Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
Salmonidae
Birnaviridae
Fish Diseases
Salmon
Reoviridae
Aquabirnavirus
Salmo salar
Trout
Aquaculture
Rhabdoviridae
Fishes
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
RNA, Double-Stranded
Necrosis
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
Viral Structural Proteins
Virus Replication
Molecular Sequence Data
Neutralization Tests
Base Sequence
Picornaviridae
Pancreatitis
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Rhabdoviridae Infections
Densovirinae
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: identification of a VP3-containing ribonucleoprotein core structure and evidence for O-linked glycosylation of the capsid protein VP2. (1/70)
Virions of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) were completely disintegrated upon dialysis against salt-free buffers. Direct visualization of such preparations by electron microscopy revealed 5.0- to 6.5-nm-thick entangled filaments. By using a specific colloidal gold immunolabeling technique, these structures were shown to contain the viral protein VP3. Isolation by sucrose gradient centrifugation of the filaments, followed by serological analysis, demonstrated that the entire VP3 content of the virion was recovered together with the radiolabeled genomic material forming the unique threadlike ribonucleoprotein complexes. In a sensitive blotting assay, the outer capsid component of IPNV, i.e., the major structural protein VP2, was shown to specifically bind lectins recognizing sugar moieties of N-acetylgalactosamine, mannose, and fucose. Three established metabolic inhibitors of N-linked glycosylation did not prevent addition of sugar residues to virions, and enzymatic deglycosylation of isolated virions using N-glycosidase failed to remove sugar residues of VP2 recognized by lectins. However, gentle alkaline beta elimination clearly reduced the ability of lectins to recognize VP2. These results suggest that the glycosylation of VP2 is of the O-linked type when IPNV is propagated in RTG-2 cells. (+info)Virus susceptibility of the fish cell line SAF-1 derived from gilt-head seabream. (2/70)
The recently reported SAF-1 cell line from fins of gilt-head seabream was evaluated for susceptibility to lymphocystis disease virus (LDV) and to several salmonid fish viruses, such as infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and several strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). LDV, VHSV and IHNV replicated well in the cultured fin cells as demonstrated by cell lysis and increases in viral titer. The potential use of this cell line to detect viruses from fish marine species is discussed. (+info)Preliminary characterization of a reovirus isolated from golden ide Leuciscus idus melanotus. (3/70)
Some characteristics of a reovirus recently isolated from golden ide Leuciscus idus melanotus and tentatively designated as golden ide reovirus (GIRV) were determined. Spherical non-enveloped particles with an outer capsid of about 70 nm and an inner capsid of about 50 nm were observed by electron microscopy. The density of the virus determined in CsCl gradients was 1.36 g ml-1. The genome contained 11 segments of dsRNA. GIRV differed from other aquareoviruses by a slight reduction of infectivity after treatment with chloroform and by the absence of forming syncytia in cell monolayers. (+info)Dynamics of nontypical apoptotic morphological changes visualized by green fluorescent protein in living cells with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infection. (4/70)
Morphologically, apoptotic cells are characterized by highly condensed membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies. Recently, we reported that apoptosis precedes necrosis in a fish cell line infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). In the present study, we tested the possibility that nontypical apoptosis is a component of IPNV-induced fish cell death. A variant type of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was expressed in a fish cell line such that EGFP served as a protein marker for visualizing dynamic apoptotic cell morphological changes and for tracing membrane integrity changes during IPNV infection. Direct morphological changes were visualized by fluorescence microscopy by EGFP in living cells infected with IPNV. The nontypical apoptotic morphological change stage occurred during the pre-late stage (6 to 7 h postinfection). Nontypical apoptotic features, including highly condensed membrane blebbing, occurred during the middle apoptotic stage. At the pre-late apoptotic stage, membrane vesicles quickly formed, blebbed, and were finally pinched off from the cell membrane. At the same time, at this pre-late apoptotic stage, apoptotic cells formed unique small holes in their membranes that ranged from 0.39 to 0.78 micrometer according to examination by scanning electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Quantitation of the intra- and extracellular release of EGFP by CHSE-214-EGFP cells after IPNV infection was done by Western blotting and fluorometry. Membrane integrity was quickly lost during the late apoptotic stage (after 8 h postinfection), and morphological change and membrane integrity loss could be prevented and blocked by treatment with apoptosis inhibitors such as cycloheximide, genistein, and EDTA before IPNV infection. Together, these findings show the apoptotic features at the onset of pathology in host cells (early and middle apoptotic stages), followed secondarily by nontypical apoptosis (pre-late apoptotic stage) and then by postapoptotic necrosis (late apoptotic stage), of a fish cell line. Our results demonstrate that nontypical apoptosis is a component of IPNV-induced fish cell death. (+info)Inter-laboratory comparison of cell lines for susceptibility to three viruses: VHSV, IHNV and IPNV. (5/70)
Eleven European National Reference Laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory comparison of the susceptibility of 5 selected cell lines to 3 fish pathogenic viruses. The test included viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV); infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), and the cell lines derived from bluegill fry (BF-2), chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214), epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), fathead minnow (FHM) and rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2). The results showed that for isolation of VHSV, BF-2 and RTG-2 cells performed equally well and had higher sensitivity compared to the other cell lines. For IHNV, EPC and FHM cells gave the best results, and for IPNV it was BF-2 and CHSE-214 cells. FHM cells showed the largest variability among laboratories, whereas EPC was the cell line showing the smallest variability. (+info)Multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR assay for simultaneous detection of three fish viruses. (6/70)
A multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of three different fish viruses: infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). The sensitivity levels of the multiplex RT-PCR assay were 100, 1, and 32 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml for IPNV, IHNV, and VHSV, respectively. (+info)Diversity of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated from fish, shellfish, and other reservoirs in Northwestern Spain. (7/70)
A comparison was done of 231 strains of birnavirus isolated from fish, shellfish, and other reservoirs in a survey study that began in 1986 in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Reference strains from all of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotypes were included in the comparison, which was done by neutralization tests and agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral genome. The neutralization tests with antisera against the West Buxton, Spajarup (Sp), and Abild (Ab) strains showed that most of the Galician isolates were European types Sp and Ab; however, many isolates (30%) could not be typed. Results from agarose gels did not provided information for grouping of the strains, since all were found to have genomic segments of similar sizes. Analysis of polyacrylamide gels, however, allowed six electropherogroups (EGs) to be differentiated on the basis of genome mobility and separation among segments, and a certain relationship between EGs and serotypes was observed. A wide diversity of electropherotypes was observed among the Galician isolates, and as neutralization tests showed, most of the isolates were included in EGs corresponding to European types Ab and Sp. Only 6.5% of the isolates had the electropherotype characteristic of American strains. (+info)Active residues and viral substrate cleavage sites of the protease of the birnavirus infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. (8/70)
The polyprotein of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), a birnavirus, is processed by the viral protease VP4 (also named NS) to generate three polypeptides: pVP2, VP4, and VP3. Site-directed mutagenesis at 42 positions of the IPNV VP4 protein was performed to determine the active site and the important residues for the protease activity. Two residues (serine 633 and lysine 674) were critical for cleavage activity at both the pVP2-VP4 and the VP4-VP3 junctions. Wild-type activity at the pVP2-VP4 junction and a partial block (with an alteration of the cleavage specificity) at the VP4-VP3 junction were observed when replacement occurred at histidines 547 and 679. A similar observation was made when aspartic acid 693 was replaced by leucine, but wild-type activity and specificity were found when substituted by glutamine or asparagine. Sequence comparison between IPNV and two birnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus and Drosophila X virus) VP4s revealed that serine 633 and lysine 674 are conserved in these viruses, in contrast to histidines 547 and 679. The importance of serine 633 and lysine 674 is reminiscent of the protease active site of bacterial leader peptidases and their mitochondrial homologs and of the bacterial LexA-like proteases. Self-cleavage sites of IPNV VP4 were determined at the pVP2-VP4 and VP4-VP3 junctions by N-terminal sequencing and mutagenesis. Two alternative cleavage sites were also identified in the carboxyl domain of pVP2 by cumulative mutagenesis. The results suggest that VP4 cleaves the (Ser/Thr)-X-Ala / (Ser/Ala)-Gly motif, a target sequence with similarities to bacterial leader peptidases and herpesvirus protease cleavage sites. (+info)Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease that primarily affects young salmonid fish, such as salmon and trout. The IPN virus, also known as Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), is the causative agent of this disease. It is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Alphaflexiviridae and genus Alphavirus.
The IPN virus primarily targets the exocrine pancreas, leading to severe necrosis (tissue death) in infected fish. The infection can also spread to other organs, including the liver, kidney, and heart. Infected fish may exhibit various clinical signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, darkening of the skin, abnormal swimming behavior, and exophthalmia (bulging eyes).
The IPN virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected fish or their bodily fluids. It can also be vertically transmitted from infected broodstock to their offspring. The disease can have significant economic impacts on the aquaculture industry, leading to high mortality rates in affected fish populations.
Prevention and control measures for IPN include vaccination of broodstock and fry, biosecurity practices, and quarantine procedures. There is no specific treatment for IPN, and antibiotics are generally not effective against viral infections. Supportive care, such as providing optimal water quality and nutrition, can help affected fish recover from the disease.
Birnaviridae is a family of viruses that includes several species known to cause infections in animals, including birds and fish. The most well-known member of this family is the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which primarily affects young chickens and causes a highly contagious disease known as Gumboro disease.
Infection with IBDV can result in a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, depression, ruffled feathers, and decreased appetite. In severe cases, the virus can cause significant mortality in infected flocks. Other members of the Birnaviridae family include viruses that infect salmonids (such as infectious pancreatic necrosis virus) and other bird species.
Transmission of Birnaviridae viruses typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, as well as through contaminated food and water sources. Prevention and control measures for these infections include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and proper nutrition and management.
"Salmonidae" is not a medical term. It is a biological term that refers to a family of fish which includes salmon, trout, char, grayling, and whitefish. These fish are often anadromous, meaning they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. They are important both commercially and recreationally as a source of food and sport fishing.
Birnaviridae is a family of non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animals, including birds, fish, and insects. The name Birnaviridae comes from the combination of the words "bird" and "RNA." These viruses are characterized by their icosahedral symmetry and bi-segmented genome, which is composed of two segments of double-stranded RNA.
The two genomic segments of Birnaviridae encode for several viral proteins, including the viral capsid protein and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that is responsible for replicating the viral genome. The family Birnaviridae includes several important veterinary pathogens, such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease in young chickens, and aquabirnavirus, which infects various species of fish and can cause significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry.
Birnaviruses are typically transmitted through fecal-oral routes or by ingestion of contaminated food or water. They replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and can induce a range of clinical signs, depending on the specific virus and host species. In addition to their veterinary importance, birnaviruses are also of interest to researchers studying the fundamental biology of RNA viruses and their interactions with host cells.
"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.
Some common examples of fish diseases include:
1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).
2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).
3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).
4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).
5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.
It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salmon" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various species of fish that belong to the family Salmonidae and are known for their distinctive pink or red flesh. They are an important source of food and are popular in many cuisines around the world. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those instead!
Reoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have a segmented genome. The name "Reoviridae" is derived from Respiratory Enteric Orphan virus, as these viruses were initially discovered in respiratory and enteric (gastrointestinal) samples but did not appear to cause any specific diseases.
The family Reoviridae includes several important human pathogens such as rotaviruses, which are a major cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide, and orthoreoviruses, which can cause respiratory and systemic infections in humans. Additionally, many Reoviridae viruses infect animals, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects, and can cause a variety of diseases.
Reoviridae virions are typically composed of multiple protein layers that encase the genomic RNA segments. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae, based on structural features and genome organization. Reoviruses have a complex replication cycle that involves multiple steps, including attachment to host cells, uncoating of the viral particle, transcription of the genomic RNA, translation of viral proteins, packaging of new virions, and release from infected cells.
An Aquabirnavirus is a type of double-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Birnaviridae. The name "Aquabirnavirus" reflects its prevalence in aquatic environments. These viruses are known to infect a variety of hosts, including fish and crustaceans. They have an icosahedral symmetry and a non-enveloped capsid. The genome of Aquabirnaviruses consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA. The larger segment encodes the viral polyprotein, while the smaller segment encodes the viral capsid protein. Aquabirnaviruses are relatively resistant to environmental factors such as heat, pH, and organic solvents, which allows them to persist in aquatic environments for extended periods.
"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trout" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Trout is a common name that refers to several species of freshwater fish belonging to the salmonid family. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.
Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.
Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.
Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.
Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.
Rhabdoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human and animal pathogens. The name "Rhabdoviridae" comes from the Greek word "rhabdos," meaning rod, which refers to the characteristic bullet shape of these virions.
The family Rhabdoviridae is divided into six genera: Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, Novirhabdovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, and Sphericalvirus. The most well-known member of this family is the rabies virus, which belongs to the genus Lyssavirus.
Rhabdoviruses have a simple structure, consisting of an envelope surrounding a helical nucleocapsid that contains the RNA genome. The virions are typically 100-430 nm in length and 45-100 nm in diameter, with a central electron-dense core surrounded by a less dense matrix protein layer.
Rhabdoviruses infect a wide range of hosts, including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and insects. They typically cause acute infections characterized by fever, lethargy, and other nonspecific symptoms. In severe cases, rhabdovirus infections can lead to serious neurological disorders, such as encephalitis or meningitis, and can be fatal if left untreated.
Transmission of rhabdoviruses occurs through various routes, depending on the specific virus and host. For example, rabies virus is typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, while other rhabdoviruses may be spread through contact with contaminated bodily fluids or aerosols.
Prevention and control measures for rhabdovirus infections depend on the specific virus and host. For example, rabies vaccination is effective in preventing infection in humans and animals, while other rhabdoviruses may be controlled through quarantine measures, insect control, or antiviral therapy.
I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).
However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.
Oncorhynchus mykiss is the scientific name for a species of fish that is commonly known as the Rainbow Trout. According to the medical or clinical definition provided by the US National Library of Medicine, Oncorhynchus mykiss is "a freshwater fish that is widely cultured and an important food source in many parts of the world." It is also a popular game fish and is often stocked in lakes and rivers for recreational fishing. Rainbow trout are native to cold-water tributaries that flow into the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. They have been introduced widely throughout the world and can now be found in freshwater systems on every continent except Antarctica. Rainbow trout are a valuable species for both commercial and recreational fisheries, and they also play an important role in the food web as both predators and prey.
Gonads are the reproductive organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. In females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone. The development, function, and regulation of the gonads are crucial for reproductive health and fertility.
RNA viruses are a type of virus that contain ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material, as opposed to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA viruses replicate by using an enzyme called RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate their RNA genome.
There are several different groups of RNA viruses, including:
1. Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that is complementary to the mRNA and must undergo transcription to produce mRNA before translation can occur. Examples include influenza virus, measles virus, and rabies virus.
2. Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome that can serve as mRNA and can be directly translated into protein after entry into the host cell. Examples include poliovirus, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses.
3. Double-stranded RNA viruses: These viruses have a genome consisting of double-stranded RNA and use a complex replication strategy involving both transcription and reverse transcription. Examples include rotaviruses and reoviruses.
RNA viruses are known to cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from the common cold to more severe illnesses such as hepatitis C, polio, and COVID-19. Due to their high mutation rates and ability to adapt quickly to new environments, RNA viruses can be difficult to control and treat with antiviral drugs or vaccines.
Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.
Capsid proteins are the structural proteins that make up the capsid, which is the protective shell of a virus. The capsid encloses the viral genome and helps to protect it from degradation and detection by the host's immune system. Capsid proteins are typically arranged in a symmetrical pattern and can self-assemble into the capsid structure when exposed to the viral genome.
The specific arrangement and composition of capsid proteins vary between different types of viruses, and they play important roles in the virus's life cycle, including recognition and binding to host cells, entry into the cell, and release of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm. Capsid proteins can also serve as targets for antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Cyprinidae is a family of fish that includes carps, minnows, and barbs. It is the largest family of freshwater fish, with over 2,400 species found worldwide, particularly in Asia and Europe. These fish are characterized by their lack of teeth on the roof of their mouths and have a single dorsal fin. Some members of this family are economically important as food fish or for aquarium trade.
I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is typically single-stranded. Unlike DNA, which is double-stranded and forms a double helix, RNA usually exists as a single strand of nucleotides.
There are exceptions to this rule, such as certain types of RNA molecules that can form double-stranded structures in specific contexts. For example:
1. Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses: These viruses have genomes made entirely of RNA, which is double-stranded throughout or partially double-stranded. The dsRNA viruses include important pathogens such as rotaviruses and reoviruses.
2. Hairpin loops in RNA structures: Some single-stranded RNA molecules can fold back on themselves to form short double-stranded regions, called hairpin loops, within their overall structure. These are often found in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
So, while 'double-stranded RNA' is not a standard medical definition for RNA itself, there are specific instances where RNA can form double-stranded structures as described above.
Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.
There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) is a species of negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Novirhabdoviridae. It is the causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), a serious and highly contagious disease in salmonid fish such as rainbow trout, sockeye salmon, and Atlantic salmon.
The virus primarily infects the hematopoietic tissue in the kidney, spleen, and liver of the host fish, leading to necrosis (cell death) and subsequent damage to the immune system. IHNV can cause significant mortality rates in infected fish populations, particularly in young fish, and poses a major threat to the aquaculture industry.
IHNV is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected fish or their bodily fluids, as well as vertically from infected broodstock to offspring. The virus can also be spread through contaminated water, equipment, and other fomites. Prevention and control measures include strict biosecurity protocols, vaccination of fish stocks, and the use of disinfectants to eliminate the virus from contaminated surfaces and equipment.
Viral structural proteins are the protein components that make up the viral particle or capsid, providing structure and stability to the virus. These proteins are encoded by the viral genome and are involved in the assembly of new virus particles during the replication cycle. They can be classified into different types based on their location and function, such as capsid proteins, matrix proteins, and envelope proteins. Capsid proteins form the protein shell that encapsulates the viral genome, while matrix proteins are located between the capsid and the envelope, and envelope proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds some viruses.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the genetic material of a virus. It is composed of multiple copies of one or more proteins that are arranged in a specific structure, which can vary in shape and symmetry depending on the type of virus. The capsid plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle, including protecting the viral genome from host cell defenses, mediating attachment to and entry into host cells, and assisting with the assembly of new virus particles during replication.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.
Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.
Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.
It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Picornaviridae is a family of small, single-stranded RNA viruses that are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry. The name "picornavirus" is derived from "pico," meaning small, and "RNA." These viruses are responsible for a variety of human and animal diseases, including the common cold, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and myocarditis. The genome of picornaviruses is around 7.5 to 8.5 kilobases in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is processed into structural and nonstructural proteins by viral proteases. Picornaviridae includes several important genera, such as Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus, Cardiovirus, Aphthovirus, and Erbovirus.
Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.
Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Rhabdoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the family Rhabdoviridae. They have a wide host range, including humans, and can cause various diseases.
Rhabdoviridae infections refer to the infectious diseases caused by rhabdoviruses. The most well-known member of this family is the rabies virus, which causes rabies, a fatal zoonotic disease that affects warm-blooded animals, including humans. Rabies is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually via bites or scratches.
Other rhabdoviruses can also cause human diseases, such as:
1. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV): It primarily affects livestock, causing vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the feet. However, it can also infect humans, causing flu-like symptoms or a rash around the mouth and hands.
2. Chandipura virus: This rhabdovirus is associated with acute encephalitis, particularly in children. It is transmitted through mosquitoes and has been identified in several countries, including India and Nigeria.
3. Human basalotid fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) receptor-binding virus: This recently discovered rhabdovirus was found to be associated with a case of acute respiratory illness. More research is needed to understand its epidemiology, transmission, and clinical significance.
Prevention and control measures for Rhabdoviridae infections include vaccination against rabies, public education on avoiding contact with potentially infected animals, and personal protective measures such as wearing gloves when handling animals or their tissues.
Densovirinae is a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses that primarily infect arthropods, including insects and crustaceans. These viruses are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of approximately 20-25 nanometers. The genome of Densovirinae is circular and encodes for several proteins involved in replication, capsid formation, and host cell manipulation.
Densoviruses, the viruses belonging to this subfamily, can cause diseases in their arthropod hosts, leading to developmental abnormalities, decreased fertility, and even death. However, they are not known to infect humans or other mammals and are not associated with any human diseases.
It's worth noting that Densovirinae is a subfamily of the family Parvoviridae, which also includes the subfamily Parvovirinae, whose members can infect vertebrates, including humans.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
Infectious pancreatic necrosis birnavirus Vp4 peptidase
EICAR (antiviral)
Drosophila X virus
Selective breeding
Birnaviridae
Aquabirnavirus
Infectious pancreatic necrosis
List of MeSH codes (B04)
ATCvet code QI10
Pancreatitis
Aquaculture
Acute pancreatitis
Diet-induced obesity model
Psoriasis
VDAC2
Leptospirosis
Macrophage
Immunocontraception
Testicular immunology
List of dog diseases
HMGB1
List of skin conditions
Regulatory T cell
N-Acylethanolamine
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - Wikipedia
Table 3 - Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Scottish Atlantic Salmon Farms, 1996-2001 - Volume 9, Number 4-April 2003 -...
A Systematic Approach towards Optimizing a Cohabitation Challenge Model for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Atlantic...
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RCSB PDB - 2GEF: Crystal structure of a Novel viral protease with a serine/lysine catalytic dyad mechanism
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傳染性胰壞死症
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IPNV13
- Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a double-stranded RNA virus from the family Birnaviridae, in the genus Aquabirnavirus. (wikipedia.org)
- IPNV or IPNV-like viruses have been isolated worldwide from at least 32 families of saltwater and freshwater salmonids and non-salmonids fish including salmon, flatfish, pike, eels and others. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to persistence in hosts, IPNV is also perpetual in the environment, surviving across a range of conditions and capable of infecting fish with as little as 101 TCID50/ml of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Infectious pancreatic necrosis disease virus (IPNV) causes infectious pancreatic necrosis disease (IPN) in fish - most disease has been documented in young, farmed salmonid fish. (wikipedia.org)
- Infectious pancreatic necrosis disease virus (IPNV) is a bi-segmented, double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Aquabirnavirus subgroup of the Birnaviridae. (wikipedia.org)
- However, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was found in small quantities at a facility. (thefishsite.com)
- The expression stability of five commonly used housekeeping genes [beta-actin (ACTB), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A), ubiquitin (UBQ), glyceraldehyd-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and tubulin alpha (TUBA)] were monitored in salmonid cell lines CHSE-214 and RTS11 after infection with two of the most fastidious fish pathogens, the facultative bacterium Piscirickettsia salmonis and the aquabirnavirus IPNV (Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus). (pucv.cl)
- All tested samples were free of IPNV, VHSV and VNN viruses as was determined by the methods of cell culture and PCR. (fsu.ua)
- Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are pathogens of economic importance to the aquaculture industry. (usmd.edu)
- NNV causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in more than 30 species of marine warm-water and cold-water fish, whereas IPNV causes pancreatic necrosis disease in salmon and trout species. (usmd.edu)
- The most common viral diseases in salmon farming are pancreas disease (PD), caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV), heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), caused by piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV1), cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS), caused by piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV), infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), caused by ISA virus (ISAV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), caused by IPN virus (IPNV). (hi.no)
- A vaccine for injection for Atlantic salmon to reduce mortality caused by infections with IPNV (Infectious pancreatic necrosis), Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. (msd-animal-health.ie)
- Vaccine for active immunisation of Atlantic salmon to reduce infection with SPDV (Pancreas disease), IPNV (Infectious pancreatic necrosis) and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. (msd-animal-health.ie)
ISAV4
- My work was primarily focussed on the economically important pathogen infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). (gov.scot)
- Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) mucosal infection in Atlantic salmon. (gov.scot)
- Host tropism of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in marine and freshwater fish species. (gov.scot)
- The Institute of Marine Research has investigated the prevalence of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and salmonid alphavirus (SAV, PD-virus) infections in migrating wild Atlantic salmon postsmolts captured in 2020 in three fjord systems located in three aquaculture production areas (PO3, 5, 12). (hi.no)
VHSV9
- In the aquaculture environment, this technique has been successfully used to detect, among other pathogens, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), salmon alphavirus (SAV), Piscirickettsia salmonis , Renibacterium salmoninarum , infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). (thefishsite.com)
- Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a fish rhabdovirus belonging to the Novirhabdovirus genus, causes severe disease and mortality in many marine and freshwater fish species worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most viruses in the European VHSV genotype Ia are highly virulent for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), whereas, VHSV genotype IVb viruses from the Great Lakes region in the United States, which caused high mortality in wild freshwater fish species, are avirulent for trout. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study describes molecular characterization and construction of an infectious clone of the virulent VHSV-Ia strain DK-3592B from Denmark, and application of the clone in reverse genetics to investigate the role of selected VHSV protein(s) in host-specific virulence in rainbow trout (referred to as trout-virulence). (biomedcentral.com)
- Senegalese sole is susceptible to marine VHSV isolates but is not affected by freshwater isolates, which may indicate differences regarding virus-host immune system interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
- Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) is the causal agent of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), an important disease affecting farmed salmonid species. (biomedcentral.com)
- Susceptibility of goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L. (Labridae), to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) genotype III: experimental challenge and pathology. (gov.scot)
- Current research in my laboratory has focused on two fish rhabdoviruses - infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), which are members of the genus Novirhabdovirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. (usmd.edu)
- We established the reverse genetics systems for both IHNV and VHSV whereby infectious rhabdovirus can be recovered entirely from cDNA clones. (usmd.edu)
Hematopoietic necrosis virus1
- This form certifies that the fish lots from which the shipments originated have been sampled and virus assays were completed consistent with requirements and that viruses causing Oncorhynchus masou virus , the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus , infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus , and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus have not been detected. (fws.gov)
Aquabirnavirus1
- To date, only two other Aquabirnavirus are listed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the Tellina virus and the Yellowtail ascites virus. (wikipedia.org)
Haemorrhagic septicaemia1
- First isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) virus from turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus ) cultured in the Trabzon coastal area of the Black Sea in Turkey. (fsu.ua)
Rhabdoviruses1
- Rhabdoviruses of the genus Vesiculovirus are an emerging group of pathogenic viruses and include perch rhabdovirus, pike-fry rhabdovirus, tench rhabdovirus, lake trout rhabdovirus and spring viraemia of carp virus. (marine.ie)
Capsid protein2
- The composition of the surface of virus particles involves a specific area of the capsid protein VP2 linked to host specificity, virulence and serotype. (wikipedia.org)
- Expression of a foreign epitope on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus VP2 capsid protein subviral particle (SVP) and immunogenicity in rainbow trout. (fsu.ua)
Bursal disease virus2
- Together, the structure of VP4 provides insights into the mechanism of a recently characterized clan of serine proteases that utilize a lysine general base and reveals the structure of potential targets for antiviral therapy, especially for other related and economically important viruses, such as infectious bursal disease virus in poultry and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in aquaculture. (rcsb.org)
- Infectious bursal disease virus: IBD-VAC and CEVAC-IBVK. (expasy.org)
Haematopoietic necrosis3
- This leaflet gives information on infectious haematopoietic necrosis. (marine.ie)
- 1. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis. (advocatekhoj.com)
- 6. Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Aquatic birnavirus2
- An aquatic birnavirus, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus, is also an important agent of mortality. (int-res.com)
- The blotched snakehead virus (BSNV), an aquatic birnavirus, encodes a polyprotein (NH2-pVP2-X-VP4-VP3-COOH) that is processed through the proteolytic activity of its own protease (VP4) to liberate itself and the viral proteins pVP2, X and VP3. (rcsb.org)
Protein3
- Purified virus preparations complied with the WHO restrictions for the residual DNA and host cell protein contents. (zebov-detection.com)
- Dual mutation events in the haemagglutinin-esterase and F protein from an Infectious salmon anaemia virus HPR0 genotype promote viral fusion and activation by an ubiquitous host protease. (gov.scot)
- Effect of the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Nonvirion Protein on Translation via PERK-eIF2α Pathway. (usmd.edu)
Disease13
- Causing the highly infectious disease Infectious pancreatic necrosis, the virus primarily affects young salmonids resulting in high mortality, occasionally surpassing 90 percent in the early stages. (wikipedia.org)
- The virus is found in blood and may be associated with the disease. (thefishsite.com)
- It is not clear whether virus Y causes the disease characterized by cardiac inflammation and anemia, which until now has been found in the four hatcheries. (thefishsite.com)
- This disease is a highly contagious systemic disease, caused by a double stranded RNA virus of the family Birnaviridae. (marine.ie)
- This disease is caused by a single stranded RNA virus of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus known as the salmonid alphavirus. (marine.ie)
- Intranasal vaccination of hamsters with a Newcastle disease virus vector expressing the S1 subunit protects animals against SARS-CoV-2 disease. (usmd.edu)
- Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. (cdc.gov)
- Due to these nonspecific symptoms, particularly early in the course of the disease, Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases such as malaria . (cdc.gov)
- There are two variants of the virus, one that causes disease (virulent, HPR-del) and one that does not cause disease (avirulent, HPR-0). (hi.no)
- Diseases that might exist despite normal liver enzyme levels include metastatic liver disease (cancer) or cirrhosis without any current cell necrosis (a type of cell death). (drkaslow.com)
- 10. Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease). (advocatekhoj.com)
- Genemedi developed the antigen and antibody to detect the non-infectious disease such as immune dysfunction, abortion and teratology, nonbacterial diarrheic disease, Prion associated diseases (Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Chronical Waste Disease), winter dysentery and so on. (genemedi.com)
- Varicella (i.e., chickenpox) is a highly contagious disease caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). (cdc.gov)
Diseases3
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. (cermaq.com)
- In this scheme, accurate pathogen detection, ideally in the early stages of infection, is necessary in order to design adequate strategies to control key infectious diseases that seriously threaten the sustainability of aquaculture. (thefishsite.com)
- iii) Name two viral diseases and their causal viruses. (rbsesolutions.com)
Pathogens1
- Using the reverse genetics approach, we are investigating the function of viral proteins in virulence, host adaptation, pathogenesis, and creating attenuated viruses with vaccine potential against other fish pathogens. (usmd.edu)
Salmonid2
- Infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish, causes significant losses to the aquaculture industry. (expasy.org)
- Havforskningsinstituttet har undersøkt utbredelsen av infeksiøs lakseanemi virus (ILAV) og salmonid alfavirus (SAV, PD-virus) infeksjoner i utvandrende vill atlantisk postsmolt fanget i 2020 i tre fjordsystemer lokalisert i tre akvakultur produksjonsområder (PO3, 5, 12). (hi.no)
Acquired Immune D1
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in people is a results of the destruction of the immune system attributable to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) an infection . (zebov-detection.com)
Vaccine4
- In mild of the not too long ago accepted Ebola virus illness vaccine based mostly on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-ZEBOV), we current the outcomes of our work on three novel VSV-vectored HIV vaccine candidates. (zebov-detection.com)
- One dose (5 ml) of the vaccine contains at least 10 5.5 TCID50 inactivated BRS virus (strain EV 908) and at least 10 7.3 TCID50 Parainfluenza 3 virus (strain SF-4 Reisinger), together with 9 x 109 cells inactivated Mannheimia haemolytica bacteria (serotype A1) propagated under conditions of iron restriction. (msd-animal-health.ie)
- A live intranasal vaccine against RSV and PI3 viruses for use in calves from the day of birth. (msd-animal-health.ie)
- These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine -- VARIVAX -- manufactured by Merck and Company, Inc. and licensed in March 1995 for use in healthy persons greater than or equal to 12 months of age. (cdc.gov)
Pustular vulvovaginitis1
- 10. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Genus2
Economically important1
- My laboratory is studying the molecular biology of economically important fish viruses and focuses on viral pathogenesis and development of novel vaccines. (usmd.edu)
Avian3
- Genetic subtyping and phylogenetic analysis of HA and NA from avian influenza virus in wild birds from Peru reveals unique features among circulating strains in America. (usmd.edu)
- 2. Avian infectious bronchitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
- 3. Avian infectious laryngotracheitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
Salmonids1
- The natural hosts are salmonids and the type species is INFECTIOUS PANCREATIC NECROSIS VIRUS. (musc.edu)
Nervous1
- Oral immunization with cell-free self-assembly virus-like particles against orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus in grouper larvae, Epinephelus coioides . (fsu.ua)
Atlantic2
- A Systematic Approach towards Optimizing a Cohabitation Challenge Model for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L. (plos.org)
- This virus has caused two financially damaging outbreaks in Atlantic salmon aquaculture in Scotland (1998 and 2008), and a non-virulent strain has also been found in circulation. (gov.scot)
Mortality2
- Due to its wide host range and high mortality, the virus is of great concern to global aquaculture. (wikipedia.org)
- Four chimeric rVHSVdk viruses with the substitutions of the G, NV, G and NV, or G, NV and L genes from the avirulent pVHSVmi constructs were still highly virulent (100% mortality), while the reciprocal four chimeric rVHSVmi viruses with genes from pVHSVdk remained avirulent (0-10% mortality). (biomedcentral.com)
Secretions1
- Chemical or reactive gastritis is caused by injury to the gastric mucosa resulting from reflux of bile and pancreatic secretions into the stomach, but it can also be caused by exogenous substances, including NSAIDs, acetylsalicylic acid, chemotherapeutic agents, and alcohol. (medscape.com)
Virulent1
- First field evidence of the evolution from a non-virulent HPR0 to a virulent HPR-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus. (gov.scot)
Subsequent1
- Hepatocellular necrosis occurs and is associated with dysregulation of clotting factors and subsequent coagulopathy. (cdc.gov)
Fish4
- Sequences from a virus (virus Y) have been found in material from diseased fish. (thefishsite.com)
- In the case of targeting viral RNA, specifically for the diagnosis of the ISA virus in infected tissues of fish, the use of the elongation factor 1 alpha (ELF1α) has been demonstrated to be a reliable reference RNA-expressed control because of its stability and constant expression in Salmo salar organs, in both the presence and the absence of the ISA virus. (thefishsite.com)
- To this end, we have expressed the major host-protective genes of these viruses in suitable expression systems and seek to develop virus-like particles (VLPs) based vaccines that could be fed orally to fish. (usmd.edu)
- ADS is ideally positioned to serve aquaculture enterprises both locally and worldwide and in conjunction with other service units of the college, currently offers a wide range of fin-fish and shellfish (both bivalve and crustacean ) diagnostic and analytical testing in the disciplines of gross and microscopic pathology, bacteriology, virology (virus isolation), molecular testing, parasitology, toxicology and drug residue analysis, endocrinology and clinical pathology. (upei.ca)
Hepatitis3
- Commonly, an abnormal blood test is the first indication that you have a virus that is causing the hepatitis. (drkaslow.com)
- 6. Duck virus hepatitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
- Worldwide prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with cirrhosis at country, region, and global levels: a systematic review. (who.int)
Hemorrhagic1
- Genotyping and Pathogenicity of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus from Free-Living Turbot ( Psetta maxima ) in a Turkish Coastal Area of the Black Sea. (fsu.ua)