Mumps
Mumps virus
Sialadenitis
Sotos Syndrome
Use of linezolid, an oxazolidinone, in the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial infections. (1/55)
We report our experience with linezolid in an investigation of its use against resistant gram-positive bacterial infections. Fifteen patients who had renal failure (n=6), recent liver transplantation (n=5) or surgery (n=6), cancer (n=3), endocarditis (n=2), or human immunodeficiency virus infection (n=1), along with infections due to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), and 2 patients with infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species who had adverse reactions to vancomycin were treated with linezolid (600 mg every 12 h for 5-42 days (mean+/-SD, 20.5+/-3.5 days). Abscess drainage or prosthetic device removal was undertaken. Microbiological cure occurred in all 10 patients who completed therapy, and all 7 patients alive at follow-up were free of infection. No deaths were attributable to the index infection. Adverse events associated with linezolid use were mild leukopenia in 1 patient and nausea in another. It appears that administration of linezolid, in conjunction with surgical intervention or device removal, is an effective treatment option for serious resistant gram-positive bacterial infections. (+info)Parotid salivary gland dysfunction in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD): a longitudinal study in a mouse model. (2/55)
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an autoimmune-like phenomenon resulting in morbidity and mortality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Major salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation is one of the prevalent manifestations of cGVHD. We have used the B10.D2 to Balb/C cGVHD mice model in order to assess major salivary gland function in cGVHD, evaluating sialometric, sialochemical and histopathological parameters for almost 3 months. As cGVHD is a chronic debilitating disease it is of vast importance to evaluate these parameters on a prolonged longitudinal basis. We observed significant reduction in parotid salivary flow rate and disturbance in the salivary dynamic function in cGVHD mice in comparison to the normal and syngeneic transplanted controls. On days 18, 25, 46, 56 and 88 the mean flow rates of the cGVHD group were 37.4 +/- 4.4 microl/30 min, 40.5 +/- 4.6 microl/30 min, 32.5 +/- 2.3 microl/30 min, 22.2 +/- 3.2 microl/30 min and 14.8 +/- 3.8 microl/30 min, respectively, values which were lower than those of the syngeneic transplanted controls group by 42% (P < 0.04), 32% (P < 0.03), 44% (P < 0.01), 49% (P < 0.01) and 64% (P < 0.01), respectively. These changes in flow rates were paralleled by changes in the biochemical composition of the saliva. Moreover, the reduction in flow rates correlated with the degree of salivary gland destruction observed in the pathological slides. An inverse correlation was observed between the mean parotid salivary flow rate and the degree of fibrosis observed in the histopathological evaluation of the cGVHD mice (P < 0.01). Maximal flow rate 34.8 +/- 4.6 microl/30 min was observed when no fibrosis was observed while in mice with maximal fibrosis flow rates were minimal. This may point to the pathological mechanism leading to the major salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation observed in cGVHD. Thus, it may broaden our knowledge and provide the scientific background for designing better therapeutic strategies for this complication. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2000). (+info)Acute parotitis due to dengue virus. (3/55)
Acute bilateral parotitis is a common clinical feature of various infectious and autoimmune, metabolic, and drug-related conditions. We describe a unique case of bilateral inflammatory enlargement of the parotid glands in an immunocompetent patient with dengue fever. Evidence of dengue virus in the saliva is also provided for the first time. (+info)Burkholderia pseudomallei--abscess in an unusual site. (4/55)
Meloidosis in a unusual site has been reported in a child. Complete identification of the organism has been presented. (+info)Outbreak of enteroviral infection in a pediatric hematology-oncology unit. (5/55)
We review the clinical courses and outcomes of an outbreak of enteroviral infection that occurred in 5 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during a 2-month period in a hematology-oncology unit. Three patients presented with encephalitis and 2 with parotitis. Three of the 5 patients recovered uneventfully and 2 died, 1 of chronic encephalitis and 1 of acute brain stem encephalitis. (+info)Recurrent parotitis. (6/55)
Recurrent parotitis in children is a well described but rare condition of unknown cause. The clinical features of 11 children with recurrent parotitis are described. (+info)SIALADENITIS AND MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS IN CHILDREN: EXPERIENCE AT LOS ANGELES CHILDRENS HOSPITAL AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. (7/55)
Except for mumps, the benign lesions most frequently seen in the salivary glands of a child are parotitis, hemangioendotheliomas and mixed tumors. Carcinoma and sarcoma are uncommon. Rapid growth and pain are features of malignant change. Chronic parotitis usually subsides under conservative treatment. If operation is necessary, total parotidectomy is advisable. Scout x-ray films and sialangiographic examination are useful in differentiating an inflammatory lesion from a neoplastic growth.The treatment of choice for a non-inflammatory tumor is surgical excision, for most parotid tumors are radioresistant. Small masses should be completely excised for pathological evaluation. Since operation entails risk of damage to the seventh nerve, incisional biopsy may occasionally be indicated in the case of a large diffuse lesion for it is very likely to be benign and operation unnecessary. The risks of seventh nerve damage are magnified in a child as the anatomic structures are smaller and the nerve lies in a more superficial position. (+info)Localization of antigen in tissue cells; antigens of rickettsiae and mumps virus. (8/55)
Rickettsiae of epidemic typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever have been microscopically localized and identified in smears of exudates and tissue sections from infected cotton rats by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. Epidemic typhus has also been identified in smears from single infected human body lice. Mumps virus antigen has been microscopically localized in the parotid of the experimentally infected monkey by the same method. The antigenic material, probably active virus, was found in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. Such infected acini were scattered irregularly throughout the gland. Some antigen could be seen in the lumens of the parotid ducts and small amounts were present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the ducts. (+info)Parotitis is the medical term for inflammation of the parotid gland, which is one of the major salivary glands located in the face, near the ear. The condition can result from various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.
Parotitis can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. In some cases, it may also lead to fever, chills, and general malaise. The diagnosis of parotitis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and sometimes imaging studies or laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include antibiotics, pain relievers, hydration, and measures to improve salivary flow.
Sialography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the ducts (salivary glands) that carry saliva from the salivary glands to the mouth. In this procedure, a radiopaque contrast material is injected into the salivary gland, and then X-rays or other forms of imaging are taken to visualize the shape and any abnormalities in the ducts.
The contrast material outlines the ducts on the images, allowing healthcare professionals to identify any blockages, narrowing, dilations, stones, or other abnormalities that may be present in the salivary glands. Sialography is typically used to diagnose and manage conditions such as salivary gland inflammation, obstruction, or infection.
It's worth noting that sialography has been largely replaced by newer imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, which do not require the injection of a contrast material and are generally considered safer and more comfortable for patients. However, sialography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis.
Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."
The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.
Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.
The Mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and Rubulavirus genus. It is the causative agent of mumps, an acute infectious disease characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands.
The Mumps virus has a spherical or pleomorphic shape with a diameter of approximately 150-250 nanometers. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane derived from the host cell, which contains viral glycoproteins that facilitate attachment and entry into host cells.
The M protein, located beneath the envelope, plays a crucial role in virus assembly and budding. The genome of the Mumps virus consists of eight genes encoding nine proteins, including two major structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein and matrix protein) and several non-structural proteins involved in viral replication and pathogenesis.
Transmission of the Mumps virus occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected saliva. After infection, the incubation period ranges from 12 to 25 days, followed by a prodromal phase characterized by fever, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. The characteristic swelling of the parotid glands usually appears 1-3 days after the onset of symptoms.
Complications of mumps can include meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and deafness. Prevention relies on vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing mumps and its complications.
Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.
Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.
Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.
Sotos Syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive early growth and developmental delay. It is also known as cerebral gigantism. The symptoms typically include:
1. Large size at birth, with rapid postnatal growth leading to tall stature in early childhood.
2. Developmental delay, often becoming apparent after the first year of life. This may include delayed milestones in sitting, standing, walking, and speaking.
3. Macrocephaly (large head size).
4. Characteristic facial features such as a high forehead, prominent jaw, and wide-spaced eyes.
5. Learning difficulties or intellectual disability, ranging from mild to severe.
6. Increased risk of seizures, particularly in infancy and childhood.
7. Behavioral problems such as ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) or autism spectrum disorders.
The syndrome is caused by mutations in the NSD1 gene, which is located on chromosome 5. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps regulate gene expression. In Sotos Syndrome, the mutated NSD1 gene doesn't function properly, leading to overgrowth and developmental delay. The syndrome is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only one copy of the altered gene, inherited from either parent, is sufficient to cause the disorder. However, most cases result from new (de novo) mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history of the disorder.