Inbred ICR mice are a strain of albino laboratory mice that have been selectively bred for consistent genetic makeup and high reproductive performance, making them widely used in biomedical research for studies involving reproduction, toxicology, pharmacology, and carcinogenesis.
The variable phenotypic expression of a GENE depending on whether it is of paternal or maternal origin, which is a function of the DNA METHYLATION pattern. Imprinted regions are observed to be more methylated and less transcriptionally active. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.
Genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by low birth weight, postnatal growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, bilateral body asymmetry, and clinodactyly of the fifth fingers. Alterations in GENETIC IMPRINTING are involved. Hypomethylation of IGF2/H19 locus near an imprinting center region of chromosome 11p15 plays a role in a subset of Silver-Russell syndrome. Hypermethylation of the same chromosomal region, on the other hand, can cause BECKWITH-WIEDEMANN SYNDROME. Maternal UNIPARENTAL DISOMY for chromosome 7 is known to play a role in its etiology.
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNIA, UMBILICAL); MACROGLOSSIA; and GIGANTISM; and secondarily by visceromegaly; HYPOGLYCEMIA; and ear abnormalities.
A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the LIVER and to circulate in the BLOOD. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on SOMATOTROPIN. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I, which is a major growth factor in adults.
Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.
A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
A family of POU domain factors that bind the octamer motif ATTTGCAT in enhancer and PROMOTER REGIONS to regulate GENE EXPRESSION.
A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.
One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis or gene transfer.
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
Addition of methyl groups to DNA. DNA methyltransferases (DNA methylases) perform this reaction using S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE as the methyl group donor.
Nucleic acid regulatory sequences that limit or oppose the action of ENHANCER ELEMENTS and define the boundary between differentially regulated gene loci.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.

Carcinogenicity of triethanolamine in mice and its mutagenicity after reaction with sodium nitrite in bacteria. (1/6342)

Mice fed a diet containing 0.3 or 0.03% triethanolamine developed malignant tumors. Females showed a high incidence of tumors in lymphoid tissues, while this type was absent in males. Tumors in other tissues were produced at a considerable rate in both sexes, but no hepatoma was found. Triethanolamine was not mutagenic to Bacillus subtilis by itself, but it became mutagenic after reacting with sodium nitrite under acidic conditions or when the mixture was heated. Although N-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known carcinogen and mutagen, was detected in the reaction mixture by thin-layer chromatography, it may not be the main mutagenic product, because the product was a stable and direct mutagen and its mutagenic activity was destroyed by liver enzymes, unlike N-nitrosodiethanolamine. The lethal and mutagenic DNA damages produced by this unidentified product were susceptible to some extent to the repair functions of the bacteria.  (+info)

Involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta in enhancement of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (2/6342)

Neurologic manifestations, mainly convulsions, are the most frequent extraintestinal complications of shigellosis. We used an animal model to study the roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) in Shigella-related seizures. Administration of Shigella dysenteriae 60R sonicate enhanced the sensitivity of mice to the proconvulsant pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) within 7 h. This was indicated by a significantly higher mean convulsion score and an increased number of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures in the Shigella-pretreated group. Preinjection of mice with anti-murine TNF-alpha (anti-mTNF-alpha) or anti-murine IL-1beta (anti-mIL-1beta) 30 min prior to administration of Shigella sonicate abolished their enhanced response to PTZ at 7 h. Mean convulsion scores were reduced by anti-mTNF-alpha from 1.2 to 0.8 (P = 0.017) and by anti-mIL-1beta from 1.3 to 0.7 (P = 0.008). Preinjection of anti-mTNF-alpha also reduced the percentage of mice responding with clonic-tonic seizures, from 48 to 29% (P = 0.002), and preinjection of anti-mIL-1beta reduced it from 53 to 21% (P = 0. 012). Neutralization of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta did not protect the mice from death due to S. dysenteriae 60R. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta play a role in the very early sensitization of the central nervous system to convulsive activity after S. dysenteriae administration. Similar mechanisms may trigger neurologic disturbances in other infectious diseases.  (+info)

A novel trans-complementation assay suggests full mammalian oocyte activation is coordinately initiated by multiple, submembrane sperm components. (3/6342)

To initiate normal embryonic development, an egg must receive a signal to become activated at fertilization. We here report that the ability of demembranated sperm heads to activate is abolished after incubation over the range 20-44 degreesC and is sensitive to reducing agents. On the basis of this observation, we have developed a microinjection-based, trans-complementation assay in order to dissect the heat-inactivated sperm-borne oocyte-activating factor(s) (SOAF). We demonstrate that the failure of heat-inactivated sperm heads to activate an egg is rescued by coinjection with dithiothreitol-solubilized SOAF from demembranated sperm heads. The solubilized SOAF (SOAFs) is trypsin sensitive and is liberated from demembranated heads in a temperature-dependent manner that inversely correlates with the ability of sperm heads to activate. This argues that SOAFs is a proteinaceous molecular species required to initiate activation. Injection of oocytes with mouse or hamster sperm cytosolic factors, but not SOAFs alone, induced resumption of meiosis, further suggesting that these cytosolic factors and SOAF are distinct. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that full mammalian oocyte activation is initiated by the coordinated action of one or more heat-sensitive protein constituents of the perinuclear matrix and at least one heat-stable submembrane component.  (+info)

Obstructive uropathy and hydronephrosis in male KK-Ay mice: a report of cases. (4/6342)

Uropathy associated with hydronephrosis was observed frequently in our male KK-Ay mouse colony during a long-term study of diabetes. The lesion occurred in 24 of the 31 KK-Ay male mice and accounted for the greatest number of spontaneous deaths among them. It was observed after 4 months of age and involved about hard plugs of altered seminal material resembling the seminal vesicle secretion. The plugs became impacted in the urethral bulb and the bladder. The penile anatomy, with its flexure, pressure on the urethra from the bulbocavernosus muscle, and the characteristic ability of the seminal fluid to easily coagulate to form the vaginal plug may have contributed to the lesion. Correlation between development of the uropathy and diabetes has not been established.  (+info)

Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. (5/6342)

Morphine (Mor) tolerance has been attributed to a reduction of opioid-adrenergic antinociceptive synergy at the spinal level. The present experiments tested the interaction of intrathecally (i.t.) administered Mor-clonidine (Clon) combinations in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to Mor. ICR mice were pretreated with Mor either acutely (40 nmol i.t., 8 h; 100 mg/kg s.c., 4 h) or chronically (3 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 1 and 2; 5 mg/kg s.c. every 6 h days 3 and 4). Antinociception was detected via the hot water (52.5 degrees C) tail-flick test. After the tail-flick latencies returned to baseline levels, dose-response curves were generated to Mor, Clon, and Mor-Clon combinations in tolerant and control mice. Development of tolerance was confirmed by significant rightward shifts of the Mor dose-response curves in tolerant mice compared with controls. Isobolographic analysis was conducted; the experimental combined ED50 values were compared statistically against their respective theoretical additive ED50 values. In all Mor-pretreated groups, the combination of Mor and Clon resulted in significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared with those of each agonist administered separately. In all tolerant and control groups, the combination of Mor and Clon produced an ED50 value significantly less than the corresponding theoretical additive ED50 value. Mor and Clon synergized in Mor-tolerant as well as in control mice. Spinally administered adrenergic/opioid synergistic combinations may be effective therapeutic strategies to manage pain in patients apparently tolerant to the analgesic effects of Mor.  (+info)

Comparison of local anesthetic activities between optical isomers of cis-1-benzoyloxy-2-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. (6/6342)

The optical isomers of cis-1-benzoyloxy-2-dimethylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (YAU-17) were compared for their local anesthetic activity, acute toxicity, spasmolytic activity, and partition coefficient between chloroform and phosphate buffer. 1-YAU-17 was more active than d-YAU-17 in blocking the conduction of action potentials in isolated frog sciatic nerves. The difference in local anesthetic activities between the optical isomers was further substantiated by in vivo tests for corneal anesthesia, intracutaneous anesthesia and sciatic nerve block in quinea-pigs. Similarly, the i.v. injection to mice revealed a higher toxicity for 1-YAU-17 as compared to its d-isomer. In these tests, the potency ratios of the enantiomers ranged from 2 to 4, and the racemate had an intermediate potency. On the contrary, no difference among the compounds was found in their liposolubility, partition coefficient, and spasmolytic activity examined with isolated guinea-pig ileum. These results indicate that the steric factors play an important role in the production of different local anesthetic activities between the optical isomers of YAU-17, and their local anesthetic potency tends to be correlated to their intravenous acute toxicity but not to their spasmolytic activity.  (+info)

Diperamycin, a new antimicrobial antibiotic produced by Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. (7/6342)

Antibacterial antibiotics, diperamycin (1) was produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. Various spectroscopic analyses of 1 suggested that 1 belonged to a member of cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic. Antibiotic 1 had potent inhibitory activity against various Gram-positive bacteria including Enterococcus seriolicida and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.  (+info)

Uncoupling of in vivo torque production from EMG in mouse muscles injured by eccentric contractions. (8/6342)

1. The main objective of this study was to determine whether eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury causes impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction, which could explain the injury-induced excitation-contraction coupling failure. Mice were chronically implanted with stimulating electrodes on the left common peroneal nerve and with electromyographic (EMG) electrodes on the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The left anterior crural muscles of anaesthetized mice were stimulated to perform 150 eccentric (ECC) (n = 12 mice) or 150 concentric (CON) (n = 11 mice) contractions. Isometric torque, EMG root mean square (RMS) and M-wave mean and median frequencies were measured before, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 5 and 14 days after the protocols. In parallel experiments, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) concentration was measured in TA muscles to determine whether the excitation failure elicited a denervation-like response. 2. Immediately after the ECC protocol, torque was reduced by 47-89 %, while RMS was reduced by 9-21 %; the RMS decrement was not different from that observed for the CON protocol, which did not elicit large torque deficits. One day later, both ECC and CON RMS had returned to baseline values and did not change over the next 2 weeks. However, torque production by the ECC group showed a slow recovery over that time and was still depressed by 12-30 % after 2 weeks. M-wave mean and median frequencies were not affected by performance of either protocol. 3. AChR concentration was elevated by 79 and 368 % at 3 and 5 days, respectively, after the ECC protocol; AChR concentration had returned to control levels 2 weeks after the protocol. At the time of peak AChR concentration in the ECC protocol muscles (i.e. 5 days), AChR concentration in CON protocol muscles was not different from the control level. 4. In conclusion, these data demonstrate no major role for impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction in the excitation-contraction coupling failure induced by eccentric contractions. Additionally, a muscle injured by eccentric contractions shows a response in AChR concentration similar to a transiently denervated muscle.  (+info)

ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) is a strain of albino Swiss mice that are widely used in scientific research. They are an outbred strain, which means that they have been bred to maintain maximum genetic heterogeneity. However, it is also possible to find inbred strains of ICR mice, which are genetically identical individuals produced by many generations of brother-sister mating.

Inbred ICR mice are a specific type of ICR mouse that has been inbred for at least 20 generations. This means that they have a high degree of genetic uniformity and are essentially genetically identical to one another. Inbred strains of mice are often used in research because their genetic consistency makes them more reliable models for studying biological phenomena and testing new therapies or treatments.

It is important to note that while inbred ICR mice may be useful for certain types of research, they do not necessarily represent the genetic diversity found in human populations. Therefore, it is important to consider the limitations of using any animal model when interpreting research findings and applying them to human health.

Genomic imprinting is a epigenetic process that leads to the differential expression of genes depending on their parental origin. It involves the methylation of certain CpG sites in the DNA, which results in the silencing of one of the two copies of a gene, either the maternal or paternal allele. This means that only one copy of the gene is active and expressed, while the other is silent.

This phenomenon is critical for normal development and growth, and it plays a role in the regulation of genes involved in growth and behavior. Genomic imprinting is also associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which occur when there are errors in the imprinting process that lead to the absence or abnormal expression of certain genes.

It's important to note that genomic imprinting is a complex and highly regulated process that is not yet fully understood. Research in this area continues to provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying gene regulation and their impact on human health and disease.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that is longer than 200 nucleotides and does not encode for proteins. They are involved in various cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression, chromosome remodeling, and modulation of protein function. LncRNAs can be located in the nucleus or cytoplasm and can interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins to bring about their functions. Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer.

Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, relative macrocephaly at birth with subsequent normalization of head circumference, a prominent forehead (frontal bossing), a small jaw (micrognathia), body asymmetry, and feeding difficulties in early life. Some individuals may also have clinodactyly (curving of the fifth finger towards the fourth), wide-spaced fifth fingers, and downturned corners of the mouth.

The genetic basis for SRS is heterogeneous, but the most common genetic abnormality associated with this syndrome is hypomethylation of the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR (imprinting control region) on chromosome 11p15.5. This region regulates the expression of two neighboring genes, IGF2 and H19, which are imprinted and expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. In SRS, the hypomethylation leads to decreased IGF2 expression and increased H19 expression, which is thought to contribute to the growth retardation observed in this syndrome.

Individuals with SRS may have developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems, although their cognitive abilities can range from normal to mildly impaired. They are also at an increased risk of developing certain medical conditions, such as low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), heart defects, kidney abnormalities, and a higher risk of childhood cancer, particularly Wilms' tumor.

Diagnosis of SRS is typically based on clinical criteria, including growth parameters, physical features, and developmental history. Genetic testing for hypomethylation at the H19/IGF2:IG-DMR region can confirm the diagnosis in many cases. Management of SRS involves a multidisciplinary approach, with interventions focused on addressing specific symptoms and promoting optimal growth and development.

Untranslated regions (UTRs) of RNA are the non-coding sequences that are present in mRNA (messenger RNA) molecules, which are located at both the 5' end (5' UTR) and the 3' end (3' UTR) of the mRNA, outside of the coding sequence (CDS). These regions do not get translated into proteins. They contain regulatory elements that play a role in the regulation of gene expression by affecting the stability, localization, and translation efficiency of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR typically contains the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes or the Kozak consensus sequence in eukaryotes, which are important for the initiation of translation. The 3' UTR often contains regulatory elements such as AU-rich elements (AREs) and microRNA (miRNA) binding sites that can affect mRNA stability and translation.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a genetic overgrowth disorder that affects several parts of the body. It is characterized by an increased risk of developing certain tumors, especially during the first few years of life. The symptoms and features of BWS can vary widely among affected individuals.

The medical definition of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome includes the following major criteria:

1. Excessive growth before birth (macrosomia) or in infancy (infantile gigantism)
2. Enlargement of the tongue (macroglossia)
3. Abdominal wall defects, such as an omphalocele (protrusion of abdominal organs through the belly button) or a diastasis recti (separation of the abdominal muscles)
4. Enlargement of specific internal organs, like the kidneys, liver, or pancreas
5. A distinctive facial appearance, which may include ear creases or pits, wide-set eyes, and a prominent jaw

Additional findings in BWS can include:

1. Increased risk of developing embryonal tumors, such as Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer), hepatoblastoma (a liver cancer), and neuroblastoma (a nerve tissue cancer)
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in infancy due to hyperinsulinism (overproduction of insulin)
3. Asymmetric growth, where one side of the body or a specific region is significantly larger than the other
4. Ear abnormalities, such as cupped ears or low-set ears
5. Developmental delays and learning disabilities in some cases

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is caused by changes in the chromosome 11p15 region, which contains several genes that regulate growth and development. The most common cause of BWS is an epigenetic abnormality called paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), where both copies of this region come from the father instead of one copy from each parent. Other genetic mechanisms, such as mutations in specific genes or imprinting center defects, can also lead to BWS.

The diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is typically based on clinical findings and confirmed by molecular testing. Management includes regular monitoring for tumor development, controlling hypoglycemia, and addressing any other complications as needed. Surgical intervention may be required in cases of organ enlargement or structural abnormalities. Genetic counseling is recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of recurrence and available reproductive options.

Insulin-like Growth Factor II (IGF-II) is a growth factor that is structurally and functionally similar to insulin. It is a single-chain polypeptide hormone, primarily produced by the liver under the regulation of growth hormone. IGF-II plays an essential role in fetal growth and development, and continues to have important functions in postnatal life, including promoting cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation in various tissues.

IGF-II binds to and activates the IGF-I receptor and the insulin receptor, leading to intracellular signaling cascades that regulate metabolic and mitogenic responses. Dysregulation of IGF-II expression and signaling has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cancer, growth disorders, and diabetes.

It is important to note that IGF-II should not be confused with Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), which is another hormone with structural and functional similarities to insulin but has distinct roles in growth and development.

"Outbred strains" of animals in a medical context refers to populations of animals that are not genetically identical or inbred. These animals are derived from matings between individuals from different genetic backgrounds and are characterized by a high degree of genetic variability. This genetic diversity is maintained through random mating and selection, allowing for a wide range of phenotypic traits to be expressed within the population.

Outbred strains are often used in biomedical research as they provide a more genetically diverse background compared to inbred or genetically modified animal models. This genetic diversity can help to better represent human populations and improve the translatability of research findings to clinical applications. Additionally, outbred animals may be less susceptible to certain experimental artifacts that can arise from the use of highly inbred strains, such as reduced immune function or increased susceptibility to disease.

Examples of commonly used outbred animal models include the Sprague-Dawley rat and the Swiss Webster mouse. These animals are widely used in a variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, behavioral studies, and basic biomedical research.

Aminacrine is a type of medication known as an antineoplastic agent or chemotherapeutic drug. It is primarily used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Aminacrine works by interfering with the DNA replication process within cancer cells, which helps to inhibit the growth and proliferation of these cells.

The chemical name for aminacrine is 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride monohydrate. It has a yellowish crystalline appearance and is typically administered intravenously in a hospital setting. Common side effects of aminacrine include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, and hair loss. More serious side effects can include heart rhythm abnormalities, seizures, and lung or kidney damage.

It's important to note that the use of aminacrine is typically reserved for cases where other cancer treatments have not been effective, due to its potential for serious side effects. As with all medications, it should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Radiation-induced abnormalities refer to changes in tissues, organs, or bodily functions that are caused by exposure to radiation. These abnormalities can occur as a result of therapeutic radiation used in cancer treatment or from exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation in diagnostic procedures or environmental settings.

The severity and type of radiation-induced abnormalities depend on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the part of the body that was exposed, and the individual's sensitivity to radiation. Some common radiation-induced abnormalities include:

1. Radiation sickness: This is a set of symptoms that occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and fever.
2. Skin damage: Radiation can cause skin redness, blistering, and peeling, especially in areas where the radiation was focused.
3. Cataracts: Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause cataracts, which are cloudy areas that develop in the lens of the eye.
4. Infertility: Radiation exposure can damage the reproductive organs and lead to infertility in both men and women.
5. Increased risk of cancer: Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer.
6. Damage to the nervous system: High levels of radiation exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and confusion.
7. Genetic mutations: Radiation exposure can cause genetic mutations that can be passed down to future generations.

It is important to note that the risk of developing radiation-induced abnormalities depends on many factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the individual's sensitivity to radiation, and their overall health status. If you have concerns about radiation exposure or radiation-induced abnormalities, it is best to speak with a healthcare professional.

Octamer transcription factors (OTFs) are a family of proteins that bind to specific octamer motifs in the DNA, playing a crucial role in regulating gene transcription. The octamer motif is a degenerate 8-base pair consensus sequence, often found in the promoter or enhancer regions of many eukaryotic genes. OTFs recognize and bind to this motif through their highly conserved DNA-binding domain, known as the POU domain. This domain is characterized by two subdomains: a homeodomain that recognizes specific base pairs in the major groove of DNA, and a POU-specific domain that interacts with the DNA backbone. OTFs can function as homodimers or heterodimers and work in conjunction with other transcription factors to modulate the expression of target genes, thereby controlling various cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and proliferation.

Nitrogen mustard compounds are a group of chemical agents that have been used historically as chemotherapy drugs and also have potential as military chemical warfare agents. They are alkylating agents, which means they work by modifying DNA in such a way that it can no longer replicate properly, leading to cell death.

In the medical context, nitrogen mustard compounds are used to treat certain types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. They may also be used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and other cancers.

The most common nitrogen mustard compounds used in medicine are mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and melphalan. These drugs are typically administered intravenously or orally, and their use is carefully monitored to minimize side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and suppression of the immune system.

It's worth noting that nitrogen mustard compounds can also be highly toxic and dangerous if used as chemical warfare agents. They can cause severe respiratory, skin, and eye damage, as well as potentially fatal systemic effects.

Disulfiram is a medication used to treat chronic alcoholism. It works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which is responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite produced when alcohol is consumed. When a person taking disulfiram consumes alcohol, the buildup of acetaldehyde causes unpleasant symptoms such as flushing, nausea, palpitations, and shortness of breath, which can help discourage further alcohol use.

The medical definition of Disulfiram is:

A medication used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism, which works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde when alcohol is consumed, causing unpleasant symptoms that discourage further alcohol use. Disulfiram is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed under medical supervision due to its potential for serious interactions with alcohol and other substances.

Transcription Factor IIIA (TFIIIA) is a specific type of transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the initiation of gene transcription, particularly for 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. It is a complex of proteins, including the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and several other factors. TFIIIA recognizes and binds to the internal control region (ICR) of the 5S rRNA gene, helping to assemble the transcription preinitiation complex and promoting the accurate initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase III.

Artificial chromosomes are human-made DNA structures that contain genetic material and can behave like natural chromosomes in cells. They are created in a laboratory and can be used for various research purposes, including studying gene function and developing new gene therapy techniques. Artificial chromosomes are typically constructed by combining specific DNA sequences that are necessary for replication, segregation, and stability within the cell. These synthetic chromosomes do not exist in nature and are not naturally occurring in humans or any other organisms.

Rodent-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted to humans (and other animals) by rodents, their parasites or by contact with rodent urine, feces, or saliva. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Some examples of rodent-borne diseases include Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Rat-bite fever, and Plague. It's important to note that rodents can also cause allergic reactions in some people through their dander, urine, or saliva. Proper sanitation, rodent control measures, and protective equipment when handling rodents can help prevent the spread of these diseases.

DNA methylation is a process by which methyl groups (-CH3) are added to the cytosine ring of DNA molecules, often at the 5' position of cytospine phosphate-deoxyguanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. This modification is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase enzymes and results in the formation of 5-methylcytosine.

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, and suppression of transposable elements. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns have been associated with various diseases, including cancer, where tumor suppressor genes are often silenced by promoter methylation.

In summary, DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic modification that influences gene expression and genome stability, and its dysregulation has important implications for human health and disease.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insulator Elements" is not a recognized medical term. The term "insulator" is used in the context of biology and physiology to refer to structures or substances that block or impede the passage of certain molecules or ions. For example, the myelin sheath around nerves is an insulator that helps speed up nerve impulses by preventing leakage of ions.

If you have any questions about a specific medical concept or term, please provide it and I'll do my best to help.

Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.

Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.

... mice, inbred dba MeSH B01.050.157.520.480 - mice, inbred hrs MeSH B01.050.157.520.510 - mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050.157.520. ... mice, inbred dba MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.480 - mice, inbred hrs MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.510 - mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050. ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.157.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.157.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050.157.520. ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050. ...
Her first work in the lab helped to elucidate the sequence diversity of 20 inbred mouse strains based on substitutions, ... ICR), Ideraabdullah explored whether there are regions outside the ICR that are important in the regulation of imprinted genes ... "Genetic and Haplotype Diversity Among Wild-Derived Mouse Inbred Strains". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1880-1887. doi:10.1101/gr. ... Genetic and haplotype diversity among wild-derived mouse inbred strains. Genome Research, 2004 Oct;14:1880-1887. PMID 15466288 ...
... inbred mouse strain and initiated the systematic generation of inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a ... Murine astrovirus was found in nine mice strains, including NSG, NOD-SCID, NSG-3GS, C57BL6-Timp-3−/−, uPA-NOG, B6J, ICR, Bash2 ... "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the ... "BALB/c". Inbred Strains of Mice. Jackson Laboratory. Retrieved 2007-04-16. "BALB/cByJ". Jax Mice Data Sheet. Jackson Laboratory ...
Harrison, Charlotte (2021). "Mice on the move". Lab Animal. 50 (9): 233-235. doi:10.1038/s41684-021-00829-5. ISSN 0093-7355. ... Hybridization with domestic cattle has been successfully achieved by ICR, in order to create higher yielding, heat resistant ... inbreeding, crossbreeding, climate change, natural disasters, disease, cultural changes, and urbanization. Indigenous livestock ... The American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Integrated Conservation Research (ICR), and Advanced Cell Technology have made ...
... to determine whether DNA methylation plays an important role in guiding transcriptional changes during the first 2 wk of mouse ... Mice, Inbred C57BL * Mice, Inbred ICR * Myocardium / metabolism* * Myocytes, Cardiac / cytology * Myocytes, Cardiac / drug ... from P1 to P14 in the mouse]. The vast majority (~80%) of DMRs were hypermethylated between P1 and P14, and these ... to determine whether DNA methylation plays an important role in guiding transcriptional changes during the first 2 wk of mouse ...
Mice, Inbred ICR * Molecular Structure * Molecular Weight * Physical Endurance / drug effects* * Plant Extracts / chemistry ... of mice (P , 0.05) and improve the serous biochemical parameters of mice. Compared with the control model, high-dosage (100 mg/ ... The antifatigue effect of MP was evaluated by using a mouse weight-loaded swimming model. MP is an acidic heteropolysaccharide ...
Mice, Inbred ICR. *Psychomotor Performance (drug effects) *Rabbits. *Rats. *Rats, Inbred Strains ... increases the tracheo-bronchial mucus secretion in rabbits and increases the pulmonary excretion of fluorescein in mice, an ...
1979) evaluated the carcinogenicity of 1,1-DCE in male and female non-inbred Ha:ICR Swiss mice. Carcinogenicity was assessed in ... Although 19 mice in the high-dose group and 12 in the low-dose group had lung tumours and 2 mice in the high-dose group had ... There was only a minimal increase in DNA alkylation in both rats and mice at 200 mg/m3. Similarly, DNA repair in kidney of mice ... The incidence of mammary carcinomas in female mice and pulmonary adenomas in male and female mice did not increase with ...
Mice. MESH. Mice, Inbred ICR. MESH. Natriuresis/drug effects. MESH. Urine/physiology. MESH. ... on hypoxia-induced EPO formation in mice. Those drugs that are considered to act mainly in the loop of Henle, distal tubule, ...
variant, isolated in Washington, USA, 2004), were injected into 4-week-old inbred ICR mice (5 mice/group) by different routes. ... Thereafter, 4-week-old ICR mice were injected with 30 μL of 103 LD50 of each virus by the i.c. route and 30 μL of 105 LD50 of ... The i.c. 50% lethal dose (LD50) was determined by titration of the virus suspension injected into 4-week-old ICR mice by the i. ... Of mice injected with the LBV isolate from the mongoose, 20% died; 60% of the mice died after injection with the LBVSA2004 ...
Both BALB/c mice as an in-bred mouse model and ICR mice as an out-bred mouse model were fed with basal diets supplemented with ... Longevity Experiments with BALB/c and ICR Mice. Two long-term animal experiments with BALB/c mice, an in-bred model, and ICR ... Longevity Extension of BALB/c and ICR Mice. For the 11-mon-old female BALB/c mice, an in-bred animal model, continuously fed ... In longevity experiments, 16 female 11-mon-old BALB/c mice and both genders of 12-mon-old ICR mice were daily fed with BPSP ...
... mice, inbred dba MeSH B01.050.157.520.480 - mice, inbred hrs MeSH B01.050.157.520.510 - mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050.157.520. ... mice, inbred dba MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.480 - mice, inbred hrs MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.510 - mice, inbred icr MeSH B01.050. ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.157.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.157.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050.157.520. ... mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.338 - mice, inbred balb c MeSH B01.050. ...
... ... To study the function and expression of this molecule, we cloned mouse, cad-11 cDNA. Transfection of L cells with cDNA led them ... "Cadherin-11 expressed in association with mesenchymal morphogenesis in the head, somite, and limb bud of early mouse embryos." ... "Cadherin-11 expressed in association with mesenchymal morphogenesis in the head, somite, and limb bud of early mouse embryos." ...
There are over 400 documented inbred strains of mice. Different varieties are identified by a series of letters and numbers. ... Common examples include CF1, ICR, S and Swiss Webster. Scientific technology has developed the technique of introducing genetic ... Animal Specific Training: Mice. More laboratory mice are used in research every year than any other animal species. They are ... Figure 1) If the skin is grasped too far from the head the mouse will be able to turn and bite the handler. The mouse must be ...
Two inbred mouse strains (BALB/c and A/J) and one outbred strain (ICR) were subcutaneously injected with saline solutions ... containing penicillin G (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/mouse), D-penicillamine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mouse), or barbital (2 mg/mouse) into one ... In the typical data from one of the participating laboratories, the PLN responses of A/J, BALB/c, and ICR to penicillin G were ... MOUSE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE ASSAY FOR ASSESSMENT OF ALLERGIC AND AUTOIMMUNITY-INDUCING POTENTIALS OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT DRUGS ...
Inbred ICR Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 77% * Immunologic Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 66% ... Joo, S. S., Won, T. J., Kim, M. S., & Lee, D. I. (2004). Hematopoietic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in ICR mouse primary cultures ... Joo, SS, Won, TJ, Kim, MS & Lee, DI 2004, Hematopoietic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in ICR mouse primary cultures and its ... Hematopoietic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in ICR mouse primary cultures and its application to a biological response modifier. ...
Background: We have established a mouse model of spontaneous deafness by sib-inbreeding over 10 years. The mouse was designated ... The mouse was bred with the mutant deaf mouse and offspring (the first generation, F1) mice were obtained. F1 mice were then ... The ratio of homozygous animals whose microsatellites both derived from ICR (ICR/ICR), and the heterozygote (ICR/CAST) in whom ... Next, hybrid F1 mice were obtained. All the F1 mice revealed a normal ABR pattern and there were no hearing-impaired mice born ...
... physiology Mice Mice, Inbred ICR",. author = "Xin Yu and Jing Zou and Babb, {James S.} and Glyn Johnson and Sanes, {Dan H.} and ... diagnostic use Mesencephalon/physiology Mice Mice, Inbred ICR, Animals Auditory Pathways, physiology Auditory Perception, ... diagnostic use Mesencephalon/physiology Mice Mice, Inbred ICR ... T1 - Statistical mapping of sound-evoked activity in the mouse ... Yu, X, Zou, J, Babb, JS, Johnson, G, Sanes, DH & Turnbull, DH 2008, Statistical mapping of sound-evoked activity in the mouse ...
Mice, Inbred ICR. ICR (Imprinting Control Region) Inbred Mice are a commonly used laboratory mouse strain that are genetically ... Sprague-DawleyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsMice, Inbred ICRNeurogliaSural NerveMedian NerveFacial NerveNerve Crush ...
Mice * Mice, Inbred ICR * Muscimol * Radioisotopes * Stearates * Stearic Acids * Synaptosomes * Temperature * gamma- ... Similarly, membrane order and muscimol-activated 36Cl- uptake were reduced in brain vesicles prepared from mice which had ... was found to disorder brain membranes but did not produce intoxication or anesthesia in mice. The abilities of A2C and an ...
Inbred BALB CSpores, FungalCryptococcus neoformansMice, Inbred ICRSpheroplastsTrichophytonTrichosporonBacteriaMitosporic Fungi ... Chronic MucocutaneousMicrobiological TechniquesMice, Inbred ICRMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningSpheroplastsChromogenic Compounds ... InvasiveMice, Inbred BALB CMicrobial ViabilitySalivary Proteins and PeptidesEndocarditisSpores, FungalGenes, Mating Type, ... For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have ...
Mice - embryology. en_HK. dc.subject.mesh. Mice, Inbred ICR. en_HK. ... Reduced acrosome reaction and poor mouse embryo development were also observed in hydrosalpinx CM but not in NFT CM and hTF. ... Reduced acrosome reaction and poor mouse embryo development were also observed in hydrosalpinx CM but not in NFT CM and hTF. ... reaction were determined using computer-aided sperm analysis and acrobead assay respectively and embryo development by mouse ...
mice. but both underwent liver recovery at later time points. Matched MeSH terms: Mice, Inbred BALB C. ; Mice, Inbred ICR. ; ... Mice, Inbred AKR/parasitology. ; Mice, Inbred BALB C/parasitology. ; Mice, Inbred C57BL/parasitology. ; Mice/parasitology*. ... ICR) mice. .. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five ICR mice. and 20 BALB/C mice. were used where five animals as control and the ... mice. , which was observed at 10 hpd. The difference of liver injury between ICR and BALB/C mice. is due to dissimilarity in ...
Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR / genetics; Mice, Inbred ICR / growth & development; Random Allocation; Regression Analysis; Weight Gain ... MeSH headings : Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Reproduction / genetics; Selection ... Differential longevity in mouse stocks selected for early life growth trajectory JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL ... Effect of long-term selection for early postnatal growth rate on survival and prenatal development of transferred mouse embryos ...
Inbred ICR Mouse 22% * retronecine 17% * Pyrroles 17% * rhyncophylline 16% * Mass Spectrometry 16% ...
Inbred ICR Mouse 25% 73 引文 斯高帕斯(Scopus) ... Impaired Learning and Memory Functions in Amnesiac ICR Mice. ... and improved learning and memory functions of demethylcurcumin in scopolamine-induced amnesia ICR mice. Liu, Y. H., Lee, C. J. ... taiwaniana and Identified ε-Viniferin Improve Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Mice. Lu, Y. L., Lin, S. Y., Fang, S. U., Hsieh ... taiwaniana Extracts and Purified Compounds Ameliorate Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Lin, S. Y., Huang, G. C., ...
Inbred ICR Mouse 10% * Interleukin-6 6% * Intraperitoneal Injections 7% * Liver 33% ... of bitter melon leaves alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory responses in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice」主題 ... of bitter melon leaves alleviates hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory responses in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice. ...
Inbred ICR Mouse Medicine & Life Sciences 69% * SCID Mice Medicine & Life Sciences 65% ... LDV-induced poliomyelitis has not been reported in SCID or ICR mice. Here we describe the occurrence of poliomyelitis in ICR- ... LDV-induced poliomyelitis has not been reported in SCID or ICR mice. Here we describe the occurrence of poliomyelitis in ICR- ... LDV-induced poliomyelitis has not been reported in SCID or ICR mice. Here we describe the occurrence of poliomyelitis in ICR- ...
Antimicrobial peptide Cathelicidin-BF prevents intestinal barrier dysfunction in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Download Prime ... AnimalEndotoxemiaEpithelial CellsHumansIntestinesLipopolysaccharidesMacrophagesMaleMiceMice, Inbred ICRNF-kappa BSignal ... C-BF also reduced LPS induced TNF-α expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. These ... C-BF also reduced LPS induced TNF-α expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. These ...
Development of Hydronephrosis Inbred Strain Mouse, ICR/Mlac-Hydro. (. 2012. ) Kanchana Kengkoom; Zaw, Khin Maeung; Rapee ... Selective inbreeding of this mutant led us to the establishment of a colony of inbred hydronephrosis mice. After inbreeding for ... ICR/Mlac-hydro mice). The mutant mice developed bilateral non-obstructive hydronephrosis without evidence of interstitial ... Reproductive Performance Comparisons of Three Inbred Mice Strains (BALB/cMlac, C57BL/6Mlac and DBA/2Mlac) at National ...
Mice, Inbred C57BL. *Mice, Inbred ICR. *Mice, Transgenic. *Middle Aged. *Migraine Disorders ...
Mice, Mice, Inbred ICR, Polyesters:chemistry, Toxicity Tests,. OBJECTIVES: The acute toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles was ... Acute toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles in mice.. Gajdosíková A, Gajdosík A, Koneracká M, Závisová V, Stvrtina S, Krchnárová V ... In the pilot distribution study a special staining method was examined for the detection of Fe ions in body tissues of mice ... the toxicological profile of five types of magnetic fluids was assessed in mice.. METHODS: The nanoprecipitation method was ...
Mice, Inbred Strains. dc.subject. Humans. dc.subject. Mice. dc.subject. Meningioma. ... ICR/Primary Group/ICR Divisions/Genetics and Epidemiology. pubs.organisational-group. /ICR/Primary Group/ICR Divisions/Genetics ... All of ICR repositoryICR DivisionsBy issue dateAuthorsTitlesPublication TypesThis collectionBy issue dateAuthorsTitles ... ICR/Primary Group/ICR Divisions. pubs.organisational-group. / ... RESULTS: We found that in mice expressing one of two common ...
  • The core will perform IVF on wild-type oocytes from C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N, FVB or ICR mice. (bcm.edu)
  • Please contact the core if use of inbred strains other than C57BL/6J, C57BL/6N, FVB, or ICR are desired. (bcm.edu)
  • 9. Kirchain SM, Hayward AM, Mkandawire JM, Qi P, Burds AA (2008) Comparison of tetraploid blastocyst microinjection of outbred Crl: CD1 (ICR), hybrid B6D2F1/Tac, and inbred C57BL/6NTac embryos for generation of mice derived from embryonic stem cells. (prelekara.sk)
  • C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research. (lookformedical.com)
  • Male C57BL/6 J mice were separated into various PCMS groups: a control group with sawdust on the floor of the rearing cage (C), a group with mesh wire on the floor (M), and a group with water just below the mesh wire (W). Activation of lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons was assessed using immunofluorescence. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • C57BL/6 mice are a commonly used laboratory mouse strain that have a wide range of research applications, including as a general multipurpose model, for studying diet-induced obesity, developing transgenic/knockout models, and for safety and efficacy testing. (hylascobio.in)
  • CB6F1 mice are a hybrid strain resulting from the crossbreeding of female BALB/c mice and male C57BL/6 mice. (hylascobio.in)
  • B6C3F1 mice are a hybrid strain obtained by crossing female C57BL/6 mice with male C3H mice, resulting in mice designated as B6C3F1/Crl. (hylascobio.in)
  • B6D2F1 mice are a hybrid strain of laboratory mice, which are produced by crossing female C57BL/6 mice with male DBA/2 mice. (hylascobio.in)
  • Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to compare the mRNA expression profiles of 376 GPCRs and 159 GPCR peptide ligands in human islets with their orthologous counterparts in islets isolated from two strains of mice (outbred ICR mice and inbred C57/BL6 mice). (bl.uk)
  • r2 = 0.304 vs C57), with a highly similar expression profile observed between the ICR and the C57 mouse strains (r2 = 0.946). (bl.uk)
  • We carried out the reprogramming process on embryonic fibroblasts from inbred (C57BL6) and outbred (ICR) mouse strains. (aprofarm.org)
  • southern blotting analysis using a cdna probe consisting of the central portion of the e12 coding region has revealed two distinct forms of e2a, one which is common to all inbred and wild mouse strains derived from mus musculus musculus and mus musculus domesticus, whereas the other is less common and has only been found in the wild mouse population of mus musculus domesticus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • tcrg gene polymorphism was investigated by southern blot analysis on a panel of laboratory and wild mouse strains using a set of probes which identify all known tcrg-v and -c genes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • BALB/c nude mouse produced by introducing the Foxn1〈nu〉 gene into the by backcrossing. (jslc.co.jp)
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Mice, Inbred BALB C" by people in this website by year, and whether "Mice, Inbred BALB C" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Mice, Inbred BALB C" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Acute treatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan increases social approach behaviour but does not activate serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus in juvenile male BALB/c mice: A model of human disorders with deficits of sociability. (ucdenver.edu)
  • BALB/C is a commonly used strain of inbred mice in medical research, known for their genetic uniformity and susceptibility to various diseases. (lookformedical.com)
  • BALB/c mice are a widely used general-purpose model in biomedical research. (hylascobio.in)
  • Additionally, BALB/c mice have been used extensively in hybridoma development and monoclonal antibody production. (hylascobio.in)
  • CD2F1 mice are a widely used hybrid strain resulting from a cross between female BALB/c mice and male DBA/2 mice. (hylascobio.in)
  • only three haplotypes are found in laboratory mice: ga, gb, and gc which are represented by balb/c, akr, and dba/2 prototypes respectively. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • The resulting mice are designated as B6D2F1/Crl. (hylascobio.in)
  • Overall, the B6D2F1 mouse strain has proven to be a valuable tool for researchers in a wide range of scientific fields. (hylascobio.in)
  • Here, we apply allele-specific RNA-seq on isogenic B6D2F1 mice to assay imprinted genes in tissues from early embryonic tissues between E3.5 and E7.25 and in pluripotent cell lines to evaluate maintenance of imprinted gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exposure of rats or mice to HCBD led to the formation of renal DNA adducts. (nih.gov)
  • Mice and rats can lose weight in transit. (taconic.com)
  • After overnight culture, all 2-cell embryos will be transferred to ICR pseudo pregnant females to carry gestation to term in core. (bcm.edu)
  • The results showed that adult fertile TE-4N mice could be generated by aggregation of tetraploid embryos using ES cells passaged 23 times. (prelekara.sk)
  • 7. Evans MJ, Kaufman MH (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. (prelekara.sk)
  • 11. Li X, Yu Y, Wei W, Yong J, Yang J, You J, Xiong X, Qing T, Deng H (2005) Simple and efficient production of mice derived from embryonic stem cells aggregated with tetraploid embryos. (prelekara.sk)
  • Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. (lookformedical.com)
  • Similar to DNA microinjection to produce transgenic mice, our ES cell injection service involves the superovulation or hyperovulation and mating of blastocyst donors to obtain large numbers of embryos, and injected embryos are implanted into pseudopregnant foster mothers. (uci.edu)
  • Live production of the NOD scid mouse has ceased. (taconic.com)
  • Taconic has obtained several lines of hACE2 transgenic mice from the lab of Chien-Te (Kent) Tseng at the University of Texas Medical Branch. (taconic.com)
  • 8 Although wild type mice are not permissive for MERS infection due to differences between mouse and human DPP4, transgenic mice which express human DPP4 can be infected with MERS-CoV. (taconic.com)
  • genetic analysis of liver tumorigenesis in sv40 t antigen transgenic mice implies a role for imprinted genes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • liver tumors from interspecific hybrid, transgenic mice containing the sv40 early region linked to a mouse major urinary protein enhancer/promoter were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity to identify chromosomal regions which potentially contain genetic loci involved in multistep tumorigenesis. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • As mouse ESCs are highly amenable to genetic manipulation and are capable of colonizing the germline of chimaeric mice [ 5 ], they are widely used for the generation of transgenic mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have, therefore, undertaken detailed light and electron microscopy of the mouse lung, to characterize the neoplastic and nonneoplastic pul- monary effects of vinyl chloride. (cdc.gov)
  • The minimum time required to produce chimeric mice that can be transferred to the client is about 8 weeks, once we have ES cells ready for injection and the necessary paperwork. (uci.edu)
  • Genetic Basis of Aerobically Supported Voluntary Exercise: Results from a Selection Experiment with House Mice. (nih.gov)
  • An inbred strain of mouse that is used as a general purpose research strain, for therapeutic drug testing, and for the genetic analysis of CARCINOGEN-induced COLON CANCER . (nih.gov)
  • Due to their well-defined genetic background, CD2F1 mice are valuable tools in biomedical research and have been used as a model for studying diseases and conditions such as cancer and immunological disorders. (hylascobio.in)
  • Due to their well-characterized genetic background, these mice have proven to be valuable tools in biomedical research. (hylascobio.in)
  • Here, we analyze de novo DNA methylation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (2i-MEFs) derived from DNA-hypomethylated 2i/L ES cells with genetic ablation of Dnmt3a or Dnmt3b . (nature.com)
  • genetic control of retroviral disease in aging wild mice. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Genetic background of the ES cells (what mouse strain were they derived from). (uci.edu)
  • Treatment of females with rabbit anti-mouse IFN-alpha/beta serum rendered them susceptible to the diabetogenicity of EMCV-D. Although sera from both sexes of ICR Swiss mice exhibited peak IFN levels day 3 pi, IFN-gamma was present in the sera of males at only 1 day pi and in the sera of females at days 1-3 pi. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of chronic (CCR) and intermittent (ICR) caloric restriction on serum adiponectin and leptin levels was investigated in relation to mammary tumorigenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Serum adiponectin levels were similar among groups with no impact of either CCR or ICR. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Serum leptin level rose in AL mice with increasing age but was significantly reduced by long-term CCR and ICR. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Although we did not show an association of either adiponectin or leptin with individual mice in relation to mammary tumorigenesis, we did find that reduced serum leptin and elevated adiponectin/leptin ratio were associated with the protective effect of intermittent calorie restriction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It should be noted, however, that mouse ES cells cultured in serum and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (S/L ES cells) exhibit global DNA hypermethylation relative to inner cell mass (ICM) cells, which are the in vivo counterpart of ES cells 17 . (nature.com)
  • ga and gc haplotypes are the most frequent among laboratory mice whereas gb is poorly represented. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • If live mice are used, please submit a request to have the male mouse (mice) transferred by CCM or delivered by the Investigator to ABBR R119 by 8 am on the scheduled IVF day. (bcm.edu)
  • If no pups are born, the core offers to repeat the IVF at 50% cost if there is another male mouse or straw of sperm available. (bcm.edu)
  • Furthermore, ES cells could be derived from the TE-4N male mice and as judged by molecular characterisation and a study of chimeras, these ES cells were pluripotent. (prelekara.sk)
  • 6. Eggan K, Jaenisch R (2003) Differentiation of F1 embryonic stem cells into viable male and female mice by tetraploid embryo complementation. (prelekara.sk)
  • Female but Not Male Mice Deficient in Soluble IgM Are Susceptible to Chemically Induced Glomerular Injury. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The Hauschka Ha/ICR stock was established in 1948 from these mice and was later designated as HaM/ICR at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. (hylascobio.in)
  • In this study, we evaluated the significance of this observation on the innate resistance of ICR Swiss females to EMCV-D-mediated disease. (nih.gov)
  • Generation of pseudopregnant foster mothers by mating outbred ICR females with vasectomized males and checking for vaginal plugs the next day. (uci.edu)
  • Studies have shown that CXCL14 knockout mice are protected from hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia and they have improved insulin sensitivity. (bl.uk)
  • Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases ( DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL ) and to clarify the functions of the genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ace2 knockout mice have been used in ARDS and SARS research. (taconic.com)
  • Tmprss2 knockout mice may be useful in studying COVID-19 disease pathogenesis. (taconic.com)
  • Stat1 knockout mice support SARS-CoV viral replication in the lungs and develop progressive lung disease including diffuse interstitial pneumonia with inflammation and systemic spread to other organs. (taconic.com)
  • In summary, the experiments described in this thesis reveal that human and mouse islets exhibit some degree of similarity in GPCR and GPCR peptide ligand mRNA expression, but the suitability of using mouse islets as surrogates for predicting human islet physiology is receptor/receptor family specific. (bl.uk)
  • CD-1® IGS mice were derived from a group of Swiss albino mice imported into the US in 1926. (hylascobio.in)
  • Splenocyte cultures from female ICR Swiss mice produced greater interferon (IFN) levels, particularly IFN-gamma, than did cultures from males by 12 h post-infection (pi) with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV-D). This early IFN-gamma is produced by natural killer (NK)-like cells and is dependent on plastic adherent cells and IFN-alpha/beta. (nih.gov)
  • 15 female mice will be used for the IVF with superovulation. (bcm.edu)
  • To comprehensively identify the target sites for de novo DNA methylation by the DNMT3 enzymes, in the present study, we took advantage of female mouse ES cells established in the presence of MEK and Gsk3 inhibitors, which lack most DNA methylation (2i/L ES cells) 16 . (nature.com)
  • Although the genotype of the ESC-PGA cells is different from the female oocyte donor due to meiotic recombination occurring in the oocyte, subsequent matching of the ESC-PGAs based on the major histocompatibility complex antigens allows for engraftment of these cells in mouse recipients [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, our screen identified several novel genes, disruption of which also caused colonization defects in the mouse model. (nih.gov)
  • Virulence effect of Enterococcus faecalis protease genes and the quorum-sensing locus fsr in Caenorhabditis elegans and mice. (bcm.edu)
  • Notably, two EpiSC-NT lines show aberrant silencing of Rian and Meg3, two critically imprinted genes in mouse iPSCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Flow cytometric evaluations of lymphoid cell phenotypes in spleens and pancreata of infected mice revealed that percentages of L3T4+ cells were significantly decreased only in spleens from males at day 1 pi and were diminished along with Ly2+ cells in pancreata of males at 7 days pi, suggesting that T-cell responses were impaired in virus-infected males. (nih.gov)
  • In conclusion, the data demonstrate that [Anavex 2-73] is effective in ameliorating multiple neurobehavioral phenotypes in [Rett] mice," the researchers wrote. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Does the gender difference in interferon production seen in picornavirus-infected spleen cell cultures from ICR Swiss mice have any in vivo significance? (nih.gov)
  • Pregnant ICR mice were injected daily with 30 mg cyclosporin (CS)/kg body weight on days 6-8 or 10-12 of gestation. (tau.ac.il)
  • It was found that 30 mg CS/kg body weight, when administered to pregnant ICR mice in 3 successive injections, did not raise the maternal mortality rate. (tau.ac.il)
  • different populations of wild mice (mus musculus domesticus) in los angeles and ventura counties were observed over their lifespan in captivity for expression of infectious murine leukemia virus (mulv) and murine mammary tumor virus (mmtv) and for the occurrence of cancer and other diseases. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Although a 31 October 1981 number of studies have demonstrated that pulmo- nary tumors can be induced by vinyl chloride in mice, the significance of such occurrence and the nature of the tumors have not yet been appropri- ately explored (10-17). (cdc.gov)
  • A high incidence of pulmonary tumors in mice exposed to vinyl chloride has been reported by several investigators (10-15). (cdc.gov)
  • Right here we report the technology of secure iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts by recombinant protein transduction (Klf4, Oct4, Sox2, and c-Myc), a process designed to bypass the dangers brought on by integration of exogenous sequences within the goal cell genome related to gene supply programs. (aprofarm.org)
  • This strain was produced by Dr. Sudo and Suzuki (1984) by introducing a mutant gene (nu) into inbred DDD/1 mice. (jslc.co.jp)
  • The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Our real-time (RT) -PCR results revealed that the mRNA expression of the stress- and sleep-related gene gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit alpha 2 was significantly lower in WT mice than in KO mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • phenotype and tcr gamma delta variable gene repertoire of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in wild mice (mus musculus domesticus): abundance of v gamma 1 transcripts and extensive delta gene diversity. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • polymorphism of the mouse transcription factor-encoding gene e2a. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • cloning and sequence analysis of the gene and cdna encoding mouse spermidine/spermine n1-acetyltransferase--a gene uniquely regulated by polyamines and their analogs. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • new t-cell receptor gamma haplotypes in wild mice and evidence for limited tcrg-v gene polymorphism. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • They were first developed in 1921 and have undergone several generations of inbreeding to create a genetically stable and uniform strain. (hylascobio.in)
  • danish mice (mus musculus domesticus) genetically resistant to the anticoagulant action of two 4-hydroxycoumarins, warfarin and bromadiolone, were examined to determine their mechanism of resistance. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • An inbred strain of mouse that is widely used in IMMUNOLOGY studies and cancer research. (ucdenver.edu)
  • 10. Li X, Jia Q, Di K, Gao S, Wen X, Zhou R, Wei W, Wang LZ (2007) Passage number affects the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells as judged by tetraploid embryo aggregation. (prelekara.sk)
  • AIN-93M diet), ICR (3-week 50% caloric restriction, AIN-93M-mod diet, 2x protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals followed by 3-wks 100% AL consumption of AIN-93M), and CCR (calorie and nutrient intake matched for each 6-wks ICR cycle, ∼75% of AL) groups. (elsevierpure.com)
  • As part of this commitment, we are subsidizing distribution of specialty transgenics including humanized ACE2 mice. (taconic.com)
  • 1,2 Mouse ACE2 is sufficiently different from human ACE2 to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2, meaning that wild type mice cannot be infected using clinical virus isolates. (taconic.com)
  • Mice expressing human ACE2 may support infection by SARS-CoV-2 and thus be useful for studies of vaccines, antiviral drugs and disease pathogenesis. (taconic.com)
  • Binding of viral spike SARS protein to ACE2 in mice downregulates ACE2 expression. (taconic.com)
  • The Ace2 Knockout Mouse was generated by Lexicon Pharmaceuticals and is part of Taconic's Knockout Repository under model # TF3738. (taconic.com)
  • a total of 357 house mice (mus domesticus) from 83 localities uniformly distributed throughout switzerland were screened for the presence of a homogenously staining region (hsr) on chromosome 1. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Moreover, KO mice showed lower plasma levels of ketone bodies, which also affect sleep/wake regulation, than WT mice. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • These mice are designated as CD2F1/Crl and are commonly used in various research applications, including safety and efficacy testing, transplantation research, and monoclonal antibody production. (hylascobio.in)
  • Taconic has access to a humanized DPP4 mouse from the laboratory of Chien-Te (Kent) Tseng at the University of Texas Medical Branch and is developing plans to scale up and distribute this model. (taconic.com)
  • 14,15 Taconic offers mice which carry human APOE alleles. (taconic.com)
  • Taconic encourages customers to consider switching to the CIEA NOG mouse® . (taconic.com)
  • The mice were derived by embryo transfer in 2002 by Taconic US. (taconic.com)
  • The mice were sacrificed on days 12, 15, 17 or 19 of gestation. (tau.ac.il)
  • After 61 generations, the genomes of 79 mice (9-10 from each line) were fully sequenced and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. (nih.gov)
  • biochemical basis of warfarin and bromadiolone resistance in the house mouse, mus musculus domesticus. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Somatic cell reprogramming has generated huge curiosity after the primary report by Yamanaka and his coworkers in 2006 on the technology of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts. (aprofarm.org)
  • Motor and sensory functions were assessed in younger mice, while visual acuity and breathing were measured in older animals. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • CD- 1® IGS mice are commonly used for general research purposes, safety and efficacy testing, aging studies, and various surgical models including pseudopregnancy. (hylascobio.in)
  • The cells had been handled with purified proteins 4 instances, at 48-h intervals, and cultured on mitomycin C handled mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells in full embryonic stem cell (ESC) medium till colonies fashioned. (aprofarm.org)
  • Given the early embryonic lethal phenotype of Dnmt3b knockout (KO) mice, ES cells could be a powerful tool for tracking and comparing the de novo methylation activity of DNMT3s during embryonic development (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • The importance of imprinting during embryonic development is further underpinned by the fact that androgenetic mice (derived from two paternal pronuclei) and gynogenetic mice (derived from two maternal pronuclei) are embryonic lethal [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we use signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis (STM) to conduct a screen for random insertion mutations that affect colonization in the suckling mouse model for cholera. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of the experiments described in this thesis was to compare the mRNA expression profiles of all GPCRs (the GPCRome) and all GPCR peptide ligands (the Secretome) in human and mouse islets in order to determine the suitability of using mouse islets as a translational model for predicting the role of islet GPCRs and GPCR peptide ligands in human islet function. (bl.uk)
  • We explore here the role of the fsr/gelE-sprE locus in pathogenicity by comparing results obtained in the nematode system with a mouse peritonitis model of E. faecalis infection. (bcm.edu)
  • C3H/HeNCrl mice are a widely used animal model in biomedical research. (hylascobio.in)
  • Treatment with Anavex 2-73 was seen to improve motor skills, acoustic responses and visual acuity in a mouse model of Rett syndrome , supporting ongoing Phase 2 studies in patients. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Researchers at Anavex, assisted by PsychoGenics , evaluated the potential treatment's specific effects on Rett symptoms in a validated mouse model. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • Studies performed in mice indicated that the peripheral pathogenicity of LBV had been underestimated in previous studies. (cdc.gov)
  • the hsr on chromosome 1 of the house mouse, mus domesticus: distribution and frequency in switzerland. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Results showed that Anavex 2-73 significantly eased motor dysfunction, and deficits in acoustic and visual responses compared to mice given a placebo. (epiphanyasd.com)
  • In the process of quantifying the GPCR peptide ligand mRNA expression profiles, it was revealed that the orphan chemokine CXCL14 is expressed by both mouse and human islets. (bl.uk)
  • mouse la-4 lung adenoma cells treated with either spermine or the spermine analog, n1,n12-bis(ethyl)spermine, produced a 2.3 and 6.5-fold increase, respectively, in ssat mrna. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we examined differences in the stress response between FGF21 knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice after social defeat stress (SDS). (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • When the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness were averaged over the dark period after SDS, only KO mice showed significant differences in NREM sleep and wakefulness. (tokushima-u.ac.jp)
  • Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 41, pp. 31-52, 1981 Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Effects of Vinyl Chloride in Mouse Lung by Yasunosuke Suzuki* Neoplastic effects of vinyl chloride were studied in lungs of 27 mice exposed to vinyl chloride monomer at 2500 and 6000 ppm for 5 and 6 months (large doses and long-term exposure). (cdc.gov)
  • It is concluded that mouse lung is an extremely sensitive indicator of the oncogenicity of vinyl chloride. (cdc.gov)
  • The neoplastic effect of vinyl chloride of smaller doses (100, 10, 1 and 0 [control] ppm) and shorter exposure (four weeks) was studied in lungs of 120 mice. (cdc.gov)