The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
The above-ground plant without the roots.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. Members contain physalin and withangulatin.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
In a medical context, the term "wing" is not typically used as a standalone definition; however, it can refer to various flat, wing-shaped structures in anatomy, such as the iliac wings of the pelvis or the zygomatic wings of the cheekbone.
A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
The reproductive organs of plants.
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
The physical measurements of a body.
The quantity of volume or surface area of CELLS.
A group of plant cells that are capable of dividing infinitely and whose main function is the production of new growth at the growing tip of a root or stem. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The administrative procedures involved with acquiring TISSUES or organs for TRANSPLANTATION through various programs, systems, or organizations. These procedures include obtaining consent from TISSUE DONORS and arranging for transportation of donated tissues and organs, after TISSUE HARVESTING, to HOSPITALS for processing and transplantation.
Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes
The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified with the addition of a phosphate group, usually on serine, threonine or tyrosine residues, which can play a role in their regulation, function, interaction with other molecules, and localization within the cell.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The spiral EPITHELIUM containing sensory AUDITORY HAIR CELLS and supporting cells in the cochlea. Organ of Corti, situated on the BASILAR MEMBRANE and overlaid by a gelatinous TECTORIAL MEMBRANE, converts sound-induced mechanical waves to neural impulses to the brain.
Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.
Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
An accessory chemoreceptor organ that is separated from the main OLFACTORY MUCOSA. It is situated at the base of nasal septum close to the VOMER and NASAL BONES. It forwards chemical signals (such as PHEROMONES) to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, thus influencing reproductive and social behavior. In humans, most of its structures except the vomeronasal duct undergo regression after birth.
The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.
A structure, situated close to the intraventricular foramen, which induces DRINKING BEHAVIOR after stimulation with ANGIOTENSIN II.
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.
Individuals supplying living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients.
The procedure of removing TISSUES, organs, or specimens from DONORS for reuse, such as TRANSPLANTATION.
A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

Decreased liver and lung drug-metabolizing activity in mice treated with Corynebacterium parvum. (1/12866)

Injections of killed suspensions of Corynebacterium parvum (i.p.) in young male mice were followed by time- and dose-dependent decreases in the drug-metabolizing activity of liver microsomes and lung homogenates. In vitro assays with model substrates [aminopyrine, aniline, p-nitroanisole, and benzo(a)pyrene] were used to quantitate drug-metabolizing activity. It is likely that such decreases in mixed function oxidases activity will act to significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of concurrently or subsequently administered drugs. The results provide a possible mechanism to explain several previously reported immunochemotherapeutic interactions.  (+info)

Ambiguity of the thymidine index. (2/12866)

The observed thymidine indices of seven experimental tumor lines are compared as a function of duration of emulsion exposure. The effects of dose level of tritiated thymidine and background threshold are also evaluated. The results indicate that an arbitrary high background threshold discriminates against "lightly" labeled cells at short periods of exposure but that the chosen threshold becomes less critical with longer exposure. The observed thymidine index increases with increasing duration of emulsion exposure but appears to approach a plateau for all tumor systems. The "thymidine index curves" are significantly different for each tumor. There is an inverse relationship between the dose of tritiated thymidine and the duration of exposure required to recognize the same fraction of cells as labeled in a given tumor. Similar experimental conditions do not necessarily guarantee a valid basis for comparison of observed thymidine indices among tumors.  (+info)

The developmental basis for allometry in insects. (3/12866)

Within all species of animals, the size of each organ bears a specific relationship to overall body size. These patterns of organ size relative to total body size are called static allometry and have enchanted biologists for centuries, yet the mechanisms generating these patterns have attracted little experimental study. We review recent and older work on holometabolous insect development that sheds light on these mechanisms. In insects, static allometry can be divided into at least two processes: (1) the autonomous specification of organ identity, perhaps including the approximate size of the organ, and (2) the determination of the final size of organs based on total body size. We present three models to explain the second process: (1) all organs autonomously absorb nutrients and grow at organ-specific rates, (2) a centralized system measures a close correlate of total body size and distributes this information to all organs, and (3) autonomous organ growth is combined with feedback between growing organs to modulate final sizes. We provide evidence supporting models 2 and 3 and also suggest that hormones are the messengers of size information. Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of allometry will come through the integrated study of whole tissues using techniques from development, genetics, endocrinology and population biology.  (+info)

Lung weight parallels disease severity in experimental coccidioidomycosis. (4/12866)

Evidence provided by histopathological study of lesions is a valuable adjunct for evaluating chemotherapeutic efficacy in experimental animal models, In addition, this should be correlated with a measure of disease severity in the same animal. The latter could be obtained by homogenization of infected organs and quantitative enumeration of viable cells of the etiological agent, but this would preclude histopathological studies in the same animal. Progression of disease in pulmonary infection is associated with replacement of air space by fluid, cells, and cellular debris. Therefore, an increase in lung weight should reflect severity of disease. Results with the murine model of coccidioidomycosis demonstrate that increasing lung weight parallels the increasing census of fungus cells in the lungs of both treated and nontreated infected mice. This was supported with evidence obtained from microscopic studies of lesions indicating that specific chemotherapy limited spread of the infection and inhibited multiplication of the fungus in the lung. Therefore, lung weight can be used as a measure of disease severity in the murine model of coccidioidomycosis.  (+info)

Cardiomegaly in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mouse is reduced with acute elevation of heart short-chain acyl-carnitine level after L-carnitine injection. (5/12866)

The long-term administration of L-carnitine was very effective in preventing cardiomegaly in juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which was confirmed by heart weight as well as the lipid contents in heart tissue. After i.p. injection of L-carnitine, the concentration of free carnitine in heart remained constant, although serum free carnitine level increased up to 80-fold. On the other hand, a significant increase in short-chain acyl-carnitine level in heart was observed. These results suggest that increased levels of short-chain acyl-carnitine, not free carnitine, might be a key compound in the protective effect of L-carnitine administration in JVS mice.  (+info)

Obesity induces expression of uncoupling protein-2 in hepatocytes and promotes liver ATP depletion. (6/12866)

Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) uncouples respiration from oxidative phosphorylation and may contribute to obesity through effects on energy metabolism. Because basal metabolic rate is decreased in obesity, UCP2 expression is predicted to be reduced. Paradoxically, hepatic expression of UCP2 mRNA is increased in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis of ob/ob livers demonstrate that UCP2 mRNA and protein expression are increased in hepatocytes, which do not express UCP2 in lean mice. Mitochondria isolated from ob/ob livers exhibit an increased rate of H+ leak which partially dissipates the mitochondrial membrane potential when the rate of electron transport is suppressed. In addition, hepatic ATP stores are reduced and these livers are more vulnerable to necrosis after transient hepatic ischemia. Hence, hepatocytes adapt to obesity by up-regulating UCP2. However, because this decreases the efficiency of energy trapping, the cells become vulnerable to ATP depletion when energy needs increase acutely.  (+info)

Modulation of oestrogenic effects by progesterone antagonists in the rat uterus. (7/12866)

Antiprogestins can modulate oestrogenic effects in various oestrogen-dependent tissues, dependent on species, tissue, dose and duration of treatment. Enhanced oestrogenic responses to mifepristone and onapristone occur in vitro and in vivo. However, the antiprogestins mifepristone, onapristone, and ZK 137 316 can block the ability of oestradiol to increase endometrial growth in non-human primates. Our purposes were firstly, to decide whether mifepristone and onapristone had direct oestrogenic activity in vitro and in the uterus of spayed and immature rats, and secondly, to discover whether antiprogestins exhibit inhibitory effects on oestrogen action in the uterus in spayed, oestrogen-substituted rats. In transactivation assays, mifepristone induced oestrogenic response, whereas onapristone had only marginal effects on reporter gene transcription. In immature rats, onapristone and mifepristone markedly increased uterine weights, and onapristone, but not mifepristone significantly enhanced endometrial luminal epithelial height, a sensitive oestrogen parameter. Conversely, in spayed and adrenalectomized rats, neither onapristone nor mifepristone changed uterine weights or endometrial morphology, indicating that their effects in immature rats were indirect. In spayed, oestrogen-substituted rats, antiprogestins did not block oestradiol-stimulated endometrial growth and luminal and glandular epithelium were stimulated more after antiprogestin plus oestrogen, than after oestradiol alone. All compounds induced compaction of the uterine stroma. In spayed rats, onapristone and some other 13alpha-configured (type 1) antagonists (ZK 135 569, ZK 131 535) reduced oestradiol-stimulated myometrial proliferation and induced an overall uterine weight reduction in animals treated with oestrogen and antiprogestins, in comparison with oestradiol-treated controls. 13beta- configured (type II) antagonists, including mifepristone, lilopristone and ZK 112 993, were not effective. In the uteri of spayed rats, onapristone was also found to enhance the oestradiol-stimulatory effect on expression of the oestrogen-dependent proto-oncogene, c-fos. In conclusion, antiprogestins do not inhibit, but rather enhance, oestrogen-induced uterine glandular and luminal epithelium in spayed rats, contrary to their effects in primates. The rat model is unsuitable to study endometrial antiproliferative effects of antiprogestins in primate uteri.  (+info)

Investigation of distal aortic compliance and vasodilator responsiveness in heart failure due to proximal aortic stenosis in the guinea pig. (8/12866)

Hypotension and syncope are recognized features of chronic aortic stenosis. This study examined vasomotor responses and dynamic compliance in isolated abdominal aortae after chronic constriction of the ascending aorta. Guinea pigs underwent constriction of the ascending aorta or sham operation. Sections of descending aorta were removed for studies of contractile performance and compliance. Dynamic compliance was measured using a feedback-controlled pulsatile pressure system at frequencies of 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 Hz and mean pressures from 40 to 100 mmHg. Chronic (149+/-6 days) aortic constriction resulted in significant increases in organ weight/body weight ratios for left ventricle (58%), right ventricle (100%) and lung (61%). The presence of heart failure was indicated by increased lung weights, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and systemic vascular resistance, reduced cardiac output and increased levels of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (166%), adrenaline (x20), noradrenaline (106%) and dopamine (x3). Aortic rings showed similar constrictor responses to phenylephrine and angiotensin II, but maximal vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and isoprenaline were significantly increased (144% and 48% respectively). Dilator responses to sodium nitroprusside, forskolin and cromokalim were unchanged. Compliance of all vessels decreased with increasing pulsatile frequency and to a lesser extent with increased mean pressure, but were similar in aortic-constricted and control groups. Chronic constriction of the ascending aorta resulted in heart failure and increased vasodilator responses to acetylcholine and isoprenaline in the distal aorta while dynamic compliance was unchanged. We hypothesize that increased endothelium-mediated vasodilatation may contribute to hypotension and syncope in patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction.  (+info)

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Aerial parts of plants refer to the above-ground portions of a plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. These parts are often used in medicine, either in their entirety or as isolated extracts, to take advantage of their medicinal properties. The specific components of aerial parts that are used in medicine can vary depending on the plant species and the desired therapeutic effects. For example, the leaves of some plants may contain active compounds that have anti-inflammatory or analgesic properties, while the flowers of others may be rich in antioxidants or compounds with sedative effects. In general, aerial parts of plants are used in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including respiratory, digestive, and nervous system disorders, as well as skin conditions and infections.

"Physalis" is a genus name in the plant kingdom, specifically within the Solanaceae family, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and bell peppers. It's not typically used in a medical context, but rather in botany and agriculture.

However, certain species of Physalis, like P. alkekengi (Chinese lantern) and P. angulata (wild watermelon), have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. For instance, the dried fruit of P. alkekengi has been used to treat respiratory ailments in some systems of traditional medicine.

So, a medical definition would be: Physalis is a genus of plants, some species of which have been used in traditional medicine for their perceived therapeutic properties. Please note that these uses are not necessarily supported by scientific evidence and should not be considered as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical concerns.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

In medical terms, "wing" is not a term that is used as a standalone definition. However, it can be found in the context of certain anatomical structures or medical conditions. For instance, the "wings" of the lungs refer to the upper and lower portions of the lungs that extend from the main body of the organ. Similarly, in dermatology, "winging" is used to describe the spreading out or flaring of the wings of the nose, which can be a characteristic feature of certain skin conditions like lupus.

It's important to note that medical terminology can be highly specific and context-dependent, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information related to medical definitions or diagnoses.

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases (PSTKs) are a type of protein kinase that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the hydroxyl side chains of serine or threonine residues on target proteins. This phosphorylation process plays a crucial role in various cellular signaling pathways, including regulation of metabolism, gene expression, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. PSTKs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, and their dysregulation has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins are molecules that play a crucial role in transmitting signals within cells, which ultimately lead to changes in cell behavior or function. These signals can originate from outside the cell (extracellular) or within the cell itself. Intracellular signaling molecules include various types of peptides and proteins, such as:

1. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that bind to extracellular signaling molecules like hormones, neurotransmitters, or chemokines. Upon activation, they initiate a cascade of intracellular signals through G proteins and secondary messengers.
2. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These are transmembrane receptors that bind to growth factors, cytokines, or hormones. Activation of RTKs leads to autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues, creating binding sites for intracellular signaling proteins such as adapter proteins, phosphatases, and enzymes like Ras, PI3K, and Src family kinases.
3. Second messenger systems: Intracellular second messengers are small molecules that amplify and propagate signals within the cell. Examples include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), calcium ions (Ca2+), and nitric oxide (NO). These second messengers activate or inhibit various downstream effectors, leading to changes in cellular responses.
4. Signal transduction cascades: Intracellular signaling proteins often form complex networks of interacting molecules that relay signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. These cascades involve kinases (protein kinases A, B, C, etc.), phosphatases, and adapter proteins, which ultimately regulate gene expression, cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular processes.
5. Ubiquitination and proteasome degradation: Intracellular signaling pathways can also control protein stability by modulating ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize specific substrates and conjugate them with ubiquitin molecules, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. This process regulates the abundance of key signaling proteins and contributes to signal termination or amplification.

In summary, intracellular signaling pathways involve a complex network of interacting proteins that relay signals from the plasma membrane to various cellular compartments, ultimately regulating gene expression, metabolism, and other cellular processes. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to disease development and progression, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.

Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.

Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.

The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Cell proliferation is the process by which cells increase in number, typically through the process of cell division. In the context of biology and medicine, it refers to the reproduction of cells that makes up living tissue, allowing growth, maintenance, and repair. It involves several stages including the transition from a phase of quiescence (G0 phase) to an active phase (G1 phase), DNA replication in the S phase, and mitosis or M phase, where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Abnormal or uncontrolled cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of many diseases, including cancer, where deregulated cell cycle control leads to excessive and unregulated growth of cells, forming tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites in the body.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

"Body size" is a general term that refers to the overall physical dimensions and proportions of an individual's body. It can encompass various measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and other anthropometric measures.

In medical and public health contexts, body size is often used to assess health status, risk factors for chronic diseases, and overall well-being. For example, a high body mass index (BMI) may indicate excess body fat and increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Similarly, a large waist circumference or high blood pressure may also be indicators of increased health risks.

It's important to note that body size is just one aspect of health and should not be used as the sole indicator of an individual's overall well-being. A holistic approach to health that considers multiple factors, including diet, physical activity, mental health, and social determinants of health, is essential for promoting optimal health outcomes.

Cell size refers to the volume or spatial dimensions of a cell, which can vary widely depending on the type and function of the cell. In general, eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus) tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells (cells without a true nucleus). The size of a cell is determined by various factors such as genetic makeup, the cell's role in the organism, and its environment.

The study of cell size and its relationship to cell function is an active area of research in biology, with implications for our understanding of cellular processes, evolution, and disease. For example, changes in cell size have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, measuring and analyzing cell size can provide valuable insights into the health and function of cells and tissues.

A meristem, in the context of plant biology, refers to a type of tissue found in plants that is responsible for their growth. These tissues are composed of cells that have the ability to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types. Meristems are typically located at the tips of roots and shoots (apical meristems), as well as within the vascular bundles (cambial meristems) and in the cork layers (phellogen meristems). They contribute to the increase in length and girth of plant organs, allowing plants to grow throughout their life.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.

Organ transplantation is a surgical procedure where an organ or tissue from one person (donor) is removed and placed into another person (recipient) whose organ or tissue is not functioning properly or has been damaged beyond repair. The goal of this complex procedure is to replace the non-functioning organ with a healthy one, thereby improving the recipient's quality of life and overall survival.

Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and intestines. Tissues such as corneas, skin, heart valves, and bones can also be transplanted. The donor may be deceased or living, depending on the type of organ and the medical circumstances.

Organ transplantation is a significant and life-changing event for both the recipient and their families. It requires careful evaluation, matching, and coordination between the donor and recipient, as well as rigorous post-transplant care to ensure the success of the procedure and minimize the risk of rejection.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Nuclear proteins are a category of proteins that are primarily found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. They play crucial roles in various nuclear functions, such as DNA replication, transcription, repair, and RNA processing. This group includes structural proteins like lamins, which form the nuclear lamina, and regulatory proteins, such as histones and transcription factors, that are involved in gene expression. Nuclear localization signals (NLS) often help target these proteins to the nucleus by interacting with importin proteins during active transport across the nuclear membrane.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

Genetically modified animals (GMAs) are those whose genetic makeup has been altered using biotechnological techniques. This is typically done by introducing one or more genes from another species into the animal's genome, resulting in a new trait or characteristic that does not naturally occur in that species. The introduced gene is often referred to as a transgene.

The process of creating GMAs involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The desired gene is isolated from the DNA of another organism.
2. Transfer: The isolated gene is transferred into the target animal's cells, usually using a vector such as a virus or bacterium.
3. Integration: The transgene integrates into the animal's chromosome, becoming a permanent part of its genetic makeup.
4. Selection: The modified cells are allowed to multiply, and those that contain the transgene are selected for further growth and development.
5. Breeding: The genetically modified individuals are bred to produce offspring that carry the desired trait.

GMAs have various applications in research, agriculture, and medicine. In research, they can serve as models for studying human diseases or testing new therapies. In agriculture, GMAs can be developed to exhibit enhanced growth rates, improved disease resistance, or increased nutritional value. In medicine, GMAs may be used to produce pharmaceuticals or other therapeutic agents within their bodies.

Examples of genetically modified animals include mice with added genes for specific proteins that make them useful models for studying human diseases, goats that produce a human protein in their milk to treat hemophilia, and pigs with enhanced resistance to certain viruses that could potentially be used as organ donors for humans.

It is important to note that the use of genetically modified animals raises ethical concerns related to animal welfare, environmental impact, and potential risks to human health. These issues must be carefully considered and addressed when developing and implementing GMA technologies.

Morphogenesis is a term used in developmental biology and refers to the process by which cells give rise to tissues and organs with specific shapes, structures, and patterns during embryonic development. This process involves complex interactions between genes, cells, and the extracellular environment that result in the coordinated movement and differentiation of cells into specialized functional units.

Morphogenesis is a dynamic and highly regulated process that involves several mechanisms, including cell proliferation, death, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. These processes are controlled by genetic programs and signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and regulate the behavior of individual cells within a developing tissue or organ.

The study of morphogenesis is important for understanding how complex biological structures form during development and how these processes can go awry in disease states such as cancer, birth defects, and degenerative disorders.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Adaptor proteins are a type of protein that play a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways by serving as a link between different components of the signaling complex. Specifically, "signal transducing adaptor proteins" refer to those adaptor proteins that are involved in signal transduction processes, where they help to transmit signals from the cell surface receptors to various intracellular effectors. These proteins typically contain modular domains that allow them to interact with multiple partners, thereby facilitating the formation of large signaling complexes and enabling the integration of signals from different pathways.

Signal transducing adaptor proteins can be classified into several families based on their structural features, including the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, and the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain. These domains enable the adaptor proteins to recognize and bind to specific motifs on other signaling molecules, such as receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors, and cytokine receptors.

One well-known example of a signal transducing adaptor protein is the growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), which contains an SH2 domain that binds to phosphotyrosine residues on activated receptor tyrosine kinases. Grb2 also contains an SH3 domain that interacts with proline-rich motifs on other signaling proteins, such as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS. This interaction facilitates the activation of the Ras small GTPase and downstream signaling pathways involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

Overall, signal transducing adaptor proteins play a critical role in regulating various cellular processes by modulating intracellular signaling pathways in response to extracellular stimuli. Dysregulation of these proteins has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.

"Body patterning" is a general term that refers to the process of forming and organizing various tissues and structures into specific patterns during embryonic development. This complex process involves a variety of molecular mechanisms, including gene expression, cell signaling, and cell-cell interactions. It results in the creation of distinct body regions, such as the head, trunk, and limbs, as well as the organization of internal organs and systems.

In medical terminology, "body patterning" may refer to specific developmental processes or abnormalities related to embryonic development. For example, in genetic disorders such as Poland syndrome or Holt-Oram syndrome, mutations in certain genes can lead to abnormal body patterning, resulting in the absence or underdevelopment of certain muscles, bones, or other structures.

It's important to note that "body patterning" is not a formal medical term with a specific definition, but rather a general concept used in developmental biology and genetics.

Trans-activators are proteins that increase the transcriptional activity of a gene or a set of genes. They do this by binding to specific DNA sequences and interacting with the transcription machinery, thereby enhancing the recruitment and assembly of the complexes needed for transcription. In some cases, trans-activators can also modulate the chromatin structure to make the template more accessible to the transcription machinery.

In the context of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, the term "trans-activator" is often used specifically to refer to the Tat protein. The Tat protein is a viral regulatory protein that plays a critical role in the replication of HIV by activating the transcription of the viral genome. It does this by binding to a specific RNA structure called the Trans-Activation Response Element (TAR) located at the 5' end of all nascent HIV transcripts, and recruiting cellular cofactors that enhance the processivity and efficiency of RNA polymerase II, leading to increased viral gene expression.

Basal metabolism, also known as basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of energy expended by an organism at rest, in a neutrally temperate environment, while in the post-absorptive state. It is the minimum amount of energy required to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and maintenance of body temperature.

The BMR is typically measured in units of energy per unit time, such as kilocalories per day (kcal/day) or watts (W). In humans, the BMR is usually around 10-15% of a person's total daily energy expenditure. It can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size and composition, and genetics.

The BMR can be measured in a variety of ways, including direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, or by using predictive equations based on factors such as age, weight, and height. It is an important concept in the study of energy balance, nutrition, and metabolism.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

In medical terms, "seeds" are often referred to as a small amount of a substance, such as a radioactive material or drug, that is inserted into a tissue or placed inside a capsule for the purpose of treating a medical condition. This can include procedures like brachytherapy, where seeds containing radioactive materials are used in the treatment of cancer to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Similarly, in some forms of drug delivery, seeds containing medication can be used to gradually release the drug into the body over an extended period of time.

It's important to note that "seeds" have different meanings and applications depending on the medical context. In other cases, "seeds" may simply refer to small particles or structures found in the body, such as those present in the eye's retina.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

Cell cycle proteins are a group of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle, which is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its division and duplication. These proteins can be classified into several categories based on their functions during different stages of the cell cycle.

The major groups of cell cycle proteins include:

1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): CDKs are serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate key transitions in the cell cycle. They require binding to a regulatory subunit called cyclin to become active. Different CDK-cyclin complexes are activated at different stages of the cell cycle.
2. Cyclins: Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that bind and activate CDKs. Their levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, with specific cyclins expressed during particular phases. For example, cyclin D is important for the G1 to S phase transition, while cyclin B is required for the G2 to M phase transition.
3. CDK inhibitors (CKIs): CKIs are regulatory proteins that bind to and inhibit CDKs, thereby preventing their activation. CKIs can be divided into two main families: the INK4 family and the Cip/Kip family. INK4 family members specifically inhibit CDK4 and CDK6, while Cip/Kip family members inhibit a broader range of CDKs.
4. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C): APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. During the cell cycle, APC/C regulates the metaphase to anaphase transition and the exit from mitosis by targeting securin and cyclin B for degradation.
5. Other regulatory proteins: Several other proteins play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle, such as p53, a transcription factor that responds to DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle, and the polo-like kinases (PLKs), which are involved in various aspects of mitosis.

Overall, cell cycle proteins work together to ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle, maintain genomic stability, and prevent uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to cancer.

Phosphoproteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified by the addition of a phosphate group (-PO3H2) onto specific amino acid residues, most commonly serine, threonine, or tyrosine. This process is known as phosphorylation and is mediated by enzymes called kinases. Phosphoproteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, metabolism, and gene expression. The addition or removal of a phosphate group can activate or inhibit the function of a protein, thereby serving as a switch to control its activity. Phosphoproteins can be detected and quantified using techniques such as Western blotting, mass spectrometry, and immunofluorescence.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are "initial cells" or "precursor cells" that have the ability to differentiate into many different cell types in the body. They can also divide without limit to replenish other cells for as long as the person or animal is still alive.

There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which come from human embryos, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.

Stem cells play an essential role in the development and repair of various tissues and organs in the body. They are currently being studied for their potential use in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and capabilities of these cells before they can be used safely and effectively in clinical settings.

The Organ of Corti is the sensory organ of hearing within the cochlea of the inner ear. It is a structure in the inner spiral sulcus of the cochlear duct and is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The Organ of Corti consists of hair cells, which are sensory receptors with hair-like projections called stereocilia on their apical surfaces. These stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous matrix and are arranged in rows of different heights. When sound vibrations cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, the stereocilia bend, which opens ion channels and triggers nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

Damage or loss of hair cells in the Organ of Corti can result in hearing loss, making it a critical structure for maintaining normal auditory function.

Organ specificity, in the context of immunology and toxicology, refers to the phenomenon where a substance (such as a drug or toxin) or an immune response primarily affects certain organs or tissues in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. The presence of specific targets (like antigens in the case of an immune response or receptors in the case of drugs) that are more abundant in these organs.
2. The unique properties of certain cells or tissues that make them more susceptible to damage.
3. The way a substance is metabolized or cleared from the body, which can concentrate it in specific organs.

For example, in autoimmune diseases, organ specificity describes immune responses that are directed against antigens found only in certain organs, such as the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's disease. Similarly, some toxins or drugs may have a particular affinity for liver cells, leading to liver damage or specific drug interactions.

Tumor suppressor proteins are a type of regulatory protein that helps control the cell cycle and prevent cells from dividing and growing in an uncontrolled manner. They work to inhibit tumor growth by preventing the formation of tumors or slowing down their progression. These proteins can repair damaged DNA, regulate gene expression, and initiate programmed cell death (apoptosis) if the damage is too severe for repair.

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes, which provide the code for these proteins, can lead to a decrease or loss of function in the resulting protein. This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to the formation of tumors and cancer. Examples of tumor suppressor proteins include p53, Rb (retinoblastoma), and BRCA1/2.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in many cellular processes by adding phosphate groups to other proteins, a process known as phosphorylation. This modification can activate or deactivate the target protein's function, thereby regulating various signaling pathways within the cell. Protein kinases are essential for numerous biological functions, including metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Abnormal regulation of protein kinases has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Apoptosis is a programmed and controlled cell death process that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural process that helps maintain tissue homeostasis by eliminating damaged, infected, or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes a series of morphological changes, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation into membrane-bound vesicles called apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and engulfed by neighboring cells or phagocytic cells, preventing an inflammatory response. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways that involve proteins such as caspases, Bcl-2 family members, and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs).

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

The Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) is a chemosensory organ found in many animals, including humans, that is involved in the detection of pheromones and other chemical signals. It's located in the nasal cavity, specifically on the septum, which separates the two nostrils.

In humans, the existence and functionality of the VNO have been a subject of debate among researchers. While it is present in human embryos and some studies suggest that it may play a role in the detection of certain chemicals, its significance in human behavior and physiology is not well understood. In many other animals, however, the VNO plays a crucial role in social behaviors such as mating, aggression, and hierarchy establishment.

Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.

The subfornical organ is a circumventricular organ located in the rostral part of the anterior wall of the third ventricle, above the fornix and posterior to the anterior commissure. It is one of the key structures involved in the regulation of fluid balance and cardiovascular function.

The subfornical organ contains specialized neurons that are sensitive to angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance by stimulating thirst and vasopressin release. These neurons are not protected by the blood-brain barrier, allowing them to directly detect changes in circulating levels of angiotensin II and other substances.

The subfornical organ also contains receptors for other hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate fluid balance and cardiovascular function, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide. These receptors allow the subfornical organ to integrate information from multiple sources and modulate its responses accordingly.

Overall, the subfornical organ plays a critical role in maintaining fluid balance and cardiovascular homeostasis by detecting changes in circulating hormones and neurotransmitters and initiating appropriate physiological responses.

Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a medical condition where the supporting muscles and ligaments in a woman's pelvis weaken, causing one or more of the pelvic organs - including the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine - to drop or press into or out of the vagina. This can result in various symptoms such as a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the pelvis, pressure or pain in the lower back, painful intercourse, and problems with urination or bowel movements. POP is often associated with childbirth, menopause, aging, and certain medical conditions that increase abdominal pressure, like obesity or chronic coughing. Treatment options can range from lifestyle changes and physical therapy to surgery.

A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.

Tissue and organ harvesting is the surgical removal of healthy tissues or organs from a living or deceased donor for the purpose of transplantation into another person in need of a transplant. This procedure is performed with great care, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines, to ensure the safety and well-being of both the donor and the recipient.

In the case of living donors, the harvested tissue or organ is typically removed from a site that can be safely spared, such as a kidney, a portion of the liver, or a segment of the lung. The donor must undergo extensive medical evaluation to ensure they are physically and psychologically suitable for the procedure.

For deceased donors, tissue and organ harvesting is performed in a manner that respects their wishes and those of their family, as well as adheres to legal and ethical requirements. Organs and tissues must be recovered promptly after death to maintain their viability for transplantation.

Tissue and organ harvesting is an essential component of the transplant process, allowing individuals with terminal illnesses or severe injuries to receive life-saving or life-enhancing treatments. It is a complex and highly regulated medical practice that requires specialized training, expertise, and coordination among healthcare professionals, donor families, and recipients.

Brain death is a legal and medical determination that an individual has died because their brain has irreversibly lost all functions necessary for life. It is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and the inability to breathe without mechanical support. Brain death is different from a vegetative state or coma, where there may still be some brain activity.

The determination of brain death involves a series of tests and examinations to confirm the absence of brain function. These tests are typically performed by trained medical professionals and may include clinical assessments, imaging studies, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) to confirm the absence of electrical activity in the brain.

Brain death is an important concept in medicine because it allows for the organ donation process to proceed, potentially saving the lives of others. In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, which means that once a person has been declared brain dead, they are considered deceased and their organs can be removed for transplantation.

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

The enamel organ is a structure found in the developing teeth of vertebrates. It is responsible for the formation of enamel, which is the hard, outermost layer of the tooth crown. The enamel organ is derived from the dental papilla and is composed of several layers: the outer enamel epithelium, the stellate reticulum, the stratum intermedium, and the inner enamel epithelium. These layers work together to produce the enamel matrix, which is then mineralized to form the hard tissue that covers the tooth's crown. The enamel organ disappears after the formation of enamel is complete, leaving only the hardened enamel layer behind.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

'Animal structures' is a broad term that refers to the various physical parts and organs that make up animals. These structures can include everything from the external features, such as skin, hair, and scales, to the internal organs and systems, such as the heart, lungs, brain, and digestive system.

Animal structures are designed to perform specific functions that enable the animal to survive, grow, and reproduce. For example, the heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells, while the lungs facilitate gas exchange between the animal and its environment. The brain serves as the control center of the nervous system, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses.

Animal structures can be categorized into different systems based on their function, such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system. Each system is made up of various structures that work together to perform a specific function.

Understanding animal structures and how they function is essential for understanding animal biology and behavior. It also has important implications for human health, as many animals serve as models for studying human disease and developing new treatments.

... organ builder. Projected completed size is 52 ranks. Sinai Temple, Los Angeles, California Temple Theater, Meridian, ... The Robert Morton Organ Company was an American producer of theater pipe organs and church organs, located in Van Nuys, ... including the Los Angeles Art Organ Company, the Johnston Organ Company, and the California Organ Company. Despite all the ... Robert Morton was the number two volume producer of theatre organs, building approximately half as many organs as the industry ...
Dance organs came in every size. More compact versions were used in cafes and smaller public venues where they bridged the gap ... Organ (music) Barrel Organ Museum Haarlem, Netherlands Barrel organ Fairground organ Street organ Organ grinder Douglas Earl ... it is intended for use indoors as dance organs tend to be quieter than the similar fairground organ. Dance organs were ... A dance organ (French: Orgue de danse) is a French mechanical organ designed to be used in a dance hall or ballroom. Originated ...
Continuing with church organ construction, Johnson built organs of increasing size. His first two-manual organ was Opus 13, ... This organ contained about 15 ranks. Further expanding his territory and size, Opus 40, a 34-stop three-manual organ, was built ... Boston: Boston Organ Club or the Organ Historical Society. Video clip Johnson & Son Pipe Organ at Saint Stanislaus, Buffalo, ... or electro-pneumatic-action organs, the company ceased operations in 1898. Their last organ was a large 3-manual organ, Opus ...
The organ was removed in 1921. The compact size of the Casson Positives meant that many travelled far afield. The organ at ... The Positive Organ Company was a prolific manufacturer of organs. Positive organs are small, usually one-manual, pipe organs ... The Positive Organ Company (also known as Casson's Patent Organ Co Ltd and Positive Organ Company (1922) Ltd but often referred ... Although the National Pipe Organ Register has records of seven organs with Andrew's name, most are also labelled Positive Organ ...
... is 517 sq mi (1,340 km2) in size. In 1976 the monument was declared a Biosphere Reserve by ... Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with very hot summers and mild winters. An organ ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Organ Pipe Cactus ... Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is bordered to the northwest by Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and to the east by ...
Prior to that, he worked in another established organ building firm. He built organs varying in size from one stop to over 50 ... "The National Pipe Organ Register - NPOR". npor.org.uk. Retrieved 21 August 2019. "Organs". The Church of St Peter Mancroft. ... "The National Pipe Organ Register - NPOR". npor.org.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2020. "The National Pipe Organ Register - NPOR". npor. ... played commissioning recitals on a number of Collins organs, and also recorded on some of them. Peter Collins's organs are ...
Laurin, M.; Canoville, A.; Struble, M.; Organ, C.; de Buffrénil, V. (2015). "Early genome size increase in urodeles". Comptes ... Due to the size of their osteocytic lacunae suggesting a large genome size and some morphological characters, like the presence ...
This organ dates from 1511.[citation needed] There are many methodologies for comparison of organs according to their size. One ... International Organ Foundation online pipe organ database (9000+ organs in 60+ countries) Organ Historical Society Database ( ... The 2nd largest theatre pipe organ in the world is in Mesa Arizona at the Organ Stop and the largest theatre pipe organ in the ... The Organ Historical Society maintains a citation list of historic North American organs. The oldest fully functional organ in ...
The Cable Company, Estey Organ, and Mason & Hamlin were popular manufacturers. Alongside the furniture-sized instruments of the ... Flattop reed organ: melodeon or American reed organ Parlor organ: melodeon or American reed organ by American Reed Organ Co., ... Positive organ (small pipe organ with bellows) cf. Portative organ (portable pipe organ with bellows) Regal without pipes ( ... Rotterdam Chapel organ Piano case reed organ Two manual with pedal reed organ (pipe-top) Enharmonic reed organ (1868/1871) by ...
Seymouriamorphs are small- to medium- sized (0.5 to 1.5 meters), reptiliomorphs. These animals have a generalized early ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ Rock Formation and Organ Rock Formation skirts. Typical Organ Rock angled skirts, ... The Organ Rock Formation or Organ Rock Shale is a formation within the late Pennsylvanian to early Permian Cutler Group and is ... Two taxa are present within the Organ Rock Formation: Diadectes, and Tseajaia campi. Diadectes is more abundant in the Organ ...
Organ, C. L.; Shedlock, A. M.; Meade, A.; Pagel, M.; Edwards, S. V. (2007). "Origin of avian genome size and structure in ... Osteocyte size has been shown to covary with genome size; and this relationship has been used in paleogenomic research. During ... The cell body varies in size from 5-20 micrometers in diameter and contain 40-60 cell processes per cell, with a cell to cell ... The cell also exhibits a reduced size endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and cell processes that radiate ...
Organ, C. L.; Shedlock, A. M.; Meade, A.; Pagel, M.; Edwards, S. V. (2007). "Origin of avian genome size and structure in non- ... Smith, R. J.; Cheverud, J. M. (2002). "Scaling of sexual size dimorphism in body mass: a phylogenetic analysis of Rensch's rule ... "The relationship between sexual size dimorphism and habitat use in Greater Antillean lizards". Evolution. 54 (1): 259-272. doi: ...
Organ, Chris L.; Shedlock, Andrew M.; Meade, Andrew; Pagel, Mark; Edwards, Scott V. (March 8, 2007). "Origin of avian genome ... size and structure in non-avian dinosaurs". Nature. 446 (7132): 180-184. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..180O. doi:10.1038/nature05621. ...
The desired sample size (n) is n = ( t d p ) 2 p − 1 q {\displaystyle n=\left(td_{p}\right)^{2}p^{-1}q} where the dp is ratio ... Kendal, WS (2001). "A stochastic model for the self-similar heterogeneity of regional organ blood flow". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S ... The required sample size is n = t , m − T , − 2 a m b {\displaystyle n=t,m-T,^{-2}am^{b}} where a and b are the Taylor ... The sample size (n) for a given degree of precision (D) for this regression is given by n = ( t D ) 2 ( a + 1 m + b − 1 ) {\ ...
Organ, Jason Michael (2007). The functional anatomy of prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and ... Law, Chris J.; Slater, Graham J.; Mehta, Rita S. (1 January 2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: ... Tarquini, Juliana (March 2021). "Femoral Shape in Procyonids (Carnivora, Procyonidae): Morphofunctional Implications, Size and ... and Kinkajous while Raccoons and Coatis give birth to litters that range in size from 2 to 6 offspring. Procyonid fossils once ...
The small- and medium size company of the month Hungary, January, 2017, Ministry of Human Capacities. Pro Civitate Award, 2015 ... They also built a smaller organ for the church near the main organ in 2010. It was a real innovation as the grand organ was ... new organ (2008, Transylvania) Palace of Arts, new organ (2006, Budapest, Hungary) - Largest organ in Hungary [hu] Sittendorf, ... organ restoration (2014 Mezőberény, Hungary) Calvinistic Parish of Pécs-Kertváros, new organ (2013 Pécs, Hungary) - First organ ...
X-rays are used to determine the dimensions of an appropriately sized implant. The femoral stem is usually made of cobalt ... Organ replacement in animals is an emerging field in veterinary science, focusing on improving and prolonging the lives of ... "Canine Organ Replacement Therapies". Biomed.brown.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-03. "Pet Health Columns - Veterinary Medicine at ... animals through the replacement or augmentation of damaged or dysfunctional organs. Despite its relative rarity compared to ...
ISBN 1-4832-4852-6. Walker, M. (2010). Super squid sex organ discovered. BBC Earth News, 7 July 2010. Walker, M. (2016). The 27 ... ISBN 0-916147-99-1. Pecl, G.T., M.A. Steer & K.E. Hodgson (2004). The role of hatchling size in generating the intrinsic size- ... In: D.J. Fairbairn, W.U. Blanckenhorn & T. Székely (eds.) Sex, Size and Gender Roles: Evolutionary Studies of Sexual Size ... The Registry of World Record Size Shells, the most comprehensive publication on maximum shell size in marine molluscs, ...
... which offers an explanation as to why the bias for increased female food provision and body size exists. New organ pipe wasp ... Bugguide.net Florida Nature, Organ Pipe Mud Dauber Bug of the Week: Organ Pipe Mud Dauber Pipeorgan Mud Daubers, This Week at ... The organ pipe mud dauber (Trypoxylon politum) is a predatory wasp in the family Crabronidae.It is fairly large, ranging from ... Organ pipe mud daubers are also an exceedingly docile species of wasp, and generally beneficial to have around, as they serve ...
In 1915, it had 48 ranks or 3,400 pipes, in five divisions, ranging in size from 32 feet (9.8 m) down to small pipes that were ... In 2015, the organ was expanded to 80 ranks and 5,017 pipes. San Diego's Spreckels Organ is now the world's largest pipe organ ... The Spreckels Organ is the world's largest pipe organ in a fully outdoor venue. Constructed for the 1915 Panama-California ... California portal "Spreckels Organ Society" Contains concert schedule information "Spreckels Organ Pavilion" (San Diego Park ...
Pipe organs range in size from a single short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ ... The pump organ, reed organ or harmonium, was the other main type of organ before the development of the electronic organ. It ... List of organ builders List of organ composers List of organists Residence organ Street organ "Landkreis Bad Kreuznach - Regal ... Orchestrion Fairground organ (or band organ in the USA) Dutch street organ Dance organ The wind can also be created by using ...
An organ was installed in 1738. Facing a rapidly growing population, the church was expanded to its present size, from 1769 to ...
Gene expression differs by plant organ. The gene may have a dual role in roots by either promoting or inhibiting the ... Transgenics containing AtNCED3 had greater root biomass, bigger pith size and higher level of photosynthesis. It has been ...
... which found that the maximum size is between 1.5 and 2.5 times the size at maturity. The minimum size of breeding anacondas in ... Its largest organ is the liver. The digestion process takes many days to complete and during this time the anaconda behaves ... This is consistent with the results of a revision of the size at maturity and maximum size of several snakes from North America ... Size presents challenges to attain breeding condition in larger female anacondas. While larger sizes provide the benefit of a ...
However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and ... Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J.M. (2012). "Normal Organ Weights in Men". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and ... Rosenberg, H K; Markowitz, R I; Kolberg, H; Park, C; Hubbard, A; Bellah, R D (1991). "Normal splenic size in infants and ... Molina, D. Kimberley; DiMaio, Vincent J. M. (2015). "Normal Organ Weights in Women". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine ...
Slight variations in shape, size, height of the gourd mouth organ can be observed among different minorities groups, for ... The gourd mouth organ is a free reed mouth organ played across East and Southeast Asia. It consists of a gourd wind chest with ... This tradition also explains why the gourd mouth organ is often used in the funeral process: people believe the mouth organ ... a Chinese mouth organ Sho, a Japanese mouth organ Sompoton of Sabah, Malaysia Khene, used in Mainland Southeast Asia Lusheng, ...
Porches and the organ chamber were added in 1872. In the 1870s it was extended by 5.2 metres (17 ft) to its present size. The ... The building is also notable due its pipe organ, designed and built by August Gern. The property is used for ministry by the ... In 1993 a gallery was added and the organ relocated. The St Mary's building is still an active base for ministry, with both ... A columbabium (c. 1970) exists on the north side of the church, . The St Mary's Anglican Church and Pipe Organ was listed on ...
Every day, 17 people die while waiting for a transplant of a vital organ, such as a heart, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung or ... Retrieved 2009-09-07.. (Note: The UK population is about one sixth the size of the U.S. population). Giffin, Robert B.; Shari M ... "95,000+ U.S. patients are currently waiting for an organ transplant; nearly 4,000 new patients are added to the waiting list ... "UK National Kidney Federation - Organ Donor Cards". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. ...
The musicians were replaced in 1843 by an organ. The present organ was installed in 1973. It was built by Laycock and Bannister ... The interior contains 17 stained glass windows of varying sizes. Much of the glass is from the late 19th century although the ...
An electric organ replaced the pipe organ in the late 20th century. In 2013, a significant conservation project was embarked ... The nave was increased in size to the west. In the years that followed, further additions included a large western porch ( ... A pipe organ was purchased in 1882. By the 1890s there was insufficient space for the summer congregations. Architect Alexander ...
Tuber size variation and organ preformation constrain growth responses of a spring geophyte. *Marinus J. A. Werger. 1 & ... Werger, M.J.A., Huber, H. Tuber size variation and organ preformation constrain growth responses of a spring geophyte. ... In this experiment we tested to what degree variation in tuber size and organ preformation constrain the responsiveness to ... such as the timing of organ (pre-) formation, aboveground longevity or the presence of a storage organ. ...
"Organ Size" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Organ Size" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Organ Size" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Organ Size" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Organ Size". ...
Amazing mini livers created with 3D PRINTER could lead to human-sized organs for transplant patients. *Scientists used a 3D ... and could pave the way for human-sized organs for transplant. * ... The realistic structure and function of the mini organs - ... California-based bio-printing pioneers Organovo created the mini organs by using the machine to build up around 20 layers of ... Scientists working towards developing laboratory-grown livers for transplant have managed to create mini versions of the organ ...
Increasing demand and supply gap of organ donors coupled with the rising incidence of organ failure is driving the market ... The global wearable artificial organs market was valued at USD 5.4 billion in 2019. ... Wearable Artificial Organs Market Size Report, 2020-2027 GVR Report cover Wearable Artificial Organs Market Size, Share & ... How big is the wearable artificial organs market? b. The global wearable artificial organs market size was estimated at USD 5.4 ...
Organ. Organ® Needles Microtex Size 80/12 - 5 Needles Per Pack. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ... 3000121 Organ® Needles Embroidery Size 75/11 - 5 Needles Per Pack $4.99 ... 3000102 Organ® Needles Universal Size 80/12 - 5 Needles Per Pack $3.39 ... Microtex organ needles. Posted by Sandra Riggs on Oct 3rd 2022 I needed these for the first t-shirt quilt I made. Ellen ...
ORGAN NEEDLES 10PK SIZE 70/10 PD For general all-purpose sewing. The PD designation on these needles (which stands for Perfect ... Decrease quantity for ORGAN NEEDLES SIZE 70/10 PD Increase quantity for ORGAN NEEDLES SIZE 70/10 PD ... ORGAN NEEDLES SIZE 70/10 PD. ORGAN NEEDLES SIZE 70/10 PD ... ORGAN NEEDLES 10PK SIZE 70/10 PD For general all-purpose sewing ...
The Japan organ preservation market size reached US$ 2.7 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 4.0 Mn by 2028, ... The Japan organ preservation market size reached US$ 2.7 Million in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to ... Japan Organ Preservation Market: Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2023-2028 ... Organ preservation refers to the procedure of preserving the viable organs harvested from the body of a donor to be later ...
KG are the major companies operating in UAE Artificial Organs & Bionic Implants Market. ... KG are the major companies operating in UAE Artificial Organs & Bionic Implants Market. ... The UAE Artificial Organs & Bionic Implants Market is growing at a CAGR of 11.48% over the next 5 years. Boston Scientific ... The UAE Artificial Organs & Bionic Implants Market is growing at a CAGR of 11.48% over the next 5 years. Boston Scientific ...
Full Music Size With Piano & Organ Accompaniment. The Dear Little Shamrock.. Box 097, Item 240 ...
Extracts of Glands or Other organs or of Their Secretions - Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights ... EU - Extracts of Glands or Other organs or of Their Secretions - Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights. * Report ... Eastern Europe - Extracts of Glands or Other organs or of Their Secretions - Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and ... World - Extracts of Glands or Other organs or of Their Secretions - Market Analysis, Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights. ...
Scientifically, their organs are roughly the right size, with similar anatomy, and pigs reach adulthood in about six months- ... The size of a heart. In 2018, the hearts of pigs from the Munich center were transplanted into 14 baboons. Two of the monkeys ... Today in the United States, 7,300 people die each year because they cant find an organ donor-two-thirds of them for want of a ... After the shower, she finds her size among the neat stacks of supplied clothes and pulls on a pair of black pants, a red shirt ...
Forced organ harvesting is a state-sanctioned Chinese programme in which prisoners of conscience are executed for their organs ... Who is Eugenia Cooney? Fans grow increasingly concerned about YouTubers size. Eugenia Cooney has been a fixture on YouTube for ... Forced organ harvesting is a state-sanctioned Chinese programme in which prisoners of conscience are executed for their organs ... or medical equipment manufacturers might supply equipment for optimising organ viability to China which are used in organ ...
Best P-Organ abilities in Lies of P. There are plenty of P-Organ abilities to slot into the P-Organ to earn synergies, and the ... As such, you wont want to overlook these three abilities as you level up your P-Organ. You can also gain two more Pulse Cells ... Lies of P features a lot of different ways to upgrade and improve upon your character and gear, including the P-Organ, which ... By the end of the game, we had more than 10 P-Organ abilities equipped, so while this list isnt ranked, you can consider them ...
Download this The Organ And Tower Of Babel Rock Formations Arches National Park Utah photo now. And search more of iStocks ... Largest size:6048 x 4024 px (20.16 x 13.41 in.) - 300 dpi - RGB ... The Organ (in front) and Tower of Babel (in back) rock ... iStockThe Organ And Tower Of Babel Rock Formations Arches National Park Utah Stock Photo - Download Image Now. Download this ... The Organ (in front) and Tower of Babel (in back) rock formations, Arches National Park, Utah, USA. These land forms are called ...
Children below six years vulnerable to organ trade. Aditya Vaibhav / TNN / Sep 25, 2014, 22:54 IST ... Alok Raj on Thursday asserted that children below six years are the most vulnerable lot when it comes to organ trade. He said ... Alok Raj on Thursday asserted that children below six years are the most vulnerable lot when it comes to organ trade. ...
... we documented organ weights, body weight, and linear measurements for 597 fetuses and neonates with gestational ages ranging ... Reference values for second trimester fetal and neonatal organ weights and measurements Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003 Mar-Apr;6(2): ... Body and organ weights increase at varying rates throughout the second trimester. The data correlate well with weights and ... To establish accurate reference ranges for the entire second trimester, we documented organ weights, body weight, and linear ...
... organ builder. Projected completed size is 52 ranks. Sinai Temple, Los Angeles, California Temple Theater, Meridian, ... The Robert Morton Organ Company was an American producer of theater pipe organs and church organs, located in Van Nuys, ... including the Los Angeles Art Organ Company, the Johnston Organ Company, and the California Organ Company. Despite all the ... Robert Morton was the number two volume producer of theatre organs, building approximately half as many organs as the industry ...
Example sentences and usage of organ-grinder. Learn from the example sentences. ... oororgorgaorganorgan-organ-gorgan-grorgan-griorgan-grinorgan-grindorgan-grinde ...
Am Grabe Richard Wagners, organ . Am Grabe Richard Wagners, for organ : autograph manuscript, 1883? ... Am Grabe Richard Wagners, organ . Am Grabe Richard Wagners, for organ : autograph manuscript, 1883? ...
Album leaf for organ : autograph manuscript, 1908 June 10? ... Two little fugues for piano or organ. *Zauberflöte. Marsch der ...
The multi-organ dysfunction score (MODS) was assessed in 22 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to test ... The multi-organ dysfunction score (MODS) was assessed in 22 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria to test ... USE OF THE MULTI-ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SCORE AS A TOOL TO DISCRIMINATE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SEVERITY IN UNCOMPLICATED PLASMODIUM ... View Full Size ...
Organ Fugue is suitable for any festive concert! ... 73.99 / To arrange one of the most beautiful organ fugues by ... Size 9x12 inches. 16 pages. Published by DeHaske Publications. $22.00 - See more - Buy online. Pre-shipment lead time: 2 to 3 ... Kaller Ernst - Organ Method Band 1 - Organ. Organ. Schott. Instrument : organ Nombre de Pages : 62 This School of Organ Playing ... Johann Sebastian Bach: Organ Works Volume 9: Organ: Instrumental Album. Organ. Barenreiter. Organ Chorales from the Neumeister ...
These changes involve size, biochemistry, form, and function. How fast changes occur depends on the organ and its phases of ... Developmental (effects while organs are developing). The bodys developmental period begins at pregnancy when a sperm ... Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system.. ... Exposure to some hazardous substances can adversely affect various stages of an organs development. ...
According to data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), more than 400,000 renal transplantations have been ... On crystal size and cooling rate. J Microsc. 1986 Jul. 143 (Pt 1):89-102. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Techniques of Organ Preservation. Because most transplanted organs are from deceased donors, the organ must inevitably be ... However, in living-donor organ recovery, organs are removed first, then cooled with organ preservation solutions on a back ...
Global Organ Preservation Market report examines the market position and viewpoint of the market globally, from various angles ... Global Organ Preservation Market - Overview. Organ Preservation is supplying line for organ transplantation. Organ ... Global Organ Preservation Market - Regional Analysis. The Americas dominates the global organ preservation market owing to the ... Global Organ Preservation - Market Segmentation. The global organ preservation market is segmented on the basis of preservation ...
Sports Nutrition Market Size & Share to Surpass $77.95 Billion Million by 2030 ,… - Press Release. ... Home Press Releases Influential Changemakers Join Board of Premier Native American Scholarship Organ… - Press... ... Influential Changemakers Join Board of Premier Native American Scholarship Organ… - Press Release. By ...
Organs & Glands, Blood Sugar Support, Bitter Melon Fruit online at Vitacost.com. Enjoy big savings and have these healthy ... HomeHerbs & BotanicalsBody Systems, Organs & GlandsBlood Sugar SupportBitter Melon Fruit. Bitter Melon Fruit. ...
Organs & Glands, Blood Sugar Health online at Vitacost.com. Enjoy big savings and have these healthy essentials delivered to ... All ProductsVitamins & SupplementsBody Systems, Organs & GlandsBlood Sugar Health. Blood Sugar Health. ... 2 Sizes. New Chapter Metabolic Health Turmeric & Black Seed Blend -- 60 Vegetarian Capsules ...
  • Moreover, these devices are less expensive compared to organ transplants, thereby, creating demand and new opportunities in the market. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • According to the National Kidney Foundation, there are 121,678 people on the waiting list for organ transplants in the U.S. and of these approximately 100,791 people are waiting for a kidney transplant. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • During the initial phase of the pandemic, due to the lockdowns and shutdowns, the number of organ transplants and surgeries decreased to avoid the contamination and spread of coronavirus. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Thus, the rising number of organ transplants in the country is expected to propel the demand for artificial organs and bionics during transplantation procedures, which, in turn, is anticipated to boost the market growth over the forecast period. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • In the outskirts of Munich, Germany, researchers at the Center for Innovative Medical Models Facility of Ludwig-Maximilians University are breeding genetically modified pigs, hoping to eventually use organs from their descendants for human transplants. (technologyreview.com)
  • Increasing numbers of pregnancies are now occurring in recipients of non-renal solid organ transplants [1] , however, the published information is insufficient to assess with confidence the outcomes associated with these pregnancies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Organ Transplant Diagnostics Market is expected to reach $11.78 billion by 2033, with a CAGR of 10.45% during the forecast period 2023-2033, driven by factors such as the rising prevalence of chronic diseases, increasing demand for organ transplants, and growing awareness about the importance of early diagnosis and evaluation. (xaphyr.com)
  • This tumor can grow into the surrounding tissues and organs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the Japan organ preservation market report, along with forecasts at the country and regional levels from 2023-2028. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The Robert Morton Organ Company was an American producer of theater pipe organs and church organs, located in Van Nuys, California. (wikipedia.org)
  • More portable than pipe organs , free-reed organs were widely used in smaller churches and in private homes in the 19th century, but their volume and tonal range were limited. (wikipedia.org)
  • Besides, sometimes giving extra pressure and straining for stool have a risk to affect on sexual and urinary organs. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • Female urinary organs, anterior view. (medscape.com)
  • California-based bio-printing pioneers Organovo created the mini organs by using the machine to build up around 20 layers of liver cells - along with cells from the lining of blood vessels to nourish the liver cells with nutrients and oxygen. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • This article discusses the pathophysiology and techniques of organ preservation and describes various preservation solutions currently used for kidney , liver , pancreas , small-bowel , lung , and heart transplantation . (medscape.com)
  • For example, an ultrasound can be used to assess the size and function of a potential liver donor, while a CT scan can be used to evaluate the condition of a potential lung donor. (xaphyr.com)
  • This could lead to accumulation and potentially adverse reactions in critical organs such as liver, heart, and even brain, consistent with the hypothesis that ultrafine insoluble particles may play a role in the onset of cardiovas- cular diseases, as growing evidence from epidemiological studies suggests. (cdc.gov)
  • 1% of the deposited particles into secondary organs such as liver, spleen, heart, and brain was measured after systemic uptake from the lungs. (cdc.gov)
  • The immune system is complex and may be stimulated by other events besides just the transplanted organ," said Sonnenday, who is also a member of the American Liver Foundation's transplant work group. (msdmanuals.com)
  • That's possible because the liver is unique among human organs in that it can regenerate. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Donors give a portion of their liver to the recipient, and the tissue regrows to full size in both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The global organ preservation market is majorly driven by the high prevalence of organ failures, increasing advancement in surgeries, increasing number of transplantation procedures, and growing penetration by market players. (medgadget.com)
  • The Americas dominates the global organ preservation market owing to the increasing geriatric population, which eventually leads to the increasing patient pool because of their vulnerability to organ failures. (medgadget.com)
  • Global organ preservation market was valued at $0.17 billion in 2017 and is expected to reach $0.31 billion by 2025 with a CAGR of 7.80% during the forecast period 2019-2025. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • The results showed that MPs were distributed in the organs in a size-dependent manner, with smaller particles demonstrating greater biodistribution. (bvsalud.org)
  • The global non-invasive pelvic organ prolapse apparel market is estimated to exhibit a CAGR of 2.9% during the forecast period. (doctobel.com)
  • Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the organs around the pelvis fall from their normal place and lump into the vagina. (doctobel.com)
  • Treatment for this type of prolapse includes behavioral therapy, such as doing Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, medical treatment, such as inserting a miniature plastic device called a pessary into the vagina to support the hanging organs and drug treatment. (doctobel.com)
  • The North America Non-invasive Pelvic Organ Prolapse Apparel Market is likely to earn a significant revenue share and develop at a rapid CAGR in the near future. (doctobel.com)
  • An ageing female population, lifestyle changes that cause hormonal disruptions, the increasing prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse, and improved health awareness are all factors that substantially influence the market. (doctobel.com)
  • The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates that 3.3 million women in the US have had pelvic organ prolapse, and that number is anticipated to increase to 4.9 million by the year 2050 due to a possible connection between ageing and the condition. (doctobel.com)
  • Rising occurrences of multiple organ failures due to the growing prevalence of various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, represent one of the key factors driving the Japan organ preservation market. (imarcgroup.com)
  • This increasing older population is likely to lead to the rising patient population because of them being prone to multiple organ failures. (medgadget.com)
  • However, factors such as high cost of organ preservation and its transplantation procedures, unavailability of the suitable donor as well as the development of organs by stem cell therapy are likely to hamper the growth of the market. (medgadget.com)
  • Scientifically, their organs are roughly the right size, with similar anatomy, and pigs reach adulthood in about six months-much faster than primates. (technologyreview.com)
  • 11. Illustration of anatomy shows position of organs within the whole body (gives relative size and location reference). (cdc.gov)
  • The anatomy of the female genitourinary organs (see the image below) is addressed in the following section, along with certain anatomic variants. (medscape.com)
  • The Organ Preservation Market shares and breakdowns are determined using secondary sources and are verified by the primary sources. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • and for chronic exposure conditions that involve nanoparticle s, the potential for the accumulation of poorly soluble nanoparticle s in secondary organs should be addressed. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we attempted to examine the systemic toxicity of polystyrene MPs of different sizes (0.5 µm MP1 and 5 µm MP2) in C57BL/6 J mice . (bvsalud.org)
  • Scientists working towards developing laboratory-grown livers for transplant have managed to create mini versions of the organ using a 3D printer. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • But when it comes to life-or-death organs, like hearts and livers, transplant surgeons still must rely on human parts. (technologyreview.com)
  • Certain factors propelling the market growth are the increased number of people suffering from organ failures, the rising incidents of motor accidents and injuries, and rapid technological advancements in the bionics sector. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • The artificial kidney segment is expected to witness significant growth in the artificial organs and bionic implants market over the forecast period owing to the factors such as the rising prevalence of renal failures as well as increasing chronic diseases such as diabetes that lead to kidney disease. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • How many pregnancies are there amongst non-renal solid organ transplant recipients in the UK? (ox.ac.uk)
  • Despite initial concerns about the advisability of pregnancy in solid-organ transplant recipients, there have now been reports of over 14,000 births to women with transplanted organs [1] , predominantly among renal transplant recipients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This project will collect information about pregnancy outcomes amongst current non-renal solid organ transplant recipients in the UK and assess the role of immunosuppressive regimens and other factors in the outcomes of women and their infants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Solid-organ transplantations have become the therapeutic option of choice for end-stage organ failure. (medscape.com)
  • As a result, the list of indications for solid-organ transplantation has expanded considerably, placing increasing pressure on an already limited supply of donor organs. (medscape.com)
  • The removal, storage, and transplantation of a solid organ from a donor profoundly alters the homeostasis of the interior milieu of the organ. (medscape.com)
  • Title : Survival after cancer diagnosis among solid organ transplant recipients in the United States Personal Author(s) : D'Arcy, Monica E.;Coghill, Anna E.;Lynch, Charles F.;Koch, Lori;Li, Jie;Pawlish, Karen S.;Morris, Cyllene R.;Rao, Chandrika;Engels, Eric A. (cdc.gov)
  • The Japan organ preservation market size reached US$ 2.7 Million in 2022. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The wearable artificial kidney segment is expected to grow at an exponential rate owing to the increasing incidence of kidney failure and the shortage of organ donors. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • [ 8 ] Shortage of organs for transplantations prolongs patients' waiting time and increases the mortality and morbidity rates during the waiting time. (medscape.com)
  • The overall aim of the thesis was to elucidate the influence of early life factors, such as birth weight and gestational age, on adult organ traits and disease risk, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis, and data from three population-based cohorts, including Malmö Offspring Study (MOS) cohort, LifeGene Study cohort, and Malmö Birth Data cohort. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, the Government of Japan (GoJ) is undertaking initiatives to promote organ donation, which is creating a positive outlook for the market. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Our report has categorized the market based on preservation solution, organ donation type, technique, organ type and end-user. (imarcgroup.com)
  • What is the breakup of the market based on the organ donation type? (imarcgroup.com)
  • Additionally, factors such as initiatives taken by government and NGO to encourage organ donation, availability of skilled personnel are likely to spur the growth of the market. (medgadget.com)
  • The factors like increasing government and NGO initiatives to encourage organ donation and rising cases of multiple organ failure in the aging population coupled with technological advancements in organ preservation are fuelling the market growth. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • The factors like limited medical reimbursements for organ donation and transplantation and the high cost of organ transplantation are hampering the market growth. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • Underground organ markets present a significant threat to the security of national organ donation systems, eroding the image of transplantation and public confidence in organ transplantation worldwide. (alipac.us)
  • Organ transplant diagnostics refers to a range of tests and procedures that are used to evaluate the compatibility of a donor organ with a potential recipient. (xaphyr.com)
  • Cross-matching is another important diagnostic test that is used to assess the compatibility of a donor organ with a potential recipient. (xaphyr.com)
  • However, if there is a reaction, the transplant cannot proceed, as this indicates that the recipient's immune system will likely attack the donor organ. (xaphyr.com)
  • For example, a CT scan can be used to evaluate the size and position of the recipient's blood vessels, which are critical for connecting the donor organ to the recipient's body. (xaphyr.com)
  • Tissue typing, also known as histocompatibility testing, is used to assess the compatibility of a donor organ with a potential recipient at the cellular level. (xaphyr.com)
  • The market includes various diagnostic tests such as blood typing, tissue typing, cross-matching, and imaging tests, which are critical in determining the compatibility of a donor organ with a potential recipient. (xaphyr.com)
  • On this basis, if a medical professional provided clinical training to transplant surgeons involved in forced organ harvesting, this conduct could amount to complicity. (yahoo.com)
  • Am Grabe Richard Wagners, for organ : autograph manuscript, 1883? (themorgan.org)
  • Album leaf for organ : autograph manuscript, 1908 June 10? (themorgan.org)
  • Polystyrene microplastics induce size-dependent multi-organ damage in mice: Insights into gut microbiota and fecal metabolites. (bvsalud.org)
  • Innovative approach for first-trimester fetal organ volume measurements using a Virtual Reality system: The Generation R Next Study. (harvard.edu)
  • Organ Transplant Diagnostics Market Size, trends and Future Outlook. (xaphyr.com)
  • There are plenty of P-Organ abilities to slot into the P-Organ to earn synergies, and the perfect options may vary slightly based on your Lies of P class and build--but we feel these are the ones that will generally improve survivability and damage output for most players. (gamespot.com)
  • Techniques for organ preservation serve to minimize this damage to promote optimal graft survival and function. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to organs during transplantation occurs in 2 phases: the warm ischemic phase and the cold ischemic phase. (medscape.com)
  • Extensive research should be done preservation solutions to increase their efficacy to protect the organs from cellular damage and maintain its metabolic rate. (medgadget.com)
  • For those infants that do survive, the multi-organ damage that can ensue means the risk of developing severe life-long morbidities is high. (frontiersin.org)
  • The unpredictable nature of the many obstetric complications that contribute to intrapartum asphyxia, in addition to the multi-organ damage associated with intrapartum oxygen deprivation ( 11 ), presents a unique set of challenges to clinical and research professionals in their endeavor to implement effective treatments for intrapartum asphyxia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Further analysis indicated that exposure to MPs caused multi-organ damage through distinct toxicity pathways. (bvsalud.org)
  • The global wearable artificial organs market size was valued at USD 5.4 billion in 2019 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2% from 2020 to 2027. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Technological advancement coupled with continuous investments in research and development for wearable artificial organs is also boosting the market growth. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The artificial organ is an engineered device integrated into human living tissues to replace the human organ. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The demand for wearable artificial organs is on the rise owing to the increasing number of the geriatric populations prone to kidney failure and less cost of wearable artificial organs compare to organ transplantation. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Major players in the industry are focusing on the development of wearable artificial organs for the disease that cannot be cured with alternative methods. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Advancement in the field of genetic engineering, stem cell , microelectronics, nanotechnology, genomics , proteomics , artificial intelligence , and bioinformatics is creating new avenues for wearable artificial organs. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Manufacturers in the industry are focused on biological replacement and organ repair that will function as a tissue-based artificial organ and mimics an organ's physiological function. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The market for wearable artificial organs is moving from mechanical alternative towards real biological replacement. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Increasing incidence of road accidence and a high number of permanent injuries are also creating demand for wearable artificial organs. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The cochlear implant dominated the market for wearable artificial organs and accounted for a revenue share of 30.1% in 2019, owing to frequent product launches. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • Electronic wearable artificial organs dominated the market for wearable artificial organs and accounted for a revenue share of 69.6% in 2019, owing to technological advancement and increasing adoption of these devices. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The UAE Artificial Organs & Bionic Implants Market is Segmented by Product (Artificial Organs and Bionics). (mordorintelligence.com)
  • The UAE Artificial Organs and Bionic Implants Market is expected to witness a CAGR of 11.48% during the forecast period. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Thus, the increasing burden is expected to increase the demand for artificial organ and bionic implants in the country over the forecast period. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • Davies Hall has what is described as the largest concert-hall organ in North America, a Ruffatti instrument with 8,264 pipes. (symphony.org)
  • Estimate & forecast the market size of all the segments concerning geographies including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), South America and the Middle East and Africa (MEA). (envisioninteligence.com)
  • Organ Preservation Market is segmented by geography into North America, South America, Europe, APAC and Middle East & Africa. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • The injury an organ sustains during recovery, preservation, and transplantation occurs primarily as a result of ischemia and hypothermia. (medscape.com)
  • Many parts of a child's body, such as their nervous system, immune system, and other organ systems, are rapidly developing. (cdc.gov)
  • The organ preservation process involves various techniques for storage and transportation purposes, such as static cold storage (SCS), normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), and hypothermic machine perfusion. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Normothermic machine perfusion is a new paradigm for organ preservation profiting the market growth. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • When I try to control (suppress or subdue) these unexpected thoughts and satanic provocations by physical force (like head jerking or teeth biting), it affect on body and my specific organs (sexual and uro-genital parts like prostate, bladder, kidney, testicle, weist etc.) got pain. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • Several organ-preservation solutions are available, and these are being constantly modified to provide improved organ storage and outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, although cooling of the neonate results in improved neurological outcomes for a small proportion of treated infants, it does not provide any benefit to the other organ systems affected by asphyxia at birth. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Organ Preservation market is expected to register a CAGR of 8.0% during the forecast period. (medgadget.com)
  • Increasing demand and supply gap of organ donors coupled with the rising incidence of organ failure is driving the market. (grandviewresearch.com)
  • The rise of the Great Depression and the advent of sound films eliminated the demand for theater organs and the company closed in 1931. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, the increasing government support and increasing healthcare infrastructure along with the increasing demand for minimally invasive treatments are driving the growth of the Organ Preservation market in Europe. (medgadget.com)
  • All possible parameters/factors that are affecting the Organ Preservation market demand are covered in the research study are verified through primary research, analysed and interpreted to get the final qualitative and quantitative data. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • Originally installed in Loew's Paradise Theatre, Bronx, New York (1929, reinstalled and restored by the Garden State Theatre Organ Society) McMenamins Chapel Pub, Portland, Oregon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Organ was originally installed in the Balboa Theatre in San Diego, and moved to the new Fox theatre in 1929 by Robert Morton. (wikipedia.org)
  • Balboa Theatre, San Diego CA (1929) Wonder Morton organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • Replaces Balboa's original Robert Morton organ which was removed to the Fox theatre in 1929. (wikipedia.org)
  • The realistic structure and function of the mini organs - combined of layers of hepatocytes and stellate cells - has positive implications for research in that they can infected with a disease to observe its progress, or treated with a drug to monitor its impact. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • This report provides an in-depth analysis of the organ extracts market in the EU. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Pregnancy following organ transplantation: a report from the UK Transplant Pregnancy Registry. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recent competitive developments including M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions), Partnerships, and Product Innovations are provided in the Organ Preservation Market Analysis report. (envisioninteligence.com)
  • Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs--effects on mother and child. (ox.ac.uk)
  • He called it an orgue expressif (expressive organ), because his instrument was capable of greater expression, as well as of producing a crescendo and diminuendo . (wikipedia.org)
  • They are also flushed with preservative solutions that are essential in resorting the normal organ functionality post-transplantation. (imarcgroup.com)
  • These effects manifest in the degree to which the return of normal organ function is delayed or prevented after transplantation is completed. (medscape.com)
  • Today in the United States, 7,300 people die each year because they can't find an organ donor-two-thirds of them for want of a kidney . (technologyreview.com)
  • Ultimately Organovo is working towards developing human-sized versions suitable for transplant. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Organ Fugue is suitable for any festive concert! (free-scores.com)
  • Numbers are added to each category that explains the size of the tumor and how much it has spread. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indicate the size of the primary tumor and how much it has spread into surrounding tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Matching Donor and Recipient Size in Pediatric Heart Transplantation. (harvard.edu)
  • Geber MA, Watson MA, de Kroon H (1997b) Organ preformation, development and resource allocation in perennials. (springer.com)
  • Callosal Fiber Length Scales with Brain Size According to Functional Lateralization, Evolution, and Development. (harvard.edu)
  • How fast changes occur depends on the organ and its phases of development. (cdc.gov)
  • Additionally, the increasing burden of diabetes, cardiovascular disorder, diabetic nephropathy, and obesity rate along with rising government initiatives for the research and development of innovative and advanced products are likely to enhance the growth of organ preservation in the North American region. (medgadget.com)
  • Prenatal insults or adverse events during the in-utero period may lead to suboptimal function of adult organs because of the impairment of critical organ development and growth, as linked to lower birth weight. (lu.se)
  • Particle size is one of the most important factors in determining the biological toxicity of microplastics (MPs). (bvsalud.org)
  • Now researchers at the San Diego laboratory will be working on printing larger branched networks of blood vessels that could nourish a human-sized version of the structure. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • one of which lays down a scaffold, while the other places human cells into the shape of the organ that is being formed. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Her body has been made a little less pig-like, with four genetic modifications that make her organs more likely to be accepted when transplanted into a human. (technologyreview.com)
  • An international consultant and expert on foreign affairs is charging that human sacrifices are happening in Greece after officials were found granting visas to unaccompanied children to facilitate illegal removal of their organs. (alipac.us)
  • The rising number of chronic diseases among the population can lead to organ dysfunction due to lifestyle disorders such as unhealthy dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise, which is the key factor driving the market growth. (mordorintelligence.com)
  • The weaker tissues and muscles in that area primarily cause the organs to slide. (doctobel.com)
  • Robert Morton was the number two volume producer of theatre organs, building approximately half as many organs as the industry leader Wurlitzer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laparotomy was performed with fin- at the clinic, where transvaginal ultrasound dings of a grossly enlarged left ovary showed a marked decrease in the size of the (8 × 6 cm), twisted once, intact smooth left ovary back to normal (3.5 × 2.2 cm). shiny white capsule, oedematous left tube, One month later, after stopping the course with normal right tube and ovary. (who.int)
  • This maturity involves the formation and change of the body's organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
  • Organ transplantation is a medical procedure that involves removing an organ from a donor and placing it into a recipient who has a damaged or failed organ. (xaphyr.com)
  • To establish accurate reference ranges for the entire second trimester, we documented organ weights, body weight, and linear measurements for 597 fetuses and neonates with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 26 wk. (nih.gov)
  • Body and organ weights increase at varying rates throughout the second trimester. (nih.gov)