primarily affect animals and rarely humans.
Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES; EPHEMERAL FEVER; and vesicular stomatitis.
A family of bullet-shaped viruses of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, infecting vertebrates, arthropods, protozoa, and plants. Genera include VESICULOVIRUS; LYSSAVIRUS; EPHEMEROVIRUS; NOVIRHABDOVIRUS; Cytorhabdovirus; and Nucleorhabdovirus.
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).
A large stout-bodied, sometimes anadromous, TROUT found in still and flowing waters of the Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska. It has a greenish back, a whitish belly, and pink, red, or lavender stripes on the sides, with usually a sprinkling of black dots. It is highly regarded as a sport and food fish. Its former name was Salmo gairdneri. The sea-run rainbow trouts are often called steelheads. Redband trouts refer to interior populations of rainbows.
Common name for the order Pleuronectiformes. A very distinctive group in that during development they become asymmetrical, i.e., one eye migrates to lie adjacent to the other. They swim on the eyeless side. FLOUNDER, sole, and turbot, along with several others, are included in this order.
The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A family of anadromous fish comprising SALMON; TROUT; whitefish; and graylings. They are the most important food and game fishes. Their habitat is the northern Atlantic and Pacific, both marine and inland, and the Great Lakes. (Nelson: Fishes of the World, 1976, p97)
The type species of NOVIRHABDOVIRUS, in the family RHABDOVIRIDAE. It is a major pathogen of TROUT and SALMON.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PASTEURELLA.
Common name for two families of FLATFISHES belonging to the order Pleuronectiformes: left-eye flounders (Bothidae) and right-eye flounders (Pleuronectidae). The latter is more commonly used in research.
Places for cultivation and harvesting of fish, particularly in sea waters. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Membranous appendage of fish and other aquatic organisms used for locomotion or balance.
A species of EDWARDSIELLA distinguished by its hydrogen sulfide production. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally found in the flora of the mouth and respiratory tract of animals and birds. It causes shipping fever (see PASTEURELLOSIS, PNEUMONIC); HEMORRHAGIC BACTEREMIA; and intestinal disease in animals. In humans, disease usually arises from a wound infection following a bite or scratch from domesticated animals.
The oldest recognized genus of the family PASTEURELLACEAE. It consists of several species. Its organisms occur most frequently as coccobacillus or rod-shaped and are gram-negative, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Species of this genus are found in both animals and humans.
Fish of the genera ONCORHYNCHUS and Salmo in the family SALMONIDAE. They are anadromous game fish, frequenting the coastal waters of both the North Atlantic and Pacific. They are known for their gameness as a sport fish and for the quality of their flesh as a table fish. (Webster, 3d ed).
An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and shikimate-3-phosphate. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.
A family of freshwater fish comprising the minnows or CARPS.
Paired respiratory organs of fishes and some amphibians that are analogous to lungs. They are richly supplied with blood vessels by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged directly with the environment.
The type species of AQUABIRNAVIRUS, causing infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish and other freshwater and marine animals including mollusks.
The most diversified of all fish orders and the largest vertebrate order. It includes many of the commonly known fish such as porgies, croakers, sunfishes, dolphin fish, mackerels, TUNA, etc.
Various fish of the family SALMONIDAE, usually smaller than salmon. They are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. Some are anadromous. They are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. The genera Salvelinus, Salmo, and ONCORHYNCHUS have been introduced virtually throughout the world.
The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
While there isn't a specific medical definition for "North America," I can provide a geographical definition that is often used in public health and medical contexts: North America is the third largest continent by area, encompassing 23 independent states, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico, which are home to diverse populations, cultures, and ecosystems, and share common health-related challenges such as obesity, diabetes, and healthcare access disparities.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Control which is exerted by the more stable organizations of society, such as established institutions and the law. They are ordinarily embodied in definite codes, usually written.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Restriction endonuclease analysis using Hhal and Hpall to discriminate among group B Pasteurella multocida associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia. (1/11)

The purpose of this study was to improve and standardise restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) for discriminating isolates of serogroup B Pasteurella multocida associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia in wild and domestic animals and to create a reference database that can be used for epidemiological studies. Two techniques for extraction and isolation of chromosomal DNA were compared, a DNAzol method and an enzymic lysis followed by a two-phase partition method. No differences were observed between DNA fingerprint profiles with either technique; however, the former technique was faster and easier to perform. P. multocida isolated from different animals in different countries representing serotypes B:2, B:3, B:3,4 and B:4 were subjected to REA with HhaI and HpaII endonucleases. Forty-eight fingerprint profiles were distinguished among 222 isolates when only HhaI was used. By combining the data from REA with HhaI and HpaII used separately, 88 different groups could be distinguished among the same isolates. Following digestion with HhaI and electrophoresis, the DNA of all serotype B:2 isolates produced fingerprint profiles characterised by two trailing bands at approximately 8.4-7.1 kb which have not been observed in any other serotypes of P. multocida. Passage of three serotype B:2 isolates on laboratory media or two serotype B:2 isolates through mice did not result in a change of DNA fingerprint profile detectable by REA. The findings with 59 isolates from Sri Lanka showed that REA was highly discriminative in determining the genetic diversity of serotype B:2 P. multocida in an area where haemorrhagic septicaemia is endemic.  (+info)

Isolation of Pasteurella multocida during an outbreak of infectious septicemia in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). (2/11)

In May 1994, about fifty Japanese quails out of ninety being bred for experimental purposes at Miyazaki University died of acute septicemia within a few days. At autopsy, there were no gross pathological lesions, however, severe bacteremia was observed in all cases. Bacterial examination revealed the presence of Pasteurella multocida in blood and several organs in pure culture and they were of Carter's capsular type A, Heddleston's type 3-4 and Namioka's type O-8-9. The LD50 of bacteria in quails and mice were 4.3 x 10(4) cfu and 3.9 x 10(2) cfu, respectively. All of the three chickens experimentally infected with 4 x 10(4) of the isolate died within 20 hr after the infection and several bacteria were recovered from their blood and organs. This, to our knowledge, is the first report on an outbreak of fowl cholera in Japanese quails in Japan.  (+info)

Protective immunity conferred by attenuated aroA derivatives of Pasteurella multocida B:2 strains in a mouse model of hemorrhagic septicemia. (3/11)

Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a fatal systemic disease of cattle and buffaloes. In South Asia HS is caused by infection with Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2. Some control is achieved with alum-precipitated or oil-adjuvanted killed whole-cell vaccines injected subcutaneously, but these vaccines provide only short-term immunity and require annual administration for effective use. Live attenuated vaccines have the advantage of a natural route of entry into the host, but for live strains to be used as vaccines, the mode of attenuation should be well defined. We constructed aroA attenuated derivatives of two P. multocida serotype B:2 strains by allelic exchange of the native aroA sequence with aroA sequences disrupted with a kanamycin resistance cassette or with marker-free aroA sequences containing an internal deletion. These strains were confirmed to be aroA mutants by PCR and Southern blot analysis, enzyme assay, and lack of growth on minimal medium. The aroA derivatives were highly attenuated for virulence in a mouse model of HS. Mouse challenge experiments showed that intraperitoneal or intranasal vaccination of an aroA strain completely protected mice against challenge with a high dose (>1,000 50% lethal doses) of either the parent strain or the other wild-type B:2 strain. The spread of the parent and the aroA derivatives to different organs was compared when the organisms were inoculated by different routes.  (+info)

Conformation- and fusion-defective mutations in the hypothetical phospholipid-binding and fusion peptides of viral hemorrhagic septicemia salmonid rhabdovirus protein G. (4/11)

Fourteen single and two double point mutants in the highly conserved region (positions 56 to 159) of the G gene of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), a salmonid rhabdovirus, were selected and obtained in plasmids by site-directed mutagenesis. Fish cell monolayers transfected with the mutant plasmids were then assayed for protein G (pG) expression, conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactivity, and cell-cell fusion. Some mutations located in the phospholipid-binding p2 peptide (positions 82 to 110; mutants P86A, A96E, G98A, and R107A) abolished both MAb recognition and fusion activity, while others (P79A, L85S, and R103A) abolished MAb recognition but retained fusion at similar or lower pHs compared to those for the wild type. Phospholipid-binding assays of p2-derived synthetic peptides suggested that phosphatidylserine binding was not affected by the mutations studied. On the other hand, three (P79A, L85S, and T135E) of the four mutants retaining fusion activity mapped around two locations showing amino acid variation in 22 VHSV isolates and in neutralizing MAb-resistant mutants described previously. Mutations located in the hypothetical fusion peptide (positions 142 to 159; mutants F147K, P148K, and W154K) abolished both MAb recognition and fusion activity. The existence of mutants with altered conformation and defective fusion in both p2 and fusion peptides provides further evidence in favor of the participation of these and adjacent regions in some of the steps of the VHSV fusion processes, as suggested by previous studies. In addition, because the studied region induced strong immunological responses in trout, some of the mutants described here might be used to design attenuated VHSV vaccines.  (+info)

Efficacy of vaccination of calves against hemorrhagic septicemia with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 by two different routes of administration. (5/11)

Two groups of four calves each were immunized either intramuscularly (i.m. vaccinated) or intranasally (i.n. vaccinated) at 2 and 6 weeks of age with ca. 10(9) CFU of a derivative of P. multocida serotype B:2 strain 85020 containing a deletion in the aroA gene (strain JRMT12). Both groups of calves and three unvaccinated control calves were challenged subcutaneously at 8 weeks of age with ca. 10(7) CFU of the wild-type 85020 strain. The first and second vaccinations caused a significant pyrexia and increase in the mean demeanor score (P <0.05) in i.m. but not i.n. vaccinated calves. Serum agglutinating activity against whole cells of P. multocida strain 85020 and immunoglobulin G antibody concentrations increased after the second vaccination in i.m. but not in i.n. vaccinated animals, and this difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA) increased significantly 3 h after both the primary (P <0.05) and booster (P <0.001) i.m. vaccinations, but not in i.n. vaccinated calves. All four i.m. vaccinated calves were solidly immune to challenge with wild-type P. multocida B:2. However, the mean rectal temperatures, demeanor scores, and serum SAA concentrations of i.n. vaccinated and control calves increased significantly (P <0.01). Three i.n. vaccinated and two control calves were killed for humane reasons within 14 h postchallenge, and postmortem examination revealed pathological lesions consistent with hemorrhagic septicemia. These data showed that the aroA mutant strain, given i.m. as two doses 4 weeks apart, acted as an effective live-attenuated vaccine strain to protect calves against challenge with the virulent parent strain.  (+info)

Safety and protective efficacy of intramuscular vaccination with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 against experimental hemorrhagic septicemia in calves. (6/11)

Three groups of five calves, namely, V1, V2, and V3, were immunized intramuscularly at 4 and 8 weeks of age with ca. 10(9), 10(8), and 10(7) CFU, respectively, of a derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 wild-type strain 85020 containing a deletion in the aroA gene (strain JRMT12). The first and second vaccinations resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) higher rectal temperature responses in groups V1 and V2 than in group V3. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG titers did not increase in any group until after the second vaccination and were then significantly higher in groups V1 and V2 than in group V3 (P = 0.001 for both IgM and IgG). All vaccinated groups and three unvaccinated challenge control calves (group CC) were injected subcutaneously at 10 weeks of age with ca. 10(7) CFU of strain 85020. Vaccinated calves survived the challenge, but two CC animals developed clinical disease and were killed for humane reasons. After challenge, mean serum amyloid A concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the CC group than in the vaccinated groups. Postmortem examination revealed that calves in the CC group showed the most extensive range of bacteriologically positive tissues and gross and histopathological lesions. Overall, a clear dose-dependent response was present, with those receiving a higher vaccine dose being less affected clinically, bacteriologically, and pathologically by the wild-type challenge. The V2 treatment appeared to give the best combination of high immune response, protection, and safety.  (+info)

Molecular heterogeneity of plpE gene in Indian isolates of Pasteurella multocida and expression of recombinant PlpE in vaccine strain of P. multocida serotype B: 2. (7/11)

Outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella (P.) multocida have been known to be protective immunogens. Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE) has been reported to be an important cross reactive outer membrane protein in P. multocida. The gene encoding the PlpE of P. multocida serotypes A: 3, B: 2 and D: 1 was amplified from the genomic DNA. The amplified products were cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Sequence analysis of the recombinant clones revealed a single open reading frame of 1,011 bp, 1,008 bp and 1,017 bp encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 37.829 kDa, 37.389 kDa and 37.965 kDa for serotypes A: 3, B: 2 and D: 1 respectively. The comparison of the plpE sequence in different capsular types revealed a high degree (> 90%) of homology. Furthermore, the plpE gene of Haemorhhagic septicaemia causing serotype (B: 2) was expressed in E. coli and recombinant PlpE was strongly immunostained by antiserum against whole cell antigen, indicating that the protein is expressed in vivo.  (+info)

Pasteurella multocida infections in mice with reference to haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffalo. (8/11)

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an infectious disease of cattle and buffalo caused by particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and is one of the most economically important livestock diseases in South-East Asia. While HS has been recognized for many years, very little is understood about the disease, primarily because of the expense of cattle and a lack of suitable animal models. The suitability of using mice to study HS was assessed using parameters such as the critical pathogenic dose, kinetics of infection, pathology of disease and resistance to reinfection. Pasteurella multocida M1404, the type strain for Carter group B, the serotype responsible for Asian HS, was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. As few as 20 colony forming units produced an overwhelming septicaemia in mice in less than 30 h. The kinetics of infection demonstrated a very rapid in vivo multiplication rate. There was no evidence of inhibition of bacterial cell growth by natural host defence mechanisms, even with the very small inocula used. The gross pathology of the disease in mice was characterized by splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and petechial haemorrhages similar to that observed in cattle and buffalo with HS. Mice were found to develop a short-lived resistance to reinfection following a primary infection which had been successfully treated with antibiotics. The mouse would seem to provide an ideal tool by which to study HS, but warrant further studies in order to be able to critically assess it as a model for this economically important disease.  (+info)

Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral is not a recognized medical condition. However, Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a well-known disease in veterinary medicine, which can be caused by both bacterial and viral pathogens.

Bacterial Hemorrhagic Septicemia is primarily caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 and Escherichia coli. It is a severe, contagious disease in domestic and wild animals, particularly in cattle, buffalo, and water buffaloes. The disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, weakness, swelling of the throat, and profuse bleeding from various parts of the body.

On the other hand, Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a contagious viral disease that affects primarily fish. It is caused by the Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV), which belongs to the family Rhabdoviridae and genus Novirhabdovirus. The virus infects over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish, causing severe hemorrhages, anemia, and often death.

Therefore, it is essential to clarify whether you are referring to Hemorrhagic Septicemia caused by a bacterial or viral agent before providing a specific definition.

Novirhabdovirus is not a medical term, but a taxonomic designation for a genus of viruses within the family Rhabdoviridae. These viruses are characterized by having a bullet-shaped virion and a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. They infect a variety of hosts, including fish and birds, and can cause serious diseases. However, they are not known to infect humans or pose a direct threat to human health.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a severe, often fatal, bacterial disease primarily affecting domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals (such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats). It is characterized by septicemia (the presence of bacteria in the blood) and hemorrhages (bleeding) in various organs. The causative agents are typically gram-negative bacteria from the genus Pasteurella, primarily P. multocida serotype B:2 and sometimes other serotypes or related bacteria like Bibersteinia trehalosi.

The disease is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated materials. It can also be spread through respiratory droplets during close contact. The incubation period ranges from a few hours to several days, and the disease progresses rapidly, often leading to death within 24-48 hours after the onset of clinical signs.

Clinical signs include high fever, depression, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, coughing, nasal discharge, swelling of the throat, and sudden death. In advanced stages, animals may show signs of severe hemorrhages in the mucous membranes, resulting in dark-colored urine and feces.

Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and rapid detection and isolation of infected animals to prevent further spread. Treatment is often challenging due to the rapid progression of the disease, but antibiotics may be used in early stages or for prophylaxis in high-risk situations.

Rhabdoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the family Rhabdoviridae. They have a wide host range, including humans, and can cause various diseases.

Rhabdoviridae infections refer to the infectious diseases caused by rhabdoviruses. The most well-known member of this family is the rabies virus, which causes rabies, a fatal zoonotic disease that affects warm-blooded animals, including humans. Rabies is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites or scratches.

Other rhabdoviruses can also cause human diseases, such as:

1. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV): It primarily affects livestock, causing vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the feet. However, it can also infect humans, causing flu-like symptoms or a rash around the mouth and hands.
2. Chandipura virus: This rhabdovirus is associated with acute encephalitis, particularly in children. It is transmitted through mosquitoes and has been identified in several countries, including India and Nigeria.
3. Human basalotid fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) receptor-binding virus: This recently discovered rhabdovirus was found to be associated with a case of acute respiratory illness. More research is needed to understand its epidemiology, transmission, and clinical significance.

Prevention and control measures for Rhabdoviridae infections include vaccination against rabies, public education on avoiding contact with potentially infected animals, and personal protective measures such as wearing gloves when handling animals or their tissues.

Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human and animal pathogens. The name "Rhabdoviridae" comes from the Greek word "rhabdos," meaning rod, which refers to the characteristic bullet shape of these virions.

The family Rhabdoviridae is divided into six genera: Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, Novirhabdovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, and Sphericalvirus. The most well-known member of this family is the rabies virus, which belongs to the genus Lyssavirus.

Rhabdoviruses have a simple structure, consisting of an envelope surrounding a helical nucleocapsid that contains the RNA genome. The virions are typically 100-430 nm in length and 45-100 nm in diameter, with a central electron-dense core surrounded by a less dense matrix protein layer.

Rhabdoviruses infect a wide range of hosts, including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and insects. They typically cause acute infections characterized by fever, lethargy, and other nonspecific symptoms. In severe cases, rhabdovirus infections can lead to serious neurological disorders, such as encephalitis or meningitis, and can be fatal if left untreated.

Transmission of rhabdoviruses occurs through various routes, depending on the specific virus and host. For example, rabies virus is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, while other rhabdoviruses may be spread through contact with contaminated bodily fluids or aerosols.

Prevention and control measures for rhabdovirus infections depend on the specific virus and host. For example, rabies vaccination is effective in preventing infection in humans and animals, while other rhabdoviruses may be controlled through quarantine measures, insect control, or antiviral therapy.

"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.

Some common examples of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).

2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).

3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).

4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).

5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.

It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.

Oncorhynchus mykiss is the scientific name for a species of fish that is commonly known as the Rainbow Trout. According to the medical or clinical definition provided by the US National Library of Medicine, Oncorhynchus mykiss is "a freshwater fish that is widely cultured and an important food source in many parts of the world." It is also a popular game fish and is often stocked in lakes and rivers for recreational fishing. Rainbow trout are native to cold-water tributaries that flow into the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. They have been introduced widely throughout the world and can now be found in freshwater systems on every continent except Antarctica. Rainbow trout are a valuable species for both commercial and recreational fisheries, and they also play an important role in the food web as both predators and prey.

Flatfishes are a group of marine fish characterized by having both eyes on one side of their head, which is flattened laterally. This gives them a distinctive asymmetrical appearance. They belong to the order Pleuronectiformes and include various species such as halibut, flounder, sole, and plaice. Flatfishes start their life with eyes on both sides of their head, but during development, one eye migrates to the other side of the head, a process known as metamorphosis. They are bottom-dwelling predators that rely on their excellent camouflage abilities to ambush prey.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Great Lakes Region" is not a medical term. It generally refers to a geographical region in North America, comprising eight U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario around the Great Lakes. These are Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. If you have any medical terms you'd like defined, I'd be happy to help!

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.

"Salmonidae" is not a medical term. It is a biological term that refers to a family of fish which includes salmon, trout, char, grayling, and whitefish. These fish are often anadromous, meaning they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. They are important both commercially and recreationally as a source of food and sport fishing.

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) is a species of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Novirhabdoviridae. It is the causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), a serious and highly contagious disease in salmonid fish such as rainbow trout, sockeye salmon, and Atlantic salmon.

The virus primarily infects the hematopoietic tissue in the kidney, spleen, and liver of the host fish, leading to necrosis (cell death) and subsequent damage to the immune system. IHNV can cause significant mortality rates in infected fish populations, particularly in young fish, and poses a major threat to the aquaculture industry.

IHNV is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected fish or their bodily fluids, as well as vertically from infected broodstock to offspring. The virus can also be spread through contaminated water, equipment, and other fomites. Prevention and control measures include strict biosecurity protocols, vaccination of fish stocks, and the use of disinfectants to eliminate the virus from contaminated surfaces and equipment.

Pasteurella infections are diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pasteurella, with P. multocida being the most common species responsible for infections in humans. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts of animals, particularly domestic pets such as cats and dogs.

Humans can acquire Pasteurella infections through animal bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated animal secretions like saliva. The infection can manifest in various forms, including:

1. Skin and soft tissue infections: These are the most common types of Pasteurella infections, often presenting as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections after an animal bite or scratch.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Pasteurella bacteria can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory tract infections, especially in individuals with underlying lung diseases or weakened immune systems.
3. Ocular infections: Pasteurella bacteria can infect the eye, causing conditions like conjunctivitis, keratitis, or endophthalmitis, particularly after an animal scratch to the eye or face.
4. Septicemia: In rare cases, Pasteurella bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.
5. Other infections: Pasteurella bacteria have also been known to cause joint infections (septic arthritis), bone infections (osteomyelitis), and central nervous system infections (meningitis or brain abscesses) in some cases.

Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing Pasteurella infections, as they can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flounder" is not a medical term. It is a common name used for several species of flatfish that are widely consumed as food. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fisheries" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Fisheries are places or practices concerned with the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, and other forms of aquatic life. They can refer to commercial operations, recreational activities, or scientific research related to aquatic species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those for you!

I could not find a medical definition for "animal fins" as a single concept. However, in the field of comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology, fins are specialized limbs that some aquatic animals use for movement, stability, or sensory purposes. Fins can be found in various forms among different animal groups, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, and even mammals like whales and dolphins.

Fins consist of either bony or cartilaginous structures that support webs of skin or connective tissue. They may contain muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and sensory organs, which help animals navigate their underwater environment efficiently. The specific structure and function of fins can vary greatly depending on the animal's taxonomic group and lifestyle adaptations.

In a medical context, studying animal fins could provide insights into the evolution of limbs in vertebrates or contribute to the development of biomimetic technologies inspired by nature. However, there is no standalone medical definition for 'animal fins.'

'Edwardsiella tarda' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause various infections in humans, animals, and fish. It is named after Francis E. Edwards, an American microbiologist who first isolated the bacterium in 1965. The bacterium is found in aquatic environments, including freshwater and brackish water, as well as in the intestines of animals and fish.

In humans, 'E. tarda' can cause a range of infections, including gastroenteritis, wound infections, meningitis, and sepsis. The bacterium is often associated with exposure to contaminated water or food, particularly raw or undercooked seafood. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with liver disease or cancer, are at higher risk of developing severe infections.

Treatment for 'E. tarda' infections typically involves antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, and promptly treating any wounds that come into contact with contaminated water.

"Pasteurella multocida" is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus bacterium that is part of the normal flora in the respiratory tract of many animals, including birds, dogs, and cats. It can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and bloodstream infections, particularly in individuals who have close contact with animals or animal bites or scratches. The bacterium is named after Louis Pasteur, who developed a vaccine against it in the late 19th century.

"Pasteurella" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli that are part of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock. They can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as wound infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, often following animal bites or scratches. Two notable species are Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella canis. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for appropriate treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salmon" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various species of fish that belong to the family Salmonidae and are known for their distinctive pink or red flesh. They are an important source of food and are popular in many cuisines around the world. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase (PCT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants and microorganisms. The reaction it catalyzes is the conversion of 3-phosphoshikimate (3PSM) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP). This step is a key control point in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway, and the enzyme is the target of several herbicides, including glyphosate. The gene that encodes this enzyme is also used as a molecular marker for plant systematics and evolutionary studies.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. It is characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (systemic inflammation) that can lead to blood clotting issues, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure.

Sepsis happens when an infection you already have triggers a chain reaction throughout your body. Infections that lead to sepsis most often start in the lungs, urinary tract, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.

Sepsis is a medical emergency. If you suspect sepsis, seek immediate medical attention. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are crucial to improve outcomes. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and may require oxygen, medication to raise blood pressure, and corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgery may be required to clear the infection.

Cyprinidae is a family of fish that includes carps, minnows, and barbs. It is the largest family of freshwater fish, with over 2,400 species found worldwide, particularly in Asia and Europe. These fish are characterized by their lack of teeth on the roof of their mouths and have a single dorsal fin. Some members of this family are economically important as food fish or for aquarium trade.

Gills are specialized respiratory organs found in many aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and some mollusks. They are typically thin, feathery structures that increase the surface area for gas exchange between the water and the animal's bloodstream. Gills extract oxygen from water while simultaneously expelling carbon dioxide.

In fish, gills are located in the gill chamber, which is covered by opercula or protective bony flaps. Water enters through the mouth, flows over the gills, and exits through the opercular openings. The movement of water over the gills allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the gill filaments and lamellae, which are the thin plates where gas exchange occurs.

Gills contain a rich supply of blood vessels, allowing for efficient transport of oxygen to the body's tissues and removal of carbon dioxide. The counter-current flow of water and blood in the gills ensures that the concentration gradient between the water and the blood is maximized, enhancing the efficiency of gas exchange.

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease that primarily affects young salmonid fish, such as salmon and trout. The IPN virus, also known as Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), is the causative agent of this disease. It is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Alphaflexiviridae and genus Alphavirus.

The IPN virus primarily targets the exocrine pancreas, leading to severe necrosis (tissue death) in infected fish. The infection can also spread to other organs, including the liver, kidney, and heart. Infected fish may exhibit various clinical signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, darkening of the skin, abnormal swimming behavior, and exophthalmia (bulging eyes).

The IPN virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected fish or their bodily fluids. It can also be vertically transmitted from infected broodstock to their offspring. The disease can have significant economic impacts on the aquaculture industry, leading to high mortality rates in affected fish populations.

Prevention and control measures for IPN include vaccination of broodstock and fry, biosecurity practices, and quarantine procedures. There is no specific treatment for IPN, and antibiotics are generally not effective against viral infections. Supportive care, such as providing optimal water quality and nutrition, can help affected fish recover from the disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Perciformes" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of biology, specifically in taxonomy and ichthyology (the study of fish). Perciformes is an order of ray-finned bony fishes that includes over 10,000 species, making it the largest order of vertebrates. Examples of fish within this order include perch, sea bass, sunfish, and tuna.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trout" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Trout is a common name that refers to several species of freshwater fish belonging to the salmonid family. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

In medical terms, "immersion" is not a term with a specific clinical definition. However, in general terms, immersion refers to the act of placing something or someone into a liquid or environment completely. In some contexts, it may be used to describe a type of wound care where the wound is covered completely with a medicated dressing or solution. It can also be used to describe certain medical procedures or therapies that involve submerging a part of the body in a liquid, such as hydrotherapy.

Wild animals are those species of animals that are not domesticated or tamed by humans and live in their natural habitats without regular human intervention. They can include a wide variety of species, ranging from mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, to insects and other invertebrates.

Wild animals are adapted to survive in specific environments and have behaviors, physical traits, and social structures that enable them to find food, shelter, and mates. They can be found in various habitats such as forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans, rivers, and mountains. Some wild animals may come into contact with human populations, particularly in urban areas where their natural habitats have been destroyed or fragmented.

It is important to note that the term "wild" does not necessarily mean that an animal is aggressive or dangerous. While some wild animals can be potentially harmful to humans if provoked or threatened, many are generally peaceful and prefer to avoid contact with people. However, it is essential to respect their natural behaviors and habitats and maintain a safe distance from them to prevent any potential conflicts or harm to either party.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the third largest continent in the world, which includes countries such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health topics, I'd be happy to help with those!

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.

Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is a medical condition that occurs when bacteria from another source, such as an infection in another part of the body, enter the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and rapid heart rate, and it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis if not treated promptly with antibiotics.

Bacteremia is often a result of an infection elsewhere in the body that allows bacteria to enter the bloodstream. This can happen through various routes, such as during medical procedures, intravenous (IV) drug use, or from infected wounds or devices that come into contact with the bloodstream. In some cases, bacteremia may also occur without any obvious source of infection.

It is important to note that not all bacteria in the bloodstream cause harm, and some people may have bacteria in their blood without showing any symptoms. However, if bacteria in the bloodstream multiply and cause an immune response, it can lead to bacteremia and potentially serious complications.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

DNA primers are short single-stranded DNA molecules that serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis. They are typically used in laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The primer binds to a complementary sequence on the DNA template through base pairing, providing a free 3'-hydroxyl group for the DNA polymerase enzyme to add nucleotides and synthesize a new strand of DNA. This allows for specific and targeted amplification or analysis of a particular region of interest within a larger DNA molecule.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Formal social control, in the context of medical sociology or health sciences, refers to the systematic mechanisms and processes through which society regulates and guides the behavior of its members in accordance with established laws, rules, and norms, particularly in relation to health and healthcare. This can include various formal institutions and agencies such as governmental bodies, regulatory authorities, professional organizations, and healthcare providers that are responsible for enforcing standards, policies, and regulations aimed at ensuring quality, safety, and effectiveness of healthcare services and products.

Examples of formal social control in healthcare may include licensing and accreditation requirements for healthcare professionals and facilities, clinical guidelines and protocols for diagnosis and treatment, quality improvement initiatives, and regulatory oversight of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. These mechanisms help to maintain order, promote compliance with ethical and professional standards, and protect the public's health and well-being.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Infantile diarrhea is a medical condition characterized by loose, watery stools in infants and young children. It can be caused by various factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, allergies, or malabsorption disorders. In some cases, it may also be associated with certain medications or underlying medical conditions.

Infantile diarrhea can lead to dehydration and other complications if not treated promptly and properly. It is important to monitor the infant's hydration status by checking for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth, sunken eyes, and decreased urine output. If diarrhea persists or is accompanied by vomiting, fever, or other concerning symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for infantile diarrhea typically involves rehydration with oral electrolyte solutions, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the diarrhea if possible. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

An inpatient, in medical terms, refers to a person who has been admitted to a hospital or other healthcare facility for the purpose of receiving medical treatment and who is expected to remain there for at least one night. Inpatients are typically cared for by a team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and therapists, and may receive various treatments, such as medications, surgeries, or rehabilitation services.

Inpatient care is generally recommended for patients who require close monitoring, frequent assessments, or intensive medical interventions that cannot be provided in an outpatient setting. The length of stay for inpatients can vary widely depending on the nature and severity of their condition, as well as their individual treatment plan.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is one of the most economically important pasteurelloses. Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and ... Martrenchar A (1993) Haemorrhagic septicaemia in Cameroon. Vet Rec 133: 25-26. De Alwis MCL (1999) Haemorrhagic septicaemia. ... Hemorrhagic septicemia is the most important bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan. In Pakistan, it is a ... 1991) Experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo calves. FAO. pp. 73-80. Graydon RJ, Patten BE and Hamid H (1993) The ...
... (VHS) is a deadly infectious fish disease caused by Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. It ... "Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia". WikiVet. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Groocock GH (2007). "Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia and ... "Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) in New York". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from the ... "Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus". NCBI Taxonomy Database. United States Department of Health and Human Services, National ...
Hemorrhagic septicemia Pasteurellaceae Kuhnert P; Christensen H, eds. (2008). Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular ... In animals, it can originate in fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal. Until taxonomic ...
"Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) in New York". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved August 8, ... was the first outside the contiguous Great Lakes waterways to be stricken with a new strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia ( ...
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... is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis and avian hemorrhagic septicemia. It is the most common ...
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is another serious disease in perch in the Great Lakes region. It has already killed thousands of ...
The site was launched June 2009 with a database on Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. In spring 2010 the database was extended ...
Researchers collected viral hemorrhagic septicemia viruses from 184 different fish from 2003 to 2017. Two were found from 2007 ... Evolutionary trajectory of fish Piscine novirhabdovirus (=Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) across its Laurentian Great Lakes ...
They must be treated forthwith to prevent complications with surra and hemorrhagic septicemia diseases. Surra already affected ...
Mortensen HF, Heuer OE, Lorenzen N, Otte L, Olesen NJ (September 1999). "Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus ( ... Whelan, Gary E. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) Briefing Paper Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved on 2007- ...
Phelps, NBD; Goodwin, AE; Marecaux, E; Goyal, SM (2013). "Comparison of treatments to inactivate viral hemorrhagic septicemia ... that Budd became the first inland lake in the state of Michigan confirmed to be infected by viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS ... "A new StaRT-PCR approach to detect and quantify fish Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSv): Enhanced quality control with ...
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Internally, the infected fish may suffer from gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic septicemia, edematous kidney, and an enlarged spleen ...
... the cause of a new disease in cattle simulating haemorrhagic septicemia and blackleg". J Am Vet Med Assoc. 64: 553-6. Roderick ... Stahmann MA, Huebner CF, Link KP (1 April 1941). "Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. V. Identification and ... intracerebral hemorrhage/hemorrhagic stroke) and the spinal cord. Risk of bleeding is increased if the INR is out of range (due ... but the rabbit that had ingested the damaged stalks died from a haemorrhagic illness. A duplicate experiment with a different ...
She has also examined viral hemorrhagic septicemia, viruses that cause disease in finfish and has developed new techniques to ... "A new StaRT-PCR approach to detect and quantify fish Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSv): Enhanced quality control with ... Diversity patterns of the fish Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSv)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (2): 327- ...
From 2007-2010, two smallmouth bass within Sturgeon Bay were found to be infected with viral hemorrhagic septicemia. Each of ... Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus) across its Laurentian Great Lakes history: Spatial and temporal diversification by Carol A ...
Boudinot P, Salhi S, Blanco M, Benmansour A (July 2001). "Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus induces vig-2, a new interferon- ...
... and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia. To stop the spread of invasive species in the Fox River Waterway, multiple locks have been ...
Pasteurella was first described around 1880 and thought to be associated with chicken cholera and hemorrhagic septicemia in ...
He made several important contributions to avian pathology, most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic septicemia family of ... most notably a cure for the hemorrhagic septicemia family of diseases, gaining much respect and some level of sympathy among ...
"A Case-control Study of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Buffaloes and Cattle in Karachi, Pakistan, in 2012". Transboundary and ...
Rodovulum sulfidophilum can produce RNA antiviral aptamers against fish infecting viruses, such as hemorrhagic septicemia virus ...
... (also known as enteric septicaemia of catfish, hole in the head disease and ESC) is a member of the ... Additional clinical signs include abnormal behavior, exophthalmos, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, edema and ascites. Chronic ESC ... It causes the disease enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC), which infects a variety of fish species (including many catfish ... Acute ESC infection causes an acute septicaemia that presents as multiple petechial haemorrhages that develop into depigmented ...
... and viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS). Currently, none of the fifteen species identified by the state of Washington as "most ...
... including viral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish. Because of the risk of transmitting Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling ...
... including viral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish. Because of the risk of transmitting Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling ...
Diseases such as blackleg, blacktongue, bluetongue, mycotic stomatitis, or hemorrhagic septicemia were thought to have been the ... Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a hemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) caused by an ... www.qdma.com/know-signs-hd-hemorrhagic-disease/. "DNR Wildlife & Habitat Wildlife Disease." DNR - Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease ... Epizootic hemorrhagic disease has been around for many years. EHD is thought to have been first found and tracked back to ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Iowa State University, The Center for Food Security & Public Health. Last updated May 17, 2007. ... including viral hemorrhagic septicemia, by bait fish. Because of the risk of transmitting Myxobolus cerebralis (whirling ...
Retrieved 2007-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) - HSL www.usgs. ... Retrieved 2007-05-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) - Fact Sheet www ... the Type IVb strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in certain Atlantic fish populations. An example of an epizootic was the ...
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is one of the most economically important pasteurelloses. Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and ... Martrenchar A (1993) Haemorrhagic septicaemia in Cameroon. Vet Rec 133: 25-26. De Alwis MCL (1999) Haemorrhagic septicaemia. ... Hemorrhagic septicemia is the most important bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan. In Pakistan, it is a ... 1991) Experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo calves. FAO. pp. 73-80. Graydon RJ, Patten BE and Hamid H (1993) The ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia. blockquote {border-left: 5px solid #fff;}. What is VHS and VHSv? Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia ( ...
... to viral hemorrhagic septicemia, genogroup IVa (VHS) was indicated by controlled exposure studies where cumulative mortalities ... cumulative mortalities after waterborne exposure to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) were 78%, 40%, and 13%, ... Influence of temperature on viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Genogroup IVa) in Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes. ... Influence of temperature on viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Genogroup IVa) in Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes. ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) virus, which has invaded the Great Lakes, is a potential threat in the Western US, according ... Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a disease caused by a virus (VHSV). There are different strains of the virus that can ... Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) virus, which has invaded the Great Lakes, is a potential threat in the Western US, according ... Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia. -http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issues/vhs/vhs.shtml ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a deadly fish virus that was first discovered in Lake Winnebago in 2006. Its not a ... Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a deadly fish virus and an invasive species that is threatening Wisconsins fish. VHS was ...
Do microRNAs induced by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess anti-viral activity? ... Dive into the research topics of Do microRNAs induced by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus ...
Efficacy of vaccination of calves against hemorrhagic septicemia with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 by ... Efficacy of vaccination of calves against hemorrhagic septicemia with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 by ... and postmortem examination revealed pathological lesions consistent with hemorrhagic septicemia. These data showed that the ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) - MMFS Fish Virus - Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV) ...
Hemorrhagic septicemia [1]. Program Project. The institut Carnot Pasteur MS Carnot, label of excellence Founded in 2006, the ...
Enterohemorrhagic E coli - Hemorrhagic colitis. * Enterohemorrhagic E coli O157:H7 - HUS. * Plesiomonas species - Septicemia ...
This family consists of several viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus non-virion (Nv) proteins ... Q1AES6 81 THYMFRNVPSSPATTGRLTDPELVIISHAEVGLLTRGSGLTS 122 Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus Q1AEQ5 81 THYMFRNIPSSPAITGRRSDPELII ... TS 122 Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus Q1AES1 81 THYILRNVSSSPATTGRPSDPGLFIISLEGMKTLTNGSESPP 122 Viral hemorrhagic septicemia ... Q1AES6 1 MATQPALSTTSFSPLVLREMITHRLKFDPSNYLNCDLDRSDISPVDFFETTLPRILDDLRASTRLPHLHVLDMRISLLER 80 Viral hemorrhagic sep... Q1AEQ5 1 ...
Hemorrhagic Septicemia / immunology* * Hemorrhagic Septicemia / microbiology * Hemorrhagic Septicemia / pathology* * Humans * ... regarding the role of circulating monocytes subsets and development of sepsis complications following trauma haemorrhagic shock ...
... viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, AB672614; snakehead rhabdovirus, NC 000903; infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, L40883 ...
Hemorrhagic septicemia in fishes. Hendersons needlegrass. Hessong Rock (Wash.). Heteroscorpion. Heterosexism in gerontology ...
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus, causes severe disease and ... Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection in yellow perch, Perca flavesens, in Lake Erie. J Great Lakes Res. 2010;36:37-43. ... Detection of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in round gobies in New York state (USA) waters of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence ... Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is the causal agent of a serious disease in many marine and freshwater fish species ...
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, testing, Minn. Statutes 2010 17.4993. Net pen aquaculture, water quality reports, Minn. Statutes ...
Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever. Lancet. 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):849-62.. Fitzpatrick G, Vogt F, Moi Gbabai OB, Decroo T, Keane M, De ... A Case of Severe Ebola Virus Infection Complicated by Gram-Negative Septicemia. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 18;371(25):2394-2401. ... Kortepeter MG, Bausch DG, Bray M. Basic Clinical and Laboratory Features of Filoviral Hemorrhagic Fever. J Infect Dis. 2011 Nov ... Considerations for Discharging people under evaluation for selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) ...
AIS Control Plan: Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia [PDF, 246 KB] * Nov 2020. * Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia: A Threat to Colorados Fish [PDF, 689 KB] * Colorado Parks and Wildlife. ...
... septicemia and myelodysplasia were other common causes. Two patients were the suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. ... septicemia and myelodysplasia were other common causes. Two patients were the suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. ... and also seen in conjunction with hemolytic anemia and septicemia. Hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension (cirrhosis) ... and also seen in conjunction with hemolytic anemia and septicemia. Hypersplenism secondary to portal hypertension (cirrhosis) ...
hemorrhagic septicemia + unknown *earlytheaxolotlalien. *. May 15, 2016. *Freshwater Fish Disease and Health Forum ...
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, control, Minn. Statutes 2018 17.4985 to 2018 17.4993, 2018 97C.342 ...
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia - Wikipedia. Zebra Mussel - U.S. Geological Survey Nonindigenous aquatic species. Spiny waterflea ...
The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout ... The basis of pathogenicity of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was analysed in the transcriptome of a rainbow trout ... Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. ... Evidence of Transcriptional Shutoff by Pathogenic Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus in Rainbow Trout. ...
The name even sounds scary: viral hemorrhagic septicemia. It causes fish to bleed to. death. ... Categories News SpotsTags bacteria, basin, bleed, bleeding, death, die, dying, fish, glft, great, health, healthy, hemorrhagic ... ill, illness, kill, killed, kills, lake, lakes, ohio, safe, safety, septicemia, sick, sickness, spread, spreading, unhealthy, ...
OUTBREAKS OF HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA) CAUSED BY PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA SUBSPECIES MULTOCIDA (Peer ...
I am going to read about hemorrhagic septicemia. Im going to show you how he looks today.. Not sure if you can see.. ... indicates is a bacterial infection called Hemorrhagic Septicemia, also known as Red Pest - which is caused an ammonia spike or ... indicates is a bacterial infection called Hemorrhagic Septicemia, also known as Red Pest - which is caused an ammonia spike or ...
... viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus). Further detail ...
... viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus). Further detail ...
... viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus). Further detail ...
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a fish disease that can cause large-scale mortality and has been detected in 32 species of fish in the lower Great Lakes since 2003. (nps.gov)
  • An inverse relationship between water temperature and susceptibility of Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ) to viral hemorrhagic septicemia, genogroup IVa (VHS) was indicated by controlled exposure studies where cumulative mortalities, viral shedding rates, and viral persistence in survivors were greatest at the coolest exposure temperatures. (usgs.gov)
  • Among groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) Pacific herring maintained at 8, 11, and 15 °C, cumulative mortalities after waterborne exposure to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) were 78%, 40%, and 13%, respectively. (usgs.gov)
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) virus, which has invaded the Great Lakes, is a potential threat in the Western US, according to Jerri Bartholomew, Oregon State University, and Gael Kurath and Evi Emmenegger, USGS Western Fisheries Research Centre. (thefishsite.com)
  • Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a disease caused by a virus (VHSV). (thefishsite.com)
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a deadly fish virus that was first discovered in Lake Winnebago in 2006. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a deadly fish virus and an invasive species that is threatening Wisconsin's fish. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Do microRNAs induced by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) possess anti-viral activity? (dtu.dk)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Do microRNAs induced by Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) possess anti-viral activity? (dtu.dk)
  • This family consists of several viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus non-virion (Nv) proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus, causes severe disease and mortality in many marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two patients were the suspected cases of viral hemorrhagic fever. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Channel catfish are one species that is susceptible to viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), which can decimate fish populations. (wcia.com)
  • Susceptibility of goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L. (Labridae), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) genotype III: experimental challenge and pathology. (gov.scot)
  • The Great Lakes "viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus" (VHSV) poses no health threat to humans, but people should always avoid eating fish or game that looks or acts strangely. (sott.net)
  • pizootiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Pacific herring from the spawn-on-kelp fishery in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. (wepapers.com)
  • 4. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia. (advocatekhoj.com)
  • In Ontario, the Fishing Regulations control live bait to prevent the spread of infectious fish diseases (like viral hemorrhagic septicemia), unwanted fish species, and invasive species. (ontarioparks.com)
  • Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes was previously known to be associated with one of two serotypes of P. multocida: Asian B:2 and African E:2 according to the Carter-Heddleston system, or 6:B and 6:E using the Namioka-Carter system. (wikipedia.org)
  • In buffaloes, HAEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA never seems to occur in epidemic form, although Pasteurella multocida is occasionally isolated. (cabi.org)
  • Terms that are often used in place of sepsis are bacteremia , septicemia , and blood poisoning . (medicinenet.com)
  • There is paucity of literature regarding the role of circulating monocytes subsets and development of sepsis complications following trauma haemorrhagic shock (THS). (nih.gov)
  • Some experts suggest the terms blood poisoning and septicemia not be used since they are poorly defined, but it is difficult for the medical community to disregard such terms that have been used for many decades for these mainly bacterial disease-related problems. (medicinenet.com)
  • 2. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease. (advocatekhoj.com)
  • Finally, in phase three, there is typically recumbency, continued acute respiratory distress and terminal septicaemia. (wikipedia.org)
  • for fin and tail rot, ulcerations, mouth fungus and clamped or collapsed fins, Columnaris (mild to moderate infections ONLY), and hemorrhagic septicemia (although not effective to Aeromonas infections of the gut). (americanaquariumproducts.com)
  • An analysis, published October 25 in the journal Nature Communications , showed evidence of infection by a little-known bacterium called Bisgaard taxon 45 that caused septicemia, or blood poisoning. (cbsnews.com)
  • Two fish species will be studied: salmonids (rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss, and salmon, Salmo salar) and cypronids (carp, Cyprinus carpio L.), and immune stimulation will be performed with two viral pathogens: the SVC virus (Spring Viremia of Carp) and the VHS virus (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia) infecting salmonids. (europa.eu)
  • The increased availability and application of sophisticated biotechnology tools has enabled improved prophylaxis and serological diagnosis for control of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia in rainbow trout, infectious salmon anaemia in Atlantic salmon and koi herpesvirus disease in carp. (stir.ac.uk)
  • Sera collected from cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss surviving outbreaks of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) or viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) were examined for the presence of antibodies to both of the causative viruses, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Egtved virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus: VHSV). (usgs.gov)
  • As experienced manufacturers of Veterinary Medicine For Hemorrhagic Septicemia Treatment in Arunachal Pradesh , we understand the importance of providing effective solutions to combat this infectious disease. (ukgermanpharmaceuticals.com)
  • Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute infectious characterized by pneumonia. (nzdl.org)
  • Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes was previously known to be associated with one of two serotypes of P. multocida: Asian B:2 and African E:2 according to the Carter-Heddleston system, or 6:B and 6:E using the Namioka-Carter system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most Asian countries rank hemorrhagic septicemia as the most significant contagious disease in cattle and buffaloes. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • In the first phase of this project, researchers achieved preliminary proof of concept and demonstrated that one molecule from the bacterium retains the capacity to protect cattle against hemorrhagic septicemia. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • This project will design and test a vaccine capable of a cross-protective immune response against all serotypes of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • In swine, toxigenic strains (both haemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo, capsular types A and D) are most often associated atrophic rhinitis in swine, and snuffles in rabbits with atrophic rhinitis. (diseasepdf.com)
  • Aeromonas hydrophila , gram negative facultative anaerobic short bacillus, causes red fin disease, haemorrhagic septicemia, motile aeromonad septicemia and other infections in Carassius auratus . (scialert.net)
  • Since 2010, outbreaks of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella ( P .) multocida capsular type B ( Pm B) emerged in Germany. (nih.gov)
  • Any of several bacterial diseases, usually caused by PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA , marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs. (nih.gov)
  • We noted that both patients were de novo hematologic malignancy patients that were sick, febrile and hemorrhagic owing to massive tumor volume, and were thus in a myelodeficient state. (medscape.com)
  • The bacterial strain caused the typical illness in piglets, which suffered serious dyspnea and hemorrhagic pneumonia. (springer.com)
  • In particular, climatic factors such as increased humidity and raised air temperatures in the days before the deaths apparently triggered opportunistic bacterial invasion of the blood stream, causing septicaemia (blood poisoning). (rvc.ac.uk)
  • Seachem KanaPlex is a blended kanamycin-based medication that effectively treats several fungal, and bacterial fish diseases (dropsy, popeye, fin/tail rot, septicemia). (houseofdiscus.shop)
  • A case of severe Ebola virus infection complicated by gram-negative septicemia. (bmj.com)
  • Septicemia, or sepsis, is the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Systemic cases frequently result in a hemorrhagic septicemia (bacteria multiplying in the bloodstream) leading to inflammation and necrosis (cell death) of gastrointestinal tract, kidney, muscle, and spleen. (petplace.com)
  • Thus, the team will continue to use cutting-edge protein structural design to advance a new universal vaccine for hemorrhagic septicemia towards commercialization. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is one of the most economically important pasteurelloses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epidemics of hemorrhagic septicemia can be economically devastating. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • Approximately five percent of the reported cases are inhalation anthrax resulting from the inhalation of bacillus spores with subsequent development of hemorrhagic mediastinitis, toxemia, septicemia, and death. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is the most efficient and cost-effective method to control hemorrhagic septicemia. (idrc-crdi.ca)
  • Field investigations of an outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: arthropod studies. (bmj.com)
  • Re-Emergence and Spread of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Germany: The Wolf as a Vector? (nih.gov)
  • The Illinois Department of Natural Resources recently announced prosecutions against three out-of-state businesses for alleged violations of Illinois laws governing the importation of fish species that can become invasive, or can potentially spread Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS). (illinoisenvironmentallaw.com)
  • Ahlm C, Settergren B, Gothefors L, Juto P. Nephropathia epidemica (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) in children: clinical characteristics. (medscape.com)
  • The protean manifestations of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Jovanovic D, Kovacevic Z, Dragovic T, Petrovic M, Tadic J. [Anterior pituitary lobe atrophy as late complication of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]. (medscape.com)
  • Radiologic manifestations of epidemic haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a potential bioterrorism agent of military significance. (medscape.com)
  • Transmission of Ebola hemorrhagic fever: a study of risk factors in family members, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. (bmj.com)
  • Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. (bmj.com)
  • The development of purpura fulminans (PF) - a life-threatening hemorrhagic condition characterized by hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) , and purpura - indicates a poor prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • The microvascular changes result in a pattern of relapsing spontaneous diffuse petechiae and purpura, positional acrocyanosis, and pedal edema, hemorrhagic suffusions of mucous membranes, and chronic diarrhea. (nih.gov)
  • Hemorrhagic septicemia in animals is a common problem, and here at U.K. German Pharmaceuticals, we produce effective veterinary medicine to treat it. (ukgermanpharmaceuticals.com)
  • To prevent and treat Hemorrhagic Septicemia in animals, we use cutting-edge technology and only the highest quality ingredients. (ukgermanpharmaceuticals.com)
  • Vaccinate animals against hemorrhagic septicemia. (nzdl.org)
  • In just three weeks, entire herds of tens of thousands of healthy animals, died of haemorrhagic septicaemia across a landscape equivalent to the area of the British Isles in the Betpak-Dala region of Kazakhstan. (rvc.ac.uk)
  • In our study, odontogenic septicemia did not occur in 15 patients during grade D chemotherapy that had caused severe immunosuppression and persistent immunodeficiency. (medscape.com)
  • A typical purpuric rash may be seen as a result of septicemia. (medscape.com)