Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Nervous System
Paraneoplastic Polyneuropathy
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes
Encephalomyelitis
Myxosarcoma
Cerebellar Diseases
Limbic Encephalitis
Thymoma
Ocular Motility Disorders
Endocrine System Diseases
Nervous System Diseases
Polymyositis
Fatal Outcome
Recoverin
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Autoantibodies
Dermatomyositis
Central Nervous System
Carcinoma, Small Cell
Neuromuscular Diseases
Hu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigens
Stiff-Person Syndrome
Nervous System
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
Pemphigus
Central Nervous System Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Sequence-specific RNA binding by a Nova KH domain: implications for paraneoplastic disease and the fragile X syndrome. (1/63)
The structure of a Nova protein K homology (KH) domain recognizing single-stranded RNA has been determined at 2.4 A resolution. Mammalian Nova antigens (1 and 2) constitute an important family of regulators of RNA metabolism in neurons, first identified using sera from cancer patients with the autoimmune disorder paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia (POMA). The structure of the third KH domain (KH3) of Nova-2 bound to a stem loop RNA resembles a molecular vise, with 5'-Ura-Cyt-Ade-Cyt-3' pinioned between an invariant Gly-X-X-Gly motif and the variable loop. Tetranucleotide recognition is supported by an aliphatic alpha helix/beta sheet RNA-binding platform, which mimics 5'-Ura-Gua-3' by making Watson-Crick-like hydrogen bonds with 5'-Cyt-Ade-3'. Sequence conservation suggests that fragile X mental retardation results from perturbation of RNA binding by the FMR1 protein. (+info)RNA-binding analyses of HuC and HuD with the VEGF and c-myc 3'-untranslated regions using a novel ELISA-based assay. (2/63)
Human members of the ELAV family, referred to as ELAV-like proteins (ELPs), include HuC, HuD, Hel-N1 and HuR. These proteins bind to AU-rich elements in the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of many growth-related mRNAs, including c-myc and VEGF, and may participate in regulating the stability of these transcripts. Here, I have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which can rapidly assess the RNA-protein-binding properties of ELPs. With this assay, I demonstrate that HuC and HuD bind to the VEGF 3'-UTR regulatory segment (VRS) and to the c- myc 3'-UTR in a specific and concentration-dependent pattern, with both proteins showing a greater affinity for the VRS. Further analysis of the VRS indicated that the binding affinity was greater for the 3'-end where the majority of AU motifs reside. Binding to the VRS could be competed by both proteins as well as a poly(U) ribohomopolymer. The binding could not be competed by other ribohomopolymers or serum from patients with high titer anti-HuD antibodies. In summary, this assay provides a rapid analysis of ELP-RNA binding which can be utilized for further characterization of RNA-binding properties and for identification of competitor molecules for in vivo functional analysis of ELPs. (+info)Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis: neurological symptoms, immunological findings and tumour association in 50 patients. (3/63)
Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE) is a rare disorder characterized by personality changes, irritability, depression, seizures, memory loss and sometimes dementia. The diagnosis is difficult because clinical markers are often lacking, and symptoms usually precede the diagnosis of cancer or mimic other complications. The frequency of antineuronal antibodies in patients with PLE has not been investigated. We examined the neurological symptoms and the causal tumours in 50 patients with PLE to determine the utility of paraneoplastic antibodies and other tests. The diagnosis of PLE required neuropathological examination or the presence of the four following criteria: (i) a compatible clinical picture; (ii) an interval of <4 years between the development of neurological symptoms and tumour diagnosis; (iii) exclusion of other neuro-oncological complications; and (iv) at least one of the following: CSF with inflammatory changes but negative cytology; MRI demonstrating temporal lobe abnormalities; EEG showing epileptic activity in the temporal lobes. Of 1047 patients with neurological symptoms, whose sera or CSF were examined for paraneoplastic antibodies, 79 had the presumptive diagnosis of limbic encephalitis, dementia, cognitive dysfunction, or confusion. Fifty of these patients fulfilled our criteria for PLE. Pathological confirmation was obtained in 12 patients. The commonly associated neoplasms were of the lung (50%), testis (20%) and breast (8%). Neurological symptoms preceded the cancer diagnosis in 60% of patients (by a median of 3.5 months). Twenty-five of 44 (57%) patients with MRI studies had signal abnormalities in the limbic system. Thirty (60%) patients had antineuronal antibodies (18 anti-Hu, 10 anti-Ta, 2 anti-Ma), and 20 were antibody-negative or had uncharacterized antibodies (n = 4). The combination of symptoms, MRI findings and paraneoplastic antibodies established the diagnosis of PLE in 78% of the patients. Patients with anti-Hu antibodies usually had small-cell lung cancer (94%), multifocal neurological symptoms (78%) and a poor neurological outcome. Patients with anti-Ta (also called anti-Ma2) antibodies were young men with testicular tumours (100%), frequent hypothalamic involvement (70%) and a poor neurological outcome. In the group of patients without anti-Hu or anti-Ta antibodies, the tumour distribution was diverse, with cancer of the lung the most common (36%); 57% had positive MRI. Fifteen of 34 (44%) patients with a median follow-up of 8 months showed neurological improvement. Treatment of the tumour appeared to have more effect on the neurological outcome than the use of immune modulation. Improvement was observed in 38% of anti-Hu patients, 30% of anti-Ta patients and 64% of patients without these antibodies. (+info)Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies. (4/63)
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy is a severe, subacute disorder with a presumed autoimmune basis. It is indistinguishable from the subacute autonomic neuropathy that may accompany lung cancer or other tumors. Autoantibodies specific for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic ganglia are potentially pathogenic and may serve as serologic markers of various forms of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy. METHODS: We tested serum from 157 patients with a variety of types of dysautonomia. Immunoprecipitation assays with iodine-125-labeled epibatidine and solubilized human neuroblastoma acetylcholine receptors were used to detect autoantibodies that bound to or blocked ganglionic receptors. RESULTS: Ganglionic-receptor-binding antibodies were found in 19 of 46 patients with idiopathic or paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy (41 percent), in 6 of 67 patients with postural tachycardia syndrome, idiopathic gastrointestinal dysmotility, or diabetic autonomic neuropathy (9 percent), and in none of 44 patients with other autonomic disorders. High levels of the binding antibodies correlated with more severe autonomic dysfunction (including the presence of tonic pupils). Levels of these antibodies decreased in patients who had clinical improvement. All seven patients with ganglionic-receptor-blocking antibodies had ganglionic-receptor-binding antibodies and had idiopathic or paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositivity for antibodies that bind to or block ganglionic acetylcholine receptors identifies patients with various forms of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy and distinguishes these disorders from other types of dysautonomia. The positive correlation between high levels of ganglionic-receptor antibodies and the severity of autonomic dysfunction suggests that the antibodies have a pathogenic role in these types of neuropathy. (+info)Clinical outcome in adult onset idiopathic or paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus. (5/63)
We analysed a series of 24 adult patients with idiopathic (10 cases) and paraneoplastic (14 cases) opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) to ascertain possible differences in clinical course and response to immunotherapies between both groups. Associated tumours were small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) (nine patients), non-SCLC (one patient), breast carcinoma (two patients), gastric adenocarcinoma (one patient) and kidney carcinoma (one patient). Patients with paraneoplastic OMS were older [median age: 66 years versus 40 years (P = 0.006) of those with idiopathic OMS] and had a higher frequency of encephalopathy (64% versus 10%; P = 0.02). Serum from 10/10 idiopathic and 12/14 paraneoplastic OMS patients showed no specific immunoreactivity on rat or human brainstem or cerebellum, lacked specific antineuronal antibodies (Hu, Yo, Ri, Tr, glutamic acid decarboxylase, amphiphysin or CV2) and did not contain antibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels. The two paraneoplastic exceptions were a patient with SCLC, whose serum contained both anti-Hu and anti-amphiphysin antibodies and a patient with breast cancer who had serum anti-Ri antibodies. The clinical course of idiopathic OMS was monophasic except in two elderly women who had relapses of the opsoclonus and mild residual ataxia. Most idiopathic OMS patients made a good recovery, but residual gait ataxia tended to persist in older patients. Immunotherapy (mainly intravenous immunoglobulins or corticosteroids) seemed to accelerate recovery. Paraneoplastic OMS had a more severe clinical course, despite treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins or corticosteroids, and was the cause of death in five patients whose tumours were not treated. By contrast the eight patients whose tumours were treated showed a complete or partial neurological recovery. We conclude that idiopathic OMS occurs in younger patients, the clinical evolution is more benign and the effect of immunotherapy appears more effective than in paraneoplastic OMS. In patients aged 50 years and older with OMS who develop encephalopathy, early diagnosis and treatment of a probable underlying tumour, usually SCLC, is indicated to increase the chances of neurological recovery. At present, there are no immunological markers to identify the adult patients with paraneoplastic OMS. (+info)Paraneoplastic brain stem encephalitis in a woman with anti-Ma2 antibody. (6/63)
A woman developed brain stem encephalopathy in association with serum anti-Ma2 antibodies and left upper lobe lung mass. T2 weighted MRI of the brain showed abnormalities involving the pons, left middle and superior cerebellar peduncles, and bilateral basal ganglia. Immunohistochemical analysis for serum antineuronal antibodies was confounded by the presence of a non-neuronal specific antinuclear antibody. Immunoblot studies showed the presence of anti-Ma2 antibodies. A premortem tissue diagnosis of the lung mass could not be established despite two CT guided needle biopsies, and the patient died as a result of rapid neurological deterioration. The necropsy showed that the lung lesion was an adenocarcinoma which expressed Ma2 immunoreactive protein. Neuropathological findings included prominent perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, glial nodules, and neuronophagia involving the brain stem, basal ganglia, hippocampus and the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. Ma2 is an autoantigen previously identified in patients with germ cell tumours of the testis and paraneoplastic brain stem and limbic encephalitis. Our patient's clinical and immunopathological findings indicate that this disorder can affect women with lung adenocarcinoma, and that the encephalitic changes predominate in those regions of the brain known to express high concentrations of Ma proteins. (+info)Neurological manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Western Australia. (7/63)
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with neurological complications in young children. We report an outbreak of EV71-associated neurological disease that occurred from February through September 1999 in Perth, Western Australia. Fourteen children with culture-proven, EV71-induced neurological disease were identified. Nine patients (64%) developed severe neurological disease; 4 of these patients developed long-term neurological sequelae. Neurological syndromes included aseptic meningitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute transverse myelitis, acute cerebellar ataxia, opso-myoclonus syndrome, benign intracranial hypertension, and a febrile convulsion. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data indicated that immunopathology was a major factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disease in this outbreak. This finding is in contrast to reports of previous EV71 epidemics, in which virus-induced damage to gray matter was the most frequent cause of neurological disease. (+info)Anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis: analysis of 200 patients. (8/63)
We reviewed 200 patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis (PEM) and anti-Hu antibodies to show possible clinical differences with respect to previous series, and to identify patient, tumour and treatment-related characteristics associated with neurological disability and survival. The median age of the 200 patients was 63 years (range 28-82 years) and 75% were men. The predominant neurological syndromes were sensory neuropathy (54%), cerebellar ataxia (10%), limbic encephalitis (9%) and multifocal involvement (11%). Sensorimotor neuropathies with predominant motor involvement were observed in only 4% of the patients. Pathological or X-ray evidence of a tumour was obtained in 167 patients (83%) and was a small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) in 74% of those with histological diagnosis. Coexistence of extrathoracic tumours with SCLC was rare (0.5%). Positive Hu immunoreactivity was observed in the extrathoracic tumours of six out of seven patients in whom autopsy or long-term follow-up ruled out a coexisting SCLC. PEM preceded the diagnosis of the tumour in 71% of patients (mean delay +/- SD 6.5 +/- 7.0 months; range 0.1-47 months). In the 24 patients in whom the tumour diagnosis was the initial event, PEM predicted the progression or relapse of the tumour in 87% of them. No tumour was found in 33 patients, including four who had a post-mortem study and four with >5 years of follow-up. In a logistic regression analysis, treatment of the tumour, associated or not with immunotherapy, was an independent predictor of improvement/stabilization of PEM [odds ratio 4.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-12.86]. Cox multivariate analysis indicated that the variables independently associated with mortality were: age >60 years [relative risk (RR) 1.49; 95% CI 1.05-2.12], Rankin score at diagnosis >3 (RR 1.60; 95% CI 1.12-2.28), more than one area of the nervous system affected (RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.08-2.40), and absence of treatment (RR 2.56; 95% CI 1.76-3.71). We conclude that, unlike previous series, the majority of our patients were male, and there was a low occurrence of predominantly motor neuropathies and extrathoracic tumours coexisting with SCLC. When the diagnosed extrathoracic tumour expresses Hu antigens, further tests to rule out a coexisting SCLC are probably unnecessary. Finally, the predictors of mortality and PEM evolution found in the study may be important in the design of future therapeutic protocols, and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying tumour. (+info)Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a group of rare disorders that are caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous (malignant) tumor. These syndromes are characterized by symptoms or signs that do not result directly from the growth of the tumor itself, but rather from substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune system in response to the tumor.
Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the nervous system, endocrine system, skin, and joints. Examples of paraneoplastic syndromes include Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which affects nerve function and causes muscle weakness; cerebellar degeneration, which can cause difficulty with coordination and balance; and dermatomyositis, which is an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and muscles.
Paraneoplastic syndromes can occur in association with a variety of different types of cancer, including lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer, as well as managing the symptoms of the paraneoplastic syndrome.
Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by an immune system response to the cancer tumor, which can lead to the damage or destruction of nerve cells. The immune system produces antibodies and/or activated immune cells that attack the neural tissue, leading to neurological symptoms.
Paraneoplastic syndromes can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscles. Symptoms vary depending on the specific syndrome and the location of the affected nerve tissue. Some common neurological symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, seizures, memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking or swallowing, visual disturbances, and coordination problems.
Paraneoplastic syndromes are often associated with specific types of cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lymphoma. Diagnosis can be challenging because the symptoms may precede the discovery of the underlying cancer. A combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes a brain biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cancer with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Immunosuppressive therapies may also be used to manage the immune response that is causing the neurological symptoms. While treatment can help alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, paraneoplastic syndromes are often difficult to cure completely.
Paraneoplastic polyneuropathy is a rare neurological disorder that can occur in some individuals with cancer. It's caused by the immune system producing antibodies or cells that attack the nervous system (neurons, nerve axons, or myelin sheath) as a response to the presence of a tumor or cancer in the body.
The term "polyneuropathy" refers to damage or dysfunction affecting multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. This can lead to various symptoms such as numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and pain, typically starting in the hands and feet and progressing upwards.
In paraneoplastic polyneuropathy, these symptoms are related to the immune system's response to the cancer rather than direct invasion of the nerves by the tumor itself. The specific type of polyneuropathy can vary between individuals, and it may present as sensorimotor polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, or a combination of both.
Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are crucial for managing paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Immunotherapy, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin may be used to help control the immune response and alleviate symptoms.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive damage to the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscle movements. It is considered a paraneoplastic syndrome, which means it is caused by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor (neoplasm) located elsewhere in the body.
In PCD, antibodies produced by the immune system to fight the tumor mistakenly attack proteins in the cerebellum that are similar to those found in the tumor. This leads to inflammation and degeneration of the Purkinje cells, a type of neuron critical for maintaining balance and coordinating movements.
PCD can present with symptoms such as unsteady gait, loss of coordination, slurred speech, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and tremors. These symptoms often develop rapidly, over the course of days to weeks, and may progress even after the tumor has been removed or treated.
PCD is associated with several types of cancers, including small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and others. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer are essential to slowing down the progression of PCD and improving outcomes.
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability. It is caused by the presence of antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in the neuromuscular junction, which disrupts the normal transmission of signals between nerves and muscles.
The symptoms of LEMS include proximal muscle weakness, which may affect the legs more than the arms, and autonomic dysfunction such as dry mouth and constipation. The weakness tends to improve with exercise but worsens after periods of rest. In some cases, LEMS can be associated with cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer.
Diagnosis of LEMS typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, electromyography (EMG) studies, and blood tests to detect VGCC antibodies. Treatment may include medications such as pyridostigmine, which improves neuromuscular transmission, or intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, which help to reduce the immune response. In cases where LEMS is associated with cancer, treatment of the underlying malignancy can also improve muscle strength and function.
Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that occur in some individuals with cancer. These syndromes are caused by substances produced by the tumor or the body's immune response to the tumor, which can affect distant organs and cause various symptoms.
Ocular paraneoplastic syndromes refer to a subset of these disorders that specifically affect the eyes. They are caused by an abnormal immune response directed against antigens shared by both the tumor and the nervous tissue of the eye. This results in damage to the nerve cells and can lead to various visual symptoms, such as:
1. Visual loss or blurring
2. Double vision (diplopia)
3. Light sensitivity (photophobia)
4. Abnormalities in pupil size or reactivity
5. Jerky eye movements (nystagmus)
6. Loss of peripheral vision (visual field defects)
7. Impaired color vision
8. Deterioration of the optic nerve (optic neuropathy)
Some examples of ocular paraneoplastic syndromes include:
1. Paraneoplastic retinopathy: A condition characterized by damage to the light-sensitive cells in the retina, leading to visual loss and other visual disturbances.
2. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy: Damage to the optic nerve that can result in visual loss and visual field defects.
3. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR): A condition characterized by progressive vision loss, night blindness, and abnormalities in the electroretinogram (ERG), a test used to assess retinal function.
4. Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR): Similar to CAR but specifically associated with melanoma, this condition can cause visual loss, night blindness, and abnormal ERG results.
5. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary eye movements (opsoclonus) and muscle jerks (myoclonus), which can be associated with various types of cancer, including breast, lung, and ovarian cancer.
It is important to note that these conditions are relatively rare but can significantly impact a patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cancer can help improve outcomes for patients with ocular paraneoplastic syndromes.
Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Syndrome, also known as the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), is a condition characterized by the excessive release or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to an imbalance of water and electrolytes in the body.
ADH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys. In normal conditions, ADH levels increase in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume, causing the kidneys to retain water and decrease urine output.
However, in Inappropriate ADH Syndrome, there is an overproduction or inappropriate release of ADH, even when the body does not need it. This can lead to a condition called hyponatremia, which is low sodium levels in the blood. Hyponatremia can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, brain tumors, lung diseases, and other medical conditions that affect the production or release of ADH. It is important to diagnose and treat Inappropriate ADH Syndrome promptly to prevent serious complications from hyponatremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and adjusting fluid intake and electrolyte levels as needed.
Secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy, also known as secondary musculoskeletal hypertrophy or Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome, is a condition characterized by the proliferation of new bone formation (osteophytes) and thickening of the bones (hyertrophy) in the joints, typically affecting the hands and feet. This condition is a reactive process that occurs as a secondary response to an underlying medical disorder, most commonly chronic hypoxia or ischemia due to conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cyanotic congenital heart disease, or malignancy.
The exact pathophysiology of this condition is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the release of growth factors and cytokines in response to the underlying medical disorder. The clinical manifestations of secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited range of motion, as well as characteristic radiographic findings such as periostitis, bone resorption, and new bone formation.
Treatment of this condition involves addressing the underlying medical disorder and providing supportive care for the musculoskeletal symptoms. This may include pain management, physical therapy, and orthopedic interventions as needed.
Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes refer to a group of hormonal and related disorders that occur as remote effects of cancer. They are caused by substances (like hormones, peptides, or antibodies) produced by the tumor, which may be benign or malignant, and can affect various organs and systems in the body. These syndromes can occur before the cancer is diagnosed, making them an important consideration for early detection and treatment of the underlying malignancy.
Examples of paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes include:
1. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH): This occurs when a tumor, often small cell lung cancer, produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive water retention and low sodium levels in the blood.
2. Cushing's Syndrome: Excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by a tumor, often a small cell lung cancer or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, can lead to increased cortisol levels and symptoms such as weight gain, muscle weakness, and mood changes.
3. Ectopic Production of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide (PTHrP): This occurs when a tumor, often a squamous cell carcinoma, produces PTHrP, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
4. Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: Excessive production of calcitriol (active vitamin D) by a tumor, often a lymphoma or myeloma, can lead to increased calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as bone pain, kidney stones, and confusion.
5. Carcinoid Syndrome: This occurs when a neuroendocrine tumor, often in the gastrointestinal tract, produces serotonin and other substances, leading to symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and heart problems.
It is important to note that these syndromes can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, so a thorough evaluation is necessary to make an accurate diagnosis.
Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.
Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.
Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an excess of calcium ( Ca2+ ) in the blood. While the normal range for serum calcium levels is typically between 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) or 2.14 to 2.55 mmol/L (millimoles per liter), hypercalcemia is generally defined as a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL or 2.6 mmol/L.
Hypercalcemia can result from various underlying medical disorders, including primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy (cancer), certain medications, granulomatous diseases, and excessive vitamin D intake or production. Symptoms of hypercalcemia may include fatigue, weakness, confusion, memory loss, depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, increased thirst, frequent urination, bone pain, and kidney stones. Severe or prolonged hypercalcemia can lead to serious complications such as kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and calcification of soft tissues. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
Encephalomyelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). This condition can be caused by various infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, or it can be due to an autoimmune response where the body's own immune system attacks the nervous tissue.
The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary widely depending on the extent and location of the inflammation, but they may include fever, headache, stiff neck, seizures, muscle weakness, sensory changes, and difficulty with coordination or walking. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to permanent neurological damage or even death.
Treatment for encephalomyelitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as administering antiviral medications for viral infections or immunosuppressive drugs for autoimmune reactions. Supportive care, such as pain management, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, may also be necessary to help manage symptoms and promote recovery.
A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.
For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.
Myxosarcoma is a very rare type of soft tissue sarcoma, a cancer that develops in the soft tissues of the body, such as fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and fibrous tissues. Myxosarcomas are characterized by the presence of mucoid or gelatinous material in the tumor, which is composed of an abnormal accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides. These tumors typically affect adults, with a peak incidence in the sixth to seventh decade of life. They usually occur in the extremities, particularly the lower limbs, and can also arise in the retroperitoneum or other deep soft tissues. Myxosarcomas are classified into several subtypes based on their histological features, with the most common being the myxofibrosarcoma. Treatment typically involves surgical resection with wide margins, often followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. The prognosis for patients with myxosarcoma depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the histological grade, and the patient's age and overall health.
Cerebellar diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain located at the back of the head, below the occipital lobe and above the brainstem. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control, coordination, balance, and some cognitive functions.
Cerebellar diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, tumors, stroke, trauma, or degenerative processes. These conditions can result in a wide range of symptoms, such as:
1. Ataxia: Loss of coordination and unsteady gait
2. Dysmetria: Inability to judge distance and force while performing movements
3. Intention tremors: Shaking or trembling that worsens during purposeful movements
4. Nystagmus: Rapid, involuntary eye movement
5. Dysarthria: Speech difficulty due to muscle weakness or incoordination
6. Hypotonia: Decreased muscle tone
7. Titubation: Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of the head and neck
8. Cognitive impairment: Problems with memory, attention, and executive functions
Some examples of cerebellar diseases include:
1. Ataxia-telangiectasia
2. Friedrich's ataxia
3. Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
4. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs)
5. Cerebellar tumors, such as medulloblastomas or astrocytomas
6. Infarctions or hemorrhages in the cerebellum due to stroke or trauma
7. Infections, such as viral encephalitis or bacterial meningitis
8. Autoimmune disorders, like multiple sclerosis (MS) or paraneoplastic syndromes
9. Metabolic disorders, such as Wilson's disease or phenylketonuria (PKU)
10. Chronic alcoholism and withdrawal
Treatment for cerebellar diseases depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, physical therapy, surgery, or supportive care to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Limbic encephalitis is a rare type of inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the limbic system, which is a part of the brain involved in emotions, behavior, memory, and sense of smell. It is characterized by inflammation of the limbic system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, seizures, changes in behavior and mood, and problems with autonomic functions.
Limbic encephalitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI), and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment usually involves immunosuppressive therapy to reduce inflammation, as well as addressing any underlying causes if they can be identified.
It is important to note that limbic encephalitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. If you or someone else experiences symptoms such as sudden confusion, memory loss, or seizures, it is essential to seek medical care immediately.
Thymoma is a type of tumor that originates from the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system located in the chest behind the breastbone. Thymomas are typically slow-growing and often do not cause any symptoms until they have grown quite large or spread to other parts of the body.
Thymomas can be classified into different types based on their appearance under a microscope, such as type A, AB, B1, B2, and B3. These classifications are important because they can help predict how aggressive the tumor is likely to be and how it should be treated.
Symptoms of thymoma may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the face or neck. Thymomas can also be associated with autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis, which affects muscle strength and mobility. Treatment for thymoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, often followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to help prevent recurrence.
Ocular motility disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the movement of the eyes. These disorders can result from nerve damage, muscle dysfunction, or brain injuries. They can cause abnormal eye alignment, limited range of motion, and difficulty coordinating eye movements. Common symptoms include double vision, blurry vision, strabismus (crossed eyes), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), and difficulty tracking moving objects. Ocular motility disorders can be congenital or acquired and may require medical intervention to correct or manage the condition.
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:
1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.
Examples of endocrine system diseases include:
1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.
Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.
Nervous system diseases, also known as neurological disorders, refer to a group of conditions that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. These diseases can affect various functions of the body, such as movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. They can be caused by genetics, infections, injuries, degeneration, or tumors. Examples of nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, stroke, and neuroinfections like meningitis and encephalitis. The symptoms and severity of these disorders can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and debilitating.
Polymyositis is defined as a rare inflammatory disorder that causes muscle weakness and inflammation (swelling) of the muscles. It primarily affects the skeletal muscles, which are the muscles responsible for voluntary movements such as walking, talking, and swallowing. The onset of polymyositis can occur at any age but is most commonly seen in adults between 31 to 60 years old, with women being slightly more affected than men.
The exact cause of polymyositis remains unknown; however, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own muscle tissue. Certain factors such as genetics, viral infections, and exposure to certain drugs may contribute to the development of this condition.
Polymyositis can cause various symptoms, including:
- Progressive muscle weakness and wasting, particularly affecting the proximal muscles (those closest to the trunk of the body) such as the hips, thighs, shoulders, and upper arms.
- Difficulty climbing stairs, lifting objects, or rising from a seated position.
- Fatigue and stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity.
- Joint pain and swelling.
- Difficulty swallowing or speaking.
- Shortness of breath due to weakened respiratory muscles.
Diagnosis of polymyositis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, electromyography (EMG), and muscle biopsy. Treatment usually includes medications such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation and control the immune response. Physical therapy may also be recommended to help maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
If left untreated, polymyositis can lead to significant disability and complications, including respiratory failure, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing long-term complications.
Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, heart failure, kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia differs from simple malnutrition or starvation in that it involves a significant loss of muscle mass and an imbalance in energy metabolism, even when adequate calories are consumed.
The hallmark features of cachexia include:
1. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of more than 5% of body weight over 12 months or less, or more than 2% in individuals already underweight.
2. Muscle wasting: Reduction in skeletal muscle mass and strength, leading to weakness and functional impairment.
3. Fatigue and anorexia: Decreased appetite and reduced food intake due to various factors such as inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and psychological distress.
4. Inflammation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that contribute to metabolic dysregulation and muscle wasting.
5. Insulin resistance: Impaired glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to increased blood glucose levels and altered energy metabolism.
6. Altered protein metabolism: Increased protein breakdown and decreased protein synthesis in skeletal muscles, contributing to muscle wasting.
7. Altered lipid metabolism: Increased lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and impaired lipogenesis (formation of fat), leading to loss of adipose tissue and altered energy storage.
Cachexia significantly impacts patients' quality of life, treatment outcomes, and overall survival. Currently, there is no single effective treatment for cachexia, and management typically involves addressing the underlying disease, nutritional support, exercise interventions, and pharmacological therapies to target specific aspects of the metabolic dysregulation associated with this condition.
A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.
Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphate (phosphorus) in the blood, specifically below 2.5 mg/dL. Phosphate is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as energy production, bone formation, and maintaining acid-base balance.
Hypophosphatemia can result from several factors, including malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, alcoholism, hormonal imbalances, and certain medications. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia may include muscle weakness, fatigue, bone pain, confusion, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering phosphate supplements to restore normal levels.
Thymus neoplasms are abnormal growths in the thymus gland that result from uncontrolled cell division. The term "neoplasm" refers to any new and abnormal growth of tissue, also known as a tumor. Thymus neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Malignant thymus neoplasms are called thymomas or thymic carcinomas. Thymomas are the most common type and tend to grow slowly, invading nearby tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Thymic carcinomas are rarer and more aggressive, growing and spreading more quickly than thymomas.
Symptoms of thymus neoplasms may include coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, or swelling in the neck or upper chest. Treatment options for thymus neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Recoverin is a protein found in the retina of the eye that plays a role in protecting photoreceptor cells from light-induced damage. It is a member of the neuronal calcium sensor family and functions as a calmodulin-binding protein, which means it can bind to calcium ions and regulate various cellular processes.
Recoverin is particularly important for the regulation of visual transduction, the process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the eye. When exposed to light, photoreceptor cells release calcium ions, which then bind to recoverin and cause it to change shape. This shape change allows recoverin to inhibit a key enzyme involved in the visual transduction cascade, helping to prevent excessive signaling and protect the photoreceptor cells from damage.
Mutations in the gene that encodes recoverin have been associated with certain inherited eye diseases, such as congenital stationary night blindness and retinitis pigmentosa. These mutations can disrupt the normal function of recoverin and lead to progressive vision loss.
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) is a protein that is encoded by the PTHLH gene in humans. It is structurally similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and was initially identified due to its role in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood caused by certain types of cancer.
PTHrP has a variety of functions in the body, including regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, cell growth and differentiation, and bone metabolism. It acts through a specific G protein-coupled receptor called the PTH/PTHrP receptor, which is found in many tissues throughout the body, including bone, kidney, and cartilage.
In contrast to PTH, which is primarily produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium levels in the blood, PTHrP is produced by many different types of cells throughout the body. Its expression is regulated in a tissue-specific manner, and its functions can vary depending on the context in which it is produced.
Overall, PTHrP plays important roles in normal physiology as well as in various disease states, including cancer, bone disorders, and developmental abnormalities.
Maxillary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the maxilla, which is the upper jaw bone. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites.
Maxillary neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as swelling, pain, numbness, loose teeth, or difficulty in chewing or swallowing. They may also cause nasal congestion, nosebleeds, or visual changes if they affect the eye or orbit. The diagnosis of maxillary neoplasms usually involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the tumor.
Treatment options for maxillary neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis and ensure optimal outcomes.
Autoantibodies are defined as antibodies that are produced by the immune system and target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These antibodies mistakenly identify certain proteins or molecules in the body as foreign invaders and attack them, leading to an autoimmune response. Autoantibodies can be found in various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and thyroiditis. The presence of autoantibodies can also be used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions.
Dermatomyositis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and weakness in the muscles and skin. It is a type of inflammatory myopathy, which means that it causes muscle inflammation and damage. Dermatomyositis is often associated with a distinctive rash that affects the skin around the eyes, nose, mouth, fingers, and toes.
The symptoms of dermatomyositis can include:
* Progressive muscle weakness, particularly in the hips, thighs, shoulders, and neck
* Fatigue
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Skin rash, which may be pink or purple and is often accompanied by itching
* Muscle pain and tenderness
* Joint pain and swelling
* Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition that affects blood flow to the fingers and toes
The exact cause of dermatomyositis is not known, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Treatment for dermatomyositis typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, as well as physical therapy to help maintain muscle strength and function.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is called the "central" system because it receives information from, and sends information to, the rest of the body through peripheral nerves, which make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
The CNS is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and regulating various autonomic processes like heart rate, respiration, and digestion. The brain, as the command center of the CNS, interprets sensory stimuli, formulates thoughts, and initiates actions. The spinal cord serves as a conduit for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and the rest of the body.
The CNS is protected by several structures, including the skull (which houses the brain) and the vertebral column (which surrounds and protects the spinal cord). Despite these protective measures, the CNS remains vulnerable to injury and disease, which can have severe consequences due to its crucial role in controlling essential bodily functions.
Carcinoma, small cell is a type of lung cancer that typically starts in the bronchi (the airways that lead to the lungs). It is called "small cell" because the cancer cells are small and appear round or oval in shape. This type of lung cancer is also sometimes referred to as "oat cell carcinoma" due to the distinctive appearance of the cells, which can resemble oats when viewed under a microscope.
Small cell carcinoma is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer that tends to spread quickly to other parts of the body. It is strongly associated with smoking and is less common than non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers.
Like other types of lung cancer, small cell carcinoma may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as the tumor grows and spreads, it can cause a variety of symptoms, including coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and weight loss. Treatment for small cell carcinoma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes surgery.
Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.
Neuromuscular diseases are a group of disorders that involve the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves and muscles outside of the brain and spinal cord. These conditions can affect both children and adults, and they can be inherited or acquired. Neuromuscular diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, numbness, tingling, pain, cramping, and twitching. Some common examples of neuromuscular diseases include muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral neuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. The specific symptoms and severity of these conditions can vary widely depending on the underlying cause and the specific muscles and nerves that are affected. Treatment for neuromuscular diseases may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, or surgery, depending on the individual case.
Hu paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis antigens are a group of neuronal intracellular antigens associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). PNDs are a group of rare, degenerative conditions that affect the nervous system and can occur in patients with cancer. The Hu antigens are part of a family of proteins known as onconeural antigens, which are expressed in both cancer cells and normal neurons.
The Hu antigens include three main proteins: HuD, HuC, and Rb/p75. These proteins are involved in the regulation of gene expression and are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of neuronal cells. In patients with PNDs associated with Hu antigens, the immune system mistakenly recognizes these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. This leads to inflammation and damage to the nervous system, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, and autonomic dysfunction.
Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis is a specific type of PND that affects both the brain (encephalitis) and spinal cord (myelitis). It is often associated with small cell lung cancer but can also occur in other types of cancer. The presence of Hu antibodies in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid is a useful diagnostic marker for this condition, although not all patients with Hu-associated PNDs will have detectable Hu antibodies.
Stiff-Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle rigidity in the trunk and limbs and a heightened sensitivity to stimuli such as touch, sound, and emotional distress, which can trigger muscle spasms. The symptoms can significantly affect a person's ability to perform daily activities and can lead to frequent falls and injuries. SPS is often associated with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme involved in the production of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that helps regulate muscle movement. The exact cause of SPS remains unknown, but it is thought to involve both autoimmune and genetic factors.
The nervous system is a complex, highly organized network of specialized cells called neurons and glial cells that communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals to coordinate various functions and activities in the body. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
The primary function of the nervous system is to receive, process, and integrate information from both internal and external environments and then respond by generating appropriate motor outputs or behaviors. This involves sensing various stimuli through specialized receptors, transmitting this information through afferent neurons to the CNS for processing, integrating this information with other inputs and memories, making decisions based on this processed information, and finally executing responses through efferent neurons that control effector organs such as muscles and glands.
The nervous system can be further divided into subsystems based on their functions, including the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes; the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary physiological processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiration; and the enteric nervous system, which is a specialized subset of the autonomic nervous system that controls gut functions. Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, regulating behavior, and enabling cognition and consciousness.
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary, and chaotic eye movements (opsoclonus) and brief, shock-like jerks of the muscles (myoclonus). These symptoms can affect various parts of the body, including the limbs, trunk, and face. OMS is often associated with a variety of underlying causes, such as viral infections, tumors, or autoimmune disorders. In some cases, no specific cause can be identified, and this is referred to as idiopathic OMS.
The symptoms of OMS can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications to manage the symptoms and address any underlying causes. The prognosis for individuals with OMS varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some people may experience significant improvement in their symptoms, while others may have persistent neurological impairments.
Pemphigus is a group of rare, autoimmune blistering diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies against desmoglein proteins, which are crucial for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis (outermost layer of the skin). This results in the loss of keratinocyte cohesion and formation of flaccid blisters filled with serous fluid.
There are several types of pemphigus, including:
1. Pemphigus vulgaris - The most common form, primarily affecting middle-aged to older adults, with widespread erosions and flaccid blisters on the skin and mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, genitals).
2. Pemphigus foliaceus - A more superficial form, mainly involving the skin, causing crusted erosions and scaly lesions without mucosal involvement. It is more prevalent in older individuals and in certain geographical regions like the Middle East.
3. Paraneoplastic pemphigus - A rare type associated with underlying neoplasms (cancers), such as lymphomas or carcinomas, characterized by severe widespread blistering of both skin and mucous membranes, along with antibodies against additional antigens besides desmogleins.
4. IgA pemphigus - A less common form characterized by localized or generalized erosions and blisters, with IgA autoantibodies targeting the basement membrane zone.
Treatment for pemphigus typically involves high-dose systemic corticosteroids, often in combination with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab) to control the disease activity and prevent complications. Regular follow-ups with dermatologists and oral specialists are essential for monitoring treatment response and managing potential side effects.
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases refer to medical conditions that primarily affect the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including movement, sensation, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, diseases of the CNS can have significant impacts on a person's quality of life and overall health.
There are many different types of CNS diseases, including:
1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites that infect the brain or spinal cord. Examples include meningitis, encephalitis, and polio.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Structural diseases: These involve damage to the physical structure of the brain or spinal cord, such as from trauma, tumors, or stroke.
4. Functional diseases: These affect the function of the nervous system without obvious structural damage, such as multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
5. Genetic disorders: Some CNS diseases are caused by genetic mutations, such as spinal muscular atrophy and Friedreich's ataxia.
Symptoms of CNS diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the area of the brain or spinal cord that is affected. They may include muscle weakness, paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, difficulty with coordination and balance, confusion, memory loss, changes in behavior or mood, and pain. Treatment for CNS diseases depends on the specific condition and may involve medications, surgery, rehabilitation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are a group of conditions that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. These diseases can cause inflammation, damage to nerve cells, and interference with the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to various neurological symptoms.
Examples of autoimmune diseases that affect the nervous system include:
1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): A chronic disease characterized by damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, causing a variety of neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and difficulty with coordination and balance.
2. Myasthenia gravis: A condition that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, particularly affecting the eyes, face, and neck muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the receptors that transmit signals between nerves and muscles.
3. Guillain-Barré syndrome: A rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves, causing muscle weakness, tingling, and numbness that can spread throughout the body. In severe cases, it can lead to paralysis and respiratory failure.
4. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): A rare autoimmune disease that affects the optic nerve and spinal cord, causing vision loss, muscle weakness, and other neurological symptoms.
5. Autoimmune encephalitis: A group of conditions characterized by inflammation of the brain, caused by an overactive immune response. Symptoms can include seizures, memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes.
6. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP): A rare disorder that causes progressive weakness and numbness in the legs and arms due to damage to the nerves' protective covering.
Treatment for autoimmune diseases of the nervous system typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation, as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures to manage symptoms and maintain function.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Cerebellar degeneration
Dysautonomia
Parathyroid hormone
Limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
Spasmodic torticollis
List of MeSH codes (C04)
Autonomic neuropathy
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Cerebrospinal fluid
PNS
Neuritis
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Morvan's syndrome
Papilledema
Anti-Hu associated encephalitis
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
Voltage-gated calcium channel
Stiff-person syndrome
Neuromyotonia
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Transverse myelitis
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
Myeloid sarcoma
Neuroblastoma
Anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis
Hemangioblastoma
Truncal ataxia
Anti-AQP4 disease
Paraneoplastic syndrome - Wikipedia
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
ATILIM UNIVERSITY - Atılım University - ECTS INFORMATION GUIDE - ECTS - - School of Medicine Undergraduate Program
Doctors and Medical Staff
Paraneoplastic Autonomic Neuropathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Guido BERTOLINI | Laboratory Head | Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan | Mario Negri | Department of...
帕金森综合征 - 医生与科室 - 妙佑医疗
Top 10 Rare Diseases | HowStuffWorks
Immunology and the Central Nervous System
Team | Neurology & Neurological Sciences | Stanford Medicine
Medical Science Monitor | Acute psychosis with a mediastinal carcinoma metastasis - Article abstract #13881
Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
DeCS - New terms
DeCS - New terms
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DeCS - New terms
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Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration | Profiles RNS
Neuro Oncology Clinic | Dallas, Texas | UT Southwestern Medical Center
Page 9 | justcoding.com
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes<...
Anti-Neuronal Antibodies - Diagnostic Tests | Purchase the test online | Diagnostiki Athinon
Antibodies29
- Paraneoplastic disorders may arise in that antibodies would cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Diagnosis may be difficult in patients in whom paraneoplastic antibodies cannot be detected. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the oncologic outcome of patients with antibody-associated paraneoplastic syndromes does not significantly differ from that of patients who do not have the antibodies or a paraneoplastic syndrome. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration is a rare nonmetastatic complication of a carcinoma, typically mediated by antibodies generated against tumor antigens (proteins). (medscape.com)
- Specific forms of this syndrome often are associated with specific antineuronal antibodies and tumors. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, detection of these antibodies greatly assists the diagnosis of this syndrome and prompts investigations for the underlying tumor. (medscape.com)
- Not all patients presenting with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and its clinical features have recognizable antineuronal antibodies. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] These criteria are based on the presence or absence of cancer, the presence of well-characterized paraneoplastic (onconeural) antibodies, and the type of clinical syndrome. (medscape.com)
- A nonclassical neurological syndrome, no paraneoplastic antibodies, and cancer that presents within 2 years of the neurological syndrome. (medscape.com)
- When this occurs, the immunological system mounts an immune response, utilizing antibodies and lymphocytes to fight the tumor. (howstuffworks.com)
- Unfortunately, in some cases these antibodies cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them, which may result in a paraneoplastic disorder. (medscape.com)
- These are antigens that are found in both neoplastic cells and normal cells of the nerve tissue and are recognized as foreign, thereby causing the production of autoantibodies (anti-neural antibodies) that attack both tumors and parts of the nervous system. (athenslab.gr)
- Detection of antibodies against onconeural antigens indicates the diagnosis of paraneoplastic syndrome and helps to focus research on the underlying tumor in specific organs. (athenslab.gr)
- The following table summarizes the anti-neural antibodies, the associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, and the most common underlying neoplasms. (athenslab.gr)
- As a consequence, in spite of repeated negative findings for antineuronal antibodies, we have to consider a possible paraneoplastic origin for the progressive necrotizing myelopathy. (csnn.eu)
- Many paraneoplastic syndromes are triggered by an abnormal immune response where antibodies or a type of white blood cell called T cells attack and damage healthy cells. (healthline.com)
- PURPOSE: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis, among the paraneoplastic syndromes, is a recently characterized autoimmune encephalitis most commonly associated with antibodies against subunits of the NMDAR in the central nervous system. (bvsalud.org)
- PURPOSE: Favourable small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) survival outcomes have been reported in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) associated with neuronal antibodies (Neur-Abs), but the presence of a PND might have expedited diagnosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- In addition to inhibiting GABA, paraneoplastic SMS also produces antibodies against the enzyme amphiphysin. (medicinelearners.com)
- In the case of paraneoplastic SMS, antibodies against the enzyme amphiphysin also appear. (medicinelearners.com)
- However, since antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase as well as against amphiphysin also occur in other diseases, the usefulness of this test in clarifying stiff-man syndrome is often questioned. (medicinelearners.com)
- Antibodies One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and. (msdmanuals.com)
- SB 202190 Furthermore, absence of these antibodies in NMOSD, which is typically non-paraneoplastic, confirms their high specificity for PNS. (healthyguide.info)
- Keywords: Aquaporin-4, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, NMOSD, Onconeural antibodies, Paraneoplastic Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is definitely a rare, immune-mediated, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), typically showing with relapsing optic neuritis (ON) and/or? (healthyguide.info)
- Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote control effects of cancer tumor and frequently are connected with high concentrations of so-called well-characterized onconeural antibodies (anti-Hu, Yo, Ri, CV2/CRMP5, Ma1, Ma2, and amphiphysin) that help establish the medical diagnosis [6]. (healthyguide.info)
- Relating to a recommended paraneoplastic etiology in rare circumstances previously, we retrospectively investigated the prevalence of onconeural malignancies and antibodies in NMOSD individuals. (healthyguide.info)
- Conclusions In individuals with main mind tumors, electrophysiological changes in peripheral nerves, together with the presence of the antineural antibodies suggest an autoimmune humoral response, and make the analysis of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome possible. (sicollaborative.org)
- strong class="kwd-title" Keywords: Antineural antibodies, neurography, onconeural antibodies, paraneoplastic syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, main brain tumor Intro PNSs (Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes) are the remote effects of malignancy within the central and peripheral nervous system. (sicollaborative.org)
- Encephalopathy occurred in 45 (70%) patients, 12 (27%) of whom had antibodies or well defined syndromes consistent with definite paraneoplastic or autoimmune encephalitis, 24 (53%) of whom had encephalitis without antibodies or clinical features characteristic of a defined syndrome, and nine (20%) of whom had encephalopathy without antibodies or inflammatory changes in CSF or brain MRI. (medicalnewsweek.com)
Encephalitis10
- The following diseases manifest by means of neurological dysfunction: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, encephalomyelitis, limbic encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and polymyositis. (wikipedia.org)
- They have been known for more than 40 years, but recently the discovery of new subgroups of paraneoplastic encephalitis syndromes with a remarkably good response to immune therapy has ignited new clinical and scientific interest. (uni-luebeck.de)
- In addition to the emerging classification based on pathophysiology, other new syndromes and symptoms have appeared, including apnea in brainstem encephalitis, a neuropsychiatric spectrum of limbic encephalitis, and increased knowledge about LEMS. (touchneurology.com)
- Limbic encephalitis is when inflammation occurs in the limbic system (a part of your brain) due to an inappropriate immune response. (healthline.com)
- Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is characterized by depression, seizures, irritability and short term memory loss and neurologic symptoms rapidly resemble dementia . (targetwoman.com)
- As a paraneoplastic syndrome, anti-NMDAR encephalitis is commonly associated with ovarian teratomas, small cell lung carcinomas and testicular germ cell tumors. (bvsalud.org)
- To our knowledge, there have been no cases with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), a rare type of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, without lymph node involvement associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSION: This report emphasizes the importance of anti-NMDAR encephalitis as a paraneoplastic syndrome in previously undiagnosed PCNSL. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of anti-NMDAR encephalitis as a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome that can present with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (bvsalud.org)
- The most common cause in adults is paraneoplastic encephalitis. (bmj.com)
Tumor24
- A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one). (wikipedia.org)
- The following diseases manifest by means of physiological dysfunction besides the categories above: membranous glomerulonephritis, tumor-induced osteomalacia, Stauffer syndrome, Neoplastic fever, and thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that are triggered by an abnormal immune system response to an underlying malignant tumor. (medscape.com)
- Patients with paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) most often present with neurologic symptoms before an underlying tumor is detected or coincide with the cancer diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- High titers in the patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autoantibodies directed against both neurons and tumor have been detected in some forms of this syndrome. (medscape.com)
- [ 6 , 7 ] These autoantibodies are considered the result of an immunologic response to tumor and may cross-react with cells of the nervous system, causing neuronal damage. (medscape.com)
- The development of these syndromes are not due to direct tumor invasion. (medscape.com)
- The term 'paraneoplastic' means that the neurological syndrome is not caused by the tumor itself, but by the immunological reactions that the tumor produces. (howstuffworks.com)
- It is believed that the body's normal immunological system interprets the tumor as an invasion. (howstuffworks.com)
- In many patients, the immune response can cause nervous system damage that far exceeds the damage done to the tumor. (howstuffworks.com)
- After removal of the metastasis, the psychosis remitted rapidly and completely, and the patient remained well on follow-up.Conclusions: Paraneoplastic syndromes may clinically present as acute psychoses and, in late-onset schizophreniform disorders with an atypical presentation, performing a tumor search should always be considered. (medscimonit.com)
- In a broad sense, these syndromes are collections of symptoms that result from substances produced by the tumor, and they occur remotely from the tumor itself. (medscape.com)
- In other cases, paraneoplastic syndromes result from the production and release of physiologically active substances by the tumor. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes do not occur as a result of the direct effect of the tumor on nerve tissue cells, but most are thought to be caused by the body's immune response to various onconeural antigens . (athenslab.gr)
- Two important aspects warrant attention: some PNS respond to therapy and not all paraneoplastic-like syndromes are tumor related. (touchneurology.com)
- Some paraneoplastic syndromes develop when your immune system overreacts to a tumor and mounts a strong attack against it. (healthline.com)
- This syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms caused by a substance that is produced by a tumor, or in reaction to a tumor. (targetwoman.com)
- These are clinical syndromes produced by tumor although they occur remotely from the tumor itself. (targetwoman.com)
- This syndrome can be due to a number of causes, including hormones or biologically active products, made by tumor, which blocks normal hormone, autoimmunity, immune-complex production and immune suppression. (targetwoman.com)
- When the tumor breaks immune tolerance and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that protein, this syndrome become prominent. (targetwoman.com)
- Moreover, MRI data help either to eliminate or confirm a tumor or the inflammatory nature of the pain syndrome. (ima-press.net)
- The current TNM staging system is used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and more recently neuroendocrine tumors including small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and provides a framework for the assessment of prognosis and the assignment of therapy for patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer using the histopathologic evaluation of the primary tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and metastatic disease (M). (sts.org)
- INTRODUCTION: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is an uncommon paraneoplastic syndrome due to the overproduction of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). (bvsalud.org)
- Conversely, prior research of cancer-associated NMOSD, comprising case reports mainly, postulated a paraneoplastic etiology [11C17], if the tumor expresses AQP4 [18C22] particularly. (healthyguide.info)
Cerebellar12
- Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes include a variety of neurologic disorders, such as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD), that are caused by an immune-mediated mechanism rather than a metastatic complication or medication effect. (medscape.com)
- This immune activation in the central nervous system (CNS) results in cerebellar injury and dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- An association between paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration and occult gynecologic cancers (breast or ovarian) was first identified in 1938, and the syndrome was described fully by Brain in 1951. (medscape.com)
- [ 2 ] Posner found that patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration can be classified according to the presence or absence of an antibody that reacted with an antigen present in both the tumors and in cerebellar Purkinje neurons obtained from these patients. (medscape.com)
- The image below illustrates the workup of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is caused by the secondary effects of cancer and is believed to be immune mediated. (medscape.com)
- Although any paraneoplastic antibody may cause PCD, only anti-Yo, anti-Tr, and antimetabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) have been shown to have specific association with isolated cerebellar dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes include many neurologic disorders including paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) caused by an immune-mediated mechanism other than a metastatic complication in patients with an underlying malignancy. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration" by people in this website by year, and whether "Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (childrensmercy.org)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration" by people in Profiles. (childrensmercy.org)
- Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration causes gait difficulties, dizziness, nausea and diplopia. (targetwoman.com)
Tumors9
- Mucocutaneous dysfunctions of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen in cases of itching (hypereosinophilia), immune system depression (latent varicella-zoster virus in sensory ganglia), pancreatic tumors (leading to adipose nodular necrosis of subcutaneous tissues), flushes (prostaglandin secretions), and even dermic melanosis (cannot be eliminated via urine and results in grey to black-blueish skin tones). (wikipedia.org)
- Erythrocytosis is common in regions of the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, lung, thymus, and central nervous system (as well as gynecological tumors and myosarcomas). (wikipedia.org)
- After residency, he pursued a clinical neuro-oncology fellowship at the Partners combined Massachusetts General Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute program, where he developed expertise in the diagnosis and management of individuals with primary brain tumors, brain metastasis, central nervous system lymphoma, neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes, and complications of cancer therapy. (stanford.edu)
- Our neuro oncology team specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of benign and malignant tumors of the brain and spinal cord, as well as tumors and other cancer-related neurological disorders of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. (utswmed.org)
- Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote effects of tumors on the nervous system. (touchneurology.com)
- Renal syndrome is characterized by hypokalemic nephropathy, and it occurs in 50% of individuals with ACTH secreting tumors of the lung. (targetwoman.com)
- in the blood (hypercalcemic syndrome) may occur in people with solid tumors or leukemias. (msdmanuals.com)
- Carcinoid Tumors and Carcinoid Syndrome Carcinoid tumors are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) growths that sometimes produce excessive amounts of hormone-like substances (such as serotonin), resulting in the carcinoid. (msdmanuals.com)
- Her research includes development of novel therapies through preclinical and clinical studies for management of primary brain tumors including glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma, with particular focus on molecular targeted agents and immunotherapeutics. (dana-farber.org)
Types of paraneoplastic syndromes2
- There are several types of paraneoplastic syndromes, and some are more common than others. (epainassist.com)
- Many different types of paraneoplastic syndromes have been identified. (healthline.com)
Disorders20
- A specifically devastating form of (neurological) paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). (wikipedia.org)
- Background: Reversible schizophrenia-like syndromes have been reported to occur with small-cell carcinoma of the lung, thymoma, and hematological disorders.Case Report: A 56-year-old man was admitted due to an acute psychosis characterized by delusions, agitation,and aggressive outbursts. (medscimonit.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare disorders that are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes can affect many parts of the nervous system, and unlike most progressive neurodegenerative disorders, they usually have a rapid onset of symptoms. (athenslab.gr)
- You may need to make changes in the home to help with dizziness , visual problems , or nervous system disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- Autonomic nervous system disorders can occur alone or as the result of another disease, such as Parkinson's disease , alcoholism and diabetes. (tabletwise.net)
- Some autonomic nervous system disorders get better when an underlying disease is treated. (tabletwise.net)
- It is possible that Autonomic Nervous System Disorders shows no physical symptoms and still is present in a patient. (tabletwise.net)
- No, it is not possible to prevent Autonomic Nervous System Disorders. (tabletwise.net)
- Autonomic Nervous System Disorders can occur at any age. (tabletwise.net)
- Yes, Autonomic Nervous System Disorders causes complications if it is not treated. (tabletwise.net)
- This page provides information for Autonomic Nervous System Disorders . (tabletwise.net)
- The influences of these B-cell mechanisms on other cell types, including myeloid cells and T cells, are reviewed in relationship to antibody-mediated CNS disorders, paraneoplastic neurological diseases, and multiple sclerosis. (ox.ac.uk)
- Autoimmune disorders are a diverse group of conditions characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy cells and tissues in the body. (sweepr.co)
- The symptoms of autoimmune disorders can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the organs or systems affected. (sweepr.co)
- Endocrine syndromes resemble common endocrine disorders. (targetwoman.com)
- Neurologic or neuromuscular syndromes relate to cancers and such disorders affect 6% of all patients with cancer. (targetwoman.com)
- The aim of the study was to explore condition of the nervous system in different types of childhood dysphasia (CD), to compare the brain bio-electric activity to the level of cerebral blood flow, severity of neurological disorders, and neuropsychophysiological parameters, to identify the intact links of brain organization in children with minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and spastic forms of infantile cerebral palsy (ICP). (ima-press.net)
- The object of this book is to set forth in practical form, on the basis of the Case System, certain fundamental facts regarding the symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and pathological findings in the more frequent disorders of the nervous system. (freebookcentre.net)
- Background Some so-called non-classical paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS), namely optic neuritis and myelitis, clinically overlap with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and conversely, in cancer-associated NMOSD, a paraneoplastic etiology has been suggested in rare cases. (healthyguide.info)
Encephalomyelitis3
- In addition to classic SMS, there is also stiff leg syndrome (SLS) with stiffening of the leg muscles, progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) and paraneoplastic SMS. (medicinelearners.com)
- The guideline covers care provided by healthcare professionals who have direct contact with and make decisions about the care of people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. (freebookcentre.net)
- Topics covered includes: chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis, Methodology, Making a diagnosis of CFS or ME, Management, People with severe CFS or ME. (freebookcentre.net)
Diagnosis7
- Sometimes, the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show before the diagnosis of a malignancy, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
- When a patient without a known cancer presents with one of the "typical" paraneoplastic syndromes, a diagnosis of cancer should be considered and investigated. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, the comprehensive assessment of the patient's clinical status, including the state of the musculoskeletal system, has a leading value for correct diagnosis and selection of therapy. (ima-press.net)
- The question is from Augusto Hasiak Santo:] The Brazilian Ministry of Health is preparing a manual on occupational diseases and a coding problem with the diagnosis hypothenar hammer syndrome occurs. (geometry.net)
- Diagnosis of the paraneoplastic syndrome often includes testing for the substance circulating in the bloodstream that causes the paraneoplastic syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
- Recent medical advances have improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of paraneoplastic syndromes. (freebookcentre.net)
- Myelopathy is a clinical diagnosis with localization of the neurological findings to the spinal cord, rather than the brain or the peripheral nervous system, and then to a particular segment of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
Cancers7
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle-aged to older people, and they most commonly occur with cancers of the lung, breast, ovaries or lymphatic system (a lymphoma). (wikipedia.org)
- Paraneoplastic syndrome often occurs alongside associated cancers as a result of an activated immune system. (wikipedia.org)
- Exactly how cancers result in paraneoplastic neurological symptoms is incompletely understood. (medscape.com)
- The causes of the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with underlying cancers are not well known. (medscape.com)
- They are mostly diagnosed with cancers of the lung, breast, ovaries, or lymphatic system or lymphoma. (targetwoman.com)
- Hematologic syndromes are related to anemia, thrombocytosis , disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leukemoid reactions from several types of cancers. (targetwoman.com)
- Mortality risk was increased in patients with lung cancer (vs those with other cancers: HR 2·5, 95% CI 1·1-6·0) and in patients with encephalopathy without evidence of CNS inflammation or combined myocarditis, myasthenia, and myositis (vs those with the remaining syndromes: HR 5·0, 1·4-17·8 and HR 6·6, 1·4-31·0, respectively). (medicalnewsweek.com)
Symptoms12
- Diagnostic testing in a possible paraneoplastic syndrome depends on the symptoms and the suspected underlying cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- However, paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy should be considered in all cancer patients who present with signs or symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes are groups of certain signs and symptoms that develop in some people with cancer. (healthline.com)
- The term paraneoplastic syndrome has been used since the 1940s to describe groups of signs and symptoms that develop in some people with cancer. (healthline.com)
- What are the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes with SCLC? (healthline.com)
- Symptoms vary depending on which syndrome you have. (healthline.com)
- Symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes can precede (come before) symptoms of cancer. (healthline.com)
- Stiff man syndrome is characterized by a variety of symptoms that are motor, autonomic, psychiatric, orthopedic, or endocrinological in nature. (medicinelearners.com)
- syndromes occur when a cancer causes unusual symptoms due to substances that circulate in the bloodstream. (msdmanuals.com)
- Treatment of a paraneoplastic syndrome initially involves treating the symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder characterized by peripheral eosinophilia exceeding 1500/mm 3 , a chronic course, absence of secondary causes, and signs and symptoms of eosinophil-mediated tissue injury. (wjgnet.com)
- Patients with pre-existing paraneoplastic syndromes or evidence of alternative causes for their neurological symptoms were excluded. (medicalnewsweek.com)
Suspected paraneoplastic neurological1
- An international expert group established diagnostic criteria in 2004 that divided patients with a suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndrome into "definite" and "probable" categories. (medscape.com)
Etiology1
- Although paraneoplastic syndromes have an immunology etiology, immunotherapy is not always efficient in all cases. (epainassist.com)
Antibody4
- The detection of paraneoplastic anti-neural antibody was first reported in 1965. (medscape.com)
- 1 The detection of autoantibodies for myasthenia gravis (MG), and later for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), marked a new era of antibody-mediated disease. (touchneurology.com)
- The study reveals that most events involve the Central Nervous System (CNS) and are antibody negative. (medicalnewsweek.com)
- Most neurological immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors involve the Central Nervous System (CNS) and are typically antibody negative. (medicalnewsweek.com)
Endocrine9
- Symptomatic features of paraneoplastic syndrome cultivate in four ways: endocrine, neurological, mucocutaneous, and hematological. (wikipedia.org)
- The following diseases manifest by means of endocrine dysfunction: Cushing syndrome, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, carcinoid syndrome, and hyperaldosteronism. (wikipedia.org)
- When these cells become cancerous, they can overproduce hormones or other biologically active substances that lead to the development of endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes. (healthline.com)
- The most common endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes in people with SCLC are SIADH and Ectopic Cushing syndrome. (healthline.com)
- Stiff Man Syndrome (SMS) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and endocrine glands. (medicinelearners.com)
- It is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and endocrine glands. (medicinelearners.com)
- The cause of stiff man syndrome is an autoimmune process affecting the nervous system and endocrine glands. (medicinelearners.com)
- Finally, stiff man syndrome is often associated with endocrine diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases (overactive and underactive). (medicinelearners.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes may affect many different organ systems, including the nervous system and the endocrine (hormone) system, causing such problems as nervous system changes, low blood sugar, diarrhea, or high blood pressure. (msdmanuals.com)
Develop a paraneoplastic syndrome2
- Researchers estimate that about 10% of people with SCLC develop a paraneoplastic syndrome. (healthline.com)
- About 20% of people with cancer develop a paraneoplastic syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathophysiology2
- The pathophysiology of paraneoplastic syndromes is complex and intriguing. (medscape.com)
- This review paper summarizes current knowledge and new developments in the field of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, their classification, pathophysiology and treatment. (uni-luebeck.de)
PNSs2
- Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNSs) are rare syndromes caused by or associated with an underlying neoplasm. (athenslab.gr)
- OBJECTIVES: The first objective was to explore to what extent brain neoplasms, cavernomas, cysts, paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs), and oncological treatment methods cause parkinsonism. (bvsalud.org)
Lymphoma1
- For patient education information, see the Cancer Center , as well as Lung Cancer , Lymphoma , and Carcinoid Syndrome . (medscape.com)
Clinical syndromes2
- The clinical syndromes are divided into classical and non-classical categories. (medscape.com)
- They are defined as clinical syndromes involving nonmetastatic systemic effects that accompany malignant disease. (medscape.com)
Middle-aged2
- Paraneoplastic syndromes tend to develop in middle-aged or older adults. (healthline.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes occur typically among middle-aged to older patients. (targetwoman.com)
Neoplasm2
- Paraneoplastic syndrome is a rare condition that results from an immune system response to a neoplasm. (justcoding.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndrome is defined as a rare disorder triggered by a response to neoplasm of an immune system that is altered. (targetwoman.com)
Myasthenia2
- The classic syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and ion channel-mediated diseases. (touchneurology.com)
- Myasthenia gravis is a common Paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with thymoma, a malignancy arising from epithelial cells of the thymus. (targetwoman.com)
Immune16
- It remains inactive in healthy individuals and causes disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, such as in people with HIV/AIDS, or hematological malignancies, and in organ transplant recipients who receive immuno- suppressant medications to avoid rejection of the transplanted organ. (howstuffworks.com)
- The end result is that the patient's own immune system can cause collateral damage to the nervous system, which can sometimes be severe. (howstuffworks.com)
- We are happy to perceive the growing interest, from a wide range of scientists, regarding the peculiar intercommunication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). (hindawi.com)
- However, increasing evidence shows that the relation between the CNS and the immune system is special and in many aspects, different from the rest of the organs and tissues [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Summary: Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes are immune-mediated erroneous attacks on the central or peripheral nervous systems, or both, directed originally against the tumour itself. (uni-luebeck.de)
- The syndrome usually arises due to the immune system trying to fight against the cancer cells, and in the midst of that process, attacking normal cells. (epainassist.com)
- Herein, we review serious central nervous system (CNS) toxicities of immune CPIs including ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab. (jneurology.com)
- Immune checkpoints refer to a variety of inhibitory pathways integral to the immune system that maintain self-tolerance and modulate the duration and magnitude of physiological immune responses to minimize collateral tissue damage. (jneurology.com)
- In recent years, two more pathogenetically different types of immune-mediated neurological paraneoplastic syndrome have been described. (touchneurology.com)
- These syndromes can form when your immune system attacks healthy neurological cells. (healthline.com)
- Neuroinflammation: Ways in Which the Immune System Affects the Brain. (ox.ac.uk)
- Many of these are driven by the same immunologic mechanisms responsible for the drugs' therapeutic effects, namely blockade of inhibitory mechanisms that suppress the immune system and protect body tissues from an unconstrained acute or chronic immune response. (bmj.com)
- Based on our personal experience and observations, the immune system becomes hyperactive when a viral infection reaches a specific level where it becomes challenging for the immune system to eradicate the infections, resulting in the infection becoming self-sustaining. (sweepr.co)
- Experts are well aware that when all microbial infections are eliminated, the full potential of the immune system is restored. (sweepr.co)
- produced by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
- Neurological immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors can have several clinical manifestations, but the syndromes and prognostic factors are still not well known. (medicalnewsweek.com)
Rare paraneoplastic2
- Autoimmune paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy is a rare paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS), which manifests as disturbance in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic nervous system function. (medscape.com)
- Apart from other more common diseases (multiple sclerosis, inflammatory, neoplastic, systemic, vascular and metabolic causes of myelopathy), rare paraneoplastic spinal cord involvement must also be excluded. (csnn.eu)
Occur3
- Hematological dysfunction of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen from an increase of erythropoietin (EPO), which may occur in response to hypoxia or ectopic EPO production/altered catabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- The syndrome can occur spontaneously or as a paraneoplastic syndrome. (medicinelearners.com)
- Hypercalcemic syndrome can occur when the cancer secretes into the blood a hormone-like substance (similar to parathyroid hormone ) that causes release of calcium from bone. (msdmanuals.com)
Idiopathic2
- Finally, some paraneoplastic syndromes are idiopathic. (medscape.com)
- Fraticelli P, Kafyeke A, Mattioli M, Martino GP, Murri M, Gabrielli A. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting with severe vasculitis successfully treated with imatinib. (wjgnet.com)
Sensory2
- The main paraneoplastic syndromes associated with autonomic dysfunction include paraneoplastic autoimmune autonomic gangliopathy (AAG), paraneoplastic sensory neuropathies and neuronopathies, paraneoplastic encephalomyeloneuropathies, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). (medscape.com)
- This note will introduce students to the major systems of the brain, which underlie these abilities focusing on sensory, motor and memory systems. (freebookcentre.net)
Carcinoid syndrome2
- [ 6 ] to the malignant carcinoid syndrome . (medscape.com)
- from a malignant carcinoid syndrome to Cushing syndrome . (targetwoman.com)
Manifestations1
- Organophosphates are one of the common poisonings in tropical countries such as India, causing both central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. (bmj.com)
Cushing3
- Ectopic Cushing syndrome occurs in 1-5% of cases. (healthline.com)
- Cushing Syndrome In Cushing syndrome, the level of corticosteroids is excessive, usually due to taking corticosteroid drugs or overproduction by the adrenal glands. (msdmanuals.com)
- Cushing syndrome usually results from taking. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer17
- These syndromes affect 1-3% of all cancer patients. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS) are a group of conditions that affect the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves and/or muscles) in patients with cancer. (howstuffworks.com)
- A large number of cancer patients show central nervous system (CNS) involvement. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] The first report of a paraneoplastic syndrome has been attributed to a French physician, M. Auchè, who described peripheral nervous system involvement in cancer patients in 1890. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes may be the first or most prominent manifestation of a cancer. (medscape.com)
- In a patient who is already receiving treatment for cancer, the onset of a paraneoplastic syndrome may be an indication of relapse. (medscape.com)
- Paraneoplastic syndrome is a common condition in patients with cancer. (epainassist.com)
- A paraneoplastic syndrome can be seen as an early symptom of cancer, which develops over a period of days or weeks, prior to the cancer being discovered. (epainassist.com)
- The best way to manage paraneoplastic syndrome is by treating the underlying condition, which in this case is cancer. (epainassist.com)
- They can strike at single or at multiple sites of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system, and often appear before the detection of cancer. (touchneurology.com)
- Other paraneoplastic syndromes are caused by cancer cells releasing hormones or other substances. (healthline.com)
- SCLC is the type of cancer most associated with the development of paraneoplastic syndromes. (healthline.com)
- These syndromes are estimated to develop in 1-7.4% of people with cancer. (healthline.com)
- In cancer patients, the central nervous system involvement can be detected and it is a prominent manifestation of cancer. (targetwoman.com)
- The TNM staging system is used to define extent of disease, determine prognosis, and in turn recommend stage based therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. (sts.org)
- While paraneoplastic stiff man syndrome is the result of cancer, classic SMS occurs spontaneously. (medicinelearners.com)
- Eventually, treating the underlying cancer is the best way to control a paraneoplastic syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal cord1
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a neurological disorder characterized by destruction of the myelin, an oily substance that helps protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, also known as central nervous system (CNS) white matter. (howstuffworks.com)
Malignancy2
- Any malignancy can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome and any part of the nervous system can be involved depending on the type of primary malignancy. (medscape.com)
- however, in a clinical presentation consistent with a paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome, the chances of underlying malignancy are very high. (medscape.com)
Complications1
- Stiff Man Syndrome is an insidious disease that causes serious physical and mental complications as the disease progresses. (medicinelearners.com)
Rheumatologic1
- Rheumatologic (hypertrophic osteoarthropathy), renal (secondary kidney amyloidosis and sedimentation of immunocomplexes in nephrons), and gastrointestinal (production of molecules that affect the motility and secretory activity of the digestive tract) dysfunctions, for example, may relate to paraneoplastic syndromes. (wikipedia.org)
Central4
- Paraneoplastic syndromes basically affect your central nervous system. (epainassist.com)
- This study reports a case of adult Haemo Phagocytic Syndrome (HPS) with severe central nervous system involvement.It is easily misdiagnosed because there is no specificity in the imaging findings. (ommegaonline.org)
- CPI: checkpoint inhibitor, CNS: central nervous system, CTLA: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen, PD: programmed cell death, PD-L: PD-1 ligand, APCs: antigen presenting cells, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, PRES: posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid. (jneurology.com)
- Neuroinflammation is the response of the central nervous system (CNS) to disturbed homeostasis and typifies all neurological diseases. (ox.ac.uk)
Acute1
- Dr. Scott is passionate about improving the system of acute care for individuals with neurologic illness. (stanford.edu)
Autoantibodies1
- However, the abundance of new autoantibodies and syndromes can be confusing. (uni-luebeck.de)
Peripheral nervous system inv1
- 52 (81%) patients had CNS involvement and 12 (19%) had peripheral nervous system involvement. (medicalnewsweek.com)
Diseases2
- This is why stiff man syndrome often occurs with other hormone-related diseases. (medicinelearners.com)
- The other possible code is "I73.8 - Other specified peripheral vascular diseases", because the hypothenar hammer syndrome also occurs with peripheral vascular affections. (geometry.net)
SCLC5
- In this article, we take a deeper look at paraneoplastic syndromes and how they relate to SCLC. (healthline.com)
- About 10% of people with SCLC develop these syndromes. (healthline.com)
- An estimated 3-5% of people with SCLC also have neurologic syndromes. (healthline.com)
- The most diagnosed type in people with SCLC is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. (healthline.com)
- SCLC cells originate from neuroectoderm, share a number of antigens with peripheral nervous system tissue, and contain high concentrations of VGCCs. (medscape.com)