Pasteurella
Pasteurella multocida
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella pneumotropica
Rhinitis, Atrophic
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic
Bites and Stings
Pasteurellaceae
Cattle Diseases
Dermotoxins
Bacterial Toxins
Exotoxins
Actinobacillus
Cattle
Turbinates
Cytotoxins
Haemophilus paragallinarum
Haemophilus
Bacterial Vaccines
Mannheimia
Tylosin
Serotyping
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Swine
Turkeys
Glycosyltransferases
Haemophilus somnus
Aerosols
Plague
Molecular Sequence Data
Nasal Cavity
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Hedgehogs
Poultry Diseases
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Hemagglutination Tests
The effect of route of immunization on the lapine immune response to killed Pasteurella haemolytica and the influence of aerosol challenge with the live organism. (1/420)
Appearance of anti-Pasteurella haemolytica antibody in the serum and broncho-alveolar washings of rabbits is independent of the route of immunization and is similar in both locations. The most influential factor in development of a humoral response is exposure to live P. haemolytica and prior exposure to the killed bacterium has no significant effect upon titre determined following aerosol challenge with live organisms. (+info)Evaluation of PCR as a means of identification of Pasteurella pneumotropica. (2/420)
A polymerase chain reaction with new primers (new PCR) designed from Pasteurella pneumotropica 16S rDNA as an identification system for this organism was compared with the PCR reported by Wang et al. (Wang's PCR) by using 15 bacterial reference species and 70 clinical isolates with the conventional identification system. For the 15 reference strains, both PCRs were identical. For the 70 clinical isolates, the new PCR and Wang's PCR showed consistency with the conventional system in 62.9% (44/70) and 51.4% (36/70), respectively. Twenty-six isolates were inconsistent with the conventional system and the new PCR with respect to morphology and serology. These findings suggested that the new PCR was more sensitive than Wang's PCR, and the new PCR in combination with morphology and serology is useful for P. pneumotropica identification. (+info)Studies on time-kill kinetics of different classes of antibiotics against veterinary pathogenic bacteria including Pasteurella, Actinobacillus and Escherichia coli. (3/420)
A systematic analysis of the bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect of several antibiotics used in veterinary medicine was carried out by time-kill kinetic analysis using P. haemolytica, P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, and E. coli. The antibiotics tested were enrofloxacin, danofloxacin, erythromycin, tilmicosin, penicillin G, ceftiofur and tetracycline. Unexpectedly, the antibiotics well characterized as bacteriostatic agents against human pathogens such as tetracycline and macrolides, showed bactericidal activity against P. haemolytica and A. pleuropneumoniae. In contrast, tetracycline and erythromycin were bacteriostatic and tilmicosin was bactericidal against P. multocida. In addition, P. multocida was killed by fluoroquinolones at a slower rate than the other bacteria. Spectrum analysis revealed that ceftiofur and tilmicosin were good substrates of the universal efflux pump, AcrA/B, but penicillin and tetracycline were not. The fluoroquinolones were modest substrates for AcrA/B. (+info)Conservation of expression and N-terminal sequences of the Pasteurella haemolytica 31-kilodalton and Pasteurella trehalosi 29-kilodalton periplasmic iron-regulated proteins. (4/420)
This study examined the conservation of expression of a 31-kDa iron-regulated protein by serotypes of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi associated with pasteurellosis of cattle and sheep. A polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified 31-kDa periplasmic iron-regulated protein from P. haemolytica serotype A1 showed that all P. haemolytica serotypes expressed similar 31-kDa proteins with identical N-terminal sequences, whereas P. trehalosi serotypes expressed immunologically different 29-kDa proteins with a different N-terminal sequence. Antibody to the 31-kDa iron-regulated protein was a useful tool to distinguish similarities and differences of the iron-regulated proteins of P. haemolytica and P. trehalosi. (+info)Pasteurellaceae isolated from tonsillar samples of commercially-reared American bison (Bison bison). (5/420)
As commercial producers of American bison (Bison bison) become more numerous, concerns relative to bison health management increase. Since loss due to respiratory disease associated with Pasteurella and related Pasteurellaceae is a major concern for cattle producers, a study was conducted to determine what types of Pasteurellaceae are carried by bison to evaluate the potential of pneumonic pasteurellosis in bison herds where management practices are comparable to those used for cattle. Tonsillar biopsies, collected in May (n = 29) and August (n = 25) 1997 from 24- to 30-month-old bison bulls, at the time of slaughter were cultured for Pasteurellaceae. Pasteurella spp. were isolated from all the samples collected in May. These included isolates identified as P. haemolytica, trehalosi, testudinis, and multocida subsp. multocida a and multocida b. Actinobacillus spp. and Haemophilus somnus were also isolated from some samples. Pasteurella spp., haemolytica, trehalosi, and multocida subsp. multocida a, multocida b and septica, plus 2 nonspeciated indole-positive biotypes, U2 and U16, were isolated from the second group of tonsil samples. Most of these organisms, including P. haemolytica, P. multocida subsp., and H. somnus are associated with disease in domestic livestock and should be regarded as potential pathogens for bison, particularly in animals which become stressed by management practices commonly used with cattle such as herding, crowding, and shipping. (+info)Bacterial phylogenetic clusters revealed by genome structure. (6/420)
Current bacterial taxonomy is mostly based on phenotypic criteria, which may yield misleading interpretations in classification and identification. As a result, bacteria not closely related may be grouped together as a genus or species. For pathogenic bacteria, incorrect classification or misidentification could be disastrous. There is therefore an urgent need for appropriate methodologies to classify bacteria according to phylogeny and corresponding new approaches that permit their rapid and accurate identification. For this purpose, we have devised a strategy enabling us to resolve phylogenetic clusters of bacteria by comparing their genome structures. These structures were revealed by cleaving genomic DNA with the endonuclease I-CeuI, which cuts within the 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences, and by mapping the resulting large DNA fragments with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. We tested this experimental system on two representative bacterial genera: Salmonella and Pasteurella. Among Salmonella spp., I-CeuI mapping revealed virtually indistinguishable genome structures, demonstrating a high degree of structural conservation. Consistent with this, 16S rDNA sequences are also highly conserved among the Salmonella spp. In marked contrast, the Pasteurella strains have very different genome structures among and even within individual species. The divergence of Pasteurella was also reflected in 16S rDNA sequences and far exceeded that seen between Escherichia and Salmonella. Based on this diversity, the Pasteurella haemolytica strains we analyzed could be divided into 14 phylogenetic groups and the Pasteurella multocida strains could be divided into 9 groups. If criteria for defining bacterial species or genera similar to those used for Salmonella and Escherichia coli were applied, the striking phylogenetic diversity would allow bacteria in the currently recognized species of P. multocida and P. haemolytica to be divided into different species, genera, or even higher ranks. On the other hand, strains of Pasteurella ureae and Pasteurella pneumotropica are very similar to those of P. multocida in both genome structure and 16S rDNA sequence and should be regarded as strains within this species. We conclude that large-scale genome structure can be a sensitive indicator of phylogenetic relationships and that, therefore, I-CeuI-based genomic mapping is an efficient tool for probing the phylogenetic status of bacteria. (+info)Characterization of PaxA and its operon: a cohemolytic RTX toxin determinant from pathogenic Pasteurella aerogenes. (7/420)
Pasteurella aerogenes is known as a commensal bacterium or as an opportunistic pathogen, as well as a primary pathogen found to be involved in abortion cases of humans, swine, and other mammals. Using broad-range DNA probes for bacterial RTX toxin genes, we cloned and subsequently sequenced a new operon named paxCABD encoding the RTX toxin PaxA in P. aerogenes. The pax operon is organized analogous to the classical RTX operons containing the activator gene paxC upstream of the structural toxin gene paxA, which is followed by the secretion protein genes paxB and paxD. The highest sequence similarity of paxA with known RTX toxin genes is found with apxIIIA (82%). PaxA is structurally similar to ApxIIIA and also shows functional analogy to ApxIIIA, since it shows cohemolytic activity with the sphingomyelinase of Staphylococcus aureus, known as the CAMP effect, but is devoid of direct hemolytic activity. In addition, it shows to some extent immunological cross-reactions with ApxIIIA. P. aerogenes isolated from various specimens showed that the pax operon was present in about one-third of the strains. All of the pax-positive strains were specifically related to swine abortion cases or septicemia of newborn piglets. These strains were also shown to produce the PaxA toxin as determined by the CAMP phenomenon, whereas none of the pax-negative strains did. This indicated that the PaxA toxin is involved in the pathogenic potential of P. aerogenes. The examined P. aerogenes isolates were phylogenetically analyzed by 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequencing in order to confirm their species. Only a small heterogeneity (<0.5%) was observed between the rrs genes of the strains originating from geographically distant farms and isolated at different times. (+info)Comparison of Pasteurella spp. simultaneously isolated from nasal and transtracheal swabs from cattle with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. (8/420)
Twenty-four matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica and three matched pairs of isolates of Pasteurella multocida were isolated by using a nasal swab and a transtracheal swab from individual calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. The identity of each matched pair was confirmed biochemically and serologically. The similarity of the isolates obtained from a nasal swab and from a transtracheal swab was compared by using ribotyping and antibiotic susceptibility analyses. Although the calves were sampled only once with a nasal and a transtracheal swab, when both samples were bacteriologically positive the nasal swab identified the same bacterial species as the transtracheal swab 96% of the time. The nasal swab isolate was genetically identical to the transtracheal isolate in 70% of the matched pairs. Six different ribotypes were observed for the P. haemolytica isolates, while only one ribotype was observed for the limited number of P. multocida isolates. Of the six P. haemolytica ribotypes, two ribotypes predominated. All the paired isolates displayed similar susceptibility to ceftiofur, erythromycin, tilmicosin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and florfenicol, with some minor variations for ampicillin and spectinomycin. These results suggest that a nasal swab culture can be predictive of the bacterial pathogen within the lung when the isolates are from an acutely ill animal and can be used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. (+info)"Pasteurella" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli that are part of the family Pasteurellaceae. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including cats, dogs, and livestock. They can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as wound infections, pneumonia, and septicemia, often following animal bites or scratches. Two notable species are Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella canis. Proper identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing are essential for appropriate treatment.
Pasteurella infections are diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Pasteurella, with P. multocida being the most common species responsible for infections in humans. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts of animals, particularly domestic pets such as cats and dogs.
Humans can acquire Pasteurella infections through animal bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated animal secretions like saliva. The infection can manifest in various forms, including:
1. Skin and soft tissue infections: These are the most common types of Pasteurella infections, often presenting as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections after an animal bite or scratch.
2. Respiratory tract infections: Pasteurella bacteria can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory tract infections, especially in individuals with underlying lung diseases or weakened immune systems.
3. Ocular infections: Pasteurella bacteria can infect the eye, causing conditions like conjunctivitis, keratitis, or endophthalmitis, particularly after an animal scratch to the eye or face.
4. Septicemia: In rare cases, Pasteurella bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause septicemia, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition.
5. Other infections: Pasteurella bacteria have also been known to cause joint infections (septic arthritis), bone infections (osteomyelitis), and central nervous system infections (meningitis or brain abscesses) in some cases.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing Pasteurella infections, as they can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems.
"Pasteurella multocida" is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus bacterium that is part of the normal flora in the respiratory tract of many animals, including birds, dogs, and cats. It can cause a variety of infections in humans, such as respiratory infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and bloodstream infections, particularly in individuals who have close contact with animals or animal bites or scratches. The bacterium is named after Louis Pasteur, who developed a vaccine against it in the late 19th century.
"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found as part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract of cattle and other ruminants. However, under certain conditions such as stress, viral infection, or sudden changes in temperature or humidity, the bacteria can multiply rapidly and cause a severe respiratory disease known as shipping fever or pneumonic pasteurellosis.
The bacterium is named "haemolytica" because it produces a toxin that causes hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the characteristic clear zones around colonies grown on blood agar plates. The bacteria can also cause other symptoms such as fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and depression.
"Mannheimia haemolytica" is a significant pathogen in the cattle industry, causing substantial economic losses due to mortality, reduced growth rates, and decreased milk production. Prevention and control measures include good management practices, vaccination, and prompt treatment of infected animals with antibiotics.
"Pasteurella pneumotropica" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Pasteurella. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as a commensal organism in the respiratory tracts of rabbits, rats, and mice. However, it can also cause opportunistic infections in these animals and other species, including humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Infections caused by "Pasteurella pneumotropica" can manifest as respiratory tract infections, septicemia, wound infections, and abscesses. In humans, the bacterium can be transmitted through animal bites or scratches, contaminated food or water, or direct contact with infected animals. The diagnosis of "Pasteurella pneumotropica" infection typically involves the isolation and identification of the bacterium from clinical samples, such as blood, sputum, or wound tissue. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate or doxycycline.
Atrophic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal passages and sinuses characterized by the atrophy (wasting away) of the nasal mucous membranes. This results in decreased mucus production, crusting, and eventually, shrinkage of the nasal structures. The symptoms may include a stuffy or runny nose, loss of smell, and crusting inside the nose. Atrophic rhinitis can be caused by various factors such as infection, trauma, radiation therapy, or surgery. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. It is often difficult to treat, and treatment typically aims to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.
Pasteurellosis, pneumonic is a specific form of pasteurellosis that is caused by the bacterium *Pasteurella multocida* and primarily affects the respiratory system. It is characterized by inflammation and infection of the lungs (pneumonia) and can result in symptoms such as cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, fever, and decreased appetite.
This condition often occurs as a secondary infection in animals with underlying respiratory diseases, and it can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected animals, such as through bites, scratches, or inhalation of respiratory secretions. Pneumonic pasteurellosis is more likely to occur in people who have weakened immune systems due to other health conditions.
Prompt medical treatment with antibiotics is necessary to prevent complications and improve outcomes. The prognosis for pneumonic pasteurellosis depends on the severity of the infection, the patient's overall health, and how quickly they receive appropriate medical care.
"Bites and stings" is a general term used to describe injuries resulting from the teeth or venomous secretions of animals. These can include:
1. Insect bites: The bite marks are usually small, punctate, and may be accompanied by symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and pain. Examples include mosquito, flea, bedbug, and tick bites.
2. Spider bites: Some spiders possess venomous fangs that can cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. In severe cases, systemic symptoms like muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty breathing may occur. The black widow and brown recluse spiders are notorious for their venomous bites.
3. Snake bites: Venomous snakes deliver toxic saliva through their fangs, which can lead to local tissue damage, swelling, pain, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as paralysis, bleeding disorders, and respiratory failure.
4. Mammal bites: Animal bites from mammals like dogs, cats, and wild animals can cause puncture wounds, lacerations, and crush injuries. They may also transmit infectious diseases, such as rabies.
5. Marine animal stings: Stings from jellyfish, sea urchins, stingrays, and other marine creatures can result in localized pain, redness, swelling, and systemic symptoms like difficulty breathing, muscle cramps, and altered heart rhythms. Some marine animals' venoms can cause severe allergic reactions or even death.
Treatment for bites and stings varies depending on the type and severity of the injury. It may include wound care, pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, and in some cases, antivenom therapy to counteract the effects of venom. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial in severe cases or when systemic symptoms are present.
Pasteurellaceae is a family of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic or aerobic, non-spore forming bacteria that are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract of animals and humans. Some members of this family can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and localized infections such as abscesses and cellulitis.
Some notable genera within Pasteurellaceae include:
* Pasteurella: includes several species that can cause respiratory tract infections, septicemia, and soft tissue infections in animals and humans. The most common species is Pasteurella multocida, which is a major pathogen in animals and can also cause human infections associated with animal bites or scratches.
* Haemophilus: includes several species that are normal flora of the human respiratory tract and can cause respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, pneumonia, and meningitis. The most well-known species is Haemophilus influenzae, which can cause severe invasive diseases such as meningitis and sepsis, particularly in young children.
* Mannheimia: includes several species that are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep) and can cause pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections in these animals. The most common species is Mannheimia haemolytica, which is a major pathogen in cattle and can also cause human infections associated with animal contact.
* Actinobacillus: includes several species that are normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract of animals and can cause respiratory tract infections, septicemia, and localized infections in these animals. The most common species is Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which causes a severe form of pneumonia in pigs.
Overall, Pasteurellaceae family members are important pathogens in both veterinary and human medicine, and their infections can range from mild to severe and life-threatening.
Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.
Dermatotoxins are substances that can cause damage or irritation to the skin. They are typically toxic chemicals or venoms that can produce a range of reactions when they come into contact with the skin, such as redness, swelling, itching, blistering, and necrosis (tissue death).
Dermatotoxins can be found in various sources, including certain plants, animals, and synthetic compounds. For example, some snakes and insects produce venoms that contain dermatotoxic components, while certain chemicals used in industrial processes or agricultural applications can also have dermatotoxic effects.
Exposure to dermatotoxins can occur through various routes, such as direct contact with the skin, inhalation, or ingestion. In some cases, dermatotoxins can cause systemic effects if they are absorbed into the bloodstream through the skin.
If you suspect exposure to a dermatotoxin, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Treatment may include washing the affected area with soap and water, applying topical creams or ointments, and in some cases, administering antivenom or other medications to counteract the toxic effects.
Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.
Pasteurellaceae infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. This family includes several genera of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, with the most common pathogenic genus being Pasteurella. These bacteria are commonly found as normal flora in the upper respiratory tracts of animals, including pets like cats and dogs, and can be transmitted to humans through bites, scratches, or contact with contaminated fluids.
Pasteurellaceae infections can cause a range of clinical manifestations, depending on the specific species involved and the site of infection. Common Pasteurella species that cause human infections include P. multocida and P. pneumotropica. Infections caused by these bacteria often present as localized skin or soft tissue infections, such as cellulitis, abscesses, or wound infections, following animal contact.
In addition to skin and soft tissue infections, Pasteurellaceae can also cause respiratory tract infections (pneumonia, bronchitis), septicemia, and, rarely, meningitis or endocarditis. Immunocompromised individuals, those with chronic lung disease, or those who have alcohol use disorder are at increased risk for severe Pasteurellaceae infections.
Treatment typically involves antibiotics active against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate, doxycycline, or fluoroquinolones. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent potential complications and the spread of infection.
Exotoxins are a type of toxin that are produced and released by certain bacteria into their external environment, including the surrounding tissues or host's bloodstream. These toxins can cause damage to cells and tissues, and contribute to the symptoms and complications associated with bacterial infections.
Exotoxins are typically proteins, and they can have a variety of effects on host cells, depending on their specific structure and function. Some exotoxins act by disrupting the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis or death. Others interfere with intracellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modify host immune responses.
Examples of bacterial infections that are associated with the production of exotoxins include:
* Botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum
* Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
* Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani
* Pertussis (whooping cough), caused by Bordetella pertussis
* Food poisoning, caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus cereus
Exotoxins can be highly potent and dangerous, and some have been developed as biological weapons. However, many exotoxins are also used in medicine for therapeutic purposes, such as botulinum toxin (Botox) for the treatment of wrinkles or dystonia.
"Yersinia pestis" is a bacterial species that is the etiological agent (cause) of plague. Plague is a severe and often fatal infectious disease that can take various forms, including bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues. The bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas, but they can also be spread by direct contact with infected animals or by breathing in droplets from an infected person's cough.
The bacterium is named after Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss-French bacteriologist who discovered it in 1894 during an epidemic of bubonic plague in Hong Kong. The disease has had a significant impact on human history, causing widespread pandemics such as the Justinian Plague in the 6th century and the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in millions of deaths across Europe and Asia.
Yersinia pestis is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus that can survive in various environments, including soil and water. It has several virulence factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease, such as the production of antiphagocytic capsules, the secretion of proteases, and the ability to resist phagocytosis by host immune cells.
Modern antibiotic therapy can effectively treat plague if diagnosed early, but without treatment, the disease can progress rapidly and lead to severe complications or death. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, using insect repellent and protective clothing in areas where plague is endemic, and seeking prompt medical attention for any symptoms of infection.
According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, 'actinobacillus' is defined as:
"A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic rods (family Pasteurellaceae) that are parasites or commensals in animals and occasionally cause disease in humans. Some species produce a polysaccharide capsule."
In simpler terms, Actinobacillus is a type of bacteria that can be found in animals, including sometimes as normal flora in their mouths and throats. These bacteria can sometimes infect humans, usually through close contact with animals or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Some species of Actinobacillus can produce a polysaccharide capsule, which can make them more resistant to the body's immune defenses and more difficult to treat with antibiotics.
It is worth noting that while some species of Actinobacillus can cause disease in humans, they are generally not considered major human pathogens. However, they can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, including respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are active against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate or fluoroquinolones.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
In medical terms, turbinates refer to the curled bone shelves that are present inside the nasal passages. They are covered by a mucous membrane and are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering the air that we breathe in through our nose. There are three pairs of turbinates in each nasal passage: inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. The inferior turbinate is the largest and most significant contributor to nasal airflow resistance. Inflammation or enlargement of the turbinates can lead to nasal congestion and difficulty breathing through the nose.
Cytotoxins are substances that are toxic to cells. They can cause damage and death to cells by disrupting their membranes, interfering with their metabolism, or triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cytotoxins can be produced by various organisms such as bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, and they can also be synthesized artificially.
In medicine, cytotoxic drugs are used to treat cancer because they selectively target and kill rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells. Examples of cytotoxic drugs include chemotherapy agents such as doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. However, these drugs can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, hair loss, and immune suppression.
It's important to note that cytotoxins are not the same as toxins, which are poisonous substances produced by living organisms that can cause harm to other organisms. While all cytotoxins are toxic to cells, not all toxins are cytotoxic. Some toxins may have systemic effects on organs or tissues rather than directly killing cells.
Haemophilus paragallinarum is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is the primary cause of infectious coryza, an upper respiratory disease in birds, particularly chickens. The bacteria colonize and infect the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract, leading to clinical signs such as sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, it can result in significant economic losses for poultry farmers due to decreased egg production, poor feed conversion, and increased mortality rates. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces, making biosecurity measures essential to control its spread.
Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found as part of the normal microbiota of the human respiratory tract. However, some species can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
The most well-known species is Haemophilus influenzae, which was originally identified as a cause of influenza (hence the name), but it is now known that not all strains of H. influenzae cause this disease. In fact, the majority of H. influenzae infections are caused by strains that produce a polysaccharide capsule, which makes them more virulent and able to evade the host's immune system.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was once a major cause of serious bacterial infections in children, including meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. However, since the introduction of vaccines against Hib in the 1980s, the incidence of these infections has decreased dramatically.
Other Haemophilus species that can cause human infections include Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi (which causes chancroid), and Haemophilus aphrophilus (which can cause endocarditis).
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
A wound infection is defined as the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in a part of the body tissue, which has been damaged by a cut, blow, or other trauma, leading to inflammation, purulent discharge, and sometimes systemic toxicity. The symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and fever. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics and proper wound care. It's important to note that not all wounds will become infected, but those that are contaminated with bacteria, dirt, or other foreign substances, or those in which the skin's natural barrier has been significantly compromised, are at a higher risk for infection.
"Mannheimia" is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract of animals and are known to cause various diseases in domestic and wild animals. Some species of Mannheimia can also cause zoonotic infections in humans who come into close contact with infected animals.
The most well-known species of Mannheimia is M. haemolytica, which is a major pathogen in cattle and sheep, causing respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and shipping fever. Other species of Mannheimia include M. granulomatis, M. varigena, and M. succiniciproducens, among others.
Mannheimia bacteria are known to produce a variety of virulence factors, including hemolysins, endotoxins, and exotoxins, which contribute to their pathogenicity. Diagnosis of Mannheimia infections typically involves the isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical samples, such as respiratory secretions or tissue samples, followed by confirmation using biochemical tests or molecular methods. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics, although the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Mannheimia species is a growing concern.
Tylosin is defined as a macrolide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. It is primarily used in veterinary medicine to treat various bacterial infections in animals, such as respiratory and digestive tract infections caused by susceptible organisms.
Tylosin works by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and thereby preventing bacterial growth. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive bacteria, including some strains that are resistant to other antibiotics. However, tylosin is not commonly used in human medicine due to its potential for causing hearing damage and other side effects.
In addition to its use as an antibiotic, tylosin has also been used as a growth promoter in animal feed to improve feed efficiency and weight gain. However, this practice has been banned in some countries due to concerns about the development of antibiotic resistance and the potential risks to human health.
Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.
'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that primarily affects the respiratory system of pigs, causing a disease known as porcine pleuropneumonia. This disease is associated with severe respiratory signs, including coughing, difficulty breathing, and high fever, and can lead to significant economic losses in the swine industry.
The bacterium is typically transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or contaminated fomites, and it can also be spread through aerosolized droplets. Once inside the host, 'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae' produces a number of virulence factors that allow it to evade the immune system and cause tissue damage.
Effective control and prevention strategies for porcine pleuropneumonia include vaccination, biosecurity measures, and antibiotic treatment. However, antibiotic resistance is an emerging concern in the management of this disease, highlighting the need for continued research and development of new control strategies.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
I'm not aware of any recognized medical term or condition specifically referred to as "turkeys." The term "turkey" is most commonly used in a non-medical context to refer to the large, bird-like domesticated fowl native to North America, scientifically known as Meleagris gallopavo.
However, if you are referring to a medical condition called "turkey neck," it is a colloquial term used to describe sagging or loose skin around the neck area, which can resemble a turkey's wattle. This condition is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term for an aesthetic concern some people may have about their appearance.
If you meant something else by "turkeys," please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate answer.
"Francisella tularensis" is a gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacillus bacterium that is the etiological agent of tularemia. It is highly infectious and can be transmitted to humans through various routes such as contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated food or water, inhalation of contaminated aerosols, or bites from infected arthropods. The bacterium can cause a range of clinical manifestations depending on the route of infection and includes ulceroglandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, and typhoidal tularemia. "Francisella tularensis" is considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its high infectivity and potential for causing severe illness and death.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Glycosyltransferases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the synthesis of glycoconjugates, which are complex carbohydrate structures found on the surface of cells and in various biological fluids. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of a sugar moiety from an activated donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond.
The donor molecule is typically a nucleotide sugar, such as UDP-glucose or CMP-sialic acid, which provides the energy required for the transfer reaction. The acceptor molecule can be a wide range of substrates, including proteins, lipids, and other carbohydrates.
Glycosyltransferases are highly specific in their activity, with each enzyme recognizing a particular donor and acceptor pair. This specificity allows for the precise regulation of glycan structures, which have been shown to play important roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and adhesion.
Defects in glycosyltransferase function can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), which are characterized by abnormal glycan structures and a wide range of clinical manifestations, including developmental delay, neurological impairment, and multi-organ dysfunction.
Haemophilus somnus (also known as Histophilus somni) is not typically defined in a medical dictionary, but it is a gram-negative bacterium that can cause various diseases in animals, particularly in cattle. It is part of the Haemophilus genus and Pasteurellaceae family.
H. somnus can lead to respiratory illnesses, reproductive disorders (such as infertility, abortions, and stillbirths), and systemic infections like sepsis or joint inflammation (arthritis). The bacterium is often found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy cattle, but it can become pathogenic under stressful conditions or when the animal's immune system is weakened.
While Haemophilus somnus primarily affects animals and not humans, there have been rare cases where people working closely with infected animals (such as veterinarians, farmers, or slaughterhouse workers) may develop infections due to exposure. However, this is uncommon, and H. somnus does not typically pose a significant risk to human health.
Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.
For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.
Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Bordetella infections are caused by bacteria called Bordetella pertussis or Bordetella parapertussis, which result in a highly contagious respiratory infection known as whooping cough or pertussis. These bacteria primarily infect the respiratory cilia (tiny hair-like structures lining the upper airways) and produce toxins that cause inflammation and damage to the respiratory tract.
The infection typically starts with cold-like symptoms, including a runny nose, sneezing, and a mild cough. After about one to two weeks, the cough becomes more severe, leading to episodes of intense, uncontrollable coughing fits that can last for several minutes. These fits often end with a high-pitched "whoop" sound as the person gasps for air. Vomiting may occur following the coughing spells.
Bordetella infections can be particularly severe and even life-threatening in infants, young children, and people with weakened immune systems. Complications include pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and, in rare cases, death.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination, which is part of the recommended immunization schedule for children. A booster dose is also recommended for adolescents and adults to maintain immunity. Antibiotics can be used to treat Bordetella infections and help prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. However, antibiotics are most effective when started early in the course of the illness.
Medical Definition:
Plague is a severe and potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily a disease of animals but can occasionally be transmitted to humans through flea bites, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation of respiratory droplets from an infected person or animal.
There are three main clinical manifestations of plague: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. Bubonic plague is characterized by painful, swollen lymph nodes (buboes) in the groin, armpits, or neck. Septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria spread throughout the bloodstream, causing severe sepsis and potentially leading to organ failure. Pneumonic plague is the most contagious form of the disease, involving infection of the lungs and transmission through respiratory droplets.
Plague is a zoonotic disease, meaning it primarily affects animals but can be transmitted to humans under certain conditions. The bacteria are typically found in small mammals, such as rodents, and their fleas. Plague is most commonly found in Africa, Asia, and South America, with the majority of human cases reported in Africa.
Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can significantly improve outcomes for plague patients. Public health measures, including surveillance, vector control, and vaccination, are essential for preventing and controlling outbreaks.
I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:
1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.
Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.
OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.
Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "hedgehogs" is commonly referred to as a small, spiny mammal found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. However, in medical terms, there is no widely accepted or recognized definition for "hedgehogs."
If you meant to ask about a different term or concept, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I would be happy to help.
Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.
Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.
Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.
Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.
'Bordetella bronchiseptica' is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that primarily colonizes the respiratory tract of animals, including dogs, cats, and rabbits. It can also cause respiratory infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying lung diseases.
The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as adhesins, toxins, and proteases, which allow it to attach to and damage the ciliated epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. This can lead to inflammation, bronchitis, pneumonia, and other respiratory complications.
'Bordetella bronchiseptica' is closely related to 'Bordetella pertussis', the bacterium that causes whooping cough in humans. However, while 'Bordetella pertussis' is highly adapted to infecting humans, 'Bordetella bronchiseptica' has a broader host range and can cause disease in a variety of animal species.
In animals, 'Bordetella bronchiseptica' is often associated with kennel cough, a highly contagious respiratory infection that spreads rapidly among dogs in close quarters, such as boarding facilities or dog parks. Vaccines are available to prevent kennel cough caused by 'Bordetella bronchiseptica', and they are often recommended for dogs that are at high risk of exposure.
Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.
In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.
Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.
Sulfachlorpyridazine is a type of medication known as a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is used to treat various bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Specifically, it works by interfering with the bacteria's ability to synthesize folic acid, which is necessary for their survival.
Sulfachlorpyridazine is no longer commonly used due to the availability of other antibiotics that have fewer side effects and are more effective against a wider range of bacteria. It should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects, including allergic reactions, skin rash, and damage to the liver and kidneys.
It is important to note that this definition is intended to provide a general understanding of the medication and should not be used as a substitute for medical advice from a qualified healthcare professional.
Pasteurella
Pasteurella bettyae
Pasteurella stomatis
Pasteurella lymphangitidis
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurella mairii
Pasteurella anatis
Pasteurella langaa
Pasteurella canis
Pasteurella dagmatis
Pasteurella testudinis
Pasteurella virus F108
Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection
Hemorrhagic septicemia
Actinobacillus rossii
Actinobacillus seminis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Pasteurellosis
Yersiniosis
Francisella
Yersinia pestis
Cat bite
Mastitis in dairy cattle
Jessie Isabelle Price
Wound licking
Xylulokinase
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
Xylose isomerase
Linezolid
Bovine respiratory disease
Pasteurella - Wikipedia
Pasteurella Multocida Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Pasteurella in Dogs
MBS412263 | Mouse pasteurella haemolytica Antigen | MyBiosource
Pasteurella Multocida (PM) Ab Test for Chickens - IDEXX US
Human Pasteurella multocida Infection with Likely Zoonotic Transmission from a Pet Dog, Spain - Volume 24, Number 6-June 2018 -...
Pasteurella • Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics • School of Veterinary Medicine at the Freie Universität Berlin
Uracil-DNA glycosylase (Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida str. Pm70) | Protein Target - PubChem
The sacB gene cannot be used as a counter-selectable marker in Pasteurella multocida<...
Bovine Respiratory Disease Associated with Mannheimia Haemolytica or Pasteurella Multocida | The Cattle Site
MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA - PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA | Western Ranch Supply
pasteurella | The Guinea Pig Forum
Pasteurella infections NOT from bites | Worms & Germs Blog
Efficacy of vaccination of calves against hemorrhagic septicemia with a live aroA derivative of Pasteurella multocida B:2 by...
Invasive Pasteurella multocida Infections - Report of Five Cases at a Minnesota Hospital, 2014
Severe Pasteurella multocida infections in pregnant women<...
Pathogenic variability among Pasteurella multocida type A isolates from Brazilian pig farms | BMC Veterinary Research | Full...
Pasteurella | Palmetto Profiles
vacuna-pasteurella-1 | Aquilon
Pasteurella Multocida Infection Medication: Antibiotics
Pasteurella multocida</em> Submandibular Gland Abscess and Sepsis: Case Report and Case...
Septic Shock Due to Pasteurella multocida Bacteremia
Chickens Ducks Avian Pasteurella Multocida Vaccine Live
VetLine Pasteurella multocida Toxin Antibody 96 tests
Pasteurella pneumotropica sepsis - Nuffield Department of Medicine
Pasteurella Multicida and Tox A Gene - Farmlab Diagnostics
Happy Tails Flemish Giants - Pasteurella: Diagnosis and Treatment
A minimal medium for growth of Pasteurella multocida
Isolates5
- Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of Apa I (A) and Sma I (B) digested genomic DNA of Pasteurella multocida isolates from an 83-year-old man with a urinary tract infection (lane 1) and his pet. (cdc.gov)
- Product is chemically killed, aluminum hydroxide absorbed, cultures of Mannheimia Haemolytica and Pasteurella Multocida, Bovine isolates. (westernranchsupply.com)
- Antimicrobial resistance among Pasteurella isolates is rarely reported in humans. (medscape.com)
- Molecular Characterization of Pasteurella multocida Isolates that Caus" by Apasara Worarach, Gumtorn Promto et al. (chula.ac.th)
- Here, the susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multicoda isolates obtained from BRD clinical cases (deep lung swabs at post-mortem) among feedlots in four Australian states (2014-2019) was determined for 19 antimicrobial agents. (edu.au)
Infection6
- Many Pasteurella species are zoonotic pathogens, and humans can acquire an infection from domestic animal bites. (wikipedia.org)
- Pasteurella haemolytica is a species that infects mainly cattle and horses: P. multocida is the most frequent causative agent in human Pasteurella infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Several vaccine preparations were used to prevent Pasteurella infection. (wikipedia.org)
- We report a case of urinary tract infection caused by an unusual genotype (sequence type 211) of Pasteurella multocida associated with human infection. (cdc.gov)
- Fowl cholera, caused by Pasteurella multocida (PM) infection, is a commonly occurring disease of birds. (idexx.com)
- The conference presentation by Dr. Don Walter Kannangara described 79 cases of Pasteurella multocida infection in people over a 30 month period. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
Infections13
- Let's go with the first thought and consider the interesting aspects of a presentation at the recent ASM Microbe 2019 Conference , " 79 cases of pet-associated Pasteurella multocida infections in a 30-month period with reports of novel modes of non-bite transmission and their significance," as reported by Healio Infectious Disease News . (wormsandgermsblog.com)
- Title : Invasive Pasteurella multocida Infections - Report of Five Cases at a Minnesota Hospital, 2014 Personal Author(s) : Talley, P.;Snippes-Vagnone, P.;Smith, K. (cdc.gov)
- We report 2 cases of severe infections due to Pasteurella multocida, both occurring during pregnancy in previously healthy women. (lu.se)
- Pasteurella multocida , a gram-negative coccobacillus, part of the normal oral flora of many domestic and wild mammals, has been described a widespread veterinary pathogen and has the potential to cause zoonotic infections in humans resulting from injuries caused by household or wild pets. (clinmedjournals.org)
- Pasteurella can cause a wide spectrum of diseases from local infections to septic shock. (medscape.com)
- DoH Digital Library: Spectrum of human Pasteurella species infections in tropical Australia. (nt.gov.au)
- Spectrum of human Pasteurella species infections in tropical Australia. (nt.gov.au)
- BACKGROUND: Acquired zoonotic infections with Pasteurella bacterial species have a wide clinical spectrum of disease from invasive infections to localised bite-wound infections. (nt.gov.au)
- METHODS: This study reviewed the spectrum of the demographic, clinical, temporal, and microbiological trends of laboratory confirmed Pasteurella species infections presenting to a single-centre tropical tertiary hospital over a twenty-year period. (nt.gov.au)
- Pasteurella multocida was most commonly identified (61.1%), but P. canis, P. dagmatis, and other Pasteurella infections were also noted. (nt.gov.au)
- CONCLUSION: Pasteurella species remain clinically important pathogens, with the ability to cause severe and invasive infections with associated morbidity. (nt.gov.au)
- Blood tests showed that the saigas suffered massive infections by bacteria called Pasteurella multocida. (businessinsider.com)
- Upper respiratory infections, tonsillitis and bronchopneumonia due to hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pasteurella spp. (nih.gov)
Bacteria7
- Pasteurella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- The genus is named after the French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, who first identified the bacteria now known as Pasteurella multocida as the agent of chicken cholera. (wikipedia.org)
- Identification of Pasteurella species and morphologically similar bacteria (.pdf) Archived 2009-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. (wikipedia.org)
- In fact, Pasteurella species are some of the most prevalent commensal bacteria present in domestic and wild animals worldwide. (medscape.com)
- Pasteurella sp are a genus of zoonotic bacteria (meaning they can be passed between animals and people). (pethealthnetwork.com)
- Two bacteria, Mannheimia haemolytica (f Pasteurella haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida , are often associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or shipping fever in cattle and are often referred to as secondary bacterial invaders. (thecattlesite.com)
- Mannheimia haemolytica , the bacteria most frequently isolated from pneumonic lungs in cattle, and Pasteurella multocida often compound respiratory disease initiated by other pathogens (viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma). (thecattlesite.com)
Pathogens4
- Nevertheless, Pasteurella species commonly are isolated pathogens in most animal bites, especially in dog- and cat-related injuries. (medscape.com)
- The bacterium Pasteurella multocida is one of the most frequent commensal and opportunistic pathogens found in domestic and wild animals worldwide ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- While the most common infectious causes are the typical respiratory pathogens, Pasteurella multocida is not previously reported as a causative organism. (clinmedjournals.org)
- Bovine Pasteurella multocida serogroup A (bovine PmA) is one of the most important pathogens causing fatal pneumonia in cattle. (figshare.com)
Species5
- Pasteurella species are nonmotile and pleomorphic, and often exhibit bipolar staining ("safety pin" appearance). (wikipedia.org)
- Fortunately, Pasteurella species are fairly sensitive organisms and can be treated with a penicillin-based regimen. (medscape.com)
- Pasteurella species (spp. (clinmedjournals.org)
- Approximately 20 different species of the genus Pasteurella have been identified using phenotypic and genetic analyses. (cabi.org)
- species= Pasteurella multocida subsp. (lbl.gov)
Causes haemorrhagic septicaemia2
- Pasteurella multocida causes haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), which is a severe epidemic disease in cattle and buffaloes. (chula.ac.th)
- Background: Pasteurella multocida B:2 causes haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes. (unair.ac.id)
Bovine1
- Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with either Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida is often due to secondary bacterial invasion by these organisms. (thecattlesite.com)
Pneumotropica1
- Brennan, Patricia Conlon, "The Role of Pasteurella Pneumotropica and Mycoplasma Pulmonis in the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Murine Pneumonia" (1968). (luc.edu)
Subsp2
Gram-negative4
- Pasteurella multocida is a small, gram-negative, nonmotile, non-spore-forming coccobacillus with bipolar staining features. (medscape.com)
- Pasteurella is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and is commonly transmitted from cat and dog bites. (medscape.com)
- Pasteurella multocida is small Gram-negative coccobacillus that is a component of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal flora of many animals. (medscape.com)
- Pasteurella multocida is a multiple host gram-negative pathogen and a leading cause of pig respiratory disorders in the world (Peng et al. (biomedcentral.com)
Experimentally challenged2
- Antibacterial treatment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) experimentally challenged with Vibrio anguillarum, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida and Pasteurella atlantica. (uib.no)
- In order to assess the immunopathological effects of aqueous Echinacea purpurea extract (EPE) on mice experimentally challenged with Pasteurella multocida serotype A, forty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups. (ac.ir)
Susceptibility2
- In vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pasteurella Mutocida" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Other macrolides, including azithromycin, clarithromycin, and telithromycin (in order of decreasing susceptibility), retain in vitro activity against most Pasteurella strains. (medscape.com)
Pneumonia4
- Mark A Marinella, MD. "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Due to Pasteurella multocida" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- Pasteurella may also lead to pneumonia , which is often fatal. (pethealthnetwork.com)
- Pasteurella multocida type A (PmA) is considered a secondary agent of pneumonia in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
- According to the results, it seems that E. purpurea extract has an immunomodulatory effect and can be used to prevent or control of pneumonia caused by Pasteurella. (ac.ir)
Genomic1
- Genomic analysis of pasteurella atlantica provides insight on its virulence factors and phylogeny and highlights the potential of reverse vaccinology in aquaculture. (uib.no)
Bacterium1
- Pasteurella multocida is a bacterium that's commonly found in the mouths of dogs and cats. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
Antibody1
- The IDEXX PM Ab Tests are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) designed to detect antibody to Pasteurella multocida in chicken serum. (idexx.com)
Organism1
- Pasteurella is the most common organism isolated from cat and dog bites. (medscape.com)
Susceptible1
- Pasteurella multocida and E. coli susceptible to ampicillin trihydrate. (nih.gov)
Yersinia1
- Pasteurella, Yersinia, and Francisella (4th ed. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogen1
- Pasteurella multocida has been added to the exclusion list for the Murine Pathogen Freeâ„¢ health standard. (taconic.com)
Avian2
Contagious1
- Is Pasteurella contagious from dogs to people? (pethealthnetwork.com)
Chicken1
- Used to prevent More than 2 months of chicken and More than 1 months of duck Of Pasteurella Multocida disease. (veterinarypoultrymedicine.com)
Pigs2
- Pasteurella multocida capsular type A ( P. multocida type A) is one of the most common agents associated with bronchopneumonia in pigs [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pasteurella multocida is a leading cause of respiratory disorders in pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
Mortality1
- Studies have shown a mortality range from 7 to 31% in Pasteurella bacteremia. (medscape.com)
Strain1
- All rats were subcutaneous inoculated once with 108cfu/ml of Pasteurella multocida strain PMB 202. (medwelljournals.com)
Gene1
- PCR test for the detection of pasteurella multocida and Tox A gene associated with progressive atrophic rhinitis. (farmlab.ie)
Elderly1
- We present a case of septic shock in an elderly woman due to Pasteurella multocida . (medscape.com)
Journal1
- Evaluation of immunopathologic effects of aqueous extract of Echinacea purpurea in mice after experimental challenge with Pasteurella multocida serotype A. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research , 15 (4), 379-384. (ac.ir)