A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy related to the remote effects of a neoplasm, most often carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically, there are inflammatory changes in peripheral nerves. The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1334)
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.
Degenerative or inflammatory conditions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that develop in association with a systemic neoplasm without direct invasion by tumor. They may be associated with circulating antibodies that react with the affected neural tissue. (Intern Med 1996 Dec;35(12):925-9)
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.
Cerebellar degeneration associated with a remote neoplasm. Clinical manifestations include progressive limb and GAIT ATAXIA; DYSARTHRIA; and NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC. The histologic type of the associated neoplasm is usually carcinoma or lymphoma. Pathologically the cerebellar cortex and subcortical nuclei demonstrate diffuse degenerative changes. Anti-Purkinje cell antibodies (anti-Yo) are found in the serum of approximately 50% of affected individuals. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p686)
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)
A tetrameric protein, molecular weight between 50,000 and 70,000, consisting of 4 equal chains, and migrating on electrophoresis in 3 fractions more mobile than serum albumin. Its concentration ranges from 7 to 33 per cent in the serum, but levels decrease in liver disease.
A paraneoplastic syndrome marked by degeneration of neurons in the LIMBIC SYSTEM. Clinical features include HALLUCINATIONS, loss of EPISODIC MEMORY; ANOSMIA; AGEUSIA; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; DEMENTIA; and affective disturbance (depression). Circulating anti-neuronal antibodies (e.g., anti-Hu; anti-Yo; anti-Ri; and anti-Ma2) and small cell lung carcinomas or testicular carcinoma are frequently associated with this syndrome.
Ocular manifestations secondary to various NEOPLASMS in which antibodies to antigens of the primary tumor cross-react with ocular antigens. This autoimmune response often leads to visual loss and other ocular dysfunctions.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)
A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)
A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.
An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
A family of RNA-binding proteins that are homologues of ELAV protein, Drosophila. They were initially identified in humans as the targets of autoantibodies in patients with PARANEOPLASTIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. They are thought to regulate GENE EXPRESSION at the post-transcriptional level.
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.
Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME) and POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY, CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.
Syndromes resulting from inappropriate production of HORMONES or hormone-like materials by NEOPLASMS in non-endocrine tissues or not by the usual ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Such hormone outputs are called ectopic hormone (HORMONES, ECTOPIC) secretion.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.
Diagnosis of disease states by recording the spontaneous electrical activity of tissues or organs or by the response to stimulation of electrically excitable tissue.
A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.
Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

Chorea resulting from paraneoplastic striatal encephalitis. (1/20)

A 73 year old man presented with progressive choreic movement and dementia. An antineuronal antibody that recognised a 68 kDa band on a western blot was found in the patient's serum; this antibody immunolabelled neuronal somata in rat brain. Postmortem examination showed a small cell lung cancer and severe neuronal loss with lymphocytic infiltration in the striatum that was more severe in the caudate head. This is thought to be the first pathologically proved case of paraneoplastic chorea with striatal encephalitis.  (+info)

Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. (2/20)

We reviewed 200 patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) and anti-Hu antibodies to show possible clinical differences with respect to previous series, and to identify patient, tumour and treatment-related characteristics associated with neurological disability and survival. The median age of the 200 patients was 63 years (range 28-82 years) and 75% were men. The predominant neurological syndromes were sensory neuropathy (54%), cerebellar ataxia (10%), limbic encephalitis (9%) and multifocal involvement (11%). Sensorimotor neuropathies with predominant motor involvement were observed in only 4% of the patients. Pathological or X-ray evidence of a tumour was obtained in 167 patients (83%) and was a small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) in 74% of those with histological diagnosis. Coexistence of extrathoracic tumours with SCLC was rare (0.5%). Positive Hu immunoreactivity was observed in the extrathoracic tumours of six out of seven patients in whom autopsy or long-term follow-up ruled out a coexisting SCLC. PEM preceded the diagnosis of the tumour in 71% of patients (mean delay +/- SD 6.5 +/- 7.0 months; range 0.1-47 months). In the 24 patients in whom the tumour diagnosis was the initial event, PEM predicted the progression or relapse of the tumour in 87% of them. No tumour was found in 33 patients, including four who had a post-mortem study and four with >5 years of follow-up. In a logistic regression analysis, treatment of the tumour, associated or not with immunotherapy, was an independent predictor of improvement/stabilization of PEM [odds ratio 4.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-12.86]. Cox multivariate analysis indicated that the variables independently associated with mortality were: age >60 years [relative risk (RR) 1.49; 95% CI 1.05-2.12], Rankin score at diagnosis >3 (RR 1.60; 95% CI 1.12-2.28), more than one area of the nervous system affected (RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.08-2.40), and absence of treatment (RR 2.56; 95% CI 1.76-3.71). We conclude that, unlike previous series, the majority of our patients were male, and there was a low occurrence of predominantly motor neuropathies and extrathoracic tumours coexisting with SCLC. When the diagnosed extrathoracic tumour expresses Hu antigens, further tests to rule out a coexisting SCLC are probably unnecessary. Finally, the predictors of mortality and PEM evolution found in the study may be important in the design of future therapeutic protocols, and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying tumour.  (+info)

Improvement of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy after chemoradiotherapy in a small cell lung cancer patient. (3/20)

A 66-year-old man developed progressive painful dysesthesia in his hands and feet over 3 months. His vibration sense was impaired and sensory nerve action potentials of the limbs were not evoked. Biopsy of the peroneal nerve revealed sensory neuropathy. Positive anti-Hu antibody facilitated delineation of a right hilar mass and a metastatic lymph node in thoracic CT scan. He was diagnosed as small cell lung cancer associated with paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy. A complete response was achieved through chemotherapy (carboplatin and etoposide) and subsequent radiation therapy. Notably, his neurological conditions, although not changed during the hospitalization, gradually improved afterwards.  (+info)

Paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy associated with anti-Hu antibodies. A clinical and electrophysiological study of 20 patients. (4/20)

Although paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy is the most frequent presentation of peripheral neuropathy in patients with anti-Hu antibodies, other neuropathies have been reported. In order to investigate the clinical and electrophysiological manifestations of neuropathies associated with anti-Hu antibodies, we conducted a retrospective study of 20 patients. For the electrophysiological study, each nerve was classified as normal, demyelinating, axonal/neuronal or axonal/demyelinating. Peripheral neuropathy was the presenting symptom in 95% of patients. CNS and autonomic neuropathy were present in 40% and 30% of patients, respectively. The course of the neuropathy was acute, mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome in one patient (5%), and subacute (55%) or progressive (40%) in the others. Clinically, the neuropathy was sensory (70%), sensorimotor (25%) or motor (5%). At onset, symptoms were symmetrical (65%), asymmetrical (25%) or multifocal (10%). Pain was a predominant manifestation (80%). Amyotrophia and fasciculations were rare. The median Rankin's score was 2, three patients having an indolent form. Electrophysiology showed the axonal/neuronal pattern to be the most frequent (46.9% of studied nerves); an axonal/demyelinating or demyelinating pattern being seen in 18.3% and 4.9% of nerves, respectively. The axonal/neuronal pattern was more frequent in sensory nerves and the mixed axonal/demyelinating pattern more frequent in motor nerves (P < 0.01). A higher proportion of abnormal nerves correlated with a progressive course (P < 0.05) or a Rankin's score between 3 and 5 (P < 0.01). In patients with sensory neuropathy, 88.5% of sensory nerves were abnormal, mostly with an axonal/neuronal pattern. In addition, 47% of motor nerves were abnormal so that only four out of 14 patients with a clinically pure sensory neuropathy (28.6%) had an electrophysiological pattern typical of sensory neuronopathy. In patients with a sensorimotor neuropathy, 96.6% of sensory and 71% of motor nerves were abnormal. The only statistical difference between sensory and sensorimotor neuropathies was that patients with sensorimotor neuropathy had more frequent motor nerve involvement (P < 0.05) without differences concerning the distribution of the abnormal patterns. Needle neuromyography showed only limited evidence of motor neurone degeneration in both sensory and sensorimotor neuropathy. The present work shows that the typical clinical and electrophysiological pattern of subacute sensory neuronopathy is rarely encountered in patients with anti-Hu antibody and that motor nerve involvement is frequently seen, even in the absence of a motor deficit. In addition to their potential pathophysiological involvement in the mechanism of the paraneoplastic neuropathy, these findings have practical consequences for the diagnosis of the disorder.  (+info)

Paraneoplastic ophthalmoplegia and subacute motor axonal neuropathy associated with anti-GQ1b antibodies in a patient with malignant melanoma. (5/20)

A 68 year old woman developed oculomotor paresis shortly after metastatic progression of her melanoma was discovered. She was then immunised with the tumour antigen MAGE-3 in combination with an immunological adjuvant. During immunisation her symptoms worsened and she developed severe, predominantly proximal axonal motor neuropathy and became bedridden. IgM antibodies against gangliosides GM2, GD3, and GQ1b were detected in serum obtained two weeks before and nine weeks after the onset of symptoms. Immunohistochemically, the patient's IgM reacted with the tumour and co-localised with GQ1b. She improved neurologically following steroid treatment and became ambulatory.  (+info)

Antibodies to Zic4 in paraneoplastic neurologic disorders and small-cell lung cancer. (6/20)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum Zic4 antibodies associate with paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PND) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and the association of these antibodies with other onconeuronal immunities associated with SCLC. DESIGN/METHODS: The authors studied 498 patients (215 with PND and 283 without PND or without cancer). The presence of antibodies was tested with immunoblots of Zic4, HuD, and CRMP5 proteins. The tumor expression of these proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Zic4 antibodies were identified in 61 patients. Ninety-two percent of patients with Zic4 antibodies had SCLC; detection of these antibodies segregated with the presence of PND (p = 0.031). Intrathecal synthesis of Zic4 antibodies was demonstrated in 5/7 patients with PND. None of 175 control patients without PND or cancer had Zic4 antibodies. Because of the robust association between Zic autoimmunity and SCLC, all patients were tested for other SCLC-related antibodies; concurrent Zic4, Hu, or CRMP5 antibodies occurred in the serum or CSF of 27% of SCLC patients with PND. Patients with isolated Zic4 antibodies were more likely to develop predominant cerebellar dysfunction than patients with several immunities (p < 0.001). Tumors of patients with and without onconeuronal antibodies coexpressed Zic, Hu, and CRMP5 proteins, indicating that the tumor expression of these antigens is necessary, but not sufficient, for immunologic activation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with neurologic symptoms of unknown cause detection of Zic4 antibodies predicts a neoplasm, usually a SCLC, and suggests that the neurologic disorder is paraneoplastic. Detection of Zic4 antibodies often associates with anti-Hu or CRMP5 antibodies. Patients with isolated Zic4 antibodies are more likely to develop cerebellar dysfunction than those with concurrent immunities.  (+info)

Anti-Hu associated paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with upper motor neurone involvement. (7/20)

Paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is characterised by neuronal degeneration with lymphocytic infiltration in various regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Motor neurone symptoms may occur as a remote effect of malignancy, and have been considered because of the involvement of lower motor neurones. A case is reported of an 80 year old woman suffering from paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy with anti-Hu antibody. Postmortem examination showed adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder and small cell carcinoma of the duodenum. Neuronal loss with lymphocytic infiltration was found in the dorsal root ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. Despite the absence of upper motor neurone signs, there was severe loss of Betz cells and degeneration of the bilateral pyramidal tracts. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of upper motor neurone involvement in anti-Hu associated paraneoplatic syndrome.  (+info)

Antiganglioside antibodies in paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies. (8/20)

A total of 29 patients with cancer and neuropathies of unknown origin that were possibly paraneoplastic were tested for antiganglioside antibodies by immunodot blot and ELISA. None of the patients had onconeural antibodies. They were compared with 41 normal subjects and 187 patients with metabolic or idiopathic neuropathies. Antiganglioside antibodies, mainly IgM anti-GM1, were more frequently found in the patients with cancer than in the control groups. However, the levels of antibodies were not different from those of the controls. There was no correlation with the pattern of the neuropathy. These results do not support the hypothesis that antiganglioside antibodies are frequent and major immunological targets in paraneoplastic neuropathies.  (+info)

Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy is a rare neurological disorder that can occur in some individuals with cancer. It's caused by the immune system producing antibodies or cells that attack the nervous system (neurons, nerve axons, or myelin sheath) as a response to the presence of a tumor or cancer in the body.

The term "polyneuropathy" refers to damage or dysfunction affecting multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. This can lead to various symptoms such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and pain, typically starting in the hands and feet and progressing upwards.

In paraneoplastic polyneuropathy, these symptoms are related to the immune system's response to the cancer rather than direct invasion of the nerves by the tumor itself. The specific type of polyneuropathy can vary between individuals, and it may present as sensorimotor polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, or a combination of both.

Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are crucial for managing paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Immunotherapy, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin may be used to help control the immune response and alleviate symptoms.

Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous (malignant) tumor. These syndromes are characterized by symptoms or signs that do not result directly from the growth of the tumor itself, but rather from substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune system in response to the tumor.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, endocrine system, skin, and joints. Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which affects nerve function and causes muscle weakness; cerebellar degeneration, which can cause difficulty with coordination and balance; and dermatomyositis, which is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and muscles.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in association with a variety of different types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer, as well as managing the symptoms of the paraneoplastic syndrome.

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by an immune system response to the cancer tumor, which can lead to the damage or destruction of nerve cells. The immune system produces antibodies and/or activated immune cells that attack the neural tissue, leading to neurological symptoms.

Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Symptoms vary depending on the specific syndrome and the location of the affected nerve tissue. Some common neurological symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, seizures, memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking or swallowing, visual disturbances, and coordination problems.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are often associated with specific types of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Diagnosis can be challenging because the symptoms may precede the discovery of the underlying cancer. A combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes a brain biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Immunosuppressive therapies may also be used to manage the immune response that is causing the neurological symptoms. While treatment can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, paraneoplastic syndromes are often difficult to cure completely.

Polyneuropathy is a medical condition that refers to the damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) in multiple areas of the body. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory, motor, and autonomic signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

In polyneuropathies, this communication is disrupted, leading to various symptoms depending on the type and extent of nerve damage. Commonly reported symptoms include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness and cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Burning or stabbing pain
5. Balance and coordination issues
6. Increased sensitivity to touch
7. Autonomic dysfunction, such as bowel, bladder, or digestive problems, and changes in blood pressure

Polyneuropathies can be caused by various factors, including diabetes, alcohol abuse, nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, inherited genetic conditions, or idiopathic (unknown) causes. The treatment for polyneuropathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve managing underlying medical conditions, physical therapy, pain management, and lifestyle modifications.

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive damage to the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements. It is considered a paraneoplastic syndrome, which means it is caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor (neoplasm) located elsewhere in the body.

In PCD, antibodies produced by the immune system to fight the tumor mistakenly attack proteins in the cerebellum that are similar to those found in the tumor. This leads to inflammation and degeneration of the Purkinje cells, a type of neuron critical for maintaining balance and coordinating movements.

PCD can present with symptoms such as unsteady gait, loss of coordination, slurred speech, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and tremors. These symptoms often develop rapidly, over the course of days to weeks, and may progress even after the tumor has been removed or treated.

PCD is associated with several types of cancers, including small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and others. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are essential to slowing down the progression of PCD and improving outcomes.

Familial amyloid neuropathies are a group of inherited disorders characterized by the accumulation of abnormal deposits of amyloid proteins in various tissues and organs of the body. These abnormal deposits can cause damage to nerves, leading to a peripheral neuropathy that affects sensation, movement, and organ function.

There are several types of familial amyloid neuropathies, each caused by different genetic mutations. The most common type is known as transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis (TTR-HA), which is caused by mutations in the TTR gene. Other types include apolipoprotein A1-related hereditary amyloidosis (APOA1-HA) and gelsolin-related amyloidosis (AGel-HA).

Symptoms of familial amyloid neuropathies can vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder. Common symptoms include:

* Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
* Weakness or loss of muscle strength in the legs and arms
* Autonomic nervous system dysfunction, leading to problems with digestion, heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature regulation
* Carpal tunnel syndrome
* Eye abnormalities, such as vitreous opacities or retinal deposits
* Kidney disease

Familial amyloid neuropathies are typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent. Diagnosis is usually made through genetic testing and confirmation of the presence of amyloid deposits in tissue samples.

Treatment for familial amyloid neuropathies typically involves managing symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. This may include medications to control pain, physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility, and devices such as braces or wheelchairs to assist with mobility. In some cases, liver transplantation may be recommended to remove the source of the mutated transthyretin protein.

Amyloid neuropathies are a group of peripheral nerve disorders caused by the abnormal accumulation of amyloid proteins in the nerves. Amyloid is a protein that can be produced in various diseases and can deposit in different organs, including nerves. When this occurs in the nerves, it can lead to damage and dysfunction, resulting in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the affected limbs.

There are several types of amyloid neuropathies, with the two most common being:

1. Transthyretin (TTR)-related hereditary amyloidosis: This is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the TTR gene, which leads to the production of abnormal TTR protein that can form amyloid deposits in various organs, including nerves.
2. Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis: This is a disorder in which abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of immunoglobulin light chains, which can form amyloid deposits in various organs, including nerves.

The diagnosis of amyloid neuropathies typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, nerve conduction studies, and tissue biopsy to confirm the presence of amyloid deposits. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the disorder and may include medications, chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prealbumin, also known as transthyretin, is a protein produced primarily in the liver and circulates in the blood. It plays a role in transporting thyroid hormones and vitamin A throughout the body. Prealbumin levels are often used as an indicator of nutritional status and liver function. Low prealbumin levels may suggest malnutrition or inflammation, while increased levels can be seen in certain conditions like hyperthyroidism. It is important to note that prealbumin levels should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory tests for a more accurate assessment of a patient's health status.

Limbic encephalitis is a rare type of inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the limbic system, which is a part of the brain involved in emotions, behavior, memory, and sense of smell. It is characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, seizures, changes in behavior and mood, and problems with autonomic functions.

Limbic encephalitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive therapy to reduce inflammation, as well as addressing any underlying causes if they can be identified.

It is important to note that limbic encephalitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. If you or someone else experiences symptoms such as sudden confusion, memory loss, or seizures, it is essential to seek medical care immediately.

Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune response to the tumor, which can affect distant organs and cause various symptoms.

Ocular paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a subset of these disorders that specifically affect the eyes. They are caused by an abnormal immune response directed against antigens shared by both the tumor and the nervous tissue of the eye. This results in damage to the nerve cells and can lead to various visual symptoms, such as:

1. Visual loss or blurring
2. Double vision (diplopia)
3. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
4. Abnormalities in pupil size or reactivity
5. Jerky eye movements (nystagmus)
6. Loss of peripheral vision (visual field defects)
7. Impaired color vision
8. Deterioration of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy)

Some examples of ocular paraneoplastic syndromes include:

1. Paraneoplastic retinopathy: A condition characterized by damage to the light-sensitive cells in the retina, leading to visual loss and other visual disturbances.
2. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy: Damage to the optic nerve that can result in visual loss and visual field defects.
3. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR): A condition characterized by progressive vision loss, night blindness, and abnormalities in the electroretinogram (ERG), a test used to assess retinal function.
4. Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR): Similar to CAR but specifically associated with melanoma, this condition can cause visual loss, night blindness, and abnormal ERG results.
5. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary eye movements (opsoclonus) and muscle jerks (myoclonus), which can be associated with various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.

It is important to note that these conditions are relatively rare but can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer can help improve outcomes for patients with ocular paraneoplastic syndromes.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) diseases, also known as Peripheral Neuropathies, refer to conditions that affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These nerves transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, controlling sensations, movements, and automatic functions such as heart rate and digestion.

PNS diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, trauma, or autoimmune conditions. The symptoms of PNS diseases depend on the type and extent of nerve damage but often include:

1. Numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet
2. Muscle weakness or cramps
3. Loss of reflexes
4. Decreased sensation to touch, temperature, or vibration
5. Coordination problems and difficulty with balance
6. Sexual dysfunction
7. Digestive issues, such as constipation or diarrhea
8. Dizziness or fainting due to changes in blood pressure

Examples of PNS diseases include Guillain-Barre syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, diabetic neuropathy, and peripheral nerve injuries. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the underlying cause but may involve medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by progressive and persistent inflammation of the peripheral nerves' myelin sheaths, leading to significant damage and impaired nerve function. Myelin is the fatty insulation that surrounds and protects nerve fibers, enabling efficient electrical conduction and communication between the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

In CIDP, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, causing its gradual deterioration (demyelination) and subsequent impairment of nerve function. This results in symptoms such as progressive muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, or sensory loss affecting both sides of the body. The onset of CIDP can be either acute or insidious, with symptoms developing slowly over several months.

CIDP is typically classified into two categories based on the distribution of nerve involvement:

1. Distal acquired demyelinating symmetric (DADS) neuropathy: This form of CIDP affects the longest nerves first, leading to symmetrical sensory and motor disturbances in the feet and hands.
2. Asymmetric or multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy: In this form, the damage is more localized and asymmetrical, affecting various parts of the peripheral nervous system.

The diagnosis of CIDP relies on a combination of clinical presentation, electrodiagnostic studies (nerve conduction studies and electromyography), and supportive findings from cerebrospinal fluid analysis and nerve biopsy. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive therapies to control the immune response and promote nerve recovery, such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, or plasma exchange. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and prevent long-term disability in patients with CIDP.

Diabetic neuropathies refer to a group of nerve disorders that are caused by diabetes. High blood sugar levels can injure nerves throughout the body, but diabetic neuropathies most commonly affect the nerves in the legs and feet.

There are four main types of diabetic neuropathies:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy. It affects the nerves in the legs and feet, causing symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning, or shooting pain.
2. Autonomic neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects the autonomic nerves, which control involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function. Symptoms may include dizziness, fainting, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty regulating body temperature.
3. Proximal neuropathy: Also known as diabetic amyotrophy, this type of neuropathy affects the nerves in the hips, thighs, or buttocks, causing weakness, pain, and difficulty walking.
4. Focal neuropathy: This type of neuropathy affects a single nerve or group of nerves, causing symptoms such as weakness, numbness, or pain in the affected area. Focal neuropathies can occur anywhere in the body, but they are most common in the head, torso, and legs.

The risk of developing diabetic neuropathies increases with the duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Other factors that may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathies include genetics, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

POEMS syndrome is a rare and complex disorder that affects multiple parts of the body. The name POEMS is an acronym that stands for the following symptoms: Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, and Skin changes.

Here's a brief definition of each component of the syndrome:

* Polyneuropathy: This refers to damage to the peripheral nerves that can cause symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the arms and legs.
* Organomegaly: This means enlargement of organs, such as the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes.
* Endocrinopathy: This refers to abnormalities in hormone-producing glands, which can lead to symptoms such as diabetes, low testosterone levels, and thyroid dysfunction.
* Monoclonal gammopathy: This is an abnormal production of a single type of immunoglobulin (a protein produced by the immune system) in the bone marrow.
* Skin changes: These can include skin thickening, darkening, or redness, as well as skin lesions.

POEMS syndrome is typically caused by an underlying plasma cell disorder, such as multiple myeloma or a related condition called Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Treatment for POEMS syndrome usually involves addressing the underlying plasma cell disorder, as well as managing specific symptoms of the syndrome.

The sural nerve is a purely sensory peripheral nerve in the lower leg and foot. It provides sensation to the outer ( lateral) aspect of the little toe and the adjacent side of the fourth toe, as well as a small portion of the skin on the back of the leg between the ankle and knee joints.

The sural nerve is formed by the union of branches from the tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of the sciatic nerve) in the lower leg. It runs down the calf, behind the lateral malleolus (the bony prominence on the outside of the ankle), and into the foot.

The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve during nerve grafting procedures due to its consistent anatomy and relatively low risk for morbidity at the donor site.

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by the presence of antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in the neuromuscular junction, which disrupts the normal transmission of signals between nerves and muscles.

The symptoms of LEMS include proximal muscle weakness, which may affect the legs more than the arms, and autonomic dysfunction such as dry mouth and constipation. The weakness tends to improve with exercise but worsens after periods of rest. In some cases, LEMS can be associated with cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer.

Diagnosis of LEMS typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, electromyography (EMG) studies, and blood tests to detect VGCC antibodies. Treatment may include medications such as pyridostigmine, which improves neuromuscular transmission, or intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, which help to reduce the immune response. In cases where LEMS is associated with cancer, treatment of the underlying malignancy can also improve muscle strength and function.

Neural conduction is the process by which electrical signals, known as action potentials, are transmitted along the axon of a neuron (nerve cell) to transmit information between different parts of the nervous system. This electrical impulse is generated by the movement of ions across the neuronal membrane, and it propagates down the length of the axon until it reaches the synapse, where it can then stimulate the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or target cells. The speed of neural conduction can vary depending on factors such as the diameter of the axon, the presence of myelin sheaths (which act as insulation and allow for faster conduction), and the temperature of the environment.

Hu paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigens are a group of neuronal intracellular antigens associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). PNDs are a group of rare, degenerative conditions that affect the nervous system and can occur in patients with cancer. The Hu antigens are part of a family of proteins known as onconeural antigens, which are expressed in both cancer cells and normal neurons.

The Hu antigens include three main proteins: HuD, HuC, and Rb/p75. These proteins are involved in the regulation of gene expression and are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neuronal cells. In patients with PNDs associated with Hu antigens, the immune system mistakenly recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. This leads to inflammation and damage to the nervous system, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction.

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis is a specific type of PND that affects both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). It is often associated with small cell lung cancer but can also occur in other types of cancer. The presence of Hu antibodies in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid is a useful diagnostic marker for this condition, although not all patients with Hu-associated PNDs will have detectable Hu antibodies.

Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle rigidity in the trunk and limbs and a heightened sensitivity to stimuli such as touch, sound, and emotional distress, which can trigger muscle spasms. The symptoms can significantly affect a person's ability to perform daily activities and can lead to frequent falls and injuries. SPS is often associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme involved in the production of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that helps regulate muscle movement. The exact cause of SPS remains unknown, but it is thought to involve both autoimmune and genetic factors.

Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.

Polyradiculoneuropathy is a medical term that refers to a condition affecting multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves. It's a type of neuropathy, which is damage or disease affecting the peripheral nerves, and it involves damage to the nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord.

The term "poly" means many, "radiculo" refers to the nerve root, and "neuropathy" indicates a disorder of the nerves. Therefore, polyradiculoneuropathy implies that multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves are affected.

This condition can result from various causes, such as infections (like Guillain-Barre syndrome), autoimmune disorders (such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), diabetes, cancer, or exposure to toxins. Symptoms may include weakness, numbness, tingling, or pain in the limbs, which can progress and become severe over time. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing further nerve damage.

Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes refer to a group of hormonal and related disorders that occur as remote effects of cancer. They are caused by substances (like hormones, peptides, or antibodies) produced by the tumor, which may be benign or malignant, and can affect various organs and systems in the body. These syndromes can occur before the cancer is diagnosed, making them an important consideration for early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy.

Examples of paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes include:

1. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): This occurs when a tumor, often small cell lung cancer, produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive water retention and low sodium levels in the blood.
2. Cushing's Syndrome: Excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a tumor, often a small cell lung cancer or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, can lead to increased cortisol levels and symptoms such as weight gain, muscle weakness, and mood changes.
3. Ectopic Production of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP): This occurs when a tumor, often a squamous cell carcinoma, produces PTHrP, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
4. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: Excessive production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) by a tumor, often a lymphoma or myeloma, can lead to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
5. Carcinoid Syndrome: This occurs when a neuroendocrine tumor, often in the gastrointestinal tract, produces serotonin and other substances, leading to symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and heart problems.

It is important to note that these syndromes can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, so a thorough evaluation is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.

There are several types of pemphigus, including:

1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.

Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.

Electrodiagnosis, also known as electromyography (EMG), is a medical diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health and function of muscles and nerves. It measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles at rest and during contraction, as well as the conduction of electrical signals along nerves.

The test involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record its electrical activity. The physician will ask the patient to contract and relax the muscle while the electrical activity is recorded. The resulting data can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as nerve damage or muscle diseases, by identifying abnormalities in the electrical signals.

Electrodiagnosis can be used to diagnose conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, muscular dystrophy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. It is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of neuromuscular disorders, helping physicians to develop appropriate treatment plans for their patients.

Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary, and chaotic eye movements (opsoclonus) and brief, shock-like jerks of the muscles (myoclonus). These symptoms can affect various parts of the body, including the limbs, trunk, and face. OMS is often associated with a variety of underlying causes, such as viral infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, no specific cause can be identified, and this is referred to as idiopathic OMS.

The symptoms of OMS can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to manage the symptoms and address any underlying causes. The prognosis for individuals with OMS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some people may experience significant improvement in their symptoms, while others may have persistent neurological impairments.

Amyloidosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of insoluble proteins called amyloid in various tissues and organs throughout the body. These misfolded protein deposits can disrupt the normal function of affected organs, leading to a range of symptoms depending on the location and extent of the amyloid deposition.

There are different types of amyloidosis, classified based on the specific proteins involved:

1. Primary (AL) Amyloidosis: This is the most common form, accounting for around 80% of cases. It results from the overproduction and misfolding of immunoglobulin light chains, typically by clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. The amyloid deposits can affect various organs, including the heart, kidneys, liver, and nervous system.
2. Secondary (AA) Amyloidosis: This form is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, or familial Mediterranean fever. The amyloid fibrils are composed of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), an acute-phase reactant produced during the inflammatory response. The kidneys are commonly affected in this type of amyloidosis.
3. Hereditary or Familial Amyloidosis: These forms are caused by genetic mutations that result in the production of abnormal proteins prone to misfolding and amyloid formation. Examples include transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, fibrinogen amyloidosis, and apolipoprotein AI amyloidosis. These forms can affect various organs, including the heart, nerves, and kidneys.
4. Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis: This form is seen in patients undergoing long-term dialysis for chronic kidney disease. The amyloid fibrils are composed of beta-2 microglobulin, a protein that accumulates due to impaired clearance during dialysis. The joints and bones are commonly affected in this type of amyloidosis.

The diagnosis of amyloidosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and tissue biopsy with the demonstration of amyloid deposition using special stains (e.g., Congo red). Treatment depends on the specific type and extent of organ involvement and may include supportive care, medications to target the underlying cause (e.g., chemotherapy, immunomodulatory agents), and organ transplantation in some cases.

Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.

Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are a group of conditions that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. These diseases can cause inflammation, damage to nerve cells, and interference with the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Examples of autoimmune diseases that affect the nervous system include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic disease characterized by damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, causing a variety of neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
2. Myasthenia gravis: A condition that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly affecting the eyes, face, and neck muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the receptors that transmit signals between nerves and muscles.
3. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves, causing muscle weakness, tingling, and numbness that can spread throughout the body. In severe cases, it can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure.
4. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): A rare autoimmune disease that affects the optic nerve and spinal cord, causing vision loss, muscle weakness, and other neurological symptoms.
5. Autoimmune encephalitis: A group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the brain, caused by an overactive immune response. Symptoms can include seizures, memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.
6. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): A rare disorder that causes progressive weakness and numbness in the legs and arms due to damage to the nerves' protective covering.

Treatment for autoimmune diseases of the nervous system typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures to manage symptoms and maintain function.

Encephalomyelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or it can be due to an autoimmune response where the body's own immune system attacks the nervous tissue.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, but they may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and difficulty with coordination or walking. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.

Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as administering antiviral medications for viral infections or immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune reactions. Supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, may also be necessary to help manage symptoms and promote recovery.

Heptanes are a group of hydrocarbons that are composed of straight-chain or branched arrangements of six carbon atoms and are commonly found in gasoline. They are colorless liquids at room temperature with a characteristic odor. In a medical context, exposure to heptanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, and can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Chronic exposure has been linked to more serious health effects, including neurological damage and cancer. Proper handling and use of heptanes, as well as adequate ventilation, are important to minimize exposure and potential health risks.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, tingling sensations, and sometimes paralysis. The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that control our movements and transmit signals from our skin, muscles, and joints to our brain.

The onset of GBS usually occurs after a viral or bacterial infection, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal infections, or following surgery, vaccinations, or other immune system triggers. The exact cause of the immune response that leads to GBS is not fully understood.

GBS typically progresses rapidly over days or weeks, with symptoms reaching their peak within 2-4 weeks after onset. Most people with GBS experience muscle weakness that starts in the lower limbs and spreads upward to the upper body, arms, and face. In severe cases, the diaphragm and chest muscles may become weakened, leading to difficulty breathing and requiring mechanical ventilation.

The diagnosis of GBS is based on clinical symptoms, nerve conduction studies, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and respiratory support if necessary. In addition, plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be used to reduce the severity of symptoms and speed up recovery.

While most people with GBS recover completely or with minimal residual symptoms, some may experience long-term disability or require ongoing medical care. The prognosis for GBS varies depending on the severity of the illness and the individual's age and overall health.

Paraproteinemias refer to the presence of abnormal levels of paraproteins in the blood. Paraproteins are immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. In healthy individuals, paraproteins play a role in the immune system's response to infection and disease. However, in certain conditions, such as multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, plasma cells produce excessive amounts of a single type of paraprotein, leading to its accumulation in the blood.

Paraproteinemias can cause various symptoms depending on the level of paraproteins present and their impact on organs and tissues. These symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, numbness or tingling in the extremities, bone pain, recurrent infections, and kidney problems. In some cases, paraproteinemias may not cause any symptoms and may only be detected during routine blood tests.

It is important to note that while paraproteinemias are often associated with plasma cell disorders, they can also occur in other conditions such as chronic inflammation or autoimmune diseases. Therefore, further testing and evaluation are necessary to determine the underlying cause of paraproteinemia and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Thymoma is a type of tumor that originates from the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the chest behind the breastbone. Thymomas are typically slow-growing and often do not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large or spread to other parts of the body.

Thymomas can be classified into different types based on their appearance under a microscope, such as type A, AB, B1, B2, and B3. These classifications are important because they can help predict how aggressive the tumor is likely to be and how it should be treated.

Symptoms of thymoma may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the face or neck. Thymomas can also be associated with autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis, which affects muscle strength and mobility. Treatment for thymoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to help prevent recurrence.

Peripheral nerves are nerve fibers that transmit signals between the central nervous system (CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. These nerves convey motor, sensory, and autonomic information, enabling us to move, feel, and respond to changes in our environment. They form a complex network that extends from the CNS to muscles, glands, skin, and internal organs, allowing for coordinated responses and functions throughout the body. Damage or injury to peripheral nerves can result in various neurological symptoms, such as numbness, weakness, or pain, depending on the type and severity of the damage.

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... paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration MeSH C10.574.781.850 - paraneoplastic polyneuropathy MeSH C10.574.843.300 - ... paraneoplastic polyneuropathy MeSH C10.668.829.800.700 - poems syndrome MeSH C10.668.829.800.750 - polyradiculoneuropathy MeSH ... polyneuropathies MeSH C10.668.829.800.050 - alcoholic neuropathy MeSH C10.668.829.800.300 - hereditary motor and sensory ... paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration MeSH C10.228.140.252.700 - spinocerebellar degenerations MeSH C10.228.140.252.700.150 - ...
... are also associated with a variety of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including sensorimotor polyneuropathies. Patients ... For example, paraneoplastic pemphigus often included infection as a major cause of death. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is one of ... Paraneoplastic Syndromes, 2011, Darnell & Posner NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndromes Information Page Archived 2015-01-04 at the ... A specifically devastating form of (neurological) paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic ...
... are associated with a paraneoplastic neuritis. This carcinomatous polyneuropathy is associated with the presence of antibodies ... Treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes aim for both elimination of tumor tissue via conventional oncologic approach as well as ... This paraneoplastic syndrome may present as either a sensory neuropathy, affecting primarily the dorsal root ganglion, ... Guillian-Barré Syndrome is a class of acute polyneuropathies that present with flaccid paralysis, they include acute ...
... disease Paraneoplastic diseases Paroxysmal attacks Parry-Romberg syndrome Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Periodic paralyses ... Phantom pain Photic sneeze reflex Phytanic acid storage disease Pick's disease Pinched nerve Pituitary tumors Polyneuropathy ... Tooth disease Chiari malformation Chorea Chronic fatigue syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic ...
Signs and symptoms of a cancer causing a paraneoplastic syndrome result from the release of humoral factors such as hormones, ... The name POEMS is an acronym for some of the disease's major signs and symptoms (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, ... While the main features of this paraneoplastic disease have been described, the exact mechanism behind its development, ... Nonetheless, it seems likely that some of these paraneoplastic factors, operating individually, make a major contribution to ...
Darnell, R.B. (1996), "Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity ... "Peripheral nerve proteins as potential autoantigens in acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies". ... "Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients". Neurology. 42 (10): ... "Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration ...
Other rare phenotypes included epilepsy and painful polyneuropathy. Anti-VGKC antibodies, in fact, later turned out to be ... Anti-AMPAR encephalitis is paraneoplastic in etiology in 64% of cases, mostly associated with thymoma, ovarian teratoma and ... "Paraneoplastic anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma". Annals of Neurology. 61 (1 ...
Chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy was 100% penetrant and conspicuous in all investigated peripheral nerves. Large fibers we ... Phosphoprotein 32 Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein GAP-43 Protein Glucose Transporter Type 3 Hu Paraneoplastic ... Tests on 60-week-old mice investigated PrPc - deficient mice showed chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy. ...
... (AN or AAN) is a form of polyneuropathy that affects the non-voluntary, non-sensory nervous system (i.e., ... sometimes as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome which can occur even when cancer has not yet been diagnosed. Certain infectious ...
... low-grade adenocarcinoma Polymyalgia rheumatica Polymyositis Polyneuritis Polyneuropathy hand defect Polyneuropathy mental ... Parainfluenza virus type 3 antenatal infection Paramyotonia congenita of von Eulenburg Paramyotonia congenita Paraneoplastic ...
Clinical evidence of the cause-and-effect for prevention and the management of radiation induced polyneuropathy is limited. In ... paraneoplastic neuronopathy, diabetic lumbosacral plexopathy, degenerative disk disease (osteoporosis of the spine), ... Radiation poisoning Radiation therapy ICD-10-CM World Health Organization's Code G62.82: Radiation-induced polyneuropathy ICD- ...
ISBN 978-1-85070-085-2. Dourmishev LA, Draganov PV (September 2009). "Paraneoplastic dermatological manifestation of ... Acrodynia (calomel disease, erythredemic polyneuropathy, pink disease) Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (pustular ... Meesmann corneal dystrophy Paraneoplastic keratoderma Pityriasis rosea (pityriasis rosea Gibert) Pityriasis rubra pilaris ( ... Polyneuropathy-organomegaly-endocrinopathy-monoclonal gammopathy-skin changes syndrome (Crow-Fukase syndrome) Polyostotic ...
Grisold W, Oberndorfer S, Windebank AJ (2012). "Chemotherapy and polyneuropathies" (PDF). European Association of Neurooncology ... comorbid conditions and paraneoplastic syndrome may all co-occur and act as confounding factors in the study or experience of ...
... paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration MeSH C04.588.614.550.700 - paraneoplastic polyneuropathy MeSH C04.588.614.596 - ... paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration MeSH C04.730.856.700 - paraneoplastic polyneuropathy MeSH C04.834.512.513 - leukoplakia ... paraneoplastic syndromes, nervous system MeSH C04.588.614.550.225 - lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome MeSH C04.588.614.550.450 ... paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes MeSH C04.588.322.525 - parathyroid neoplasms MeSH C04.588.322.609 - pituitary neoplasms MeSH ...
POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, which includes polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and ...
POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, which includes polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein, and ...
A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. It usually ... A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. [1, 2, 3, 4] It ... Symptomatic distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV after age 50. Neurology. 2004 Apr 27. 62(8):1378-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... HIV-Associated Distal Painful Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy. Updated: Aug 08, 2019 * Author: Florian P Thomas, MD, PhD, MA, MS; ...
Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy.. When to see a doctor. Seek medical care right away if you notice ... These are a form of autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic syndrome.. *Diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is the most ... Also, some cancers related to the bodys immune system can cause polyneuropathy. ... its called polyneuropathy. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of mononeuropathy. ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY. POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA. POLIPROTEINAS. POLYPROTEINS. POLIPROTEÍNAS. ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM. SÍNDROMES PARANEOPLÁSICAS DO SISTEMA NERVOSO. SINORHIZOBIUM. SINORHIZOBIUM. ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION. DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR. DEGENERACION ESTRIATONIGRAL. STRIATONIGRAL ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY. POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA. POLIPROTEINAS. POLYPROTEINS. POLIPROTEÍNAS. ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM. SÍNDROMES PARANEOPLÁSICAS DO SISTEMA NERVOSO. SINORHIZOBIUM. SINORHIZOBIUM. ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION. DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR. DEGENERACION ESTRIATONIGRAL. STRIATONIGRAL ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY. POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA. POLIPROTEINAS. POLYPROTEINS. POLIPROTEÍNAS. ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM. SÍNDROMES PARANEOPLÁSICAS DO SISTEMA NERVOSO. SINORHIZOBIUM. SINORHIZOBIUM. ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION. DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR. DEGENERACION ESTRIATONIGRAL. STRIATONIGRAL ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION DEGENERACION CEREBELAR PARANEOPLASICA DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION DEGENERACION CEREBELAR PARANEOPLASICA DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLIPROTEÍNAS POLYPROTEINS POLIPROTEINAS POLIRRADICULONEUROPATIA ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM SINDROMES PARANEOPLASICOS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO SINORHIZOBIUM SINORHIZOBIUM ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY. POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA. POLIPROTEINAS. POLYPROTEINS. POLIPROTEÍNAS. ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM. SÍNDROMES PARANEOPLÁSICAS DO SISTEMA NERVOSO. SINORHIZOBIUM. SINORHIZOBIUM. ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION. DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR. DEGENERACION ESTRIATONIGRAL. STRIATONIGRAL ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION DEGENERACION CEREBELAR PARANEOPLASICA DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLIPROTEÍNAS POLYPROTEINS POLIPROTEINAS POLIRRADICULONEUROPATIA ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM SINDROMES PARANEOPLASICOS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO SINORHIZOBIUM SINORHIZOBIUM ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION DEGENERACION CEREBELAR PARANEOPLASICA DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLÁSICA PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS ... PARANEOPLASTIC CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION DEGENERACION CEREBELAR PARANEOPLASICA DEGENERAÇÃO PARANEOPLÁSICA CEREBELAR ...
PARANEOPLASTIC POLYNEUROPATHY POLINEUROPATIA PARANEOPLASICA POLIPROTEÍNAS POLYPROTEINS POLIPROTEINAS POLIRRADICULONEUROPATIA ... PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES, NERVOUS SYSTEM SINDROMES PARANEOPLASICOS DEL SISTEMA NERVIOSO SINORHIZOBIUM SINORHIZOBIUM ...
Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. *Paranoia. *Parkinsonism. *Parotitis. *Pars plana vitrectopy. *Parsonage and Turner syndrome ...
A novel paraneoplastic syndrome with acquired lipodystrophy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in an ...
The latter, referred to as paraneoplastic disorders, include polyneuropathy (especially with carcinoma of the lung). Charm 265 ...
... and polyneuropathies associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal gammopathy and paraneoplastic neuropathies. Other forms ... Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, also known as GBS, is an acute or subacute monophasic, ascending, areflexic ... A proportion of patients between the ages of 40 and 60 years present with a paraneoplastic disorder in association with thymoma ... Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled, ...
Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic disorder ...
... paraneoplastic polyneuropathy, leprosy and diabetic neuropathy. The most prominent reported pathological changes were nerve ... In this study the literature on its clinical application in polyneuropathy is reviewed. Several polyneuropathies have been ... Guillain-Barré syndrome/acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and ... High resolution sonography in the evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in polyneuropathy--a review of the literature. ...
Asymmetrical Myelopathy with a possible underlying cause of Para-Proteinemic Polyneuropathy and Para-Neoplastic Neuropathy. ...
... sensory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and paraneoplastic neuropathy, while three cases had been treated ... sensory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and paraneoplastic neuropathy, while three cases had been treated ... After extensive evaluation, one-third of patients affected by polyneuropathy remain undiagnosed and are labelled as having ... After extensive evaluation, one-third of patients affected by polyneuropathy remain undiagnosed and are labelled as having ...
... paraneoplastic neuropathies, and diabetic polyneuropathy. Clear guidance is provided on currently available treatments, with ...
The spectrum of polyneuropathies in patients infected with HIV. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1989 Dec. 52(12):1369-74. [QxMD ... Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy in HIV * Sections Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating ... Atypical acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in the setting of HIVinfection: Report of two cases. Acta Neurol ... encoded search term (Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy in HIV) and Acute and Chronic Inflammatory ...
Paraneoplastic Syndromes - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Peripheral neuropathy is the most common neurologic paraneoplastic syndrome. It is usually a distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy ... Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes Several types of peripheral neuropathy are among the neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes. ... Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes The endocrine system is often affected by paraneoplastic syndromes. ...
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. *Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy*Paraneoplastic Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy. * ...
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes are symptoms that occur at sites distant from a tumor or its metastasis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Up to 20% of cancer patients experience paraneoplastic syndromes, but often these syndromes are unrecognized. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The endocrine system is often affected by paraneoplastic syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes, a group of rare degenerative disorders triggered by an immune response to cancer, can cause nerve damage. (oregonmedicalcenters.com)
  • Common symptoms of lung cancer include difficulty breathing , hemoptysis , chronic coughing , chest pain , weakness and wasting , difficulty speaking , and symptoms related to paraneoplastic syndromes . (wikidoc.org)
  • A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Autoimmune neuropathies encompass acute forms such as Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and its variants, as well as chronic forms including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), multifocal motor neuropathy, and polyneuropathies associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal gammopathy and paraneoplastic neuropathies. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Since a sensory neuropathy/neuronopathy is identified in all patients with genetically confirmed RFC1 cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome, we speculated that RFC1 expansions could underlie a fraction of idiopathic sensory neuropathies also diagnosed as chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy. (unipv.it)
  • More frequently however, multiple nerves are affected, called polyneuropathy.Some peripheral neuropathies are due to damage to the axons (the long, threadlike portion of the nerve cell), while others are due to damage to the myelin sheath, the fatty protein that coats and insulates the axon. (nervepaincenter.com)
  • 2. Chronic relapsing polyneuropathy (G61.81) (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)) with severe or life threatening symptoms, in persons who have failed to respond to conventional therapy. (qualchoice.com)
  • After extensive evaluation, one-third of patients affected by polyneuropathy remain undiagnosed and are labelled as having chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy, which refers to a sensory or sensory-motor, axonal, slowly progressive neuropathy of unknown origin. (unipv.it)
  • We retrospectively identified 225 patients diagnosed with chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (125 sensory neuropathy, 100 sensory-motor neuropathy) from our general neuropathy clinics in Italy and the UK. (unipv.it)
  • A quarter of RFC1-positive patients had previously received an alternative diagnosis, including Sjögren's syndrome, sensory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and paraneoplastic neuropathy, while three cases had been treated with immune therapies. (unipv.it)
  • Diseases in which your immune system attacks your own tissue include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and necrotizing vasculitis. (carolinapainscrambler.com)
  • The pattern of neuropathy is different for polyneuropathy caused by direct HIV infection, which affects all fibers, compared with that induced by antiretroviral treatment, which affects small fibers. (medscape.com)
  • Most people with peripheral neuropathy have polyneuropathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Peripheral neuropathy can affect one nerve (mononeuropathy), two or more nerves in different areas (multiple mononeuropathy) or many nerves (polyneuropathy). (nwifootandankleclinic.com)
  • These heredity types include Charcot-Marie-Tooth and amyloid polyneuropathy diseases can cause peripheral neuropathy . (carolinapainscrambler.com)
  • If it affects two or more nerves in different areas, it's called multiple mononeuropathy, and if it affects many nerves, it's called polyneuropathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • This is an inflammatory condition affecting multiple peripheral nerves (polyneuropathy) in dogs and is considered to be the equivalent of Guillain-Barre syndrome in man. (ndsr.co.uk)
  • Paraneoplastic syndrome, a cancer related immune response that attacks your body, can also cause pressure to nerves and impair function. (carolinapainscrambler.com)
  • Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, also known as GBS, is an acute or subacute monophasic, ascending, areflexic paralysis, with loss of deep tendon reflexes developing over 1 to 4 weeks. (nursingcenter.com)
  • The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED ). (nih.gov)
  • Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. (medlink.com)
  • The most frequent pattern in Western countries is the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. (medlink.com)
  • Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of the peroneal nerve test (PENT) in the diagnosis of critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and myopathy (CIM) in the intensive care unit (ICU). (researchgate.net)
  • [ 5 ] HIV-associated distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common neurologic complication of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Autonomic dysfunction is common in HIV infection and is associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Since the advent of HAART, several studies have shown a lack of association between distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy and the degree of immunosuppression, including CD4 counts and viral load. (medscape.com)
  • Distal epidermal denervation has been shown to be associated with distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Also, some cancers related to the body's immune system can cause polyneuropathy. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Also, polyneuropathy can arise as a result of some cancers related to the body's immune response. (nwifootandankleclinic.com)
  • Described en bloc resections in 29 selected patients and obtained a wide margin in 20 of these operations [77]. (forexinfolink.com)
  • The latter, referred to as paraneoplastic disorders, include polyneuropathy (especially with carcinoma of the lung). (forexinfolink.com)
  • Chemotherapy Drugs - The drugs used to treat cancer can cause polyneuropathy in an estimated 30 to 40 percent of users. (oregonmedicalcenters.com)
  • These are a form of autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic syndrome. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic disorder associated with an underlying plasma cell dyscrasia and multiorgan failure. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The most common clinical presentation is a symmetric distal mixed sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (harvard.edu)
  • Sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a condition that causes a decreased ability to move and feel (sensation) because of nerve damage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sensorimotor polyneuropathy is a bodywide (systemic) process that damages nerve cells, nerve fibers (axons), and nerve coverings ( myelin sheath). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The development of peripheral neuropathy, specifically the formation of primary axonal sensorimotor peripheral polyneuropathy, is a risk for persons with a history of chronic consumption of large volumes of alcohol. (medscape.com)
  • A distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common type of HIV-1 associated peripheral neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • [ 5 ] HIV-associated distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy is the most common neurologic complication of HIV infection. (medscape.com)
  • Since the advent of HAART, several studies have shown a lack of association between distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy and the degree of immunosuppression, including CD4 counts and viral load. (medscape.com)
  • Distal epidermal denervation has been shown to be associated with distal painful sensorimotor polyneuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • Forbes E, Smith K, Petluru M, Nystrom J, Fridman V. Adult-onset Krabbe disease presenting as isolated sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy: A case report. (ucdenver.edu)
  • A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy ( POLYNEUROPATHIES ), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. (nih.gov)
  • There are a variety of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with HCC including erythrocytosis, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoglycemia and Thrombocytosis [ 5 ]. (gastrores.org)
  • Paraneoplastic Syndromes Paraneoplastic (associated with cancer-see also Overview of Cancer) syndromes occur when a cancer causes unusual symptoms due to substances that circulate in the bloodstream. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hypercalcemia is one of the most common paraneoplastic syndromes, and cancer is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in companion animals. (dvm360.com)
  • These alterations are classically referred to as paraneoplastic syndromes . (dvm360.com)
  • Thrombocytosis is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in HCC mediated by thrombopoietin (TPO) production. (gastrores.org)
  • We report a case of thrombocytosis as a paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with HCC and hepatitis C cirrhosis. (gastrores.org)
  • The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). (childrensmercy.org)
  • Lymphoma is known to cause a wide spectrum of neurological disorders, including local lymphomatous infiltration and paraneoplastic syndrome. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Malignancies as the cause, such as Cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, or Plasma cell dyscrasias would be diagnosed by her internist. (criminalelement.com)
  • Autonomic dysfunction is common in HIV infection and is associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • We focus on the role of diagnostic investigations for distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP), the most common subtype, and an approach to the symptomatic treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDN). (cmaj.ca)
  • Clinical features such as acute-to-subacute onset, asymmetry, non-length dependence, motor-predominant signs and associated systemic features should prompt urgent neuromuscular referral for investigation of polyneuropathy. (cmaj.ca)
  • Serum antiganglioside antibodies in patients with autoimmune limbic en" by AYLA ÇULHA OKTAR, ÖZLEM SELÇUK et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Conclusion: Serum ganglioside IgM antibodies may infrequently emerge during the clinical course of autoimmune limbic encephalitis without evident polyneuropathy. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy secondary to a malignant mixed mullerian tumor. (harvard.edu)
  • Some diseases lead to polyneuropathy that is mainly sensory or mainly motor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Polyneuropathy is a common neurologic condition with a variety of subtypes that involve the motor, sensory or autonomic fibres. (cmaj.ca)
  • Symptoms of polyneuropathy can be categorized by whether they involve sensory, motor or autonomic fibres. (cmaj.ca)
  • Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Polyneuropathy Polyneuropathy is the simultaneous malfunction of many peripheral nerves throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Polyneuropathy is a condition of the peripheral nerves that is not limited to the distribution of a single nerve or limb and is usually bilaterally symmetrical. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Polyneuropathy is an umbrella term for various diseases affecting peripheral nerves, with different causes and phenotypes. (tidsskriftet.no)
  • Paraneoplastic neurologic disease antigens: RNA-binding proteins and signaling proteins in neuronal degeneration. (harvard.edu)
  • Polyneuropathy is a common neurologic condition with an overall prevalence in the general population of about 1%-3%, increasing to roughly 7% among people older than 65 years. (cmaj.ca)
  • We review the approach to evaluating a patient with polyneuropathy by highlighting important aspects of the history and neurologic examination. (cmaj.ca)
  • Background/aim: Ganglioside antibodies are identified not only in patients with inflammatory neuropathies but also several central nervous system disorders and paraneoplastic neuropathies. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Well-characterized antineuronal and paraneoplastic antibodies were investigated in sera and CSF and antiganglioside (antiGM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b) IgG and IgM antibodies were measured in sera using commercial immunoblots. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Pathways in the diagnosis and management of diabetic polyneuropathy. (ucdenver.edu)
  • His case history raised suspicion of polyneuropathy, but it was unclear whether an acute or more subacute form was involved. (tidsskriftet.no)
  • Serum paraneoplastic studies demonstrated a positive IgG antibody (titer 1:30,720) to collapsing response-mediator protein 5 (CRMP-5). (neurology.org)
  • The most common cause of myelin dysfunction (demyelinating) polyneuropathies is a parainfectious immune response triggered by encapsulated bacteria (e.g. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Vasa nervorum involvement can begin as many mononeuropathies, which can look like polyneuropathy when many nerves are afflicted bilaterally. (nclexnursing.com)
  • Peripheral nerve injury from these mechanisms may result in a diffuse polyneuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, focal mononeuropathies, or polyradiculopathy from involvement of spinal root sheaths. (medscape.com)
  • Quan D, Obici L, Berk JL, Ando Y, Aldinc E, White MT, Adams D. Impact of baseline polyneuropathy severity on patisiran treatment outcomes in the APOLLO trial. (ucdenver.edu)
  • None of the patients had evident symptoms and findings of peripheral polyneuropathy. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • Thrombocytosis is a rare paraneoplastic condition seen in HCC. (gastrores.org)
  • Polyneuropathies that primarily affect motor fibers are known as polyneuropathies. (nclexnursing.com)