Eighteen-carbon cyclopentyl polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID via an oxidative pathway analogous to the EICOSANOIDS in animals. Biosynthesis is inhibited by SALICYLATES. A key member, jasmonic acid of PLANTS, plays a similar role to ARACHIDONIC ACID in animals.
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class primarily found in PLANTS. It catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives.
A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.
Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain three double bonds.
A group of GLYCOLIPIDS in which the sugar group is GALACTOSE. They are distinguished from GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in lacking nitrogen. They constitute the majority of MEMBRANE LIPIDS in PLANTS.
FATTY ACIDS in which the carbon chain contains one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.
Diseases of plants.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.
Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
A class of compounds named after and generally derived from C20 fatty acids (EICOSANOIC ACIDS) that includes PROSTAGLANDINS; LEUKOTRIENES; THROMBOXANES, and HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC ACIDS. They have hormone-like effects mediated by specialized receptors (RECEPTORS, EICOSANOID).
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.
A species of gram-negative, fluorescent, phytopathogenic bacteria in the genus PSEUDOMONAS. It is differentiated into approximately 50 pathovars with different plant pathogenicities and host specificities.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze the oxidation of one part of a molecule with a corresponding reduction of another part of the same molecule. They include enzymes converting aldoses to ketoses (ALDOSE-KETOSE ISOMERASES), enzymes shifting a carbon-carbon double bond (CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND ISOMERASES), and enzymes transposing S-S bonds (SULFUR-SULFUR BOND ISOMERASES). (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.3.
Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
PLANTS, or their progeny, whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Formation of lipoxygenase-pathway-derived aldehydes in barley leaves upon methyl jasmonate treatment. (1/1093)

In barley leaves, the application of jasmonates leads to dramatic alterations of gene expression. Among the up-regulated gene products lipoxygenases occur abundantly. Here, at least four of them were identified as 13-lipoxygenases exhibiting acidic pH optima between pH 5.0 and 6.5. (13S,9Z,11E,15Z)-13-hydroxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid was found to be the main endogenous lipoxygenase-derived polyenoic fatty acid derivative indicating 13-lipoxygenase activity in vivo. Moreover, upon methyl jasmonate treatment > 78% of the fatty acid hydroperoxides are metabolized by hydroperoxide lyase activity resulting in the endogenous occurrence of volatile aldehydes. (2E)-4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and (3Z)- plus (2E)-hexenal were identified as 2,4-dinitro-phenylhydrazones using HPLC and identification was confirmed by GC/MS analysis. This is the first proof that (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal is formed in plants under physiological conditions. Quantification of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, hexanal and hexenals upon methyl jasmonate treatment of barley leaf segments revealed that hexenals were the major aldehydes peaking at 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment. Their endogenous content increased from 1.6 nmol.g-1 fresh weight to 45 nmol.g-1 fresh weight in methyl-jasmonate-treated leaf segments, whereas (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, peaking at 48 h of methyl jasmonate treatment increased from 9 to 15 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. Similar to the hexenals, hexanal reached its maximal amount 24 h after methyl jasmonate treatment, but increased from 0.6 to 3.0 nmol.g-1 fresh weight. In addition to the classical leaf aldehydes, (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-hexenal was detected, thereby raising the question of whether it functions in the degradation of chloroplast membrane constituents, which takes place after methyl jasmonate treatment.  (+info)

Inverse relationship between systemic resistance of plants to microorganisms and to insect herbivory. (2/1093)

Pre-inoculation of plants with a pathogen that induces necrosis leads to the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to subsequent pathogen attack [1]. The phenylpropanoid-derived compound salicylic acid (SA) is necessary for the full expression of both local resistance and SAR [2] [3]. A separate signaling pathway involving jasmonic acid (JA) is involved in systemic responses to wounding and insect herbivory [4] [5]. There is evidence both supporting and opposing the idea of cross-protection against microbial pathogens and insect herbivores [6] [7]. This is a controversial area because pharmacological experiments point to negative cross-talk between responses to systemic pathogens and responses to wounding [8] [9] [10], although this has not been demonstrated functionally in vivo. Here, we report that reducing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by silencing the expression of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) reduces SAR to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), whereas overexpression of PAL enhances SAR. Tobacco plants with reduced SAR exhibited more effective grazing-induced systemic resistance to larvae of Heliothis virescens, but larval resistance was reduced in plants with elevated phenylpropanoid levels. Furthermore, genetic modification of components involved in phenylpropanoid synthesis revealed an inverse relationship between SA and JA levels. These results demonstrate phenylpropanoid-mediated cross-talk in vivo between microbially induced and herbivore-induced pathways of systemic resistance.  (+info)

EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis. (3/1093)

Ethylene regulates plant growth, development, and responsiveness to a variety of stresses. Cloning of the Arabidopsis EIN2 gene identifies a central component of the ethylene signaling pathway. The amino-terminal integral membrane domain of EIN2 shows similarity to the disease-related Nramp family of metal-ion transporters. Expression of the EIN2 CEND is sufficient to constitutively activate ethylene responses and restores responsiveness to jasmonic acid and paraquat-induced oxygen radicals to mutant plants. EIN2 is thus recognized as a molecular link between previously distinct hormone response pathways. Plants may use a combinatorial mechanism for assessing various stresses by enlisting a common set of signaling molecules.  (+info)

The jasmonate-induced 60 kDa protein of barley exhibits N-glycosidase activity in vivo. (4/1093)

Upon jasmonate treatment barley leaf segments express a putative ribosome-inactivating protein (JIP60). The influence of this protein on translation in planta has been analysed by using barley plants and tobacco plants transformed with a barley cDNA encoding JIP60. In both plant systems JIP60 exhibited N-glycosidase activity in vivo. The depurination of the 25S rRNA of tobacco and barley ribosomes led to accumulation of translationally inactive polysomes.  (+info)

A novel jasmonate- and elicitor-responsive element in the periwinkle secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene Str interacts with a jasmonate- and elicitor-inducible AP2-domain transcription factor, ORCA2. (5/1093)

Jasmonate (JA) is an important plant stress hormone that induces various plant defense responses, including the biosynthesis of protective secondary metabolites. The induction of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene Strictosidine synthase (Str) in Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) cells by elicitor requires JA as a second messenger. A 42 bp region in the Str promoter is both necessary and sufficient for JA- and elicitor-responsive expression. This region is unlike other previously identified JA-responsive regions, and contains a GCC-box-like element. Yeast one-hybrid screening identified cDNAs encoding two AP2-domain proteins. These octadecanoid-derivative responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain (ORCA) proteins bind in a sequence-specific manner the JA- and elicitor-responsive element. ORCA2 trans-activates the Str promoter and its expression is rapidly inducible with JA and elicitor, whereas Orca1 is expressed constitutively. The results indicate that a GCC-box-like element and ORCA2 play key roles in JA- and elicitor-responsive expression of the terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic gene Str.  (+info)

Oligogalacturonide-mediated induction of a gene involved in jasmonic acid synthesis in response to the cell-wall-degrading enzymes of the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora. (6/1093)

Identification of Arabidopsis thaliana genes responsive to plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora led to the isolation of a cDNA clone with high sequence homology to the gene for allene oxide synthase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonates. Expression of the corresponding gene was induced by the extracellular enzymes from this pathogen as well as by treatment with methyl jasmonate and short oligogalacturonides (OGAs). This suggests that OGAs are involved in the induction of the jasmonate pathway during plant defense response to E. carotovora subsp. carotovora attack.  (+info)

Differential induction of plant volatile biosynthesis in the lima bean by early and late intermediates of the octadecanoid-signaling pathway. (7/1093)

Plants are able to respond to herbivore damage with de novo biosynthesis of an herbivore-characteristic blend of volatiles. The signal transduction initiating volatile biosynthesis may involve the activation of the octadecanoid pathway, as exemplified by the transient increase of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) in leaves of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) after treatment with the macromolecular elicitor cellulysin. Within this pathway lima bean possesses at least two different biologically active signals that trigger different biosynthetic activities. Early intermediates of the pathway, especially 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (PDA), are able to induce the biosynthesis of the diterpenoid-derived 4,8, 12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene. High concentrations of PDA result in more complex patterns of additional volatiles. JA, the last compound in the sequence, lacks the ability to induce diterpenoid-derived compounds, but is highly effective at triggering the biosynthesis of other volatiles. The phytotoxin coronatine and amino acid conjugates of linolenic acid (e.g. linolenoyl-L-glutamine) mimic the action of PDA, but coronatine does not increase the level of endogenous JA. The structural analog of coronatine, the isoleucine conjugate of 1-oxo-indanoyl-4-carboxylic acid, effectively mimics the action of JA, but does not increase the level of endogenous JA. The differential induction of volatiles resembles previous findings on signal transduction in mechanically stimulated tendrils of Bryonia dioica.  (+info)

Requirement of functional ethylene-insensitive 2 gene for efficient resistance of Arabidopsis to infection by Botrytis cinerea. (8/1093)

Inoculation of wild-type Arabidopsis plants with the fungus Alternaria brassicicola results in systemic induction of genes encoding a plant defensin (PDF1.2), a basic chitinase (PR-3), and an acidic hevein-like protein (PR-4). Pathogen-induced induction of these three genes is almost completely abolished in the ethylene-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant ein2-1. This indicates that a functional ethylene signal transduction component (EIN2) is required in this response. The ein2-1 mutants were found to be markedly more susceptible than wild-type plants to infection by two different strains of the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, no increased fungal colonization of ein2-1 mutants was observed after challenge with avirulent strains of either Peronospora parasitica or A. brassicicola. Our data support the conclusion that ethylene-controlled responses play a role in resistance of Arabidopsis to some but not all types of pathogens.  (+info)

Oxylipins are a class of bioactive lipid molecules derived from the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They play crucial roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including inflammation, immunity, and cellular signaling. Oxylipins can be further categorized based on their precursor PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA). These oxylipins are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, platelet aggregation, neurotransmission, and pain perception. They exert their effects through various receptors and downstream signaling pathways, making them important targets for therapeutic interventions in several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological conditions.

Lipoxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids containing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure, forming hydroperoxides. This reaction is important in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and lipoxins, which are involved in various inflammatory responses and immune functions. There are several isoforms of lipoxygenase found in different tissues and organisms, including arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase.

Cyclopentanes are a class of hydrocarbons that contain a cycloalkane ring of five carbon atoms. The chemical formula for cyclopentane is C5H10. It is a volatile, flammable liquid that is used as a solvent and in the production of polymers. Cyclopentanes are also found naturally in petroleum and coal tar.

Cyclopentanes have a unique structure in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a pentagonal shape, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms and one or two hydrogen atoms. This structure gives cyclopentane its characteristic "bowl-shaped" geometry, which allows it to undergo various chemical reactions, such as ring-opening reactions, that can lead to the formation of other chemicals.

Cyclopentanes have a variety of industrial and commercial applications. For example, they are used in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers. They also have potential uses in the development of new drugs and medical technologies, as their unique structure and reactivity make them useful building blocks for the synthesis of complex molecules.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medical practice, and I'm not sure if there is a specific medical definition for "plant exudates." However, in a broader context, plant exudates refer to the various substances that are released or exuded by plants, often as a result of damage or stress. These can include a wide variety of compounds, such as sap, resins, latex, gums, essential oils, and tannins. Some of these compounds can have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional and modern medicine. For example, the resin from certain pine trees (rosin) has been used to treat respiratory ailments, while willow bark, which contains salicin (a precursor to aspirin), has been used for pain relief for centuries.

Linolenic acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are essential to the human body, meaning they cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet. There are two main types of linolenic acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid.

Alpha-linolenic acid is found in plant-based sources such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, and soybeans. It is a precursor to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two other important omega-3 fatty acids that are found in fatty fish and are associated with numerous health benefits.

Gamma-linolenic acid is found in smaller amounts in certain plant-based oils such as borage oil, black currant seed oil, and evening primrose oil. It has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory effects and may be beneficial for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

It is important to maintain a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet, as excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids can contribute to inflammation and chronic disease. ALA and GLA are both important components of a healthy diet and have been associated with numerous health benefits, including reduced inflammation, improved heart health, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid, which are lipids that contain a carbohydrate moiety. They are the most abundant lipids in plant chloroplasts and play important roles in membrane structure and function. The term "galactolipid" refers to lipids that contain one or more galactose molecules as their polar headgroup.

The two major types of galactolipids are monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs). MGDGs contain a single galactose molecule, while DGDGs contain two. These lipids are important components of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, where they help to maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of the membrane, as well as facilitate the movement of proteins and other molecules within it.

In addition to their role in plant cells, galactolipids have also been found to be important in animal cells, particularly in the brain. They are a major component of myelin sheaths, which surround and insulate nerve fibers, allowing for efficient electrical signaling. Abnormalities in galactolipid metabolism have been linked to several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Krabbe disease.

Unsaturated fatty acids are a type of fatty acid that contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain. These double bonds can be either cis or trans configurations, although the cis configuration is more common in nature. The presence of these double bonds makes unsaturated fatty acids more liquid at room temperature and less prone to spoilage than saturated fatty acids, which do not have any double bonds.

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified into two main categories: monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). MUFAs contain one double bond in their carbon chain, while PUFAs contain two or more.

Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (a MUFA found in olive oil), linoleic acid (a PUFA found in vegetable oils), and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 PUFA found in flaxseed and fish). Unsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients for the human body, as they play important roles in various physiological processes such as membrane structure, inflammation, and blood clotting. It is recommended to consume a balanced diet that includes both MUFAs and PUFAs to maintain good health.

Diatoms are a major group of microscopic algae (single-celled organisms) that are widely distributed in both marine and freshwater environments. They are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis.

Diatoms have unique cell walls made of biogenic silica, which gives them a glass-like appearance. These cell walls often have intricate patterns and structures, making diatoms an important group in the study of nanotechnology and materials science. Additionally, diatomaceous earth, a sedimentary rock formed from fossilized diatom shells, has various industrial uses such as filtration, abrasives, and insecticides.

Diatoms are also significant in the Earth's carbon cycle, contributing to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through their photosynthetic activities. They play a crucial role in the ocean's biological pump, which helps regulate the global climate by transporting carbon from the surface ocean to the deep sea.

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.

Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Eicosanoids are a group of signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins, which are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune response, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction. Eicosanoids act as local hormones or autacoids, affecting the function of cells near where they are produced. They are synthesized by various cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and neurons, in response to different stimuli, such as injury, infection, or stress. The balance between different eicosanoids can have significant effects on health and disease.

Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.

'Arabidopsis' is a genus of small flowering plants that are part of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The most commonly studied species within this genus is 'Arabidopsis thaliana', which is often used as a model organism in plant biology and genetics research. This plant is native to Eurasia and Africa, and it has a small genome that has been fully sequenced. It is known for its short life cycle, self-fertilization, and ease of growth, making it an ideal subject for studying various aspects of plant biology, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stresses.

"Pseudomonas syringae" is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is widely found in various environments, including water, soil, and plant surfaces. It is known to be a plant pathogen, causing diseases in a wide range of plants such as beans, peas, tomatoes, and other crops. The bacteria can infect plants through wounds or natural openings, leading to symptoms like spots on leaves, wilting, and dieback. Some strains of "P. syringae" are also associated with frost damage on plants, as they produce a protein that facilitates ice crystal formation at higher temperatures.

It's important to note that while "Pseudomonas syringae" can cause disease in plants, it is not typically considered a human pathogen and does not usually cause illness in humans.

Intramolecular oxidoreductases are a specific class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of electrons within a single molecule, hence the term "intramolecular." These enzymes are involved in oxidoreduction reactions, where one part of the molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another part is reduced (gains electrons). This process allows for the rearrangement or modification of functional groups within the molecule.

The term "oxidoreductase" refers to enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which are also known as redox reactions. These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy metabolism, detoxification, and biosynthesis.

It's important to note that intramolecular oxidoreductases should not be confused with intermolecular oxidoreductases, which catalyze redox reactions between two separate molecules.

Linoleic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is essential for human health. It is one of the two essential fatty acids, meaning that it cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Linoleic acid is a member of the omega-6 fatty acid family and has a chemical structure with two double bonds at the sixth and ninth carbon atoms from the methyl end of the molecule. It is found in various plant sources, such as vegetable oils (e.g., soybean, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils), nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Linoleic acid plays a crucial role in maintaining the fluidity and function of cell membranes, producing eicosanoids (hormone-like substances that regulate various bodily functions), and supporting skin health. However, excessive intake of linoleic acid can lead to an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which may contribute to inflammation and chronic diseases. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain a balanced diet with appropriate amounts of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.

Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).

In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Arabidopsis proteins refer to the proteins that are encoded by the genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant, which is a model organism commonly used in plant biology research. This small flowering plant has a compact genome and a short life cycle, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes in plants.

Arabidopsis proteins play crucial roles in many cellular functions, such as metabolism, signaling, regulation of gene expression, response to environmental stresses, and developmental processes. Research on Arabidopsis proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of plant biology and has provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying various agronomic traits.

Some examples of Arabidopsis proteins include transcription factors, kinases, phosphatases, receptors, enzymes, and structural proteins. These proteins can be studied using a variety of techniques, such as biochemical assays, protein-protein interaction studies, and genetic approaches, to understand their functions and regulatory mechanisms in plants.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Drug stability refers to the ability of a pharmaceutical drug product to maintain its physical, chemical, and biological properties during storage and use, under specified conditions. A stable drug product retains its desired quality, purity, strength, and performance throughout its shelf life. Factors that can affect drug stability include temperature, humidity, light exposure, and container compatibility. Maintaining drug stability is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications for patients.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Preclinical drug evaluation refers to a series of laboratory tests and studies conducted to determine the safety and effectiveness of a new drug before it is tested in humans. These studies typically involve experiments on cells and animals to evaluate the pharmacological properties, toxicity, and potential interactions with other substances. The goal of preclinical evaluation is to establish a reasonable level of safety and understanding of how the drug works, which helps inform the design and conduct of subsequent clinical trials in humans. It's important to note that while preclinical studies provide valuable information, they may not always predict how a drug will behave in human subjects.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.

The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.

Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Most oxylipins in the body are derived from linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid. Linoleic acid oxylipins are usually present ... Many of oxylipins have physiological significance. Typically, oxylipins are not stored in tissues but are formed on demand by ... despite the fact that alpha-linolenic acid is more readily metabolized to oxylipin. Linoleic acid oxylipins can be anti- ... Oxylipins constitute a family of oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least ...
Christie, William W. (22 May 2014). "Plant oxylipins: Chemistry and biology". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. ...
Göbel, C; Feussner, I.; Hamberg M, M.; Rosahl, S. (5 September 2002). "Oxylipin profiling in pathogen-infected potato leaves". ... Jiang, Z. D.; Gerwick, William H. (1 March 1997). "Novel oxylipins from the temperate red alga Polyneura latissima". Lipids. 32 ... detection of the novel divinyl ether oxylipins". FEBS Letters. 371 (2): 159-162. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)00895-G. PMID 7672118 ...
2006). "Cytotoxic oxylipins from a marine sponge Topsentia sp". J Nat Prod. 69 (4): 567-71. doi:10.1021/np0503552. PMID ...
June 2020). "Oxylipin vanillyl acetals from Solanum lyratum". Fitoterapia. 143 (1): 104559. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104559. ...
Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM (2015). "Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary ... KenjiMatsui (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism". Current Opinion in Plant ...
... s are a sub-category of oxylipins, i.e. oxidized fatty acids of diverse carbon units in length, and are distinguished ... Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM (2015). "Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary ... from other oxylipins by their overwhelming importance as cell signaling molecules. Eicosanoids function in diverse ...
... s are oxylipins that are formed from lipids (specifically the fatty acid portion of lipids) when ... "Chemistry of oxylipin pathways in marine diatoms". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 79 (4): 481-490. doi:10.1351/pac200779040481. ...
One such class is the oxidized fatty acid derivatives called oxylipins. Members of this family have been found to have anti- ...
... s (JA) are oxylipins, i.e. derivatives of oxygenated fatty acid. They are biosynthesized from linolenic acid in ... Reinbothe, C; Springer, A; Samol, I; Reinbothe, S (September 2009). "Plant oxylipins: role of jasmonic acid during programmed ...
Matsui K (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. ...
Browse J (2005). "Jasmonate: an oxylipin signal with many roles in plants". Plant Hormones. Vitamins & Hormones. Vol. 72. pp. ...
KenjiMatsui (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism". Current Opinion in Plant ...
Matsui K (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. ...
doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt363m.pub2 Matsui K (2006). "Green leaf volatiles: hydroperoxide lyase pathway of oxylipin metabolism ...
Its structure and synthesis show parallels to oxylipins, which function in inflammatory responses. JA is synthesized by the ...
Lee, DS; Nioche, P; Hamberg, M; Raman, CS (18 September 2008). "Structural insights into the evolutionary paths of oxylipin ...
Wu J, Gouveia-Figueira S, Domellöf M, Zivkovic AM, Nording ML (January 2016). "Oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and related ...
Wu J, Gouveia-Figueira S, Domellöf M, Zivkovic AM, Nording ML (January 2016). "Oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and related ...
September 2022). "Dietary restriction modulates mitochondrial DNA damage and oxylipin profile in aged rats". The FEBS Journal. ...
September 2017). "The oxylipin and endocannabidome responses in acute phase Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children". Malaria ... "Formation of a new class of oxylipins from N-acyl(ethanol)amines by the lipoxygenase pathway". European Journal of Biochemistry ... to produce ethanolamide oxylipins, like prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamide) by COX-2, with various potential bioactivities ...
Active lipids in the oxylipin family derive from the synthesis of Cyclooxygenase or Prostaglandins. The three classes of ...
The oxylipin pathway is characterized by ethylene-response transcription factors that play a major role in integrating signals ... the oxylipin pathway, and accumulation of sesquiterpenoid (Martinez et al., 2000). The oxidative burst which occurs during ...
... a new oxylipin inhibiting DNA polymerases α and γ from sponge Plakortis species". Tetrahedron. 59 (8): 1137. doi:10.1016/S0040- ...
The oxylipins ecklonialactones A, B, C, D, E and F and fucosterol can also be isolated from the species. Kuda, Takashi; Kunii, ... Novel Oxylipins from Brown Algae of the Genera Ecklonia and Egregia". Journal of Natural Products. 57 (1): 171-4. doi:10.1021/ ...
Vellosillo T, Martínez M, López MA, Vicente J, Cascón T, Dolan L, Hamberg M, Castresana C (March 2007). "Oxylipins produced by ...
Gouveia-Figueira, Sandra; Späth, Jana; Zivkovic, Angela M; Nording, Malin L (2015). "Profiling the Oxylipin and Endocannabinoid ...
Hickmann, Volker; Fürstner, Alois (2011). "Catalysis-Based and Protecting-Group-Free Total Syntheses of the Marine Oxylipins ...
For example, in chronic inflammatory cicatrizing conjunctivitis, active oxylipins, lysophospholipids, fatty acids, and ...
Other organisms can interfere with fungal signaling, such as plant-produced oxylipins that mimic fungal signaling molecules and ...
Most oxylipins in the body are derived from linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid. Linoleic acid oxylipins are usually present ... Many of oxylipins have physiological significance. Typically, oxylipins are not stored in tissues but are formed on demand by ... despite the fact that alpha-linolenic acid is more readily metabolized to oxylipin. Linoleic acid oxylipins can be anti- ... Oxylipins constitute a family of oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least ...
A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic ... A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic ... A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived ... A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived ...
Internal Seminar - Non-volatile oxylipins in the Gulf of Naples; relations with phytoplankton and effects on the copepod Temora ... Internal Seminar - Non-volatile oxylipins in the Gulf of Naples; relations with phytoplankton and effects on the copepod Temora ...
CYP2B6 produces several oxylipins with preference for metabolism at the 9- and 13-positions with 9-HODE and 13-HODE (from ... Oxylipins serve as signaling molecules for many processes, such as inflammatory pathways, lipid distribution, and lipid ... Transactivation assays for each PPAR revealed the oxylipins 9-HODE and 9-HOTrE are agonists of PPARa, 13-HOTrE is an antagonist ... Due to their diversity, oxylipins can act as ligands for a variety of receptors, including the peroxisome proliferator- ...
Instead, Atg7-deficient adipose tissues exhibited an oxylipin imbalance, driven through an NRF2-mediated upregulation of Ephx1 ... either through their function as energy substrates or as lipid mediators such as oxylipins. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation ... results suggest an underappreciated fat-gut crosstalk through an autophagy-dependent regulation of anti-inflammatory oxylipins ... Adipocyte autophagy limits gut inflammation by controlling oxylipin and IL-10. Richter FC., Friedrich M., Kampschulte N., ...
Next, reverse genetic approach and oxylipin-deficient rice mutant (hebiba) were used to uncouple oxylipins from other elicitor- ... Next, reverse genetic approach and oxylipin-deficient rice mutant (hebiba) were used to uncouple oxylipins from other elicitor- ... Next, reverse genetic approach and oxylipin-deficient rice mutant (hebiba) were used to uncouple oxylipins from other elicitor- ... Next, reverse genetic approach and oxylipin-deficient rice mutant (hebiba) were used to uncouple oxylipins from other elicitor- ...
... one of hundreds of oxylipins. Lipoxygenases (LOX) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of oxylipins and in particular LOX10 was ... Oxylipins other than jasmonic acid regulate systemic resistance (Plant Cell) November 15, 2019. /in Plant Science Research ... The screening revealed that accumulation of two oxylipins, the JA precursor (12-OPDA) and α-ketol (KODA) correlated with ISR ...
This document describes the purpose and use of the R-package LOBSTAHS: Lipid and Oxylipin Biomarker Screening through Adduct ... Discovery, Identification, and Screening of Lipids and Oxylipins in HPLC-MS Datasets Using LOBSTAHS. James Collins. 2022-04-26 ... and oxylipins; these are created using an automated, iterative computational approach based on structural criteria specified by ...
Oxylipin biosynthesis reinforces cellular senescence and allows detection of senolysis.. Title. Oxylipin biosynthesis ... We show that senescent cells activate the biosynthesis of several oxylipins that promote segments of the SASP and reinforce the ...
... Biagini, Denise. Primo. ; ... The datasets containing oxylipin and cytokine plasma levels were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), computation of ... The datasets containing oxylipin and cytokine plasma levels were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), computation of ... Our MS-based analytical platform permitted the simultaneous determination of sixty plasma oxylipins in a single run at ppt ...
Instead, Atg7-deficient adipose tissues exhibited an oxylipin imbalance, driven through an NRF2-mediated upregulation of Ephx1 ... either through their function as energy substrates or as lipid mediators such as oxylipins. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation ... results suggest an underappreciated fat-gut crosstalk through an autophagy-dependent regulation of anti-inflammatory oxylipins ... Adipocyte autophagy limits gut inflammation by controlling oxylipin and IL-10. Richter FC., Friedrich M., Kampschulte N., ...
As part of the lipidome, oxylipins are bioactive lipid compounds originating from oxidation of different fatty acids. Oxylipins ... exposure and oxylipin profiles in newborns. Thirty-seven oxylipins reflecting the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (5-LOX and ... Neonatal Cord Blood Oxylipins and Exposure to Particulate Matter in the Early-Life Environment: An ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort ... Oxylipins may be important mediators between early life exposures and health outcomes later in life. ...
... workflow for oxylipins analysis. To reach sufficient data points per peak and a better sensitivity to quantify oxylipins traces ... Oxylipins - involved in inflammatory processes - are reported in several diseases, in biological, pharmacological, and ... To face the structural complexity of oxylipins, the study of isomers and isobars species relied on Selected Reaction Monitoring ... Data dependent acquisition (DDA); J774 and THP-1 macrophages; Mass spectrometry (LTQ-Orbitrap® Velos Pro); Oxylipins; Reverse ...
LDS1-produced oxylipins are negative regulators of growth, conidiation and fumonisin synthesis in the fungal maize pathogen ...
Instrumental analysis of the fatty acid and oxylipin pattern with a focus on the product formation of lipoxygenases / by Laura ... Instrumental analysis of the fatty acid and oxylipin pattern with a focus on the product formation of lipoxygenases [4.38 mb] ... Instrumental analysis of the fatty acid and oxylipin pattern with a focus on the product formation of lipoxygenases / by Laura ...
Blée, E. (2002). Impact of phyto-oxylipins in plant defense. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 315-322. doi: 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02290-2 ... The plants lacking a dioxigenase, DOX2 (α-DOX2-deficient mutant), which catalyzes oxylipin production from fatty acids, were ... producing oxylipins, which play a pivotal role in plant defense by acting as signaling molecules and/or protective compounds ( ...
For oxylipins, 30 min prior to the phagocytosis assay, culture medium was replaced by serum-free DMEM containing 100 nM of the ... Dietary n-3 long chain PUFA supplementation promotes a pro-resolving oxylipin profile in the brain. Brain Behav. Immun. 76, 17- ... Oxylipins are involved in the regulation of inflammation and phagocytic activity of immune cells1. Their production is largely ... 5c). Hence, we show the post-natal microglia oxylipin signature in the context of low maternal n-3 PUFA intake and how it is ...
Oxylipins are considered biomarkers related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). They are generated in vivo via the oxygenation ... Oxylipin regulation by phenolic compounds from coffee beverage: Positive outcomes from a randomized controlled trial in healthy ...
Howe, G.A.; Schilmiller, A.L. Oxylipin metabolism in response to stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2002, 5, 230-236. [Google ...
Phytomedicine polypharmacology: Cancer therapy through modulating the tumor microenvironment and oxylipin dynamics 徐麗芬. Maria ... Cancer therapy through modulating the tumor microenvironment and oxylipin dynamics Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 162, 58-68 ...
Gerwick, W. H. (1996). Epoxy allylic carbocations as conceptual intermediates in the biogenesis of diverse marine oxylipins. ...
His interests also cover evolution of land plants and function of oxylipins, lipid-derived regulatory compounds. By these ...
The Influence of Bioactive Oxylipins from Marine Diatoms on Invertebrate Reproduction and Development by Gary S. Caldwell ... From an ecological perspective, the primary interest in diatom-oxylipins is in relation to the potential impact on energy flow ... This paper provides a review of the current state of knowledge of the mechanistic impacts of diatom-oxylipins on marine ... Of considerable interest are molecules belonging to the oxylipin family which are broadly disruptive to reproductive and ...
These fatty acids are precursors to oxylipins, which are involved in regulating pain and inflammation. In preclinical models, ... Both interventional diets altered blood levels of bioactive oxylipins implicated in headache pathogenesis, but did not alter ...
LC-MS analysis of esterified oxylipins in phospholipids (Sample source: mammalian tissue (lung, liver)) ...
Oxylipin biosynthesis reinforces cellular senescence and allows detection of senolysis. Wiley CD, Sharma R, Davis SS, Lopez- ...
Determining the significance of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in N-ERD.. *Discovering more-effective targets for the ... Another focal point of her investigations lies in comprehending arachidonic acid metabolism and the contributions of oxylipin ...
Jagusch, H.; Baumeister, T. U. H.; Pohnert, G.: Mammalian-like inflammatory and pro-resolving oxylipins in marine algae. ...
  • As part of the lipidome, oxylipins are bioactive lipid compounds originating from oxidation of different fatty acids. (scilifelab.se)
  • Both interventional diets altered blood levels of bioactive oxylipins implicated in headache pathogenesis, but did not alter classic mediators of headache pain such as prostaglandins E2 or calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). (medpagetoday.com)
  • Titled, " Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory oxylipins in older subjects are normalized by flaxseed consumption ," Canadian researchers looked at the effects that flaxseed have on oxylipins, a category of physiologically bioactive molecules produced in the body from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (also known as eicosanoids). (wakeup-world.com)
  • Determining the significance of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in N-ERD . (mayo.edu)
  • Lipids play a major role in inflammatory diseases by altering inflammatory cell functions, either through their function as energy substrates or as lipid mediators such as oxylipins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The key role of inflammation in COVID-19 induced many authors to study the cytokine storm, whereas the role of other inflammatory mediators such as oxylipins is still poorly understood. (unipi.it)
  • Oxylipins may be important mediators between early life exposures and health outcomes later in life. (scilifelab.se)
  • The UHPLC-MS/MS method contains 58 oxylipins and PUFA precursors covering pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators from all known major pathways, i.e. (helmholtz-munich.de)
  • Most oxylipins in the body are derived from linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linoleic acid oxylipins are usually present in blood and tissue in higher concentrations than any other PUFA oxylipin, despite the fact that alpha-linolenic acid is more readily metabolized to oxylipin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Linoleic acid oxylipins can be anti-inflammatory, but are more often pro-inflammatory, associated with atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and Alzheimer's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Centenarians have shown reduced levels of linoleic acid oxylipins in their blood circulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lowering dietary linoleic acid results in fewer linoleic acid oxylipins in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived from roughanic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and arachidonic acid in wild type, the oxylipin-deficient mutants of Ppaos1 and Ppaos2 , the mutants of Ppdes being deficient in all fatty acids harboring a Δ 6 -double bond and the C20-fatty acid-deficient mutants of Ppelo . (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, we followed the metabolism upon wounding by metabolite fingerprinting with the aim to identify jasmonates as well as novel oxylipins in P. patens . (frontiersin.org)
  • Monooxygenases involved in oxylipin biosynthesis are members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and can oxidize double bonds with epoxide formation or saturated carbons forming alcohols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, as CoP levels were compromised in the OPDA-treated Osjar1 mutant cells impaired in the oxylipin-amino acid conjugation, putative OPDA-amino acid conjugates emerged as hypothetical regulators of CoP biosynthesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lipoxygenases (LOX) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of oxylipins and in particular LOX10 was described as a positive regulator of ISR. (plantae.org)
  • Oxylipin biosynthesis reinforces cellular senescence and allows detection of senolysis. (instem.res.in)
  • We show that senescent cells activate the biosynthesis of several oxylipins that promote segments of the SASP and reinforce the proliferative arrest. (instem.res.in)
  • Plant oxylipins are a class of lipid-derived signaling molecules being involved in the regulation of various biotic and abiotic stress responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Oxylipins serve as signaling molecules for many processes, such as inflammatory pathways, lipid distribution, and lipid metabolism. (clemson.edu)
  • Due to their diversity, oxylipins can act as ligands for a variety of receptors, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARa/d/g) that play a role in regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. (clemson.edu)
  • This document describes the purpose and use of the R-package LOBSTAHS: Lipid and Oxylipin Biomarker Screening through Adduct Hierarchy Sequences . (tu-dortmund.de)
  • In the plant and animal kingdoms the C18 and C20 polyenoic fatty acids, respectively, are the major precursors of oxylipins. (wikipedia.org)
  • These fatty acids are precursors to oxylipins, which are involved in regulating pain and inflammation. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Oxylipins constitute a family of oxygenated natural products which are formed from fatty acids by pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxylipins are derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by COX enzymes (cyclooxygenases), by LOX enzymes (lipoxygenases), or by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, oxylipins are not stored in tissues but are formed on demand by liberation of precursor fatty acids from esterified forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, oxylipins derived from omega-6 fatty acids are more pro-inflammatory, vasoconstrictive, and proliferative than those derived from omega-3 fatty acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • What we observed was that the soluble epoxide hydrolase null mice showed increased plasma epoxy fatty acids, decreases in their soluble epoxide hydrolase-dependent metabolites, while measured levels of lipoxygenase- and cyclooxygenase-dependent oxylipins were unchanged. (usda.gov)
  • Plasma levels of epoxy fatty acids were increased and fatty acid diols levels were decreased, while measured levels of lipoxygenase-and cyclooxygenase-dependent oxylipins were unchanged. (usda.gov)
  • For instance, oxylipins derived from long chain omega 3 fatty acids (e.g. resolvins, protectins) can down-regulate inflammatory processes by preventing the activation of certain immune cells (e.g. polymorphonuclear neutrophils). (wakeup-world.com)
  • Phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) are plant oxylipins (isoprostane-prostaglandin-like compounds) formed by the free radical-catalyzed oxidation of α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3, n-3). (researchgate.net)
  • Oxylipin regulation by phenolic compounds from coffee beverage: Positive outcomes from a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults and macrophage derived foam cells. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The lipoxygenase pathway is responsible for the production of oxylipins, which are important compounds for plant defence responses. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Adipocyte autophagy limits gut inflammation by controlling oxylipin and IL-10. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results suggest an underappreciated fat-gut crosstalk through an autophagy-dependent regulation of anti-inflammatory oxylipins via the cytochrome P450-EPHX pathway, indicating a protective effect of adipose tissues for distant inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A study published in Experimental Gerontology indicates that consuming about an ounce a day of flaxseed (30 grams) may profoundly benefit elderly subjects, possibly neutralizing age-associated increases in inflammation, by modulating levels of a class of fat derived biomolecules known as oxylipins. (wakeup-world.com)
  • The consumption of milled flaxseed resulted in potentially beneficial alterations in the plasma oxylipin profiles of both the younger and older individuals by reducing oxylipins that induce neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation. (wakeup-world.com)
  • A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic acid (JA) belong. (frontiersin.org)
  • Oxylipin derivatives are believed to play a critical role in chronic disease progression as well as the aging process by modulating both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the body, making dietary sources and/or deficiencies of their substrates particularly relevant. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Abstract: The core oxylipins, jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-Ile, are well-known as potent regulators of plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens and/or herbivores. (elsevierpure.com)
  • ISR induction is supposed to depend upon the phytohormones ethylene and jasmonic acid (JA), one of hundreds of oxylipins. (plantae.org)
  • Thirty-seven oxylipins reflecting the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (5-LOX and 12/15-LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways were assayed in 197 cord blood plasma samples from the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort. (scilifelab.se)
  • The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived oxylipins are anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our MS-based analytical platform permitted the simultaneous determination of sixty plasma oxylipins in a single run at ppt levels for a comprehensive characterisation of the inflammatory cascade in COVID-19 patients. (unipi.it)
  • Oxylipins - involved in inflammatory processes - are reported in several diseases , in biological , pharmacological, and physiological fields. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mammalian-like inflammatory and pro-resolving oxylipins in marine algae. (mpg.de)
  • The datasets containing oxylipin and cytokine plasma levels were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), computation of Fisher's canonical variable, and a multivariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. (unipi.it)
  • Oxylipins most often act in an autocrine or paracrine manner, notably in targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) to modify adipocyte formation and function. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another focal point of her investigations lies in comprehending arachidonic acid metabolism and the contributions of oxylipin and eicosanoid metabolism to nasal polyps and asthma. (mayo.edu)
  • however also non-enzymatic autoxidative processes contribute to oxylipin formation (phytoprostanes, isoprostanes). (wikipedia.org)
  • The screening revealed that accumulation of two oxylipins, the JA precursor (12-OPDA) and α-ketol (KODA) correlated with ISR activation in a dose-dependent manner. (plantae.org)
  • Many of oxylipins have physiological significance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Principal component (PC) analysis and multiple regression models were used to estimate associations of in utero PM2.5 exposure with oxylipin pathways and individual metabolites. (scilifelab.se)
  • Nature has evolved numerous enzymes which metabolize oxylipins into secondary products, many of which possess strong biological activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, Atg7-deficient adipose tissues exhibited an oxylipin imbalance, driven through an NRF2-mediated upregulation of Ephx1. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We further examined this genotype evaluating protein expression, biofluid oxylipin profile, tissue oxylipin production capacity and blood pressure. (usda.gov)
  • Here, we used a previously characterized metabolic defense marker, p-coumaroylputrescine (CoP), and fungal elicitor, chitooligosaccharide, to specifically test defense role of various oxylipins in rice (Oryza sativa). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Soluble epoxide hydrolase converts epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to their corresponding diols, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, modifying or eliminating the function of these oxylipins. (usda.gov)
  • Plant oxylipins are mainly involved in control of ontogenesis, reproductive processes and in the resistance to various microbial pathogens and other pests. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, recent studies also suggest that other oxylipins, including 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), may contribute to plant defense. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These oxylipins have been previously described in an array of plant-based foods with similar concentrations as phenolics in some fruits and vegetables. (researchgate.net)
  • In the study, researchers tested the hypothesis that flaxseed may positively modulate oxylipin concentrations. (wakeup-world.com)
  • At baseline the older group had 13 different oxylipins showing a 2-fold or higher levels in concentrations compared to the younger group. (wakeup-world.com)
  • To face the structural complexity of oxylipins , the study of isomers and isobars species relied on Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) in tandem mass spectrometry such as triple quadrupole, quadrupole- Time of Flight (TOF). (bvsalud.org)
  • Oxylipin profiling reveals the preferential stimulation of the 9-lipoxygenase pathway in elicitor-treated potato cells. (mpg.de)
  • Comprehensive analysis of oxylipins using reverse phase liquid chromatography and data dependent acquisition workflow on LTQ-Orbitrap® Velos Pro. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using the versatile ability of LTQ-Orbitrap® Velos Pro mass spectrometer, we developed a novel method based on data dependent acquisition (DDA) workflow for oxylipins analysis . (bvsalud.org)
  • They also sought to determine whether or not oxylipin levels differ with age, as has been previously observed for other fats in the plasma of human subjects of differing ages. (wakeup-world.com)
  • This is actually not the first time we have reported on a clinical study using flaxseed to modulate oxylipin levels resulting in beneficial health effects. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Next, reverse genetic approach and oxylipin-deficient rice mutant (hebiba) were used to uncouple oxylipins from other elicitor-triggered signals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Oxylipins are considered biomarkers related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In a clinical trial of men with high triglycerides, 3 grams daily of DHA compared with placebo (olive oil) given for 91 days nearly tripled the DHA in red blood cells while reducing oxylipins in those cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It appeared that, without oxylipins, residual elicitor signaling had only a minimal effect but, in synergy with OPDA, exerted a strong stimulatory activity towards CoP production. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2.5 μm) exposure and oxylipin profiles in newborns. (scilifelab.se)
  • In conclusion, this is the first study to report differences in plasma oxylipin profiles based upon age and gender. (wakeup-world.com)
  • Serum oxylipin changes consistent with higher sEH activity were markers of vascular cognitive impairment, and this association was partly explained by injury to the periventricular subcortical white matter. (mcmaster.ca)
  • After the 4-week flaxseed intervention the number of oxylipins that were ?2-fold higher in the older versus the younger group was reduced from 13 to 3 . (wakeup-world.com)
  • The older groups' plasma oxylipin profile became similar to that of their younger counterparts as a function of the dietary flaxseed. (wakeup-world.com)
  • These findings can now serve as foundation for future research in determining, which compound(s) will serve as native ligand(s) for the oxylipin-receptor COI1 in P. patens . (frontiersin.org)
  • Neonatal Cord Blood Oxylipins and Exposure to Particulate Matter in the Early-Life Environment: An ENVIRONAGE Birth Cohort Study. (scilifelab.se)
  • Oxylipins could provide a new target in the developmental origins model or the ability of early life exposure to change biology. (scilifelab.se)