Keratins. Medical search

A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.

A keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally larger and less acidic that TYPE I KERATINS. Type II keratins combine with type I keratins to form keratin filaments.

Keratins that are specific for hard tissues such as HAIR; NAILS; and the filiform papillae of the TONGUE.

A keratin subtype that includes keratins that are generally smaller and more acidic that TYPE II KERATINS. Type I keratins combine with type II keratins to form keratin filaments.

A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-18 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia.

Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-5 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-14 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-1 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. Mutations in the genes that encode keratin-10 have been associated with HYPERKERATOSIS, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

A form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by serous bullae that heal without scarring. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-5 and KERATIN-14 have been associated with several subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

A form of congenital ichthyosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by ERYTHRODERMA and severe hyperkeratosis. It is manifested at birth by blisters followed by the appearance of thickened, horny, verruciform scales over the entire body, but accentuated in flexural areas. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-1 and KERATIN-10 have been associated with this disorder.

A type II keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-10 in terminally differentiated epidermal cells such as those that form the stratum corneum. Mutations in the genes that encode keratin-1 have been associated with HYPERKERATOSIS, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

A type II keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-14 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Mutations in the gene for keratin-5 are associated with EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA SIMPLEX.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-8 in simple, or predominately single layered, internal epithelia.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

A filament-like structure consisting of a shaft which projects to the surface of the SKIN from a root which is softer than the shaft and lodges in the cavity of a HAIR FOLLICLE. It is found on most surfaces of the body.

A type I keratin expressed in a variety of EPITHELIUM, including the ESOPHAGUS, the TONGUE, the HAIR FOLLICLE and NAILS. Keratin-16 is normally found associated with KERATIN-6. Mutations in the gene for keratin-6 have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 1.

Filaments 7-11 nm in diameter found in the cytoplasm of all cells. Many specific proteins belong to this group, e.g., desmin, vimentin, prekeratin, decamin, skeletin, neurofilin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acid protein.

Group of mostly hereditary disorders characterized by thickening of the palms and soles as a result of excessive keratin formation leading to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum (hyperkeratosis).

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-6 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. Mutations in the gene for keratin-17 have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 2.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A type II keratin found expressed in the upper spinous layer of epidermal KERATINOCYTES. Mutations in genes that encode keratin-2A have been associated with ICHTHYOSIS BULLOSA OF SIEMENS.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-4 in the internal stratified EPITHELIUM. Defects in gene for keratin 13 cause HEREDITARY MUCOSAL LEUKOKERATOSIS.

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

A tube-like invagination of the EPIDERMIS from which the hair shaft develops and into which SEBACEOUS GLANDS open. The hair follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (Stedman, 26th ed) Follicles of very long hairs extend into the subcutaneous layer of tissue under the SKIN.

Highly keratinized processes that are sharp and curved, or flat with pointed margins. They are found especially at the end of the limbs in certain animals.

A type I keratin found in the basal layer of the adult epidermis and in other stratified epithelia.

Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.

A type II keratin found associated with KERATIN-16 or KERATIN-17 in rapidly proliferating squamous epithelial tissue. Mutations in gene for keratin-6A and keratin-6B have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 1 and PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 2 respectively.

A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.

An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000.

A group of inherited ectodermal dysplasias whose most prominent clinical feature is hypertrophic nail dystrophy resulting in PACHYONYCHIA. Several specific subtypes of pachyonychia congenita have been associated with mutations in genes that encode KERATINS.

A type I keratin that is found associated with the KERATIN-3 in the CORNEA and is regarded as a marker for corneal-type epithelial differentiation. Mutations in the gene for keratin-12 have been associated with MEESMANN CORNEAL EPITHELIAL DYSTROPHY.

A genus of the family Heteromyidae which contains 22 species. Their physiology is adapted for the conservation of water, and they seldom drink water. They are found in arid or desert habitats and travel by hopping on their hind limbs.

A type II keratin found predominantly expressed in the terminally differentiated EPIDERMIS of palms and soles. Mutations in the gene for keratin 9 are associated with KERATODERMA, PALMOPLANTAR, EPIDERMOLYTIC.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

An autosomal dominant hereditary skin disease characterized by epidermolytic hyperkeratosis that is strictly confined to the palms and soles. It has been associated with mutations in the gene that codes for KERATIN-9.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.

A type I keratin found associated with KERATIN-7 in ductal epithelia and gastrointestinal epithelia.

Cytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in HEPATOCYTES. They are associated with ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS and non-alcoholic STEATOHEPATITIS, but are also present in benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms, and metabolic, toxic, and chronic cholestatic LIVER DISEASES.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Deformities in nail structure or appearance, including hypertrophy, splitting, clubbing, furrowing, etc. Genetic diseases such as PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA can result in malformed nails.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

An autosomal dominant form of hereditary corneal dystrophy due to a defect in cornea-specific KERATIN formation. Mutations in the genes that encode KERATIN-3 and KERATIN-12 have been linked to this disorder.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Keratins that form into a beta-pleated sheet structure. They are principle constituents of the corneous material of the carapace and plastron of turtles, the epidermis of snakes and the feathers of birds.

The hair of SHEEP or other animals that is used for weaving.

'Skin diseases' is a broad term for various conditions affecting the skin, including inflammatory disorders, infections, benign and malignant tumors, congenital abnormalities, and degenerative diseases, which can cause symptoms such as rashes, discoloration, eruptions, lesions, itching, or pain.

An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Human papillomavirus DNA in adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung. (1/3638)

AIM: To investigate the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung--which is relatively common in Okinawa but not in mainland Japan--and examine its histological features. METHODS: Of 207 cases where primary lung cancers were surgically removed between January 1995 and June 1997 in Okinawa, 23 were adenosquamous carcinoma. HPV was detected by non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with primers specific for E6 and E7 regions of the HPV genome. PCR products were analysed by Southern blotting. Immunohistochemical determination of high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMC) and involucrin was also carried out. RESULTS: 18 cases were positive for HPV DNA by PCR and NISH. HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 were found. Seven cases were dual positive for different types of HPV. Using NISH, HPV was also found in the squamous cell components and in neighbouring enlarged adenocarcinoma cells. The HMC and involucrin were demonstrated immunohistochemically in the same areas. CONCLUSIONS: HPV DNA was found in a high proportion (78.3%) of adenosquamous carcinomas in Okinawa, a region where HPV has previously been shown to be prevalent in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The adenocarcinoma cells adjacent to the squamous cell carcinoma component were enlarged and positive for HPV, HMC, and involucrin. This is thought to indicate the transition from adenocarcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma. (+info)

Oval cell numbers in human chronic liver diseases are directly related to disease severity. (2/3638)

The risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly increased in patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C infection. The precise mechanisms underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in these conditions are not well understood. Stem cells within the liver, termed oval cells, are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in animal models and may be important in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in human chronic liver diseases. The aims of this study were to determine whether oval cells could be detected in the liver of patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C, and whether there is a relationship between the severity of the liver disease and the number of oval cells. Oval cells were detected using histology and immunohistochemistry in liver biopsies from patients with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. Oval cells were not observed in normal liver controls. Oval cell numbers increased significantly with the progression of disease severity from mild to severe in each of the diseases studied. We conclude that oval cells are frequently found in subjects with genetic hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease, or chronic hepatitis C. There is an association between severity of liver disease and increase in the number of oval cells consistent with the hypothesis that oval cell proliferation is associated with increased risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease. (+info)

Tracing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in endometriosis. (3/3638)

The aetiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis, defined as the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, is largely unknown. In this paper we present and discuss possibilities to study the putative pathogenic properties of endometriotic cells in vitro. The current focus of our investigations is on the invasive phenotype of the disease, assuming that this might contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. So far, we have shown that: (i) cytokeratin-positive and E-cadherin-negative endometriotic cells have an invasive phenotype in a collagen invasion assay in vitro similar to metastatic carcinoma cells; (ii) the invasiveness of endometriotic but not of eutopic endometrial cells can be stimulated by a heat-stable protein present in peritoneal fluid; and (iii) the endometriotic cell line EEC145T, which we established, may be a useful tool for the identification of gene products which are, positively or negatively, invasion-related. Finally, our studies suggest that the invasive phenotype in endometriosis shares aspects with tumour metastasis, but might also have unique mechanisms. (+info)

Embryonal feather growth in the chicken. (4/3638)

Prenatal feather growth development in the chicken was studied in 7 body regions in HH stages 27-45, using direct measurements, specific histological and immunohistochemical methods, and scanning electron microscopy. The results from measurements of absolute length values, and, particularly, growth rate development in each HH stage revealed a distinct phase of most intensive growth in HH stage 40-41, which was preceded by feather follicle insertion and accompanied by the occurrence of alpha-keratins in barbule cells. Specific regional evaluation demonstrated that growth in the feather follicles of abdominal skin generally showed the slowest progression from absolute values and that in the feather filaments of the developing wings the most rapid progression occurred during HH stage 40-41 from growth rate values. (+info)

Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. (5/3638)

Comparing patterns of gene expression in cell lines and tissues has important applications in a variety of biological systems. In this study we have examined whether the emerging technology of cDNA microarrays will allow a high throughput analysis of expression of cDNA clones generated by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A set of cDNA clones including 332 SSH inserts amplified by PCR was arrayed using robotic printing. The cDNA arrays were hybridized with fluorescent labeled probes prepared from RNA from ER-positive (MCF7 and T47D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 and HBL-100) breast cancer cell lines. Ten clones were identified that were over-expressed by at least a factor of five in the ER-positive cell lines. Northern blot analysis confirmed over-expression of these 10 cDNAs. Sequence analysis identified four of these clones as cytokeratin 19, GATA-3, CD24 and glutathione-S-transferase mu-3. Of the remaining six cDNA clones, four clones matched EST sequences from two different genes and two clones were novel sequences. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence confirmed that CD24 protein was over-expressed in the ER-positive cell lines. We conclude that SSH and microarray technology can be successfully applied to identify differentially expressed genes. This approach allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes without the need to obtain previously cloned cDNAs. (+info)

Cyclic ichthyosis with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: A phenotype conferred by mutations in the 2B domain of keratin K1. (6/3638)

Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE) is characterized by blistering and erythroderma in infancy and by erythroderma and ichthyosis thereafter. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is a hallmark feature of light and electron microscopy. Here we report on four individuals from two families with a unique clinical disorder with histological findings of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Manifesting erythema and superficial erosions at birth, which improved during the first few months of life, affected individuals later developed palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with patchy erythema and scale elsewhere on the body. Three affected individuals exhibit dramatic episodic flares of annular, polycyclic erythematous plaques with scale, which coalesce to involve most of the body surface. The flares last weeks to months. In the interim periods the skin may be normal, except for palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. Abnormal keratin-filament aggregates were observed in suprabasal keratinocytes from both probands, suggesting that the causative mutation might reside in keratin K1 or keratin K10. In one proband, sequencing of K1 revealed a heterozygous mutation, 1436T-->C, predicting a change of isoleucine to threonine in the highly conserved helix-termination motif. In the second family, a heterozygous mutation, 1435A-->T, was found in K1, predicting an isoleucine-to-phenylalanine substitution in the same codon. Both mutations were excluded in both a control population and all unaffected family members tested. These findings reveal that a clinical phenotype distinct from classic BCIE but with similar histology can result from K1 mutations and that mutations at this codon give rise to a clinically unique condition. (+info)

Mapping binding domains of kininogens on endothelial cell cytokeratin 1. (7/3638)

Human cytokeratin 1 (CK1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) is expressed on their membranes and is able to bind high molecular weight kininogen (HK) (Hasan, A. A. K., Zisman, T., and Schmaier, A. H. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 3615-3620). New investigations have been performed to demonstrate the HK binding domain on CK1. Four overlapping recombinant (r) CK1 proteins were produced in Escherichia coli by a glutathione S-transferase gene fusion system. Biotin-HK specifically bound to rCK128 and rCK131 in the presence of Zn2+ but not to Deleted1-6rCK131. Recombinant CK128 and rCK131 also inhibited biotin-HK binding to HUVEC with IC50 of 0.4 and 0.5 microM, respectively. Alternatively, rCK114 and Deleted1-6rCK131 did not inhibit binding at concentrations >/=1 microM. Seven sequential 20 amino acid peptides of CK1 were prepared to cover the protein coded by exons 1-3. Only the first peptide (GYG20) coded by exon 1 significantly inhibited HK binding to HUVEC with an IC50 of 35 microM. Fine mapping studies isolated two overlapping peptides also coded by exon 1 (GPV15 and PGG15) that inhibited binding to HUVEC with IC50 of 18 and 9 microM, respectively. A sequence scrambled peptide of PGG15 did not block binding to HUVEC and biotin-GPV20 specifically bound to HK. Peptides GPV15 and PGG15 also blocked prekallikrein activation on endothelial cells. However, inhibition of PK activation by peptide PGG15 occurred at 10-fold lower concentration (IC50 = 1 microM) than inhibition of biotin-HK binding to HUVEC (IC50 = 10 microM). These studies indicate that HK binds to a region of 20 amino acids coded by exon 1 on CK1 which is carboxyl-terminal to its glycine-rich amino-terminal globular domain. Furthermore, HK binding to CK1 modulates PK activation on HUVEC. (+info)

Co-expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by highly invasive trophoblast in the white-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi, and the black mastiff bat, Molossus ater, with observations on intermediate filament proteins in the decidua and intraplacental trophoblast. (8/3638)

Histological and immunocytochemical studies of gravid reproductive tracts obtained from the white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi) and the black mastiff bat (Molossus ater) have established that both species develop unusually invasive trophoblast. This is released by the developing discoidal haemochorial placenta, expresses both cytokeratins and vimentin, and invades the myometrium and adjacent tissues (including the ovaries) via interstitial migration within the walls of maternal blood vessels. Hence, this trophoblast is noteworthy for the extent to which it undergoes an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. In Molossus, it originates from the cytotrophoblastic shell running along the base of the placenta, is mononuclear, and preferentially invades maternal arterial vessels serving the discoidal placenta. This trophoblast may have a role in dilatation of these vessels when the discoidal placenta becomes functional. In Diaemus, the highly invasive trophoblast appears to originate instead from a layer of syncytiotrophoblast on the periphery of the placenta is multinucleated, and vigorously invades both arterial and venous vessels. During late pregnancy, it becomes extensively branched and sends attenuated processes around many of the myometrial smooth muscle fibres. In view of its distribution, this trophoblast could have important influences upon myometrial contractility and the function of blood vessels serving the gravid tract. Other aspects of intermediate filament expression in the uteri and placentae of these bats are also noteworthy. Many of the decidual giant cells in Molossus co-express cytokeratins and vimentin, while the syncytiotrophoblast lining the placental labyrinth in Diaemus late in pregnancy expresses little cytokeratin. (+info)

Keratins are a type of fibrous structural proteins that constitute the main component of the integumentary system, which includes the hair, nails, and skin of vertebrates. They are also found in other tissues such as horns, hooves, feathers, and reptilian scales. Keratins are insoluble proteins that provide strength, rigidity, and protection to these structures.

Keratins are classified into two types: soft keratins (Type I) and hard keratins (Type II). Soft keratins are found in the skin and simple epithelial tissues, while hard keratins are present in structures like hair, nails, horns, and hooves.

Keratin proteins have a complex structure consisting of several domains, including an alpha-helical domain, beta-pleated sheet domain, and a non-repetitive domain. These domains provide keratin with its unique properties, such as resistance to heat, chemicals, and mechanical stress.

In summary, keratins are fibrous structural proteins that play a crucial role in providing strength, rigidity, and protection to various tissues in the body.

Type II keratins are a group of intermediate filament proteins that are primarily expressed in epithelial cells. They are part of the keratin family, which is divided into two types (Type I and Type II) based on their acidic or basic isoelectric point. Type II keratins have a basic isoelectric point and include several subtypes such as KRT2, KRT3, KRT4, KRT10, KRT12, and others.

Type II keratins form heteropolymers with Type I keratins to provide structural support and integrity to epithelial cells. They are essential for the maintenance of cell shape, polarity, and mechanical resistance to stress. Mutations in type II keratin genes have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a blistering skin disorder, and some forms of hair loss.

In summary, Type II keratins are a group of basic intermediate filament proteins that form heteropolymers with Type I keratins to provide structural support and integrity to epithelial cells.

Hair-specific keratins are a type of keratin proteins that are particularly abundant in the structural composition of hair fibers. They are primarily responsible for providing strength, resilience, and elasticity to the hair. Keratins are part of a larger family of fibrous proteins known as intermediate filaments, which also include keratins found in nails, skin, and other epithelial tissues.

Hair-specific keratins are categorized into two types: Type I (acidic keratins) and Type II (basic keratins). These keratin types form heterodimers, which then assemble into intermediate filament structures called protofibrils. Protofibrils further aggregate to create larger intermediate filaments that provide the hair's internal structure.

There are several hair-specific keratin genes, and mutations in these genes can lead to various hair and skin abnormalities, such as hair shaft defects and brittle hair syndromes.

Type I keratins are a subgroup of the keratin family of proteins, which are the key structural components of epithelial cells in vertebrates. These proteins are expressed in softer tissues and are characterized by their acidic isoelectric point. They form heteropolymers with type II keratins to create intermediate filaments, which provide mechanical support and structure to the cell. Type I keratins are further divided into several subtypes, including KRT9-KRT20 and KRT23-KRT28, each of which has specific roles in various tissues throughout the body. Mutations in type I keratin genes have been associated with a number of genetic skin disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex and some forms of ichthyosis.

Keratin-8 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily found in the epithelial cells, including those that line the surfaces of organs and glands. It is one of the major components of intermediate filaments, which are the structural proteins that help to maintain the shape and integrity of cells.

Keratin-8 is known to form heteropolymers with keratin-18 and is abundant in simple epithelia such as those lining the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and reproductive organs. It has been implicated in various cellular processes, including protection against mechanical stress, regulation of cell signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin-8 have been associated with several diseases, including a rare form of liver disease called cryptogenic cirrhosis. Additionally, abnormalities in keratin-8 expression and assembly have been linked to cancer progression and metastasis.

Intermediate filaments (IFs) are a type of cytoskeletal filament found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, including animal cells. They are called "intermediate" because they are smaller in diameter than microfilaments and larger than microtubules, two other types of cytoskeletal structures.

Intermediate filaments are composed of fibrous proteins that form long, unbranched, and flexible filaments. These filaments provide structural support to the cell and help maintain its shape. They also play a role in cell-to-cell adhesion, intracellular transport, and protection against mechanical stress.

Intermediate filaments are classified into six types based on their protein composition: Type I (acidic keratins), Type II (neutral/basic keratins), Type III (vimentin, desmin, peripherin), Type IV (neurofilaments), Type V (lamins), and Type VI (nestin). Each type of intermediate filament has a specific function and is expressed in different cell types. For example, Type I and II keratins are found in epithelial cells, while vimentin is expressed in mesenchymal cells.

Overall, intermediate filaments play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and tissues, and their dysfunction has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic disorders.

Keratin-14 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of stratified epithelia, including the epidermis. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of epithelial cells. Mutations in the gene encoding keratin-14 have been associated with several genetic skin disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex and white sponge nevus.

Keratin-10 is a type II keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the differentiated layers of stratified squamous epithelia, including the skin's epidermis. It plays a crucial role in providing structural support and protection to these epithelial tissues. Keratin-10 pairs with keratin-1 to form intermediate filaments, which are essential for maintaining the integrity and stability of epithelial cells. The expression of keratin-10 is often used as a marker for terminal differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes.

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) is a group of genetic skin disorders characterized by the development of blisters and erosions on the skin following minor trauma or friction. It is caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).

There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. The most common form is called "Dowling-Meara" EBS, which is characterized by blistering at or near birth, widespread blistering, and scarring. Other forms of EBS include "Weber-Cockayne" EBS, which is characterized by localized blistering and healing with minimal scarring, and "Kobner" EBS, which is characterized by blistering in response to heat or physical trauma.

Treatment for EBS typically involves wound care, prevention of infection, and pain management. In some cases, protein therapy or bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a treatment option. It's important to note that the prognosis for individuals with EBS varies depending on the severity and subtype of the disorder.

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of keratin, a protein found in the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). This condition results in widespread blistering and peeling of the skin, particularly in areas prone to friction such as the hands, feet, knees, and elbows.

EH is caused by mutations in the KRT1 or KRT10 genes, which provide instructions for making keratin proteins that are essential for maintaining the structure and integrity of the epidermis. When these genes are mutated, the keratin proteins become unstable and form clumps, leading to the formation of blisters and areas of thickened, scaly skin (hyperkeratosis).

EH is typically present at birth or appears in early childhood, and it can range from mild to severe. In addition to the skin symptoms, individuals with EH may also experience nail abnormalities, hair loss, and an increased risk of skin infections. Treatment for EH is focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications, and may include topical creams or ointments, wound care, and protection from friction and injury.

Keratin-1 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the differentiated cells of epithelial tissues, such as the hair follicles and the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). It is a structural protein that provides strength and rigidity to these cells. In the hair follicle, keratin-1 is found in the cortex of the hair shaft where it contributes to the hair's overall structure and stability. It is also a key component of the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) where it helps to form a protective barrier against external stressors such as chemicals, microorganisms, and physical damage.

Keratin 5 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily expressed in the basal layer of epithelial tissues, including the skin, hair follicles, and nails. It forms heterodimers with keratin 14 and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and stability of these tissues. Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin 5 (KRT5) can lead to several genetic disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex, which is characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, composed mainly of stratified squamous epithelium. It forms a protective barrier that prevents water loss and inhibits the entry of microorganisms. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and its cells are nourished by diffusion from the underlying dermis. The bottom-most layer of the epidermis, called the stratum basale, is responsible for generating new skin cells that eventually move up to replace dead cells on the surface. This process of cell turnover takes about 28 days in adults.

The most superficial part of the epidermis consists of dead cells called squames, which are constantly shed and replaced. The exact rate at which this happens varies depending on location; for example, it's faster on the palms and soles than elsewhere. Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, are also located in the epidermis, specifically within the stratum basale layer.

In summary, the epidermis is a vital part of our integumentary system, providing not only physical protection but also playing a crucial role in immunity and sensory perception through touch receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.

Keratin-18 is a type I cytoskeletal keratin protein that is primarily expressed in simple epithelial cells, such as those found in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and skin. It forms intermediate filaments, which are structural proteins that provide support and stability to the cell. Keratin-18 has been identified as a sensitive and specific marker for apoptosis (programmed cell death), making it useful in research and diagnosis of various diseases, including liver disease and cancer.

Keratinocytes are the predominant type of cells found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that provides structural support and protection to the skin. Keratinocytes undergo constant turnover, with new cells produced in the basal layer of the epidermis and older cells moving upward and eventually becoming flattened and filled with keratin as they reach the surface of the skin, where they are then shed. They also play a role in the immune response and can release cytokines and other signaling molecules to help protect the body from infection and injury.

Medically, hair is defined as a threadlike structure that grows from the follicles found in the skin of mammals. It is primarily made up of a protein called keratin and consists of three parts: the medulla (the innermost part or core), the cortex (middle layer containing keratin filaments) and the cuticle (outer layer of overlapping scales).

Hair growth occurs in cycles, with each cycle consisting of a growth phase (anagen), a transitional phase (catagen), and a resting phase (telogen). The length of hair is determined by the duration of the anagen phase.

While hair plays a crucial role in protecting the skin from external factors like UV radiation, temperature changes, and physical damage, it also serves as an essential aspect of human aesthetics and identity.

Keratin-16 is a type of keratin protein that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of epithelial tissues, including the skin and nails. It belongs to the family of keratins known as "hard keratins" or "intermediate filament proteins," which provide structural support and protection to these tissues.

Keratin-16 is often upregulated in response to stress, injury, or inflammation, leading to the formation of thickened, hardened epithelial structures. This can result in skin conditions such as calluses, corns, and blisters, as well as nail abnormalities like brittle or ridged nails.

In addition, keratin-16 has been implicated in various disease states, including psoriasis, eczema, and certain types of cancer. Its expression is often used as a marker for epithelial differentiation and tissue remodeling.

Intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) are a type of cytoskeletal protein that form the intermediate filaments (IFs), which are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, along with microtubules and microfilaments. These proteins have a unique structure, characterized by an alpha-helical rod domain flanked by non-helical head and tail domains.

Intermediate filament proteins are classified into six major types based on their amino acid sequence: Type I (acidic) and Type II (basic) keratins, Type III (desmin, vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and peripherin), Type IV (neurofilaments), Type V (lamins), and Type VI (nestin). Each type of IFP has a distinct pattern of expression in different tissues and cell types.

Intermediate filament proteins play important roles in maintaining the structural integrity and mechanical strength of cells, providing resilience to mechanical stress, and regulating various cellular processes such as cell division, migration, and signal transduction. Mutations in IFP genes have been associated with several human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic skin fragility disorders.

Keratoderma, palmoplantar is a medical term that refers to a group of skin conditions characterized by thickening and hardening (hyperkeratosis) of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. This condition can affect people of all ages, but it's most commonly seen in children.

The thickening of the skin is caused by an overproduction of keratin, a protein that helps to form the tough, outer layer of the skin. In palmoplantar keratoderma, this excess keratin accumulates in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, leading to the formation of rough, scaly, and thickened patches on the palms and soles.

There are several different types of palmoplantar keratoderma, each with its own specific symptoms and causes. Some forms of the condition are inherited and present at birth or develop in early childhood, while others may be acquired later in life as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, or psoriasis.

Treatment for palmoplantar keratoderma typically involves the use of emollients and keratolytic agents to help soften and remove the thickened skin. In some cases, oral retinoids or other systemic medications may be necessary to manage more severe symptoms. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Keratin-1

In medical terms, the skin is the largest organ of the human body. It consists of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer), as well as accessory structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. The skin plays a crucial role in protecting us from external factors such as bacteria, viruses, and environmental hazards, while also regulating body temperature and enabling the sense of touch.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Keratin-2" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. Keratins are a large family of fibrous structural proteins that are a major component in the cells that make up the outer layer of skin, hair, and nails. However, there isn't a specific keratin type that is commonly referred to as "Keratin-2."

If you have any more context or information about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you try to understand it better!

Keratin-13 is a type of keratin protein that is primarily found in the differentiated suprabasal layers of the epithelial tissues, including the oral mucosa and the esophageal mucosa. It is a component of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells and plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of these tissues.

Mutations in the gene that encodes keratin-13 have been associated with several inherited skin disorders, including epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a group of blistering diseases characterized by fragility of the skin and mucous membranes. These mutations can lead to abnormalities in the structure and stability of keratin-13, resulting in the formation of blisters and sores in response to minor trauma or friction.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

A hair follicle is a part of the human skin from which hair grows. It is a complex organ that consists of several layers, including an outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and matrix. The hair follicle is located in the dermis, the second layer of the skin, and is surrounded by sebaceous glands and erector pili muscles.

The hair growth cycle includes three phases: anagen (growth phase), catagen (transitional phase), and telogen (resting phase). During the anagen phase, cells in the matrix divide rapidly to produce new hair fibers that grow out of the follicle. The hair fiber is made up of a protein called keratin, which also makes up the outer layers of the skin and nails.

Hair follicles are important for various biological functions, including thermoregulation, sensory perception, and social communication. They also play a role in wound healing and can serve as a source of stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hoof and Claw" is not a medical term or condition. The term "hoof" refers to the hard covering on the toes of animals such as horses, cows, and other ungulates, while "claw" refers to the sharp nail-like structure found on the toes of animals such as cats, dogs, and birds.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Keratin-15 is a type I keratin protein that is expressed in the basal cells of stratified epithelia, including the hair follicle and the epidermis. It plays a role in maintaining the integrity and stability of these tissues, particularly during periods of stress or injury. Keratin-15 has also been identified as a marker for stem cells in the hair follicle bulge region, which is responsible for hair regeneration. In addition, keratin-15 expression has been linked to various skin disorders, such as psoriasis and certain types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma.

Hair diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions affecting the hair shaft, follicle, or scalp. These conditions can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Hair shaft abnormalities: These are conditions that affect the structure and growth of the hair shaft. Examples include trichorrhexis nodosa, where the hair becomes weak and breaks easily, and pili torti, where the hair shaft is twisted and appears sparse and fragile.
2. Hair follicle disorders: These are conditions that affect the hair follicles, leading to hair loss or abnormal growth patterns. Examples include alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss, and androgenetic alopecia, a genetic condition that leads to pattern baldness in both men and women.
3. Scalp disorders: These are conditions that affect the scalp, leading to symptoms such as itching, redness, scaling, or pain. Examples include seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp).
4. Hair cycle abnormalities: These are conditions that affect the normal growth cycle of the hair, leading to excessive shedding or thinning. Examples include telogen effluvium, where a large number of hairs enter the resting phase and fall out, and anagen effluvium, which is typically caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
5. Infectious diseases: Hair follicles can become infected with various bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to conditions such as folliculitis, furunculosis, and kerion.
6. Genetic disorders: Some genetic disorders can affect the hair, such as Menkes syndrome, which is a rare inherited disorder that affects copper metabolism and leads to kinky, sparse, and brittle hair.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of hair diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, often a dermatologist or a trichologist who specializes in hair and scalp disorders.

Keratin-6 is a specific type of keratin protein that is expressed in the epithelial tissues, including the skin and hair follicles. It is a member of the keratin family of intermediate filament proteins, which provide structural support to cells. There are several subtypes of Keratin-6 (A, B, C, and D), each with distinct functions and expression patterns.

Keratin-6A and -6B are expressed in response to injury or stress in the epithelial tissues, where they play a role in wound healing by promoting cell migration and proliferation. They have also been implicated in the development of certain skin disorders, such as psoriasis and epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

Keratin-6C is primarily expressed in the hair follicles, where it helps to regulate the growth and structure of the hair shaft. Mutations in the gene encoding Keratin-6C have been associated with certain forms of hair loss, such as monilethrix and pili torti.

Keratin-6D is also expressed in the hair follicles, where it plays a role in maintaining the integrity of the hair shaft. Mutations in the gene encoding Keratin-6D have been linked to certain forms of wooly hair and hair loss.

Desmosomes are specialized intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells and help maintain the structural integrity and stability of tissues. They are composed of several proteins, including desmoplakin, plakoglobin, and cadherins, which form complex structures that anchor intermediate filaments (such as keratin) to the cell membrane. This creates a network of interconnected cells that can withstand mechanical stresses. Desmosomes are particularly abundant in tissues subjected to high levels of tension, such as the skin and heart.

Feathers are not a medical term, but they are a feature found in birds and some extinct theropod dinosaurs. Feathers are keratinous structures that grow from the skin and are used for various functions such as insulation, flight, waterproofing, and display. They have a complex structure consisting of a central shaft with barbs branching off on either side, which further divide into smaller barbules. The arrangement and modification of these feather structures vary widely among bird species to serve different purposes.

Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed in various cell types, including mesenchymal cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and integrity by forming part of the cytoskeleton. Vimentin is also involved in various cellular processes such as cell division, motility, and intracellular transport.

In addition to its structural functions, vimentin has been identified as a marker for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that occurs during embryonic development and cancer metastasis. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their polarity and cell-cell adhesion properties and acquire mesenchymal characteristics, including increased migratory capacity and invasiveness. Vimentin expression is upregulated during EMT, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.

In diagnostic pathology, vimentin immunostaining is used to identify mesenchymal cells and to distinguish them from epithelial cells. It can also be used to diagnose certain types of sarcomas and carcinomas that express vimentin.

Pachyonychia Congenita (PC) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by thickened and abnormally shaped nails, painful blisters on the skin, and thickened palms and soles. The condition is caused by mutations in genes responsible for producing keratin proteins, which are essential components of our skin, hair, and nails.

There are two main types of PC: Type 1 (Jadassohn-Lewandowsky syndrome) and Type 2 (Jackson-Lawler syndrome). Both types have similar symptoms but may vary in severity. The symptoms typically appear at birth or within the first few years of life.

The medical definition of Pachyonychia Congenita includes:

1. Nails: Thickening and overcurvature of the nails, often with a yellow-white discoloration.
2. Skin: Formation of blisters and calluses on pressure points such as hands, feet, knees, and elbows. These blisters can be painful and may lead to secondary infections.
3. Palms and soles: Hyperkeratosis (thickening) of the skin on the palms and soles, causing discomfort or pain while walking or performing manual tasks.
4. Mucous membranes: In some cases, the condition can also affect the mucous membranes, leading to oral lesions and thickened vocal cords.
5. Genetics: PC is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that only one copy of the mutated gene inherited from either parent is sufficient to cause the disease. However, some cases may result from spontaneous mutations in the affected individual.

Keratin-1

'Dipodomys' is the genus name for kangaroo rats, which are small rodents native to North America. They are called kangaroo rats due to their powerful hind legs and long tails, which they use to hop around like kangaroos. Kangaroo rats are known for their ability to survive in arid environments, as they are able to obtain moisture from the seeds they eat and can concentrate their urine to conserve water. They are also famous for their highly specialized kidneys, which allow them to produce extremely dry urine.

Keratin-9 is not a well-known or widely studied type of keratin. According to available scientific literature, it is one of the many types of keratins that are expressed in certain tissues, such as the nails and hair. However, there is limited information available specifically about Keratin-9's medical definition, structure, or function.

Keratins are a family of fibrous proteins that provide structural support to epithelial cells, which line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, as well as the inner surfaces of various body structures, such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. They are essential for maintaining the integrity and resilience of these tissues, particularly in areas exposed to mechanical stress or environmental damage.

In summary, while Keratin-9 is a recognized member of the keratin family, there is limited information available about its specific medical definition or role.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.

Desmoplakins are important proteins that play a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of certain types of cell-to-cell junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomes are specialized structures that connect adjacent cells in tissues that undergo significant mechanical stress, such as the skin, heart, and gut.

Desmoplakins are large proteins that are composed of several domains, including a plakin domain, which interacts with other desmosomal components, and a spectrin-like repeat domain, which binds to intermediate filaments. By linking desmosomes to the intermediate filament network, desmoplakins help to provide mechanical strength and stability to tissues.

Mutations in the genes that encode desmoplakins have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a heart condition characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and structural changes in the heart muscle, and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a skin disorder characterized by blistering and fragility of the skin.

Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma is a rare genetic skin disorder that affects the palms and soles of the feet. It is characterized by thickening and scaling of the skin in these areas due to abnormal keratinization, which is the process of skin cell formation and shedding.

The term "epidermolytic" refers to the specific type of keratoderma that is caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in keratin filament assembly. These mutations lead to the formation of clumps of keratin protein, which disrupts the normal structure and function of the skin cells.

The symptoms of epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma typically appear in infancy or early childhood and may include:

* Thick, scaly, and fissured skin on the palms and soles
* Blistering and erosions of the affected areas
* Pain, itching, and difficulty walking or using the hands
* Increased susceptibility to infections

The condition is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. However, de novo mutations can also occur.

Treatment for epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. This may include:

* Emollients and moisturizers to keep the skin hydrated
* Topical keratolytics, such as salicylic acid or urea, to help exfoliate the thickened skin
* Protective padding or footwear to prevent blistering and injury
* Antibiotics to treat secondary infections

In severe cases, systemic retinoids or other medications may be used to reduce the severity of the symptoms. However, these treatments can have significant side effects and should be used with caution.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Nail diseases, also known as onychopathies, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the nail unit, which includes the nail plate, nail bed, lunula, and surrounding skin (nail fold). These diseases can be caused by various factors such as fungal infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, systemic diseases, trauma, and neoplasms.

Some common examples of nail diseases include:

1. Onychomycosis - a fungal infection that affects the nail plate and bed, causing discoloration, thickening, and crumbling of the nail.
2. Paronychia - an infection or inflammation of the nail fold, caused by bacteria or fungi, resulting in redness, swelling, and pain.
3. Ingrown toenails - a condition where the nail plate grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, redness, and infection.
4. Onycholysis - a separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, often caused by trauma or underlying medical conditions.
5. Psoriasis - a systemic disease that can affect the nails, causing pitting, ridging, discoloration, and onycholysis.
6. Lichen planus - an inflammatory condition that can affect the skin and nails, causing nail thinning, ridging, and loss.
7. Melanonychia - a darkening of the nail plate due to pigmentation, which can be benign or malignant.
8. Brittle nails - a condition characterized by weak, thin, and fragile nails that easily break or split.
9. Subungual hematoma - a collection of blood under the nail plate, often caused by trauma, resulting in discoloration and pain.
10. Tumors - abnormal growths that can develop in or around the nail unit, ranging from benign to malignant.

Accurate diagnosis and treatment of nail diseases require a thorough examination and sometimes laboratory tests, such as fungal cultures or skin biopsies. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and may include topical or oral medications, surgical intervention, or lifestyle modifications.

Keratin-19 is a type I acidic keratin that is primarily expressed in simple epithelia, such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and epidermal appendages (e.g., hair follicles, sweat glands). It plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and integrity of these tissues by forming intermediate filaments that provide mechanical support to cells.

Keratin-19 is often used as a marker for simple epithelial differentiation and has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer progression and metastasis. Mutations in the KRT19 gene, which encodes keratin-19, have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as epidermolysis bullosa simplex, a blistering skin disorder.

In summary, Keratin-19 is an important structural protein expressed in simple epithelia that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue integrity and has implications in various pathological conditions.

Mallory bodies are eosinophilic, hyaline inclusions found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (liver cells) that are pathognomonic for alcoholic liver disease. They were first described by Mallory in 1911 and are also known as "Mallory's hyaline." These bodies are composed of aggregates of intermediate filaments, primarily keratin, and are thought to result from the oxidative stress and cellular damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption. The presence of Mallory bodies is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Medical definitions of "malformed nails" may vary, but generally, it refers to a condition where the nails are abnormally formed or shaped. This can include various deformities such as:

1. Koilonychia: Also known as "spoon nails," where the nails appear scooped out and concave.
2. Pterygium: A condition where skin grows over the nail, causing it to adhere to the finger.
3. Onychogryphosis: Also known as "ram's horn nails," where the nails become thick, curved, and overgrown.
4. Brachyonychia: Shortened nails that do not grow normally.
5. Onychauxis: Thickening of the nails.
6. Leukonychia: White spots or lines on the nails.
7. Beau's lines: Indentations across the nails, often caused by a previous illness or injury.
8. Pitting: Small depressions or holes in the nails.
9. Cracking or splitting of the nails.

These nail abnormalities can be caused by various factors such as genetics, fungal infections, trauma, nutritional deficiencies, and underlying medical conditions.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy of Meesmann is a rare hereditary eye condition that affects the cornea, which is the clear front part of the eye. This condition is typically present at birth or appears during infancy and can affect both eyes. It is caused by mutations in the K3 and K12 genes, which provide instructions for making proteins called keratins that are found in the corneal epithelial cells.

In this condition, there is a abnormal accumulation of these misfolded keratin proteins in the corneal epithelium, leading to the formation of tiny opaque bumps or microcysts on the surface of the cornea. These microcysts can cause visual symptoms such as photophobia (light sensitivity), tearing, and decreased vision. The severity of the condition can vary widely among affected individuals, ranging from mild to severe.

The progression of juvenile epithelial corneal dystrophy of Meesmann is generally slow, but in some cases, it may lead to more serious complications such as corneal erosions, scarring, and loss of vision. Currently, there is no cure for this condition, and treatment is mainly focused on managing the symptoms and preventing complications. This may include the use of artificial tears, ointments, or bandage contact lenses to protect the cornea and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, a corneal transplant may be necessary.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

A papilloma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that grows on a stalk, often appearing as a small cauliflower-like growth. It can develop in various parts of the body, but when it occurs in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts, they are called squamous papillomas. The most common type is the skin papilloma, which includes warts. They are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be removed through various medical procedures if they become problematic or unsightly.

Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).

In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.

In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.

REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.

Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.

Beta-keratins are a type of keratin proteins that are mainly found in the cells of reptiles, birds, and some mammals such as marsupials. These proteins make up the scales, feathers, claws, beaks, and other hard structures of these animals. Beta-keratins have a different molecular structure compared to alpha-keratins, which are the predominant type of keratins found in mammalian skin, hair, and nails.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wool" is not a term that has a medical definition. Wool refers to the thick coat of hair that is characteristic of sheep and some other animals. It is often used to create textiles and clothing due to its warmth and durability. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

Skin diseases, also known as dermatological conditions, refer to any medical condition that affects the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. These diseases can affect the skin's function, appearance, or overall health. They can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, allergies, environmental factors, and aging.

Skin diseases can present in many different forms, such as rashes, blisters, sores, discolorations, growths, or changes in texture. Some common examples of skin diseases include acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, fungal infections, viral infections, bacterial infections, and skin cancer.

The symptoms and severity of skin diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and individual factors. Some skin diseases are mild and can be treated with over-the-counter medications or topical creams, while others may require more intensive treatments such as prescription medications, light therapy, or even surgery.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual or persistent changes in your skin, as some skin diseases can be serious or indicative of other underlying health conditions. A dermatologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.

Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, hair, and nails. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, particularly dermatophytes, which cause these infections. Griseofulvin can be obtained through a prescription and is available in oral (by mouth) and topical (on the skin) forms.

The primary mechanism of action for griseofulvin involves binding to tubulin, a protein necessary for fungal cell division. This interaction disrupts the formation of microtubules, which are crucial for the fungal cell's structural integrity and growth. As a result, the fungi cannot grow and multiply, allowing the infected tissue to heal and the infection to resolve.

Common side effects associated with griseofulvin use include gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), headache, dizziness, and skin rashes. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking griseofulvin, as improper usage may lead to reduced effectiveness or increased risk of side effects.

It is important to note that griseofulvin has limited use in modern medicine due to the development of newer and more effective antifungal agents. However, it remains a valuable option for specific fungal infections, particularly those resistant to other treatments.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

These two groups of keratins were named as type I and type II keratins. These two categories also represent the first two ... The first sequences of keratins revealed that keratins could be grouped into two categories based on their sequence homologies ... "The cDNA sequence of a Type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins". Cell. 33 ... Keratins in this table are classified in the first two columns according to the nomenclature established in 2006. Other names ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_keratins

Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, ... Keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins List of keratins expressed in ... The human genome has 54 functional annotated Keratin genes, 28 are in the Keratin type 1 family, and 26 are in the Keratin type ... For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. These antibodies are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT16 gene. Keratin 16 is a type I cytokeratin. It is paired with ... 2008). "Keratin and filaggrin expression in keratoacanthoma". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 22 (3): 353-5. doi:10.1111/j.1468- ... Rosenberg M, RayChaudhury A, Shows TB, Le Beau MM, Fuchs E (February 1988). "A group of type I keratin genes on human ... Rosenberg M, Fuchs E, Le Beau MM, Eddy RL, Shows TB (1991). "Three epidermal and one simple epithelial type II keratin genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_16

Both epithelial keratins and hard keratins can be further subdivided into type I (acidic) keratins and type II (neutral-basic) ... Keratins form heteropolymers consisting of a type I and a type II keratin. Keratins are generally expressed in particular pairs ... "keratins" or are sometimes referred to as "epithelial keratins" or "cytokeratins". The specialized keratins of hair and nail ... Keratin 6C (protein name K6C; gene name KRT6C), is a type II cytokeratin, one of a number of isoforms of keratin 6 encoded by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6C

Is co-expressed with and binds to Keratin 10, a Type I keratin, to form a coiled coil heterotypic keratin chain. Keratin 1 and ... This difference is likely due to Keratin 9, rather than Keratin 10, being the major binding partner of Keratin 1 in acral (palm ... In contrast, basal layer keratinocytes express little to no Keratin 1. Mutations in KRT1, the gene encoding Keratin 1, have ... "New mutations in keratin 1 that cause bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and keratin 2e that cause ichthyosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_1

... is a member of the type I keratin family of intermediate filament proteins. Keratin 14 was the first type I keratin ... Keratin 14 is also known as cytokeratin-14 (CK-14) or keratin-14 (KRT14). In humans it is encoded by the KRT14 gene. Keratin 14 ... Chan Y, Anton-Lamprecht I, Yu QC, Jäckel A, Zabel B, Ernst JP, Fuchs E (November 1994). "A human keratin 14 "knockout": the ... Rosenberg M, Fuchs E, Le Beau MM, Eddy RL, Shows TB (1991). "Three epidermal and one simple epithelial type II keratin genes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_14

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT9 gene. Keratin 9 is a type I cytokeratin. It is found only in the ... "Keratin 9 point mutation in the pedigree of epidermolytic hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma perturbs keratin intermediate ... 2009). "Keratin-9 gene mutation in epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma combined with knuckle pads in a large Chinese family ... Endo H, Hatamochi A, Shinkai H (1997). "A novel mutation of a leucine residue in coil 1A of keratin 9 in epidermolytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_9

... is one of the 27 different type II keratins expressed in humans. Keratin 6A was the first type II keratin sequence ... Both epithelial keratins and hard keratins can be further subdivided into type I (acidic) keratins and type II (neutral-basic) ... The expression of keratin 6A is often tested together with keratin 5, using CK5/6 antibodies, which target both keratin forms. ... Keratins form heteropolymers consisting of a type I and a type II keratin. Keratins are generally expressed in particular pairs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6A

... , or α-keratin, is a type of keratin found in mammalian vertebrates. This protein is the primary component in ... Under high tension, alpha-keratin can even change into beta-keratin, a stronger keratin formation that has a secondary ... a type I alpha-keratin, to form the alpha-keratin complex of the epidermis layer of cells in the skin. Hard alpha-keratins, ... Alpha-keratins proteins can be one of two types: type I or type II. There are 54 keratin genes in humans, 28 of which code for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-keratin

... also known as keratin 2E or keratin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT2A gene. Keratin 2A is a type ... 2001). "New mutations in keratin 1 that cause bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and keratin 2e that cause ... Keratin-2 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Genes on human chromosome 12, ... 1998). "A glutamate to lysine mutation at the end of 2B rod domain of keratin 2e gene in ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens". Acta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_2A

... , often abbreviated CK20, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT20 gene. Keratin 20 is a type I ... "New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins". J. Cell Biol. 174 (2): 169-74. doi:10.1083/jcb.200603161. PMC 2064177. PMID ... Keratins, All stub articles, Human chromosome 17 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_20

Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 8 also known as cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) or keratin-8 (K8) is a keratin protein that is encoded in ... Keratin 8 is often used together with keratin 18 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic ... "Keratin 8 phosphorylation by p38 kinase regulates cellular keratin filament reorganization: modulation by a keratin 1-like ... Keratin-8 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (Genes on human chromosome 12, Keratins). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_8

Phylogenetic studies of β-keratin sequences show that feather β-keratins evolved from scale β-keratins. The scale β-keratins ... alpha-keratin and beta-keratin. Alpha-keratin is seen in humans and other mammals, beta-keratin is present in birds and ... Beta-keratin (β-keratin) is a member of a structural protein family found in the epidermis of reptiles and birds. Beta-keratins ... Beta-keratin is harder than alpha-keratin. Structurally alpha-keratin have alpha-helical coiled coil structure while beta- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-keratin

... also known as cytokeratin 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT3 gene. Keratin 3 is a type II ... It is specifically found in the corneal epithelium together with keratin 12. Mutations in the KRT3 encoding this protein have ... v t e (Genes on human chromosome 12, Keratins, All stub articles, Human chromosome 12 gene stubs). ... "Mutations in cornea-specific keratin K3 or K12 genes cause Meesmann's corneal dystrophy". Nat. Genet. 16 (2): 184-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_3

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT12 gene. Keratin 12 is keratin found expressed in corneal epithelia ... Chen YT, Tseng SH, Chao SC (2005). "Novel mutations in the helix termination motif of keratin 3 and keratin 12 in 2 Taiwanese ... 2000). "A novel keratin 12 mutation in a German kindred with Meesmann's corneal dystrophy". Br J Ophthalmol. 84 (5): 527-30. ... 2004). "A novel arginine substitution mutation in 1A domain and a novel 27 bp insertion mutation in 2B domain of keratin 12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_12

... , also known as KRT5, K5, or CK5, is a protein that is encoded in humans by the KRT5 gene. It dimerizes with keratin ... K5, a type II keratin, pairs with the type I keratin K14. The coiled-coil dimers undergo stepwise assembly and combine in an ... Keratin 5, like other members of the keratin family, is an intermediate filament protein. These polypeptides are characterized ... It is often tested in conjunction with keratin 6, using CK5/6 antibodies, which target both keratin forms. Basal-like breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_5

... (or cytokeratin 13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT13 gene. Keratin 13 is a type I cytokeratin, it ... 1999). "Identification of two novel mutations in keratin 13 as the cause of white sponge naevus". Oral Dis. 5 (4): 321-4. doi: ... 2001). "A novel mutation in the keratin 13 gene causing oral white sponge nevus". J. Dent. Res. 80 (3): 919-23. doi:10.1177/ ... Richard G, De Laurenzi V, Didona B, Bale SJ, Compton JG (December 1995). "Keratin 13 point mutation underlies the hereditary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_13

A keratin disease is a genetic disorder of one of the keratin genes.[citation needed] An example is monilethrix. The first to ... Examples of keratin disease include: List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins Corden LD, McLean WH ( ... Irvine AD, McLean WH (May 1999). "Human keratin diseases: the increasing spectrum of disease and subtlety of the phenotype- ... Smith F (2003). "The molecular genetics of keratin disorders". Am J Clin Dermatol. 4 (5): 347-64. doi:10.2165/00128071- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_disease

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the keratin gene family. As a type I hair keratin, it is an acidic protein ... "Entrez Gene: KRT34 keratin 34". Yu J, Yu DW, Checkla DM, et al. (1993). "Human hair keratins". J. Invest. Dermatol. 101 (1 ... Keratin, type I cuticular Ha4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT34 gene. ... The type I hair keratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21 and have the same direction of transcription. 34βE12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_34

A keratin pearl is a keratinized structure found in regions where abnormal squamous cells form concentric layers. Also called ... Medical dictionary definition v t e (Epithelial cells, Keratins, All stub articles, Pathology stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_pearl

Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT17 gene. Keratin 17 is a type I cytokeratin. ... "Keratin 16 and keratin 17 mutations cause pachyonychia congenita". Nat Genet. 9 (3): 273-8. doi:10.1038/ng0395-273. PMID ... "Entrez Gene: KRT17 keratin 17". Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, ... Keratin 17 has been shown to interact with CCDC85B. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000128422 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_17

... or keratin-7 (K7) or sarcolectin (SCL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT7 gene. Keratin 7 is a type II keratin ... Keratin-7 is a member of the keratin gene family. The type II cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral proteins which are ... "Entrez Gene: KRT7 keratin 7". Leong, Anthony S-Y; Cooper, Kumarason; Leong, F Joel W-M (2003). Manual of Diagnostic Cytology (2 ... Keratin-7 is found in simple glandular epithelia, and in transitional epithelium. Epithelial cells of the lung and breast both ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_7

... is a type II cytokeratin, one of a number of isoforms of keratin 6. It is found with keratin 16 and/or keratin 17 in ... This keratin 6 isoform is thought be less abundant than the closely related keratin 6A protein. Mutations in the gene encoding ... March 1995). "Keratin 16 and keratin 17 mutations cause pachyonychia congenita". Nat. Genet. 9 (3): 273-8. doi:10.1038/ng0395- ... Keratin 6B is associated with the PC-K6B subtype of pachyonychia congenita. McLean WH, Rugg EL, Lunny DP, et al. ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_6B

Whittock NV, Eady RA, McGrath JA (January 2000). "Genomic organization and amplification of the human keratin 15 and keratin 19 ... Keratin 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT15 gene. It has also been referred to as cytokeratin 15, K1CO and ... Keratin 15 is a type I cytokeratin. It is well-expressed in the basal layer of complex epithelia. However, acral keratinocytes ... Marchuk D, McCrohon S, Fuchs E (March 1985). "Complete sequence of a gene encoding a human type I keratin: sequences homologous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_15

Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 4 also known as cytokeratin-4 (CK-4) or keratin-4 (K4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ... "Allelic variations of human keratins K4 and K5 provide polymorphic markers within the type II keratin gene cluster on ... Keratin 4 is a type II cytokeratin. It is specifically found in differentiated layers of the mucosal and esophageal epithelia ... Chao SC, Tsai YM, Yang MH, Lee JY (June 2003). "A novel mutation in the keratin 4 gene causing white sponge naevus". Br. J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_4

... or keratin-10 (K10) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT10 gene. Keratin 10 is a type I keratin. Keratin-10 is a ... Keratin 10 has been shown to interact with AKT1. 34βE12 (keratin 903) GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000186395 - Ensembl, ... 1994). "Abnormal keratin 1 and 10 cytoskeleton in cultured keratinocytes from epidermolytic hyperkeratosis caused by keratin 10 ... "Sequence of a cDNA encoding human keratin No 10 selected according to structural homologies of keratins and their tissue- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_10

... is a type I cytokeratin which expresses immunologically specific fusion protein. It is not found in humans, but only ... Quaroni, A.; Calnek, D.; Quaroni, E.; Chandler, J. S. (25 June 1991). "Keratin expression in rat intestinal crypt and villus ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Keratins, Mammalian proteins, All stub articles, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_21

... is a type I keratin. Keratin 19 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins ... Keratin 19 is often used together with keratin 8 and keratin 18 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic ... Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 also known as cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) or keratin-19 (K19) is a 40 kDa protein that in humans is ... Keratin 19 is a type I keratin. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_19

... is often used together with keratin 8 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic ... Keratin 18 is a type I cytokeratin. It is, together with its filament partner keratin 8, perhaps the most commonly found ... 1996). "Dynamics of human keratin 18 phosphorylation: polarized distribution of phosphorylated keratins in simple epithelial ... Keratin 18 has been shown to interact with Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, DNAJB6, Pinin and TRADD. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin_18

There are two types of hair keratin: the acidic type I hair keratin type I hair keratin 1, KRT31 type I hair keratin 2, KRT32 ... KRT34 type I hair keratin 5, KRT35 type I hair keratin 6, KRT36 type I hair keratin 7, KRT37 type I hair keratin 8, KRT38 the ... KRT81 type II hair keratin 2, KRT82 type II hair keratin 3, KRT83 type II hair keratin 4, KRT84 type II hair keratin 5, KRT85 ... Hair keratin is a type of keratin found in hair and the nails. ... KRT33A type I hair keratin 3B, KRT33B type I hair keratin 4, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_keratin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_keratins

keratin 8 keratin 18, keratin 20 simple epithelium Cornification[edit]. Cornification is the process of forming an epidermal ... Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, ... The horns of the impala are made of keratin covering a core of bone.. Alpha-keratins (α-keratins) are found in all vertebrates ... Type 1 and 2 Keratins[edit]. The human genome has 54 functional annotated Keratin genes, 28 are in the Keratin type 1 family, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin

COOL HUNTING™ uncovers the latest intersections of design, culture and technology. Curiosity fuels our ongoing quest for the discovery of true inspiration.

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Shop Heat Protecting Spray Keratin Smooth and read reviews at Walgreens. View the latest deals on TRESemme Styling Products. ...

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... healthier hair with our keratin treatments and keratin enhanced salon-quality hair care products for all hair types ... Keratin Complex® offers a variety of keratin-enhanced products that deliver stronger, healthier, and frizz-free hair for all ... About Keratin Complex®. From the innovators of the smoothing industry. Keratin Complex®helps you achieve stronger, healthier ... Our keratin-enhanced shampoos and conditioners provide the foundation for beautiful hair every... ...

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KRT19P2 keratin 19 pseudogene 2 [Homo sapiens] KRT19P2 keratin 19 pseudogene 2 [Homo sapiens]. Gene ID:160313 ... keratin 19 pseudogene 2provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:33423 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000216306 AllianceGenome: ... KRT19P2 keratin 19 pseudogene 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 160313, updated on 10-Oct-2023 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/160313

About Keratin Complex®. From the innovators of the smoothing industry. Keratin Complex®helps you achieve stronger, healthier ... Sign up now and be the first to receive news, exclusive offers, product information, and more from Keratin Complex! ... hair with our line of keratin treatments, professional hair color, and salon-quality hair care products. ...

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Read this before you take a keratin supplement for hair, skin or nails, as oral supplements may not be effective and little is ... Keratin vs. Biotin. Keratin is a protein, while biotin is a vitamin. Keratin is the structural protein thats actually found in ... Some people opt for keratin hair treatments in salons, while others buy keratin vitamins - keratins in supplement form - from ... Because keratin is the structural protein our bodies use to make our hair, taking keratin for hair growth makes sense on paper ...

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Here, everything you need to know about the difference between in-salon keratin treatments and the best products from Redken ... "With keratin treatments, youll have a smooth and sleek result, but wont be able to embrace your natural texture if you ever ... in-salon keratin treatments, in the other, at-home frizz-fighting products. Read on to learn more about both. ... You wont be able to do that with a keratin treatment. ... FRIZZY HAIR GUIDE: KERATIN TREATMENTS AND FRIZZ PRODUCTS ...

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J:22955 Knapp B, et al., Nonepidermal members of the keratin multigene family: cDNA sequences and in situ localization of the ...

https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:101925

Shop Tresemme Keratin Smooth Shine Serum - 3.3 fl oz at Target. Choose from Same Day Delivery, Drive Up or Order Pickup. Free ... KERATIN SMOOTH SERUM: You can now get that salon-quality finish without going to a salon with TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Hair ... A: TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Shine Serum is not a heat protectant.. submitted byTresemme Expert - 2 years ago. Helpful (0). Not ... A: Our Keratin Smooth Shine serum is effective on all hair types - as hair type and condition vary, result may be different for ...

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These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- ... Feather keratin hydrolysates obtained from microbial keratinases: effect on hair fiber BMC Biotechnol. 2013 Feb 18;13:15. doi: ... Commercial preparations of keratin hydrolysates were used as a comparative standard. After five days the feather had been ... Results: Keratin peptides were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of keratinases using Bacillus subtilis AMR. The microorganism ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23414102/

View mouse Krt4 Chr15:101826970-101833170 with: phenotypes, sequences, polymorphisms, proteins, references, function, expression

https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:96701

Keratin Cocoa Permanent Hair Color Kit (1 ct) at Ralphs. Find quality beauty products to add to your Shopping List or order ... Schwarzkopf® Keratin Cocoa Permanent Hair Color Kit. 3.97(. 32. )View All Reviews ... If your hair is longer than shoulder length, we recommend using 2 boxes of Keratin Color hair dye for the application. ... If your hair is longer than shoulder length, we recommend using 2 boxes of Keratin Color hair dye for the application. ...

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... and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least ... whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, ... Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, ... Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD007633.do

... ; Synonyms: CK 8,CK8,CYK8,Cytokeratin endo A,K2C8; find ... Keratins act as cytoprotective proteins. KRT8 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of RPE (retinal pigment epithelium ... Keratin 8 (KRT8) is an intermediate filament protein,. that is located on human chromosome 12q13. ... The antiserum was produced against synthesized peptide derived from human Keratin 8.. Immunogen Range: 41-90 ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/es/product/sigma/sab4501653

Bloommy Biotin Collagen Keratin Capsules for Skin, Joint, and Hair, 60 capsules *Capsule details: 00 clear vegetable capsule ... Bloommy, Inc Issues Allergy Alert on Undeclared Fish in Bloommy Biotin Collagen Keratin Capsules. This recall has been ... Consumers who have purchased Bloommy Biotin Collagen Keratin Capsules for Skin, Joint, and Hair may contact Bloommy via email ... Bloommy, Inc Issues Allergy Alert on Undeclared Fish in Bloommy Biotin Collagen Keratin Capsules ...

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Although no mutations have been described in either keratin 15 or keratin 19, they are go … ... Mutations in keratin genes have been documented in many disorders of the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. ... Keratin intermediate filaments are the major components of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells. ... we have therefore characterized the intron-exon organization of the human keratin 15 and keratin 19 genes. The keratin 15 gene ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10623642/

The keratin holds the color well, and many beauticians actually suggest that you try the keratin treatment immediately after ... The majority of the hair-straightening products today have a keratin base to them, as keratin is a protein that naturally grows ... but a keratin straightening treatment could be the answer you are looking for.. There are many brands of keratin straightening ... Keratin helps to repair any damage to the hair, especially in the form of dry or cracked hair. When it is combined with a ...

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The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. ...

https://www.keratin.com/tag/emotional-well-being/

Order Keratin 27 Proteins from many different species. Find the right product on antibodies-online.com. ... Keratin 27 Proteins by Origin. Find Keratin 27 Proteins for a variety of species such as anti-Cow Keratin 27, anti-Goat Keratin ... keratin 28 (KRT28) Proteins. keratin 27, type I (KRT27) Proteins. keratin 26 (KRT26) Proteins. keratin 27 (Krt27) Proteins. CK- ... Keratin 27 Proteins. (Keratin 27 (KRT27)). This gene encodes a member of the type I (acidic) keratin family, which belongs to ...

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... enriched with Keratin, tames flyaways and adds shine, leaving hair looking silky-soft. ... The new TREsemmé Keratin Smooth 3-step range is enriched with Keratin and has 10-in-1 benefits leaving your locks looking and ... TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Serum, enriched with Keratin, tames flyaways and adds shine, leaving hair looking silky-soft. As part ... TRESemmé Pro Collection Keratin Smooth Serum, enriched with Keratin, tames flyaways and adds shine, leaving hair looking silky- ...

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Discover Keratin Shampoo online at Superdrug. Shop the latest trends, offers and collect Health & Beauty points. Free standard ... and youre not quite ready to take the plunge with a full-blown salon keratin treatment, then its time to welcome keratin ... Keratin Shampoo If your quest for sleek, shiny and frizz-free hair has left you baffled, ...

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Keratin clump, cytology. This mass of keratin flakes has much overlap and little individual identity, which is a common finding ... If there are many large clumps, this is likely to be a real change such as the content of a keratin-filled cystic lesion rather ...

https://www.merckvetmanual.com/multimedia/image/keratin-clump-cytology

Keratin-16 is normally found associated with KERATIN-6. Mutations in the gene for keratin-6 have been associated with ... A type I keratin expressed in a variety of EPITHELIUM, including the ESOPHAGUS, the TONGUE, the HAIR FOLLICLE and NAILS. ... "Keratin-16" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Keratin-16" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Keratin-16

But I also know that having the Keratin treatment done isnt cheap or ... thin hair and have never been a candidate for a Keratin treatment. But Ive seen tons of friends get them done and Im always ... Suave Professionals Keratin Infusion Smoothing Kit is a keratin infused treatment you can use in your own home and it works ... 1) Visit the page to learn more about the NEW Keratin Infusion line of products and leave a comment on this post telling us ...

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Antibodies for proteins involved in keratin filament binding pathways, according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification ... Antibodies for proteins involved in keratin filament binding pathways; according to their Panther/Gene Ontology Classification. ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/keratin%20filament%20binding

How much does a keratin treatment cost? Read our guide to see the average prices in the U.S., the factors that impact cost, and ... Why should I get a keratin treatment?. You should get a keratin treatment if you want to save some time styling or if youre ... The average keratin treatment cost ranges from $82 to $400. The term "keratin treatment" is an umbrella for many services, ... How long does a keratin treatment last?. Keratin treatments can last between one and six months depending on how well you care ...

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Slip on the Keratin Gloves one hand at a time.. 2. Gently massage emulsion all around the nails, paying careful attention to ... Waterless Manicure Using Bodipure Keratin Gloves. by NLS Staff , November 30, 2015 , Bookmark + ... Offer your clients a waterless manicure by incorporating Bodipures Keratin Gloves into your next service. The all-in-one ...

https://www.nailsmag.com/381988/waterless-manicure-using-bodipure-keratin-gloves

Use this anti-frizz hair serum after using TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Shampoo and Conditioner System for best results. (target.com)
A special shampoo is also required to wash the hair after the treatment, involved shampoos that are free of sodium sulfate that would strip the keratin from the hair. (a1articles.com)
Apply TREsemmé Keratin Smooth Shampoo to wet hair, lather then rinse thoroughly. (tresemme.com)
If your quest for sleek, shiny and frizz-free hair has left you baffled, and you're not quite ready to take the plunge with a full-blown salon keratin treatment, then it's time to welcome keratin shampoo into your life! (superdrug.com)
One lucky Mommies with Style winner will receive a set of Suave Professionals' NEW Keratin Infusion Color Care Shampoo & Smoothing Conditioner and one $100 Walmart gift card. (mommieswithstyle.com)
I would like to try the Suave Professionals Keratin Infusion Smoothing Shampoo. (mommieswithstyle.com)
the keratin color care shampoo! (mommieswithstyle.com)
This natural purifying shampoo is free of sulfates and has been designed to eliminate all residue from the hair before and after the Hapuna Keratin Retexturizer service. (hairboutique.com)
It's a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin is sulfate free, sodium chloride free, paraben free and keratin protein infused. (macys.com)
It%u2019s a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin, 10 Fl Oz was on her list. (macys.com)
t's a 10 Miracle Shampoo Plus Keratin offers sulfate free, sodium chloride free, paraben free, keratin protein infused, prevents breakage, preserves hair color, restores elasticity, protects from sun damage, locks out humidity & protects from thermal styling. (macys.com)
When you hair suddenly feels like it has a mind of its own, a keratin-infused shampoo, conditioner and masque, such as in the Nexxus Keraphix range , will work together to align and smooth the hair cuticle, helping to reduce frizz and cut down styling time. (nexxus.com)
Incorporating a keratin-infused shampoo and conditioner into every wash, such as the Nexxus Keraphix range , will keep colored hair strong and healthy, which will help to keep your color vibrant. (nexxus.com)
That's why we'd recommend using a keratin-infused shampoo and conditioner each time you wash your hair, alongside an occasional deep conditioning treatment as and when hair looks or feels like it needs a bit more TLC than normal. (nexxus.com)
New Dove Intense Repair Shampoo, the damage shampoo and Dove's best repair shampoo, is upgraded with Keratin Tri-Silk Serum. (dove.com)
The Dove Intense Hair Repair Shampoo for Damaged Hair with Keratin-Actives 340ml is the perfect choice! (dove.com)
Formulated with KERATIN-ACTIVES, this Dove repair shampoo helps your hair to recover from damage in two different ways! (dove.com)
New Dove Nourishing Oil Care Shampoo, upgraded with Keratin Tri-Silk Serum has a unique blend of weightless Nutri-oils, which helps protect hair from the effects of pre-mature aging and restores hair smoothness making it manageable again. (dove.com)
New Dove Straight & Silky Shampoo upgraded with Keratin Tri-Silk Serum has Amino Essence, an essential amino acid to boost hair health for deep nourishment up to the core of your hair fibres. (dove.com)
New Dove Hair Fall Rescue+ Shampoo upgraded with Keratin Tri-Silk Serum and has DynaZinc complex that nourishes from the roots* to tips and fortifies hair fibers. (dove.com)
If you're adamant your current shampoo, conditioner, and styling products are irreplaceable, you should at least consider working an at-home, once-a-week keratin treatment into your routine. (nexxus.com)

Spider silk is classified as keratin, [9] although production of the protein may have evolved independently of the process in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
The new term corneous beta protein (CBP) has been proposed to avoid confusion with α-keratins. (wikipedia.org)
Keratin is a naturally occurring protein that makes up and protects your hair, nails and skin, according to the Cleveland Clinic . (livestrong.com)
Keratin is a protein, while biotin is a vitamin. (livestrong.com)
Keratin is the structural protein that's actually found in your hair, nails and skin. (livestrong.com)
Because keratin is the structural protein our bodies use to make our hair, taking keratin for hair growth makes sense on paper. (livestrong.com)
Hair is composed mainly of keratin protein and a small amount of lipid. (nih.gov)
Many types of protein hydrolysates from plants and animals have been used in hair and personal care such as keratin hydrolysates obtained from nails, horns and wool. (nih.gov)
The majority of the hair-straightening products today have a keratin base to them, as keratin is a protein that naturally grows in your hair. (a1articles.com)
Keratin Complex enters the world of professional color with remarkable, longlasting formulations, which contain the company's signature hydrolyzed keratin protein for added strength and resiliency. (hairshow.us)
By conditioning and fortifying each and every hair strand with aloe vera, panthenol, soy protein and essential Hawaiian oils, this special conditioner enhances the process of the Hapuna Keratin Retexturizer, It brings the hair into a more healthy and manageable state. (hairboutique.com)
Keratin is a protein found in the hair, nails, and skin. (center4research.org)
A highly effective treatment from CND that repairs damaged nails with the power of Keratin protein and moisturizing jojoba oil. (tricoci.com)
The Keraphix Damage Healing Treatment Masque uses keratin protein and black rice to envelop the hair strand, restoring its cuticle for stronger, flexible, shinier hair (the 3-5 minutes you spend relaxing while it works its magic is a bonus). (nexxus.com)
This gene provides instructions for making a protein called keratin 14. (medlineplus.gov)
Hair contains a high content of the protein, keratin, which is rich in the amino acid, cysteine. (cdc.gov)

Keratin Complex®helps you achieve stronger, healthier hair with our line of keratin treatments, professional hair color, and salon-quality hair care products. (keratincomplex.com)
Some people opt for keratin hair treatments in salons, while others buy 'keratin vitamins' - keratins in supplement form - from drug stores or online. (livestrong.com)
The greatest dangers of keratin come from salon treatments that contain formaldehyde. (livestrong.com)
So, we asked Redken Artist Lindsey Olson to weigh in on the pros and cons of two common options: In one corner, in-salon keratin treatments, in the other, at-home frizz-fighting products. (redken.com)
With keratin treatments, you'll have a smooth and sleek result, but won't be able to embrace your natural texture if you ever want to change it up," points out Olson. (redken.com)
There are many brands of keratin straightening treatments around the world that you can use, but regardless of the brand, the product works well. (a1articles.com)
Many people have found that the keratin hair straightening treatments help to keep their hair under control, and the internet is full of praise for this treatment. (a1articles.com)
However, one major drawback to these keratin hair straightening treatments is the fact that they are incredibly expensive, usually averaging roughly $300 per treatment. (a1articles.com)
Formaldehyde can cause problems with the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and lungs if it comes in contact with the body, and there have been a number of serious cases reported in recent months in relation to these keratin straightening treatments. (a1articles.com)
It is definitely worth it, however, and the risk is far outweighed by the benefits of trying these keratin straightening treatments. (a1articles.com)
I Love My Hair and Skin is an Orlando Beauty Salon that Serves the West Metro area and provides Keratin Hair Straightening Treatments to help rejuvenate and revitalize the hair. (a1articles.com)
The term " keratin treatment " is an umbrella for many services, ranging from the popular Brazilian blowout to the newer line of Cezanne keratin treatments . (styleseat.com)
Keratin treatments overall are touted as a safer alternative to more abrasive treatments like relaxers that permanently alter your hair's texture. (styleseat.com)
When you start shopping around for keratin treatments, you'll notice right away that there are lots of treatments with varying prices. (styleseat.com)
Keratin treatments can last between one and six months depending on how well you care for your hair. (styleseat.com)
Many people like to get keratin treatments during the summer when frizz is at the forefront. (styleseat.com)
The Hapuna Keratin Retetexturizer formulations have been carefully scrutinized and tested to ensure they are effective, high performing solution-based treatments that are safe for our environment. (hairboutique.com)
The Goldwell Keratin Treatment system is one of the newer smoothing treatments on the market entitled Kerasilk, also known as the first customizable smoothing service for women, with claims to reduce styling time, improve manageability, soften, and smooth the hair. (naturallycurly.com)
Dimitrios Tsioumas of Mizu Salon told Teen Vogue that "mistakes in keratin treatments are mostly made during the application process, with either too little or too much heat, or not enough saturation of the product. (naturallycurly.com)
The phrase "game changer" gets thrown around a bit too much these days, but we'd say it applies to Keratin hair-smoothing treatments. (purewow.com)
Unlike with other Keratin treatments, hair can be washed the instant you get home. (purewow.com)
It doesn't matter if you're a regular at your local salon for professional keratin treatments, or if you prefer to incorporate the super-effective smoothing ingredient into your at-home hair washing and styling routine. (nexxus.com)
There's no denying that some people - and some hair types - will benefit from regular, at-home keratin treatments more than others. (nexxus.com)
What's the Deal with Keratin Treatments? (center4research.org)
[5] Formaldehyde is released at highly concentrated levels when it is heated, so stylists that perform keratin treatments and customers that repeatedly get them are at a greatest risk for these health problems. (center4research.org)
Brazilian Blowout is one of the most common brands of keratin treatments. (center4research.org)
As a result of the 2010 controversy over formaldehyde in keratin treatments, Brazilian Blowout created a formula that they advertised as "formaldehyde-free. (center4research.org)
[11] Brazilian Blowout is actually one of the most dangerous treatments because almost 12% of the product is basically formaldehyde hiding under another name, and contains three times as much formaldehyde as most other keratin treatments. (center4research.org)
[6] Five other keratin treatments labeled "formaldehyde-free" were also found to contain formaldehyde levels up to five times the recommended amount. (center4research.org)
This versatile spray works as a deep conditioner that helps maintain keratin straightening treatments and replaces lost proteins. (beautybrands.com)

Keratin ( / ˈ k ɛr ə t ɪ n / [1] [2] ) is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins . (wikipedia.org)
The Proteins and peptides were analyzed using HPTLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. Commercial preparations of keratin hydrolysates were used as a comparative standard. (nih.gov)
Keratins act as cytoprotective proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This gene encodes a member of the type I (acidic) keratin family, which belongs to the superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins. (antibodies-online.com)
Keratins are heteropolymeric structural proteins which form the intermediate filament. (antibodies-online.com)
Find Keratin 27 Proteins with a specific Grade. (antibodies-online.com)
Find Keratin 27 Proteins for a variety of species such as anti-Cow Keratin 27, anti-Goat Keratin 27, anti-Human Keratin 27. (antibodies-online.com)
Find Keratin 27 Proteins validated for a specific application such as ELISA, SDS, WB, Crys. (antibodies-online.com)
Using a keratin treatment to envelop each strand with damage-plugging proteins will align and smooth cuticle cells, allowing them to reflect light for the dazzling shine usually reserved for silky-straight hair. (nexxus.com)

Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. (curehunter.com)

Then, apply TREsemmé Keratin Smooth Conditioner to wet hair. (tresemme.com)
I would like to try the Suave Professionals Keratin Infusion Heat Defense Leave In Conditioner. (mommieswithstyle.com)
Rinse thoroughly and follow with Dove 1 minute Keratin Repair Serum Conditioner to achieve repaired, restored, and soft hair. (dove.com)

KERATIN SMOOTH SERUM: You can now get that salon-quality finish without going to a salon with TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Hair Serum. (target.com)
DO IT WITH STYLE: With professional quality hair care products, like Keratin Smooth Serum for frizzy hair, you can create your personal style to achieve your aspirations confidently. (target.com)
Our Keratin Smooth Shine serum is effective on all hair types - as hair type and condition vary, result may be different for each person. (target.com)
TRESemmé Keratin Smooth Shine Serum is not a heat protectant. (target.com)
TRESemmé Pro Collection Keratin Smooth Serum, enriched with Keratin, tames flyaways and adds shine, leaving hair looking silky-soft. (tresemme.com)
Use TREsemmé Keratin Smooth Serum daily on damp or dry hair. (tresemme.com)

Keratin Complex® offers a variety of keratin-enhanced products that deliver stronger, healthier, and frizz-free hair for all hair types. (keratincomplex.com)
Sign up now and be the first to receive news, exclusive offers, product information, and more from Keratin Complex! (keratincomplex.com)
Type of treatment and products used (think Keratin Complex vs. Trissola ) can vary since each system has its own proprietary formulas and processes. (styleseat.com)
Leading the smoothing category since its inception fi ve years ago, Keratin Complex is now expending its reach with the debut of Color Therapy KeraHold , a 70-shade permanent color line that's imbued with proven keratin technology. (hairshow.us)

Biotin , for example, is a supplement thought to help produce keratin, thereby strengthening hair and nails, and promoting growth. (livestrong.com)
Mutations in keratin genes have been documented in many disorders of the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. (nih.gov)
Although no mutations have been described in either keratin 15 or keratin 19, they are good candidates for other as yet uncharacterized genetic disorders of keratinization, particularly as the skin, nails, hair, and conjunctiva are sites of keratin 15 and 19 expression. (nih.gov)
A type I keratin expressed in a variety of EPITHELIUM, including the ESOPHAGUS, the TONGUE, the HAIR FOLLICLE and NAILS. (harvard.edu)
This soap is naturally rich in keratin which helps to strenthen skin and nails. (biggreensmile.com)

As part of the TRESemmé Pro Collection Keratin Smooth range, it's never been easier to say goodbye to flyaways and hello to frizz-free hair. (tresemme.com)

Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates . (wikipedia.org)
The keratin, called Alpha Keratin 60ku™ , is in every Virtue® product to change the health and quality of the hair for good. (behindthechair.com)

These results show that the enzymatic method to produce keratin peptides for hair care products is an attractive and eco- friendly method with a great potential in the cosmetic industry. (nih.gov)

Immunohistocytochemical examination of the skin reveals characteristic abnormalities in the structure of lamellar granules and in the expression of epidermal keratin. (medscape.com)

Using the source a bit more to explain what each gene and each zone of genes mean will be helpful, as we currently have no particular examples of a hair keratin. (wikipedia.org)
The keratin 15 gene comprises 8 exons spanning approximately 5.1 kb on 17q21, and the keratin 19 gene consists of 6 exons covering approximately 4.7 kb on 17q21. (nih.gov)
Mutations in the gene for keratin-6 have been associated with PACHYONYCHIA CONGENITA, TYPE 1. (harvard.edu)
The KRT14 gene mutations that cause NFJS/DPR most likely reduce the amount of functional keratin 14 that is produced in cells. (medlineplus.gov)

There have been some issues with the keratin treatment, due to the presence of formaldehyde in the mixture. (a1articles.com)
In a keratin treatment, cream containing formaldehyde (or another chemical that releases formaldehyde) is brushed into the hair, which is then blown dry and flat-ironed. (center4research.org)
The combination of formaldehyde, heat, and compression cause straight keratin in the cream to bind to the keratin in the hair, making curly or wavy hair more relaxed. (center4research.org)
The national Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) and the New York State Department of Health list the following as some of the companies that sell one or more products that contain formaldehyde: Brazilian Blowout, Badiveu Brazilian, Coppola Keratin, Global Keratin, IBS Beauty, Kera Green, Marcia Teixeira, Pro-Collagen RX and QOD Gold. (center4research.org)
[6] There are also other hair products, such as conditioners and hair sprays, that contain keratin but do not contain any form of formaldehyde, and do not require heat activation. (center4research.org)

If your hair looks an d feels like it's lost its shine, or is feeling particularly dry, an injection of moisture from keratin will help to revive it and put hydration back into those strands. (nexxus.com)

Keratin also protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. (wikipedia.org)
For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with antibodies for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. (wikipedia.org)
Keratin intermediate filaments are the major components of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells. (nih.gov)

Your salon, treatment type, and hair length can all impact the final keratin treatment cost. (styleseat.com)
It extends the longevity and effect of the Keratin Retexturizer and is the final step for in-salon service and take- home, aftercare use. (hairboutique.com)

The Keratin Smooth treatment transforms hair to achieve the glossy look of a professional style that is full of natural movement. (target.com)
What Is a Keratin Straightening Treatment? (a1articles.com)
It can be a headache to constantly be trying to find a new remedy or treatment to try to keep your hair controlled, but a keratin straightening treatment could be the answer you are looking for. (a1articles.com)
The keratin holds the color well, and many beauticians actually suggest that you try the keratin treatment immediately after dyeing your hair in order to ensure that the color takes hold and is sealed in better. (a1articles.com)
So I have pretty flat, thin hair and have never been a candidate for a Keratin treatment. (mommieswithstyle.com)
But I also know that having the Keratin treatment done isn't cheap or a small time commitment. (mommieswithstyle.com)
How Much Does a Keratin Treatment Cost? (styleseat.com)
The average keratin treatment cost ranges from $82 to $400. (styleseat.com)
To help, we put together this guide so you can understand the costs before you book your first keratin treatment . (styleseat.com)
What are the average keratin treatment costs in the U.S. (styleseat.com)
You can see the average keratin treatment cost for all available states below. (styleseat.com)
What affects the cost of a keratin treatment? (styleseat.com)
How long does a keratin treatment last? (styleseat.com)
How can I make my keratin treatment last longer? (styleseat.com)
Why should I get a keratin treatment? (styleseat.com)
You should get a keratin treatment if you want to save some time styling or if you're looking for a way to minimize frizz and flyaways. (styleseat.com)
Hoping it will extend the lasting of my keratin treatment. (macys.com)
This treatment attaches the keratin to your hair strands through the combination of high pH product formulations applied with high heat temperatures using blow-dryers and flat irons. (naturallycurly.com)
This treatment is formulated with humectants to hydrate hair alongside keratin and black rice. (nexxus.com)
Have you ever gotten a keratin treatment? (center4research.org)
What is a Keratin Treatment? (center4research.org)
But with technology constantly advancing, it might be worth upgrading your existing line-up with a science-backed keratin treatment. (nexxus.com)

The human genome encodes 54 functional keratin genes , located in two clusters on chromosomes 12 and 17. (wikipedia.org)
To facilitate future mutation detection analyses, we have therefore characterized the intron-exon organization of the human keratin 15 and keratin 19 genes. (nih.gov)
The type I keratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21. (antibodies-online.com)

The new TREsemmé Keratin Smooth 3-step range is enriched with Keratin and has '10-in-1' benefits leaving your locks looking and feeling silky-soft. (tresemme.com)
The Hapuna Keratin Rextexturizer System is an all natural, all organic extract formulation that offers the best solution for calming the thickest, most inflexible hair into a smooth, supple and manageable style. (hairboutique.com)

Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments , which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles , birds , amphibians , and mammals . (wikipedia.org)
Keratins (also described as cytokeratins ) are polymers of type I and type II intermediate filaments that have been found only in chordates ( vertebrates , amphioxus , urochordates ). (wikipedia.org)
Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/18) are intermediate filament phosphoglycoproteins that are expressed preferentially in simple-type epithelia. (jci.org)

[11] Recent scholarship has shown that sauropsid β-keratins are fundamentally different from α-keratins at a genetic and structural level. (wikipedia.org)

Our keratin-enhanced styling and finishing products can help you achieve your style. (keratincomplex.com)

The acidic keratins are encoded on chromosome 17 (17q21.2). (wikipedia.org)

Keratins Skin Epidermis Hanukoglu, I. (wikipedia.org)

If there are many large clumps, this is likely to be a real change such as the content of a keratin-filled cystic lesion rather than contamination. (merckvetmanual.com)

Mice homozygous for a null allele exhibit white sponge nevus-like phenotype in several tissues including the tongue, buccal mucosa, and esophagus showing thickened epithelium, loss of keratohyalin granules, and disorganized keratin layer. (jax.org)

It's the first-ever hair filler that is made with all-natural, 100 percent pure human keratin and it's designed to repave the hair cuticle and refill keratin that's eroded during the coloring process. (behindthechair.com)

Most of these hydrolysates are obtained by chemical hydrolysis and hydrothermal methods, but recently hydrolyzed hair keratin, feather keratin peptides, and feather meal peptides have been obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Bacillus spp in submerged fermentation. (nih.gov)
Keratin peptides were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of keratinases using Bacillus subtilis AMR. (nih.gov)

Many keratin supplements are made by extracting keratin from the hooves, feathers or wool of animals, per the Cleveland Clinic. (livestrong.com)

If you're noticing more and more broken hairs around the front of your face, or if you braid your hair and notice lots of shorter hairs sticking out, it's definitely time to treat your strands to some keratin. (nexxus.com)

Replenishes lost keratin that's naturally removed during the color process. (hairshow.us)

Our keratin-enhanced shampoos and conditioners provide the foundation for beautiful hair every. (keratincomplex.com)

The antiserum was produced against synthesized peptide derived from human Keratin 8. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Susceptibility to hepatotoxicity in transgenic mice that express a dominant-negative human keratin 18 mutant. (jci.org)
The predisposition to hepatotoxicity results directly from the keratin mutation since nontransgenic or transgenic mice that express normal human K18 are more resistant. (jci.org)
Well, This Looks Interesting: Human Keratin In Color Formulas? (behindthechair.com)
Curious to know what more human keratin can do? (behindthechair.com)

Our blow-dry aids and repair serums are formulated with our proprietary keratin. (keratincomplex.com)

The neutral-basic keratins are encoded on chromosome 12 (12q13.13). (wikipedia.org)

But this also means that the results lie in the hands of your stylist, and choosing the right stylist can make or break your keratin experience. (naturallycurly.com)
Our own writer Nora Huber has had both positive and negative experiences with keratin, totally based on the stylist. (naturallycurly.com)

Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. (wikipedia.org)
This unique retexturizer mister is derived from the many natural and organic extracts of the Keratin Retexturizer. (hairboutique.com)

Indulge with one of our keratin-enhanced deep conditioners and masques designed to. (keratincomplex.com)

If you enjoy spendi ng time in the sun, keratin should definitely play a big part in your hair-care routine. (nexxus.com)

This natural lemon soap bar is enriched with alpaca keratin and blended with natural oils. (biggreensmile.com)

Production of the product will be reissued into circulation with an updated dietary supplement label stating the presence of fish in the fish collagen product of Bloommy Biotin Collagen Keratin Capsules for Skin, Joint, and Hair. (fda.gov)
However, it is unclear how a shortage of keratin 14 is related to changes in skin pigmentation. (medlineplus.gov)
1] Harlequin ichthyosis is characterized by a profound thickening of the keratin layer in fetal skin. (medscape.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms2

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs24

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Human papillomavirus DNA in adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung. (1/3638)

Oval cell numbers in human chronic liver diseases are directly related to disease severity. (2/3638)

Tracing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in endometriosis. (3/3638)

Embryonal feather growth in the chicken. (4/3638)

Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. (5/3638)

Cyclic ichthyosis with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: A phenotype conferred by mutations in the 2B domain of keratin K1. (6/3638)

Mapping binding domains of kininogens on endothelial cell cytokeratin 1. (7/3638)

Co-expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by highly invasive trophoblast in the white-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi, and the black mastiff bat, Molossus ater, with observations on intermediate filament proteins in the decidua and intraplacental trophoblast. (8/3638)

Keratins

Keratins, Type II

Keratins, Hair-Specific

Keratins, Type I

Keratin-8

Intermediate Filaments

Keratin-14

Keratin-10

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex

Hyperkeratosis, Epidermolytic

Keratin-1

Keratin-5

Epidermis

Keratin-18

Keratinocytes

Hair

Keratin-16

Intermediate Filament Proteins

Keratoderma, Palmoplantar

Keratin-17

Skin

Keratin-2

Keratin-13

Epithelium

Hair Follicle

Hoof and Claw

Keratin-15

Hair Diseases

Keratin-6

Desmosomes

Feathers

Vimentin

Pachyonychia Congenita

Keratin-12

Dipodomys

Keratin-9

Cytoskeleton

Desmoplakins

Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Epidermolytic

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Epithelial Cells

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Nail Diseases

Keratin-19

Mallory Bodies

Cell Differentiation

Nails, Malformed

Mice, Transgenic

Base Sequence

Corneal Dystrophy, Juvenile Epithelial of Meesmann

Cells, Cultured

Papilloma

Microscopy, Electron

beta-Keratins

Wool

Skin Diseases

Griseofulvin

Immunohistochemistry

Human papillomavirus DNA in adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung. (1/3638)

Oval cell numbers in human chronic liver diseases are directly related to disease severity. (2/3638)

Tracing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in endometriosis. (3/3638)

Embryonal feather growth in the chicken. (4/3638)

Combining SSH and cDNA microarrays for rapid identification of differentially expressed genes. (5/3638)

Cyclic ichthyosis with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: A phenotype conferred by mutations in the 2B domain of keratin K1. (6/3638)

Mapping binding domains of kininogens on endothelial cell cytokeratin 1. (7/3638)

Co-expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by highly invasive trophoblast in the white-winged vampire bat, Diaemus youngi, and the black mastiff bat, Molossus ater, with observations on intermediate filament proteins in the decidua and intraplacental trophoblast. (8/3638)

List of keratins

Keratin

Keratin 16

Keratin 6C

Keratin 1

Keratin 14

Keratin 9

Keratin 6A

Alpha-keratin

Keratin 2A

Keratin 20

Keratin 8

Beta-keratin